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Javaid A, Saleh Y, Ahmed AI, Saad JM, Malahfji M, Al-Mallah MH. Noninvasive Imaging for Patients with COVID-19 and Acute Chest Pain. Methodist Debakey Cardiovasc J 2022; 17:5-15. [PMID: 34992719 PMCID: PMC8680163 DOI: 10.14797/mdcvj.1040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute chest pain is a common presentation in patients with COVID-19. Although noninvasive cardiac imaging modalities continue to be important cornerstones of management, the pandemic has brought forth difficult and unprecedented challenges in the provision of timely care while ensuring the safety of patients and providers. Clinical practice has adapted to these challenges, with several recommendations and societal guidelines emerging on the appropriate use of imaging modalities. In this review, we summarize the current evidence base on the use of noninvasive cardiac imaging modalities in COVID-19 patients with acute chest pain, with a focus on acute coronary syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Awad Javaid
- Kirk Kerkorian School of Medicine at the University of Nevada Las Vegas School of Medicine, Las Vegas, NV, US
| | - Yehia Saleh
- Houston Methodist DeBakey Heart & Vascular Center, Houston, TX, US
| | | | - Jean Michel Saad
- Houston Methodist DeBakey Heart & Vascular Center, Houston, TX, US
| | - Maan Malahfji
- Houston Methodist DeBakey Heart & Vascular Center, Houston, TX, US
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2
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Neumaier F, Zlatopolskiy BD, Neumaier B. Nuclear Medicine in Times of COVID-19: How Radiopharmaceuticals Could Help to Fight the Current and Future Pandemics. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:E1247. [PMID: 33371500 PMCID: PMC7767508 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12121247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The emergence and global spread of COVID-19, an infectious disease caused by the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, has resulted in a continuing pandemic threat to global health. Nuclear medicine techniques can be used for functional imaging of (patho)physiological processes at the cellular or molecular level and for treatment approaches based on targeted delivery of therapeutic radionuclides. Ongoing development of radiolabeling methods has significantly improved the accessibility of radiopharmaceuticals for in vivo molecular imaging or targeted radionuclide therapy, but their use for biosafety threats such as SARS-CoV-2 is restricted by the contagious nature of these agents. Here, we highlight several potential uses of nuclear medicine in the context of SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19, many of which could also be performed in laboratories without dedicated containment measures. In addition, we provide a broad overview of experimental or repurposed SARS-CoV-2-targeting drugs and describe how radiolabeled analogs of these compounds could facilitate antiviral drug development and translation to the clinic, reduce the incidence of late-stage failures and possibly provide the basis for radionuclide-based treatment strategies. Based on the continuing threat by emerging coronaviruses and other pathogens, it is anticipated that these applications of nuclear medicine will become a more important part of future antiviral drug development and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Neumaier
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Nuclear Chemistry (INM-5), Wilhelm-Johnen-Str., 52428 Jülich, Germany; (B.D.Z.); (B.N.)
- Institute of Radiochemistry and Experimental Molecular Imaging, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Kerpener Str. 62, 50937 Cologne, Germany
| | - Boris D. Zlatopolskiy
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Nuclear Chemistry (INM-5), Wilhelm-Johnen-Str., 52428 Jülich, Germany; (B.D.Z.); (B.N.)
- Institute of Radiochemistry and Experimental Molecular Imaging, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Kerpener Str. 62, 50937 Cologne, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Metabolism Research, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Bernd Neumaier
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Nuclear Chemistry (INM-5), Wilhelm-Johnen-Str., 52428 Jülich, Germany; (B.D.Z.); (B.N.)
- Institute of Radiochemistry and Experimental Molecular Imaging, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Kerpener Str. 62, 50937 Cologne, Germany
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3
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Annunziata S, Laudicella R, Caobelli F, Pizzuto DA, Aimn Working Group Y. Clinical Value of PET/CT in Staging Melanoma and Potential New Radiotracers. Curr Radiopharm 2020; 13:6-13. [PMID: 31749438 DOI: 10.2174/1874471012666191015094620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 02/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND 18F-FDG PET/CT has been suggested as an effective tool to stage patients affected by melanoma. In the latest years, new radiopharmaceuticals have been proposed and the use of hybrid PET/ceCT has emerged. OBJECTIVE To review recent evidence on the role of PET/CT in melanoma staging as well as its potential for future developments. METHODS A comprehensive computer literature search of PubMed/MEDLINE was carried out to find relevant published articles concerning the feasibility of PET/CT in patients with malignant melanoma. RESULTS Some recent studies about potentials and limitations of 18F-FDG PET/CT in staging melanoma, new PET radiotracers beyond 18F-FDG and application of hybrid PET/ceCT have been reviewed and discussed. CONCLUSION PET/CT plays an important role in the staging workup of patients affected by melanoma. New radiopharmaceuticals and hybrid PET/ceCT could improve the potential of this diagnostic tool in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore Annunziata
- Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Riccardo Laudicella
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morpho-Functional Imaging, Nuclear Medicine Unit, University of Messina, Messina ME, Italy
| | - Federico Caobelli
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Clinic of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Daniele A Pizzuto
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Zurich/University of Zurich, Raemistrasse 100, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
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4
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Shukla S, Hu H, Cai H, Chan SK, Boone CE, Beiss V, Chariou PL, Steinmetz NF. Plant Viruses and Bacteriophage-Based Reagents for Diagnosis and Therapy. Annu Rev Virol 2020; 7:559-587. [PMID: 32991265 PMCID: PMC8018517 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-virology-010720-052252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Viral nanotechnology exploits the prefabricated nanostructures of viruses, which are already abundant in nature. With well-defined molecular architectures, viral nanocarriers offer unprecedented opportunities for precise structural and functional manipulation using genetic engineering and/or bio-orthogonal chemistries. In this manner, they can be loaded with diverse molecular payloads for targeted delivery. Mammalian viruses are already established in the clinic for gene therapy and immunotherapy, and inactivated viruses or virus-like particles have long been used as vaccines. More recently, plant viruses and bacteriophages have been developed as nanocarriers for diagnostic imaging, vaccine and drug delivery, and combined diagnosis/therapy (theranostics). The first wave of these novel virus-based tools has completed clinical development and is poised to make an impact on clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sourabh Shukla
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - He Hu
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Hui Cai
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Soo-Khim Chan
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Christine E Boone
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Veronique Beiss
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Paul L Chariou
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Nicole F Steinmetz
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
- Moores Cancer Center and Center for Nano-ImmunoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA;
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5
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Chung YH, Cai H, Steinmetz NF. Viral nanoparticles for drug delivery, imaging, immunotherapy, and theranostic applications. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2020; 156:214-235. [PMID: 32603813 PMCID: PMC7320870 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2020.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Viral nanoparticles (VNPs) encompass a diverse array of naturally occurring nanomaterials derived from plant viruses, bacteriophages, and mammalian viruses. The application and development of VNPs and their genome-free versions, the virus-like particles (VLPs), for nanomedicine is a rapidly growing. VLPs can encapsulate a wide range of active ingredients as well as be genetically or chemically conjugated to targeting ligands to achieve tissue specificity. VLPs are manufactured through scalable fermentation or molecular farming, and the materials are biocompatible and biodegradable. These properties have led to a wide range of applications, including cancer therapies, immunotherapies, vaccines, antimicrobial therapies, cardiovascular therapies, gene therapies, as well as imaging and theranostics. The use of VLPs as drug delivery agents is evolving, and sufficient research must continuously be undertaken to translate these therapies to the clinic. This review highlights some of the novel research efforts currently underway in the VNP drug delivery field in achieving this greater goal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Hun Chung
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States
| | - Hui Cai
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States
| | - Nicole F Steinmetz
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States; Department of NanoEngineering, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States; Department of Radiology, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States; Moores Cancer Center, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States; Center for Nano-ImmunoEngineering, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States.
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6
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Sheng Y, Wei J, Zhang Y, Gao X, Wang Z, Yang J, Yan S, Zhu Y, Zhang Z, Xu D, Wang C, Zheng Y, Dong Q, Qin L. Mutated EPHA2 is a target for combating lymphatic metastasis in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. Int J Cancer 2019; 144:2440-2452. [PMID: 30412282 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.31979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2018] [Revised: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Exploring the genetic aberrations favoring metastasis is important for understanding and developing novel strategies to combat cancer metastasis. It remains lack of effective treatment for the dismal prognosis of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC). Here, we aimed to study genetic alternations during lymph node metastasis of ICC and investigate potential mechanisms and clinical strategy focused on mutations. We performed whole-exome sequencing and transcriptome sequencing on samples from 30 ICC patients, including lymph node metastases from five of the patients. We identified the alterations of genetic pattern related to lymph node metastases of ICC. EPHA2, a member of the tyrosine kinase family, was found to be frequently mutated in ICC. Correlation analysis indicated that EPHA2 mutations were closely associated with lymph node metastasis of ICC. In vitro and in vivo experiments revealed that EPHA2 mutations could lead to ligand independent phosphorylation of Ser897, and promote lymphatic metastasis of ICC, in which NOTCH1 signaling pathway played an important role. In both in vitro assays and patient-derived xenografts, an inhibitor of Ser897 phosphorylation effectively suppressed the metastasis of ICC with mutated EPHA2. Our findings demonstrated that EPHA2 mutants may be an attractive therapeutic target for lymphatic metastasis of ICC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Sheng
- Department of General Surgery, Huashan Hospital and Cancer Metastasis Institute and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jinwang Wei
- Department of General Surgery, Huashan Hospital and Cancer Metastasis Institute and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Huashan Hospital and Cancer Metastasis Institute and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaomei Gao
- Department of General Surgery, Huashan Hospital and Cancer Metastasis Institute and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zheng Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Huashan Hospital and Cancer Metastasis Institute and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Yang
- Department of General Surgery, Huashan Hospital and Cancer Metastasis Institute and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shican Yan
- Department of General Surgery, Huashan Hospital and Cancer Metastasis Institute and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Zhu
- Department of General Surgery, Huashan Hospital and Cancer Metastasis Institute and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ze Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Huashan Hospital and Cancer Metastasis Institute and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Da Xu
- Department of General Surgery, Huashan Hospital and Cancer Metastasis Institute and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chaoqun Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Huashan Hospital and Cancer Metastasis Institute and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Zheng
- Department of General Surgery, Huashan Hospital and Cancer Metastasis Institute and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiongzhu Dong
- Department of General Surgery, Huashan Hospital and Cancer Metastasis Institute and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lunxiu Qin
- Department of General Surgery, Huashan Hospital and Cancer Metastasis Institute and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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7
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Liu L, Zhang SX, Liao W, Farhoodi HP, Wong CW, Chen CC, Ségaliny AI, Chacko JV, Nguyen LP, Lu M, Polovin G, Pone EJ, Downing TL, Lawson DA, Digman MA, Zhao W. Mechanoresponsive stem cells to target cancer metastases through biophysical cues. Sci Transl Med 2018; 9:9/400/eaan2966. [PMID: 28747514 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aan2966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2016] [Revised: 03/23/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Despite decades of effort, little progress has been made to improve the treatment of cancer metastases. To leverage the central role of the mechanoenvironment in cancer metastasis, we present a mechanoresponsive cell system (MRCS) to selectively identify and treat cancer metastases by targeting the specific biophysical cues in the tumor niche in vivo. Our MRCS uses mechanosensitive promoter-driven mesenchymal stem cell (MSC)-based vectors, which selectively home to and target cancer metastases in response to specific mechanical cues to deliver therapeutics to effectively kill cancer cells, as demonstrated in a metastatic breast cancer mouse model. Our data suggest a strong correlation between collagen cross-linking and increased tissue stiffness at the metastatic sites, where our MRCS is specifically activated by the specific cancer-associated mechano-cues. MRCS has markedly reduced deleterious effects compared to MSCs constitutively expressing therapeutics. MRCS indicates that biophysical cues, specifically matrix stiffness, are appealing targets for cancer treatment due to their long persistence in the body (measured in years), making them refractory to the development of resistance to treatment. Our MRCS can serve as a platform for future diagnostics and therapies targeting aberrant tissue stiffness in conditions such as cancer and fibrotic diseases, and it should help to elucidate mechanobiology and reveal what cells "feel" in the microenvironment in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linan Liu
- Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, 845 Health Sciences Road, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.,Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.,Edwards Life Sciences Center for Advanced Cardiovascular Technology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.,Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Shirley X Zhang
- Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, 845 Health Sciences Road, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.,Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.,Edwards Life Sciences Center for Advanced Cardiovascular Technology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.,Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Wenbin Liao
- Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, 845 Health Sciences Road, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.,Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.,Edwards Life Sciences Center for Advanced Cardiovascular Technology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.,Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Henry P Farhoodi
- Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, 845 Health Sciences Road, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.,Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.,Edwards Life Sciences Center for Advanced Cardiovascular Technology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.,Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Chi W Wong
- Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, 845 Health Sciences Road, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.,Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.,Edwards Life Sciences Center for Advanced Cardiovascular Technology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.,Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Claire C Chen
- Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, 845 Health Sciences Road, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.,Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.,Edwards Life Sciences Center for Advanced Cardiovascular Technology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.,Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Aude I Ségaliny
- Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, 845 Health Sciences Road, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.,Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.,Edwards Life Sciences Center for Advanced Cardiovascular Technology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.,Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Jenu V Chacko
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Lily P Nguyen
- Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, 845 Health Sciences Road, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.,Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.,Edwards Life Sciences Center for Advanced Cardiovascular Technology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.,Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Mengrou Lu
- Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, 845 Health Sciences Road, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.,Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.,Edwards Life Sciences Center for Advanced Cardiovascular Technology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.,Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - George Polovin
- Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, 845 Health Sciences Road, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.,Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.,Edwards Life Sciences Center for Advanced Cardiovascular Technology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.,Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Egest J Pone
- Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, 845 Health Sciences Road, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.,Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.,Edwards Life Sciences Center for Advanced Cardiovascular Technology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.,Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Timothy L Downing
- Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, 845 Health Sciences Road, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Devon A Lawson
- Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, 845 Health Sciences Road, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.,Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.,Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Michelle A Digman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.,Laboratory for Fluorescence Dynamics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.,Centre for Bioactive Discovery in Health and Ageing, School of Science and Technology, University of New England, Armidale, New South Wales 2351, Australia
| | - Weian Zhao
- Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, 845 Health Sciences Road, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA. .,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.,Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.,Edwards Life Sciences Center for Advanced Cardiovascular Technology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.,Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
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8
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Zhang SX, Liu L, Zhao W. Targeting Biophysical Cues: a Niche Approach to Study, Diagnose, and Treat Cancer. Trends Cancer 2018; 4:268-271. [PMID: 29606309 PMCID: PMC6226275 DOI: 10.1016/j.trecan.2018.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Revised: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Probing the biophysical properties of the tumor niche offers a new perspective in cancer mechanobiology, and supports the development of next-generation diagnostics and therapeutics for cancer, in particular for metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirley X Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Edwards Life Sciences Center for Advanced Cardiovascular Technology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, 845 Health Sciences Road, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Linan Liu
- Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, 845 Health Sciences Road, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Weian Zhao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Edwards Life Sciences Center for Advanced Cardiovascular Technology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, 845 Health Sciences Road, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
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9
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Shukla S, Steinmetz NF. Virus-based nanomaterials as positron emission tomography and magnetic resonance contrast agents: from technology development to translational medicine. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2015; 7:708-21. [PMID: 25683790 PMCID: PMC4620044 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2014] [Accepted: 12/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Viruses have recently emerged as ideal protein scaffolds for a new class of contrast agents that can be used in medical imaging procedures such as positron emission tomography (PET) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Whereas synthetic nanoparticles are difficult to produce as homogeneous formulations due to the inherently stochastic nature of the synthesis process, virus-based nanoparticles are genetically encoded and are therefore produced as homogeneous and monodisperse preparations with a high degree of quality control. Because the virus capsids have a defined chemical structure that has evolved to carry cargoes of nucleic acids, they can be modified to carry precisely defined cargoes of contrast agents and can be decorated with spatially defined contrast reagents on the internal or external surfaces. Viral nanoparticles can also be genetically programed or conjugated with targeting ligands to deliver contrast agents to specific cells, and the natural biocompatibility of viruses means that they are cleared rapidly from the body. Nanoparticles based on bacteriophages and plant viruses are safe for use in humans and can be produced inexpensively in large quantities as self-assembling recombinant proteins. Based on these considerations, a new generation of contrast agents has been developed using bacteriophages and plant viruses as scaffolds to carry positron-emitting radioisotopes such as [(18) F] fluorodeoxyglucose for PET imaging and iron oxide or Gd(3+) for MRI. Although challenges such as immunogenicity, loading efficiency, and regulatory compliance remain to be address, virus-based nanoparticles represent a promising new enabling technology for a new generation of highly biocompatible and biodegradable targeted imaging reagents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sourabh Shukla
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Schools of Medicine and Engineering, Cleveland OH 44106
| | - Nicole F. Steinmetz
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Schools of Medicine and Engineering, Cleveland OH 44106
- Department of Radiology, Case Western Reserve University, Schools of Medicine and Engineering, Cleveland OH 44106
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Schools of Medicine and Engineering, Cleveland OH 44106
- Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Schools of Medicine and Engineering, Cleveland OH 44106
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10
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Bozzetto J, Dubreuil J, Rubello D, Giammarile F. Sentinel lymph node in melanoma: present aspects and future trends. Clin Transl Imaging 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s40336-015-0122-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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11
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Park JH, Kim KI, Lee KC, Lee YJ, Lee TS, Chung WS, Lim SM, Kang JH. Assessment of α-fetoprotein targeted HSV1-tk expression in hepatocellular carcinoma with in vivo imaging. Cancer Biother Radiopharm 2014; 30:8-15. [PMID: 25545853 DOI: 10.1089/cbr.2014.1716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor-specific enhancer/promoter is applicable for targeting gene expression in tumors and helpful for tumor-targeting imaging and therapy. We aimed to acquire α-fetoprotein (AFP)-producing hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) specific images using adenovirus containing HSV1-tk gene controlled by AFP enhancer/promoter and evaluate in vivo ganciclovir (GCV)-medicated therapeutic effects on AFP-targeted HSV1-tk expression with (18)F-FDG positron emission tomography (PET). Recombinant adenovirus expressing HSV1-tk under AFP enhancer/promoter was produced (AdAFP-TK) and the expression levels were evaluated by RT-PCR and (125)I-IVDU uptake. GCV-mediated HSV1-tk cytotoxicity was determined by MTT assay. After the mixture of AdAFP-fLuc and AdAFP-TK was administrated, bioluminescent images (BLIs) and (18)F-FHBG PET images were obtained in tumor-bearing mice. In vivo therapeutic effects of AdAFP-TK and GCV in the HuH-7 xenograft model were monitored by (18)F-FDG PET. When infected with AdAFP-TK, cell viability in HuH-7 was reduced, but those in HT-29 and SK-Hep-1 were not significantly decreased at any GCV concentration less than 100 μM. AFP-targeted fLuc and HSV1-tk expression were clearly visualized by BLI and (18)F-FHBG PET images in AFP-producing HCC, respectively. In vivo GCV-mediated tumor growth inhibition by AFP-targeted HSV1-tk expression was monitored by (18)F-FDG PET. Recombinant AdAFP-TK could be applied for AFP-targeted HCC gene therapy and imaging in AFP-producing HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju Hui Park
- 1 Molecular Imaging Research Center, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences , Seoul, Republic of Korea
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12
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Microscopic lymph node tumor burden quantified by macroscopic dual-tracer molecular imaging. Nat Med 2014; 20:1348-53. [PMID: 25344739 PMCID: PMC4224611 DOI: 10.1038/nm.3732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2013] [Accepted: 07/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Lymph node biopsy (LNB) is employed in many cancer surgeries to identify metastatic disease and stage the cancer, yet morbidity and diagnostic delays associated with LNB could be avoided if non-invasive imaging of nodal involvement was reliable. Molecular imaging has potential in this regard; however, variable delivery and nonspecific uptake of imaging tracers has made conventional approaches ineffective clinically. A method of correcting for non-specific uptake with injection of a second untargeted tracer is presented, allowing tumor burden in lymph nodes to be quantified. The approach was confirmed in an athymic mouse model of metastatic human breast cancer targeting epidermal growth factor receptor, a cell surface receptor overexpressed by many cancers. A significant correlation was observed between in vivo (dual-tracer) and ex vivo measures of tumor burden (r = 0.97, p < 0.01), with an ultimate sensitivity of approximately 200 cells (potentially more sensitive than conventional LNB).
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13
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Murtaza G, Gao K, Liu T, Tariq I, Sajjad A, Akram MR, Niu M, Liu G, Mehmood Z, Tian G. Current and future lymphatic imaging modalities for tumor staging. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:714674. [PMID: 24757671 PMCID: PMC3976799 DOI: 10.1155/2014/714674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2014] [Accepted: 02/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Tumor progression is supported by the lymphatic system which should be scanned efficiently for tumor staging as well as the enhanced therapeutic outcomes. Poor resolution and low sensitivity is a limitation of traditional lymphatic imaging modalities; thus new noninvasive approaches like nanocarriers, magnetic resonance imaging, positron-emission tomography, and quantum dots are advantageous. Some newer modalities, which are under development, and their potential uses will also be discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghulam Murtaza
- Department of Pharmacy, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Abbottabad 22060, Pakistan
| | - Kuo Gao
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, 11 Bei San Huan Dong Lu, Chao Yang District, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Tiegang Liu
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, 11 Bei San Huan Dong Lu, Chao Yang District, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Imran Tariq
- University College of Pharmacy, University of the Punjab, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Ashif Sajjad
- Institute of Biochemistry, University of Balochistan, Quetta 87300, Pakistan
| | | | - Meiying Niu
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, 11 Bei San Huan Dong Lu, Chao Yang District, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Guokai Liu
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Dongzhimen Hospital, Dong Cheng District, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Zahid Mehmood
- Institute of Biochemistry, University of Balochistan, Quetta 87300, Pakistan
| | - Guihua Tian
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Dongzhimen Hospital, Dong Cheng District, Beijing 100700, China
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14
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Dave RV, Jebar AHS, Jennings VA, Adair RA, West EJ, Errington-Mais F, Toogood GJ, Melcher AA. Viral warfare! Front-line defence and arming the immune system against cancer using oncolytic vaccinia and other viruses. Surgeon 2014; 12:210-20. [PMID: 24502935 DOI: 10.1016/j.surge.2014.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2013] [Revised: 12/26/2013] [Accepted: 01/03/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite mankind's many achievements, we are yet to find a cure for cancer. We are now approaching a new era which recognises the promise of harnessing the immune system for anti-cancer therapy. Pathogens have been implicated for decades as potential anti-cancer agents, but implementation into clinical therapy has been plagued with significant drawbacks. Newer 'designer' agents have addressed some of these concerns, in particular, a new breed of oncolytic virus: JX-594, a genetically engineered pox virus, is showing promise. OBJECTIVE To review the current literature on the use of oncolytic viruses in the treatment of cancer; both by direct oncolysis and stimulation of the immune system. The review will provide a background and historical progression for the surgeon on tumour immunology, and the interplay between oncolytic viruses, immune cells, inflammation on tumourigenesis. METHODS A literature review was performed using the Medline database. CONCLUSIONS Viral therapeutics hold promise as a novel treatment modality for the treatment of disseminated malignancy. It provides a multi-pronged attack against tumour burden; direct tumour cell lysis, exposure of tumour-associated antigens (TAA), induction of immune danger signals, and recognition by immune effector cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- R V Dave
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, St James University Hospital, Leeds, UK; Targeted and Biological Therapies, Leeds Institute of Molecular Medicine, Leeds, UK
| | - A H S Jebar
- Targeted and Biological Therapies, Leeds Institute of Molecular Medicine, Leeds, UK
| | - V A Jennings
- Targeted and Biological Therapies, Leeds Institute of Molecular Medicine, Leeds, UK
| | - R A Adair
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, St James University Hospital, Leeds, UK; Targeted and Biological Therapies, Leeds Institute of Molecular Medicine, Leeds, UK
| | - E J West
- Targeted and Biological Therapies, Leeds Institute of Molecular Medicine, Leeds, UK
| | - F Errington-Mais
- Targeted and Biological Therapies, Leeds Institute of Molecular Medicine, Leeds, UK
| | - G J Toogood
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, St James University Hospital, Leeds, UK
| | - A A Melcher
- Targeted and Biological Therapies, Leeds Institute of Molecular Medicine, Leeds, UK.
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15
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Cavel O, Shomron O, Shabtay A, Vital J, Trejo-Leider L, Weizman N, Krelin Y, Fong Y, Wong RJ, Amit M, Gil Z. Endoneurial macrophages induce perineural invasion of pancreatic cancer cells by secretion of GDNF and activation of RET tyrosine kinase receptor. Cancer Res 2012; 72:5733-43. [PMID: 22971345 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-12-0764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Perineural invasion of cancer cells (CPNI) is found in most patients with pancreatic adenocarcinomas (PDA), prostate, or head and neck cancers. These patients undergo palliative rather than curative treatment due to dissemination of cancer along nerves, well beyond the extent of any local invasion. Although CPNI is a common source of distant tumor spread and a cause of significant morbidity, its exact mechanism is undefined. Immunohistochemical analysis of specimens excised from patients with PDAs showed a significant increase in the number of endoneurial macrophages (EMΦ) that lie around nerves invaded by cancer compared with normal nerves. Video microscopy and time-lapse analysis revealed that EMΦs are recruited by the tumor cells in response to colony-stimulated factor-1 secreted by invading cancer cells. Conditioned medium (CM) of tumor-activated EMΦs (tEMΦ) induced a 5-fold increase in migration of PDA cells compared with controls. Compared with resting EMΦs, tEMΦs secreted higher levels of glial-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), inducing phosphorylation of RET and downstream activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK) in PDA cells. Genetic and pharmacologic inhibition of the GDNF receptors GFRA1 and RET abrogated the migratory effect of EMΦ-CM and reduced ERK phosphorylation. In an in vivo CPNI model, CCR2-deficient mice that have reduced macrophage recruitment and activation showed minimal nerve invasion, whereas wild-type mice developed complete sciatic nerve paralysis due to massive CPNI. Taken together, our results identify a paracrine response between EMΦs and PDA cells that orchestrates the formation of cancer nerve invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oren Cavel
- The Laboratory for Applied Cancer Research, Department of Pathology, Tel Aviv Medical Center, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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16
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Jiang ZK, Sato M, Wu L. Chapter five--The development of transcription-regulated adenoviral vectors with high cancer-selective imaging capabilities. Adv Cancer Res 2012; 115:115-46. [PMID: 23021244 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-398342-8.00005-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
A clear benefit of molecular imaging is to enable noninvasive, repetitive monitoring of intrinsic signals within tumor cells as a means to identify the lesions as malignant or to assess the ability of treatment to perturb key pathways within the tumor cells. Due to the promising utility of molecular imaging in oncology, preclinical research to refine molecular imaging techniques in small animals is a blossoming field. We will first discuss the several imaging modalities such as fluorescent imaging, bioluminescence imaging, and positron emission tomography that are now commonly used in small animal settings. The indirect imaging approach, which can be adapted to a wide range of imaging reporter genes, is a useful platform to develop molecular imaging. In particular, reporter gene-based imaging is well suited for transcriptional-targeted imaging that can be delivered by recombinant adenoviral vectors. In this review, we will summarize transcription-regulated strategies used in adenoviral-mediated molecular imaging to visualize metastasis and monitor oncolytic therapy in preclinical models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyue Karen Jiang
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
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17
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Brader P, Wong RJ, Horowitz G, Gil Z. Combination of pet imaging with viral vectors for identification of cancer metastases. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2012; 64:749-55. [PMID: 21565234 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2011.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2011] [Revised: 04/22/2011] [Accepted: 04/24/2011] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
There are three main ways for dissemination of solid tumors: direct invasion, lymphatic spread and hematogenic spread. The presence of metastases is the most significant factor in predicting prognosis and therefore evidence of metastases will influence decision-making regarding treatment. Conventional imaging techniques are limited in the evaluation and localization of metastases due to their restricted ability to identify subcentimeter neoplastic disease. Hence, there is a need for an effective noninvasive modality that can accurately identify occult metastases in cancer patients. One such method is the combination of positron emission tomography (PET) with vectors designed for delivery of reporter genes into target cells. Vectors expressing the herpes simplex virus-1 thymidine kinase (HSV1-tk) reporter system have recently been shown to allow localization of micrometastases in animal models of cancer using non invasive imaging. Combination of HSV1-tk and PET imaging is based on the virtues of vectors which can carry and selectively express the HSV1-tk reporter gene in a variety of cancer cells but not in normal tissue. A radioactive tracer which is applied systemically is phosphorylated by the HSV1-tk enzyme, and as a consequence, the tracer accumulates in proportion to the level of HSV1-tk expression which can be imaged by PET. In this paper we review the recent developments in molecular imaging of micrometastases using replication-competent viral or nonviral vectors carrying the HSV1-tk gene using PET imaging. These diagnostic paradigms introduce an advantageous new concept in noninvasive molecular imaging with the potential benefits for improving patient care by providing guidance for therapy to patients with risk for metastases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Brader
- Molecular and Gender Imaging, Universitätsklinik für Radiologie, Medical University Vienna, General Hospital Vienna, Austria
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18
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Rojas JJ, Thorne SH. Theranostic potential of oncolytic vaccinia virus. Theranostics 2012; 2:363-73. [PMID: 22509200 PMCID: PMC3326721 DOI: 10.7150/thno.3724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2011] [Accepted: 01/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Biological cancer therapies, such as oncolytic, or replication-selective viruses have advantages over traditional therapeutics as they can employ multiple different mechanisms to target and destroy cancers (including direct cell lysis, immune activation and vascular collapse). This has led to their rapid recent clinical development. However this also makes their pre-clinical and clinical study complex, as many parameters may affect their therapeutic potential and so defining reason for treatment failure or approaches that might enhance their therapeutic activity can be complicated. The ability to non-invasively image viral gene expression in vivo both in pre-clinical models and during clinical testing will considerably enhance the speed of oncolytic virus development as well as increasing the level and type of useful data produced from these studies. Further, subsequent to future clinical approval, imaging of reporter gene expression might be used to evaluate the likelihood of response to oncolytic viral therapy prior to changes in tumor burden. Here different reporter genes used in conjunction with oncolytic viral therapy are described, along with the imaging modalities used to measure their expression, while their applications both in pre-clinical and clinical testing are discussed. Possible future applications for reporter gene expression from oncolytic viruses in the phenotyping of tumors and the personalizing of treatment regimens are also discussed.
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19
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He S, Li P, Chen CH, Bakst RL, Chernichenko N, Yu YA, Chen N, Szalay AA, Yu Z, Fong Y, Wong RJ. Effective oncolytic vaccinia therapy for human sarcomas. J Surg Res 2011; 175:e53-60. [PMID: 22341347 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2011.11.1030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2011] [Revised: 11/19/2011] [Accepted: 11/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Approximately one fourth of bone and soft-tissue sarcomas recur after prior treatment. GLV-1h68 is a recombinant, replication-competent vaccinia virus that has been shown to have oncolytic effects against many human cancer types. We sought to determine whether GLV-1h68 could selectively target and lyse a panel of human bone and soft-tissue sarcoma cell lines in vitro and in vivo. METHODS GLV-1h68 was tested in a panel of four cell lines including: fibrosarcoma HT-1080, osteosarcoma U-2OS, fibrohistiocytoma M-805, and rhabdomyosarcoma HTB-82. Gene expression, infectivity, viral proliferation, and cytotoxicity were characterized in vitro. HT-1080 xenograft flank tumors grown in vivo were injected intratumorally with a single dose of GLV-1h68. RESULTS All four cell lines supported robust viral transgene expression in vitro. At a multiplicity of infection (MOI) of five, GLV-1h68 was cytotoxic to three cell lines, resulting in >80% cytotoxicity over 7 d. In vivo, a single injection of GLV-1h68 into HT-1080 xenografts exhibited localized intratumoral luciferase activity peaking at d 2-4, with gradual resolution over 8 d and no evidence of spread to normal tissues. Treated animals exhibited near-complete tumor regression over a 28-d period without observed toxicity. CONCLUSION GLV-1h68 has potent direct oncolytic effects against human sarcoma in vitro and in vivo. Recombinant vaccinia oncolytic virotherapy could provide a new platform for the treatment of patients with bone and soft tissue sarcomas. Future clinical trials investigating oncolytic vaccinia as a therapy for sarcomas are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuangba He
- Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10021, USA
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20
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Abstract
Noninvasive in vivo imaging of lymphatic vessels and lymphatic nodes is expected to fulfill the purpose of analyzing lymphatic vessels and their function, understanding molecular mechanisms of lymphangiogenesis and lymphatic spread of tumors, and utilizing lymphatic molecular markers as a prognostic or diagnostic indicator. In this review, we provide a comprehensive summary of in vivo imaging modalities for detecting lymphatic vessels, lymphatic drainage, and lymphatic nodes, which include conventional lymphatic imaging techniques such as dyes and radionuclide scintigraphy as well as novel techniques for lymphatic imaging such as optical imaging, computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, ultrasound, positron emission tomography using lymphatic biomarkers, photoacoustic imaging, and combinations of multiple modalities. The field of lymphatic imaging is ever evolving, and technological advances, combined with the development of new contrast agents, continue to improve the research of lymphatic vascular system in health and disease states as well as to improve the accuracy of diagnosis in the relevant diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Zhang
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine (LOMIN), National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (NIBIB), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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21
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Cohen SM, Fishinghawk BG, Cohen MS. Translational imaging of lymphatics in cancer. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2011; 63:956-62. [PMID: 21683745 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2011.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2010] [Revised: 10/10/2010] [Accepted: 01/26/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Imaging in the lymphatic system has gone through much advancement over the past 70 years since its beginnings. In this review, we will examine the modalities available for lymphatic imaging. We will explore the modern uses of early modalities, such as ultrasound as well as more modern modalities, such as Positron-Emission Tomography (PET). We will also describe some of the new modalities currently in development and their potential uses for the future as well as some of the current imaging modalities being studied in animal models.
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22
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Servais EL, Colovos C, Bograd AJ, White J, Sadelain M, Adusumilli PS. Animal models and molecular imaging tools to investigate lymph node metastases. J Mol Med (Berl) 2011; 89:753-69. [PMID: 21556810 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-011-0764-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2010] [Revised: 03/07/2011] [Accepted: 04/08/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Lymph node metastasis is a strong predictor of poor outcome in cancer patients. Animal studies of lymph node metastasis are constrained by difficulties in the establishment of appropriate animal models, limitations in the noninvasive monitoring of lymph node metastasis progression, and challenges in the pathologic confirmation of lymph node metastases. In this comprehensive review, we summarize available preclinical animal cancer models for noninvasive imaging and identification of lymph node metastases of non-hematogenous cancers. Furthermore, we discuss the strengths and weaknesses of common noninvasive imaging modalities used to identify tumor-bearing lymph nodes and provide guidelines for their pathological confirmation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elliot L Servais
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, NY 10065, USA
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23
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Bray M, Lawler J, Paragas J, Jahrling PB, Mollura DJ. Molecular imaging of influenza and other emerging respiratory viral infections. J Infect Dis 2011; 203:1348-59. [PMID: 21422476 PMCID: PMC3080905 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jir038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Research on the pathogenesis and therapy of influenza and other emerging respiratory viral infections would be aided by methods that directly visualize pathophysiologic processes in patients and laboratory animals. At present, imaging of diseases, such as swine-origin H1N1 influenza, is largely restricted to chest radiograph and computed tomography (CT), which can detect pulmonary structural changes in severely ill patients but are more limited in characterizing the early stages of illness, differentiating inflammation from infection or tracking immune responses. In contrast, imaging modalities, such as positron emission tomography, single photon emission CT, magnetic resonance imaging, and bioluminescence imaging, which have become useful tools for investigating the pathogenesis of a range of disease processes, could be used to advance in vivo studies of respiratory viral infections in patients and animals. Molecular techniques might also be used to identify novel biomarkers of disease progression and to evaluate new therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mike Bray
- Division of Clinical Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.
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24
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Tong X, Chen X, Li C. Imaging beyond the diagnosis: image-guided enzyme/prodrug cancer therapy. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2011; 43:4-12. [PMID: 21134886 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmq113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The ideal therapy would target cancer cells while sparing normal tissue. However, in most conventional chemotherapies normal cells are damaged together with cancer cells resulting in the unfortunate side effects. The principle underlying enzyme/prodrug therapy is that a prodrug-activating enzyme is delivered or expressed in tumor tissue following which a non-toxic prodrug is administered systemically. Non-invasive imaging modalities can fill an important niche in guiding prodrug administration when the enzyme concentration is detected to be high in the tumor tissue but low in the normal tissue. Therefore, high therapeutic efficacy with minimized toxic effect can be anticipated. This review introduces the latest developments of molecular imaging in enzyme/prodrug cancer therapies. We focus on the application of imaging modalities including magnetic resonance imaging, position emission tomography and optical imaging in monitoring the enzyme delivery/expression, guiding the prodrug administration and evaluating the real-time therapeutic response in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyi Tong
- School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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25
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Fuster D, Pons F, Rubello D, Alavi A. Other PET Tracers and Prospects for the Future. PET Clin 2011; 6:91-7. [PMID: 27156358 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpet.2010.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
(18)F FDG-PET has proven its use as a technique in the field of melanoma, but there are valid concerns related to the specificity of (18)F FDG-PET findings and the degree of accuracy we can expect in the assessment of response to new treatment protocols. The main avenues currently being explored for future use in staging and management of melanoma with PET other than FDG include monoclonal antibodies against melanoma-associated antigens, α-MSH analogues, amino acids involved in melanin formation, nicotinamide-based compounds, heterodimeric glycoproteins such as integrins, reporter gene imaging, cell proliferation, and hypoxia tracers.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Fuster
- Nuclear Medicine Department, Hospital Clínic of Barcelona, Villarroel 170, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francesca Pons
- Nuclear Medicine Department, Hospital Clínic of Barcelona, Villarroel 170, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Domenico Rubello
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, PET/CT Center, Santa Maria della Misericordia Hospital, Via Tre Martiri 140, 45100, Rovigo, Italy
| | - Abass Alavi
- Department of Radiology, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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26
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Denoyer D, Potdevin T, Roselt P, Neels OC, Kirby L, Greguric I, Katsifis A, Dorow DS, Hicks RJ. Improved detection of regional melanoma metastasis using 18F-6-fluoro-N-[2-(diethylamino)ethyl] pyridine-3-carboxamide, a melanin-specific PET probe, by perilesional administration. J Nucl Med 2010; 52:115-22. [PMID: 21149487 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.110.078154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED The efficacy of differing routes of administration of 18F-6-fluoro-N-[2-(diethylamino)ethyl] pyridine-3-carboxamide (18F-MEL050), a new benzamide-based PET radiotracer for imaging regional lymph node metastasis in melanoma, was assessed. METHODS B16-Black/6 metastatic melanoma cells harboring an mCherry transgene were implanted into the left-upper-foot surface of 49 C57 Black/6 mice as a model of popliteal lymph node (PLN) metastasis. Ultrasound scanning of the left PLN was performed at baseline and in combination with 18F-MEL050 PET on days 5, 9, and 14. Mice were divided into 2 groups to compare the results of tracer administration either subcutaneously at the tumor site (local) or in the lateral tail vein (systemic). After PET on each imaging day, 5 mice per group-including any with evidence of metastasis-were sacrificed for ex vivo validation studies including assessment of retained radioactivity and presence of the mCherry transgene as a surrogate of nodal tumor burden. RESULTS Nine mice were judged as positive for PLN metastasis by ultrasound at day 5, and 8 PLNs were positive on 18F-MEL050 PET, 3 after systemic and 5 after local administration. Ex vivo analysis showed that ultrasound correctly identified 90% of positive PLNs, with 1 false-positive. 18F-MEL050 PET correctly identified 60% of positive PLNs after systemic administration and 100% after local administration with no false-positive results by either route. The average node-to-background ratio for positive PLNs was 6.8 in the systemic-administration group and correlated with disease burden. In the local-administration group, the mean uptake ratio was 48, without clear relation to metastatic burden. Additional sites of metastatic disease were also correctly identified by 18F-MEL050 PET. CONCLUSION In addition to its potential for systemic staging, perilesional administration of 18F-MEL050 may allow sensitive and specific, noninvasive identification of regional lymph node metastasis in pigmented malignant melanomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delphine Denoyer
- Centre for Cancer Imaging and Translational Research Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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28
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Dai MH, Zamarin D, Gao SP, Chou TC, Gonzalez L, Lin SF, Fong Y. Synergistic action of oncolytic herpes simplex virus and radiotherapy in pancreatic cancer cell lines. Br J Surg 2010; 97:1385-94. [PMID: 20629009 DOI: 10.1002/bjs.7124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite much research in chemotherapy and radiotherapy, pancreatic adenocarcinoma remains a fatal disease, highly resistant to all treatment modalities. Recent developments in the field of herpes simplex virus (HSV) engineering have allowed the generation of a number of promising virus vectors for treatment of many cancers, including pancreatic tumours. This study examined the use of one such virus, NV1023, in combination with radiation therapy in pancreatic cancer cell lines. METHODS HSV therapy in combination with radiotherapy was investigated in pancreatic cancer cell lines Hs766T, Panc-1 and MIA PaCa-2. Multiple therapy effect analysis was performed by computerized simulation. Mechanisms underlying synergy, such as virus replication and apoptosis, were investigated. RESULTS The combination of NV1023 and radiation yielded a synergistic oncolytic effect in all tested pancreatic cancer cell lines, with the greatest effect achieved in MIA PaCa-2. This effect was not mediated by an increase in rapid viral replication, but by a substantial increase in apoptosis. CONCLUSION The synergistic oncolytic actions of HSV and radiotherapy observed in pancreatic cancer cell lines encourage further testing of this multimodality treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- M-H Dai
- Department of Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, China
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Bray M, Di Mascio M, de Kok-Mercado F, Mollura DJ, Jagoda E. Radiolabeled antiviral drugs and antibodies as virus-specific imaging probes. Antiviral Res 2010; 88:129-142. [PMID: 20709111 PMCID: PMC7125728 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2010.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2010] [Accepted: 08/09/2010] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
A number of small-molecule drugs inhibit viral replication by binding directly to virion structural proteins or to the active site of a viral enzyme, or are chemically modified by a viral enzyme before inhibiting a downstream process. Similarly, antibodies used to prevent or treat viral infections attach to epitopes on virions or on viral proteins expressed on the surface of infected cells. Such drugs and antibodies can therefore be thought of as probes for the detection of viral infections, suggesting that they might be used as radiolabeled tracers to visualize sites of viral replication by single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) or positron emission tomography (PET) imaging. A current example of this approach is the PET imaging of herpes simplex virus infections, in which the viral thymidine kinase phosphorylates radiolabeled thymidine analogues, trapping them within infected cells. One of many possible future applications might be the use of a radiolabeled hepatitis C protease inhibitor to image infection in animals or humans and provide a quantitative measure of viral burden. This article reviews the basic features of radionuclide imaging and the characteristics of ideal tracer molecules, and discusses how antiviral drugs and antibodies could be evaluated for their suitability as virus-specific imaging probes. The use of labeled drugs as low-dose tracers would provide an alternative application for compounds that have failed to advance to clinical use because of insufficient in vivo potency, an unsuitable pharmacokinetic profile or hepato- or nephrotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mike Bray
- Integrated Research Facility, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, MD 21702, United States
| | - Michele Di Mascio
- Division of Clinical Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
| | - Fabian de Kok-Mercado
- Integrated Research Facility, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, MD 21702, United States
| | - Daniel J Mollura
- Center for Infectious Disease Imaging, Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
| | - Elaine Jagoda
- Molecular Imaging Program, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
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Abstract
The very deep knowledge acquired on the genetics and molecular biology of herpes simplex virus (HSV), has allowed the development of potential replication-competent and replication-defective vectors for several applications in human healthcare. These include delivery and expression of human genes to cells of the nervous systems, selective destruction of cancer cells, prophylaxis against infection with HSV or other infectious diseases, and targeted infection to specific tissues or organs. Replication-defective recombinant vectors are non-toxic gene transfer tools that preserve most of the neurotropic features of wild type HSV-1, particularly the ability to express genes after having established latent infections, and are thus proficient candidates for therapeutic gene transfer settings in neurons. A replication-defective HSV vector for the treatment of pain has recently entered in phase 1 clinical trial. Replication-competent (oncolytic) vectors are becoming a suitable and powerful tool to eradicate brain tumours due to their ability to replicate and spread only within the tumour mass, and have reached phase II/III clinical trials in some cases. The progress in understanding the host immune response induced by the vector is also improving the use of HSV as a vaccine vector against both HSV infection and other pathogens. This review briefly summarizes the obstacle encountered in the delivery of HSV vectors and examines the various strategies developed or proposed to overcome such challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Manservigi
- Department of Experimental and Diagnostic Medicine - Section of Microbiology, University of Ferrara, Via Luigi Borsari 46, 44100 Ferrara, Italy
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31
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Manservigi R, Argnani R, Marconi P. HSV Recombinant Vectors for Gene Therapy. Open Virol J 2010; 4:123-56. [PMID: 20835362 DOI: 10.2174/1874357901004030123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2009] [Revised: 03/13/2010] [Accepted: 03/31/2010] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The very deep knowledge acquired on the genetics and molecular biology of herpes simplex virus (HSV), has allowed the development of potential replication-competent and replication-defective vectors for several applications in human healthcare. These include delivery and expression of human genes to cells of the nervous systems, selective destruction of cancer cells, prophylaxis against infection with HSV or other infectious diseases, and targeted infection to specific tissues or organs. Replication-defective recombinant vectors are non-toxic gene transfer tools that preserve most of the neurotropic features of wild type HSV-1, particularly the ability to express genes after having established latent infections, and are thus proficient candidates for therapeutic gene transfer settings in neurons. A replication-defective HSV vector for the treatment of pain has recently entered in phase 1 clinical trial. Replication-competent (oncolytic) vectors are becoming a suitable and powerful tool to eradicate brain tumours due to their ability to replicate and spread only within the tumour mass, and have reached phase II/III clinical trials in some cases. The progress in understanding the host immune response induced by the vector is also improving the use of HSV as a vaccine vector against both HSV infection and other pathogens. This review briefly summarizes the obstacle encountered in the delivery of HSV vectors and examines the various strategies developed or proposed to overcome such challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Manservigi
- Department of Experimental and Diagnostic Medicine - Section of Microbiology, University of Ferrara, Via Luigi Borsari 46, 44100 Ferrara, Italy
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32
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Kachala SS, Servais EL, Park BJ, Rusch VW, Adusumilli PS. Therapeutic sentinel lymph node imaging. Semin Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2010; 21:327-38. [PMID: 20226346 DOI: 10.1053/j.semtcvs.2009.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/18/2009] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Improving existing means of sentinel lymph node identification in non-small cell lung cancer will allow for molecular detection of occult micrometastases that may cause recurrence in early stage non-small cell lung cancer. Furthermore, targeted application of chemical and biological cytotoxic agents can potentially improve outcomes in patients with lymph node (LN) metastases. "Therapeutic Sentinel Lymph Node Imaging" incorporates these modalities into a single agent thereby identifying which LNs harbor tumor cells and simultaneously eradicating metastatic disease. In this review, we summarize the novel preclinical agents for identification and treatment of tumor bearing LNs and discuss their potential for clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan S Kachala
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, USA
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Paolillo V, Riese S, Gelovani JG, Alauddin MM. A fully automated synthesis of [18F]-FEAU and [18F]-FMAU using a novel dual reactor radiosynthesis module. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.1674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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