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Gupta GK, Kapoor RK. Recent advances in eco-friendly technology for decontamination of pulp and paper mill industrial effluent: a review. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2024; 196:275. [PMID: 38363444 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-024-12399-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
The economic development of a country directly depends upon industries. But this economic development should not be at the cost of our natural environment. A substantial amount of water is spent during paper production, creating water scarcity and generating wastewater. Therefore, the Pollution Control Board classifies this industry into red category. Water is used in different papermaking stages such as debarking, pulping or bleaching, washing, and finishing. The wastewater thus generated contains lignin and xenobiotic compounds such as resin acids, chlorinated lignin, phenols, furans, dioxins, chlorophenols, adsorbable organic halogens (AOX), extractable organic halogens (EOCs), polychlorinated biphenyls, plasticizers, and polychlorinated dibenzodioxins. Nowadays, several microorganisms are used in the detoxification of these hazardous effluents. Researchers have found that microbial degradation is the most promising treatment method to remove high biological oxygen demand (BOD) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) from wastewater. Microorganisms also remove AOX toxicity, chlorinated compounds, suspended solids, color, lignin, derivatives, etc. from the pulp and paper mill effluents. But in the current scenario, mill effluents are known to deteriorate the environment and therefore it is highly desirable to deploy advanced technologies for effluent treatment. This review summarizes the eco-friendly advanced treatment technologies for effluents generated from pulp and paper mills.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guddu Kumar Gupta
- Enzyme and Fermentation Technology Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, 124001, Haryana, India
| | - Rajeev Kumar Kapoor
- Enzyme and Fermentation Technology Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, 124001, Haryana, India.
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Use of paper mill sludge and sewage sludge powder as nitrogen and phosphorus sources with bacterial consortium for the treatment of paper industry wastewater. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2020.101843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Ram C, Rani P, Gebru KA, Mariam Abrha MG. Pulp and paper industry wastewater treatment: use of microbes and their enzymes. PHYSICAL SCIENCES REVIEWS 2020. [DOI: 10.1515/psr-2019-0050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
AbstractPulp and paper industry is coming under one of the most water polluting industries, and generated wastewater is highly toxic in nature. The paper mill requires huge quantity (~50–60 m3 of water to produce one ton of paper) of water, and accordingly huge quantity of chemical contaminated wastewater is discharged. The paper mill effluents have identified 240–250 chemicals in different stages of paper making. Various chemical constituents such as high chemical oxygen demand, biochemical oxygen demand, AOX, chlorinated compounds, color, suspended materials, lignin and their derivatives are released in the wastewater. The present review study is focused on the paper mill processes, wastewater generation and its effective treatment by microorganisms. The biological treatment has been identified as cost-effective and eco-friendly methods for the degradation of xenobiotic compounds for paper mill wastewater. Various studies have been performed so far to investigate the complex nature of wastewater by the application of bacteria, fungi and their enzymes at industrial scale. Therefore, the article discussed the importance of biological method as an effective technique for the degradation of paper mill wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chhotu Ram
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Adigrat University College of Engineering, Adigrat, Tigray7040, Ethiopia
| | - Pushpa Rani
- Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science and Technology, Hisar, Haryana, India
| | - Kibrom Alebel Gebru
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Adigrat University College of Engineering, Adigrat, Tigray7040, Ethiopia
| | - Mebrhit G Mariam Abrha
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Adigrat University College of Engineering, Adigrat, Tigray7040, Ethiopia
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Zainith S, Purchase D, Saratale GD, Ferreira LFR, Bilal M, Bharagava RN. Isolation and characterization of lignin-degrading bacterium Bacillus aryabhattai from pulp and paper mill wastewater and evaluation of its lignin-degrading potential. 3 Biotech 2019; 9:92. [PMID: 30800603 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-019-1631-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
This study reports the degradation and decolourization capability of a manganese peroxidase enzyme producing bacterium isolated from pulp and paper mill wastewater. The isolate was identified as Bacillus aryabhattai based on biochemical analysis and 16S rRNA gene sequencing. The strain was designated MG966493. This bacterium was able to reduce 67% and 54% colour and lignin, respectively, from the pulp and paper mill wastewater after 144 h of treatment at 32 °C, pH 7.6 and 120 rpm. Further, FT-IR analysis showed that during the lignin degradation process a number of metabolites were produced comprising different functional groups such as carbonyl (C=C), carboxyl (-COOH), alkene (C=C), amines (-NH2), sulphonic (-SO3) and nitro (-NO2). In addition, the SEM analysis showed that the bacterial cells exposed to pulp and paper mill wastewater have rough surfaces with reduced size as compared to the unexposed cells with smooth surfaces. This study concluded that the isolated bacterium B. aryabhattai has significant potential for the bioremediation of pulp and paper mill wastewater and thus, can be applied for their treatment at an industrial scale.
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Priyadarshinee R, Kumar A, Mandal T, Dasguptamandal D. Unleashing the potential of ligninolytic bacterial contributions towards pulp and paper industry: key challenges and new insights. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:23349-23368. [PMID: 27687765 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-7633-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Lignocellulose biomass predominantly constitutes the main feedstock for pulp and paper industry. Though some products of pulp and paper industry require the presence of lignin content, for most of the useful products formation lies in the efficient and selective removal of lignin component to make use of the intact cellulose fraction during the pretreatment of pulp. Lignin is a recalcitrant heteropolymer comprised of several complex stable bonds and linkages. The chemicals or intense energy processes used for delignification process release the hazardous chemicals compounds in the wastewater which cause toxicity and environmental pollution. The implementation of bacterial species has elucidated an effective approach in the generation of value-added products while degrading lignin from pulp biomass as well as detoxification of effluent. The direct use of bacterial cells in lignocellulose biomass and wastewater streams is promising as it outperforms the practical and technical constraints largely confronted by fungal and enzymatic means. The present review paper thus unleashed the potential of ligninolytic bacteria towards delignification of pulp biomass and treatment of effluent together with bioconversion of biomass and lignin into value-added products. Graphical abstract Schematic illustration of potential possible contribution of ligninolytic bacteria towards pulp and paper industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashmi Priyadarshinee
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology, Mahatma Gandhi Avenue, Durgapur, West Bengal, 713209, India
| | - Anuj Kumar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Mahatma Gandhi Avenue, Durgapur, West Bengal, 713209, India
| | - Tamal Mandal
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Mahatma Gandhi Avenue, Durgapur, West Bengal, 713209, India
| | - Dalia Dasguptamandal
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology, Mahatma Gandhi Avenue, Durgapur, West Bengal, 713209, India.
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Yadav S, Chandra R. Syntrophic co-culture of Bacillus subtilis and Klebsiella pneumonia for degradation of kraft lignin discharged from rayon grade pulp industry. J Environ Sci (China) 2015; 33:229-238. [PMID: 26141897 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2015.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2014] [Revised: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 01/27/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
In order to search the degradability of kraft lignin, the potential bacterial strains Bacillus subtilis (GU193980) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (GU193981) were isolated, screened and applied in axenic and co-culture conditions. Results revealed that mixed culture showed better decolorization efficiency (80%) and reduction of pollution parameters (COD 73% and BOD 62%) than axenic culture. This indicated syntrophic growth of these two bacteria rather than any antagonistic effect. The HPLC analysis of degraded samples of kraft lignin has shown the reduction in peak area compared to control, suggesting that decrease in color intensity might be largely attributed to the degradation of lignin by isolated bacteria. Further, the GC-MS analysis showed that most of the compounds detected in control were diminished after bacterial treatment. Further, the seed germination test using Phaseolus aureus has supported the detoxification of bacterial decolorized kraft lignin for environmental safety. All these observations have revealed that the developed bacterial co-culture was capable for the effective degradation and decolorization of lignin containing rayon grade pulp mill wastewater for environmental safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangeeta Yadav
- Department of Environmental Microbiology, School for Environmental Sciences, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University (A Central University), Vidya Vihar, RaeBareli Road, Lucknow 226025, U.P., India
| | - Ram Chandra
- Department of Environmental Microbiology, School for Environmental Sciences, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University (A Central University), Vidya Vihar, RaeBareli Road, Lucknow 226025, U.P., India.
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Mathews SL, Pawlak J, Grunden AM. Bacterial biodegradation and bioconversion of industrial lignocellulosic streams. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2015; 99:2939-54. [PMID: 25722022 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-015-6471-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2015] [Revised: 02/05/2015] [Accepted: 02/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Lignocellulose is a term for plant materials that are composed of matrices of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin. Lignocellulose is a renewable feedstock for many industries. Lignocellulosic materials are used for the production of paper, fuels, and chemicals. Typically, industry focuses on transforming the polysaccharides present in lignocellulose into products resulting in the incomplete use of this resource. The materials that are not completely used make up the underutilized streams of materials that contain cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin. These underutilized streams have potential for conversion into valuable products. Treatment of these lignocellulosic streams with bacteria, which specifically degrade lignocellulose through the action of enzymes, offers a low-energy and low-cost method for biodegradation and bioconversion. This review describes lignocellulosic streams and summarizes different aspects of biological treatments including the bacteria isolated from lignocellulose-containing environments and enzymes which may be used for bioconversion. The chemicals produced during bioconversion can be used for a variety of products including adhesives, plastics, resins, food additives, and petrochemical replacements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie L Mathews
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, 4550A Thomas Hall, Campus Box 7612, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA,
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Zhao B, Yan Y, Chen S. How could haloalkaliphilic microorganisms contribute to biotechnology? Can J Microbiol 2014; 60:717-27. [DOI: 10.1139/cjm-2014-0233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Haloalkaliphiles are microorganisms requiring Na+concentrations of at least 0.5 mol·L–1and an alkaline pH of 9 for optimal growth. Their unique features enable them to make significant contributions to a wide array of biotechnological applications. Organic compatible solutes produced by haloalkaliphiles, such as ectoine and glycine betaine, are correlated with osmoadaptation and may serve as stabilizers of intracellular proteins, salt antagonists, osmoprotectants, and dermatological moisturizers. Haloalkaliphiles are an important source of secondary metabolites like rhodopsin, polyhydroxyalkanoates, and exopolysaccharides that play essential roles in biogeocycling organic compounds. These microorganisms also can secrete unique exoenzymes, including proteases, amylases, and cellulases, that are highly active and stable in extreme haloalkaline conditions and can be used for the production of laundry detergent. Furthermore, the unique metabolic pathways of haloalkaliphiles can be applied in the biodegradation and (or) biotransformation of a broad range of toxic industrial pollutants and heavy metals, in wastewater treatment, and in the biofuel industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baisuo Zhao
- Graduate School, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yanchun Yan
- Graduate School, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shulin Chen
- Biological Systems Engineering, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
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Zheng Y, Chai L, Yang Z, Chen Y, Shi Y, Wang Y. Environmentally safe treatment of black liquor withComamonassp. B-9 under high-alkaline conditions. J Basic Microbiol 2013; 54:152-61. [DOI: 10.1002/jobm.201200340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2012] [Accepted: 11/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zheng
- Institute of Environmental Science and Engineering, School of Metallurgical Science and Engineering, Central South University; Changsha P. R. China
| | - Liyuan Chai
- Institute of Environmental Science and Engineering, School of Metallurgical Science and Engineering, Central South University; Changsha P. R. China
- Chinese National Engineering Research, Center for Control and Treatment of Heavy Metal Pollution; Changsha P. R. China
| | - Zhihui Yang
- Institute of Environmental Science and Engineering, School of Metallurgical Science and Engineering, Central South University; Changsha P. R. China
- Chinese National Engineering Research, Center for Control and Treatment of Heavy Metal Pollution; Changsha P. R. China
| | - Yuehui Chen
- Institute of Environmental Science and Engineering, School of Metallurgical Science and Engineering, Central South University; Changsha P. R. China
| | - Yan Shi
- Institute of Environmental Science and Engineering, School of Metallurgical Science and Engineering, Central South University; Changsha P. R. China
| | - Yangyang Wang
- Institute of Environmental Science and Engineering, School of Metallurgical Science and Engineering, Central South University; Changsha P. R. China
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Yang C, Wang W, Du M, Li C, Ma C, Xu P. Pulp mill wastewater sediment reveals novel methanogenic and cellulolytic populations. WATER RESEARCH 2013; 47:683-692. [PMID: 23228889 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2012.10.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2012] [Revised: 10/08/2012] [Accepted: 10/24/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Pulp mill wastewater generated from wheat straw is characterized as high alkalinity and very high COD pollution load. A naturally developed microbial community in a pulp mill wastewater storage pool that had been disused were investigated in this study. Owing to natural evaporation and a huge amount of lignocellulose's deposition, the wastewater sediment contains high concentrations of organic matters and sodium ions, but low concentrations of chloride and carbonate. The microbiota inhabiting especially anaerobic community, including methanogenic arhcaea and cellulolytic species, was studied. All archaeal sequences fall into 2 clusters of family Halobacteriaceae and methanogenic archaeon in the phylum Euryarchaeota. In the methanogenic community, phylogenetic analysis of methyl coenzyme M reductase A (mcrA) genes targeted to novel species in genus Methanoculleus or novel genus of order Methanomicrobiales. The predominance of Methanomicrobiales suggests that methanogenesis in this system might be driven by the hydrogenotrophic pathway. As the important primary fermenter for methane production, the cellulolytic community of enzyme GHF48 was found to be dominated by narrower breadth of novel clostridial cellulase genes. Novel anoxic functional members in such extreme sediment provide the possibility of enhancing the efficiency of anoxic treatment of saline and alkaline wastewaters, as well as benefiting to the biomass transformation and biofuel production processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, People's Republic of China
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Zheng Y, Chai LY, Yang ZH, Tang CJ, Chen YH, Shi Y. Enhanced remediation of black liquor by activated sludge bioaugmented with a novel exogenous microorganism culture. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2012; 97:6525-35. [PMID: 23053102 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-012-4453-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2012] [Revised: 09/18/2012] [Accepted: 09/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Black liquor (BL) is a notoriously difficult wastewater to treat due to the economic and efficiency limitations of physiochemical methods and intrinsic difficulties with bioremediation strategies caused by the high pH (10-13) and lignin content. This study investigated the feasibility of a novel bioaugmentation strategy for BL treatment, which uses a mixed microorganism culture of lignocellulose-degrading microorganisms isolated from degraded bamboo slips. Black liquor treatment was assessed in terms of chemical oxygen demand (COD) and color removal with a sequencing batch reactor organic loading rate of 9 kg COD/L·day under highly alkaline conditions (pH 10). Results revealed that bioaugmented activated sludge treatment of BL with special mixed microorganisms significantly enhanced the removal efficiency of COD, color, and lignin from the wastewater up to 64.8, 50.5, and 53.2 %, respectively. Gel permeation chromatography profiles showed that the bioaugmentation system could successfully degrade high molecular lignin fragments in black liquor. This work confirms bioaugmentation as a feasible alternative strategy for enhanced biological treatment of wastewater with high lignin content and high organic load rate under strongly alkaline conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zheng
- Institute of Environmental Science and Engineering, School of Metallurgical Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, People's Republic of China
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Chandra R, Abhishek A, Sankhwar M. Bacterial decolorization and detoxification of black liquor from rayon grade pulp manufacturing paper industry and detection of their metabolic products. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2011; 102:6429-36. [PMID: 21482463 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2011.03.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2011] [Revised: 03/16/2011] [Accepted: 03/16/2011] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
This study deals with the decolorization of black liquor (BL) by isolated potential bacterial consortium comprising Serratia marcescens (GU193982), Citrobacter sp. (HQ873619) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (GU193983). The decolorization of BL was studied by using the different nutritional as well as environmental parameters. In this study, result revealed that the ligninolytic activities were found to be growth associated and the developed bacterial consortium was efficient for the reduction of COD, BOD and color up to 83%, 74% and 85%, respectively. The HPLC analysis of degraded samples of BL has shown the reduction in peak area compared to control. Further, the GC-MS analysis showed that, most of the compounds detected in control were diminished after bacterial treatment while, formic acid hydrazide, 4-cyclohexane-1,2-dicarboxylic acid, carbamic acid, 1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid and erythropentanoic acid were found as new metabolites. Further, the seed germination test using Phaseolus aureus has supported the detoxification of bacterial decolorized BL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ram Chandra
- Environmental Microbiology Section, Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR), Post Box 80, M.G. Marg, Lucknow 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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Yang C, Wang Z, Li Y, Niu Y, Du M, He X, Ma C, Tang H, Xu P. Metabolic versatility of halotolerant and alkaliphilic strains of Halomonas isolated from alkaline black liquor. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2010; 101:6778-6784. [PMID: 20409702 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2010.03.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2009] [Revised: 03/17/2010] [Accepted: 03/24/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Wheat straw black liquor is a notorious pulp mill wastewater with very high pH and pollution load. Two halotolerant and alkaliphilic bacteria, designated as Halomonas sp. 19-A and Y2, were isolated from wheat straw black liquor and shown to be able to use guaiacol, vanillin, dibenzo-p-dioxin, biphenyl and fluorene, as sole carbon and carbazole as sole carbon and nitrogen source at pH 9.5 and in the presence of 10% NaCl. The two strains produced carboxymethylcellulase (CMCase), xylanase, lipase, amylase, and pullulanase. High activities of CMCase, xylanase, and amylase were observed at pH 5.0-11.0 and NaCl concentrations of 0-15%. The metabolic versatility of these Halomonas strains even under extreme pH and salinity conditions makes them promising agents for bioremediation and industrial processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, People's Republic of China
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Yang C, Niu Y, Su H, Wang Z, Tao F, Wang X, Tang H, Ma C, Xu P. A novel microbial habitat of alkaline black liquor with very high pollution load: microbial diversity and the key members in application potentials. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2010; 101:1737-1744. [PMID: 19896838 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2009.09.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2009] [Revised: 09/24/2009] [Accepted: 09/24/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
A microbial community which developed naturally in alkaline black liquor was investigated by culture-based and culture-independent techniques. The community was effective in lowering pH, color, and chemical oxygen demand (COD) of black liquor, and the community activities varied in different seasons. Both 16S ribosomal DNA (rDNA) clone library and polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR-DGGE) analyses suggested that the seasonal bacterial communities had obvious differences in diversities and compositions. Clostridium species were suggested to be the key agents in black liquor treatment. Moreover, the isolates of the genera Halomonas and Bacillus were shown to be effective in treating very heavily polluted black liquor. The strains of Halomonas, Clostridium and especially Bacillus, might be the key producers of xylanase and CMCase in the community. The worldwide problem of black liquor treatment and renewable resource utilization would benefit from these microorganisms in application potentials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, PR China
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