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Biernacka Z, Gregorczyk-Zboroch K, Lasocka I, Ostrowska A, Struzik J, Gieryńska M, Toka FN, Szulc-Dąbrowska L. Ectromelia Virus Affects the Formation and Spatial Organization of Adhesive Structures in Murine Dendritic Cells In Vitro. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 25:558. [PMID: 38203729 PMCID: PMC10779027 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25010558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2023] [Revised: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Ectromelia virus (ECTV) is a causative agent of mousepox. It provides a suitable model for studying the immunobiology of orthopoxviruses, including their interaction with the host cell cytoskeleton. As professional antigen-presenting cells, dendritic cells (DCs) control the pericellular environment, capture antigens, and present them to T lymphocytes after migration to secondary lymphoid organs. Migration of immature DCs is possible due to the presence of specialized adhesion structures, such as podosomes or focal adhesions (FAs). Since assembly and disassembly of adhesive structures are highly associated with DCs' immunoregulatory and migratory functions, we evaluated how ECTV infection targets podosomes and FAs' organization and formation in natural-host bone marrow-derived DCs (BMDC). We found that ECTV induces a rapid dissolution of podosomes at the early stages of infection, accompanied by the development of larger and wider FAs than in uninfected control cells. At later stages of infection, FAs were predominantly observed in long cellular extensions, formed extensively by infected cells. Dissolution of podosomes in ECTV-infected BMDCs was not associated with maturation and increased 2D cell migration in a wound healing assay; however, accelerated transwell migration of ECTV-infected cells towards supernatants derived from LPS-conditioned BMDCs was observed. We suggest that ECTV-induced changes in the spatial organization of adhesive structures in DCs may alter the adhesiveness/migration of DCs during some conditions, e.g., inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuzanna Biernacka
- Department of Preclinical Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 02-786 Warsaw, Poland; (Z.B.); (K.G.-Z.); (J.S.); (M.G.); (F.N.T.)
| | - Karolina Gregorczyk-Zboroch
- Department of Preclinical Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 02-786 Warsaw, Poland; (Z.B.); (K.G.-Z.); (J.S.); (M.G.); (F.N.T.)
| | - Iwona Lasocka
- Department of Biology of Animal Environment, Institute of Animal Science, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 02-786 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Agnieszka Ostrowska
- Department of Nanobiotechnology, Institute of Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 02-786 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Justyna Struzik
- Department of Preclinical Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 02-786 Warsaw, Poland; (Z.B.); (K.G.-Z.); (J.S.); (M.G.); (F.N.T.)
| | - Małgorzata Gieryńska
- Department of Preclinical Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 02-786 Warsaw, Poland; (Z.B.); (K.G.-Z.); (J.S.); (M.G.); (F.N.T.)
| | - Felix N. Toka
- Department of Preclinical Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 02-786 Warsaw, Poland; (Z.B.); (K.G.-Z.); (J.S.); (M.G.); (F.N.T.)
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre P.O. Box 334, Saint Kitts and Nevis
| | - Lidia Szulc-Dąbrowska
- Department of Preclinical Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 02-786 Warsaw, Poland; (Z.B.); (K.G.-Z.); (J.S.); (M.G.); (F.N.T.)
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Alvarez-de Miranda FJ, Alonso-Sánchez I, Alcamí A, Hernaez B. TNF Decoy Receptors Encoded by Poxviruses. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10081065. [PMID: 34451529 PMCID: PMC8401223 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10081065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumour necrosis factor (TNF) is an inflammatory cytokine produced in response to viral infections that promotes the recruitment and activation of leukocytes to sites of infection. This TNF-based host response is essential to limit virus spreading, thus poxviruses have evolutionarily adopted diverse molecular mechanisms to counteract TNF antiviral action. These include the expression of poxvirus-encoded soluble receptors or proteins able to bind and neutralize TNF and other members of the TNF ligand superfamily, acting as decoy receptors. This article reviews in detail the various TNF decoy receptors identified to date in the genomes from different poxvirus species, with a special focus on their impact on poxvirus pathogenesis and their potential use as therapeutic molecules.
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Mavian C, López-Bueno A, Martín R, Nitsche A, Alcamí A. Comparative Pathogenesis, Genomics and Phylogeography of Mousepox. Viruses 2021; 13:v13061146. [PMID: 34203773 PMCID: PMC8232671 DOI: 10.3390/v13061146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Ectromelia virus (ECTV), the causative agent of mousepox, has threatened laboratory mouse colonies worldwide for almost a century. Mousepox has been valuable for the understanding of poxvirus pathogenesis and immune evasion. Here, we have monitored in parallel the pathogenesis of nine ECTVs in BALB/cJ mice and report the full-length genome sequence of eight novel ECTV isolates or strains, including the first ECTV isolated from a field mouse, ECTV-MouKre. This approach allowed us to identify several genes, absent in strains attenuated through serial passages in culture, that may play a role in virulence and a set of putative genes that may be involved in enhancing viral growth in vitro. We identified a putative strong inhibitor of the host inflammatory response in ECTV-MouKre, an isolate that did not cause local foot swelling and developed a moderate virulence. Most of the ECTVs, except ECTV-Hampstead, encode a truncated version of the P4c protein that impairs the recruitment of virions into the A-type inclusion bodies, and our data suggest that P4c may play a role in viral dissemination and transmission. This is the first comprehensive report that sheds light into the phylogenetic and geographic relationship of the worldwide outbreak dynamics for the ECTV species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Mavian
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Campus de Cantoblanco, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Nicolás Cabrera 1, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (C.M.); (A.L.-B.); (R.M.)
| | - Alberto López-Bueno
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Campus de Cantoblanco, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Nicolás Cabrera 1, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (C.M.); (A.L.-B.); (R.M.)
| | - Rocío Martín
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Campus de Cantoblanco, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Nicolás Cabrera 1, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (C.M.); (A.L.-B.); (R.M.)
| | - Andreas Nitsche
- Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Highly Pathogenic Viruses (ZBS1), Robert Koch Institute, 13353 Berlin, Germany;
| | - Antonio Alcamí
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Campus de Cantoblanco, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Nicolás Cabrera 1, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (C.M.); (A.L.-B.); (R.M.)
- Correspondence:
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4
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Marzook NB, Newsome TP. Construction and Isolation of Recombinant Vaccinia Virus Expressing Fluorescent Proteins. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 2023:73-92. [PMID: 31240671 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9593-6_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Vaccinia virus recombinants that express fluorescent proteins have a variety of applications such as the identification of infected cells, efficient screening for genetically modified strains, and molecular characterization of virus replication and spread. The detection of fluorescent proteins and viral-fluorescent fusion proteins by fluorescence microscopy is noninvasive and can be used to describe protein localization in live cells and track the intracellular movement of virus particles. This chapter describes a number of approaches for the construction of plasmids and subsequent generation and isolation of fluorescent recombinant viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Bishara Marzook
- The University of Sydney, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Timothy P Newsome
- The University of Sydney, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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5
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A virus-encoded type I interferon decoy receptor enables evasion of host immunity through cell-surface binding. Nat Commun 2018; 9:5440. [PMID: 30575728 PMCID: PMC6303335 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-07772-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Soluble cytokine decoy receptors are potent immune modulatory reagents with therapeutic applications. Some virus-encoded secreted cytokine receptors interact with glycosaminoglycans expressed at the cell surface, but the biological significance of this activity in vivo is poorly understood. Here, we show the type I interferon binding protein (IFNα/βBP) encoded by vaccinia and ectromelia viruses requires of this cell binding activity to confer full virulence to these viruses and to retain immunomodulatory activity. Expression of a variant form of the IFNα/βBP that inhibits IFN activity, but does not interact with cell surface glycosaminoglycans, results in highly attenuated viruses with a virulence similar to that of the IFNα/βBP deletion mutant viruses. Transcriptomics analysis and infection of IFN receptor-deficient mice confirmed that the control of IFN activity is the main function of the IFNα/βBP in vivo. We propose that retention of secreted cytokine receptors at the cell surface may largely enhance their immunomodulatory activity.
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Chaudhri G, Kaladimou G, Pandey P, Karupiah G. Propagation and Purification of Ectromelia Virus. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 51:e65. [PMID: 30281950 DOI: 10.1002/cpmc.65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Ectromelia virus (ECTV) is an orthopoxvirus that causes mousepox in mice. Members of the genus orthopoxvirus are closely related and include variola (the causative agent of smallpox in humans), monkeypox, and vaccinia. Common features of variola virus and ECTV further include a restricted host range and similar disease progression in their respective hosts. Mousepox makes an excellent small animal model for smallpox to investigate pathogenesis, vaccine and antiviral agent testing, host-virus interactions, and immune and inflammatory responses. The availability of a wide variety of inbred, congenic, and gene-knockout mice allows detailed analyses of the host response. ECTV mutant viruses lacking one or more genes encoding immunomodulatory proteins are being used in numerous studies in conjunction with wild-type or gene-knockout mice to study the functions of these genes in host-virus interactions. The methods used for propagation of ECTV in cell culture, purification, and quantification of infectious particles through viral plaque assay are described. © 2018 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geeta Chaudhri
- Research School of Population Health, College of Health and Medicine, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Georgina Kaladimou
- School of Medicine, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
| | - Pratikshya Pandey
- School of Medicine, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
| | - Gunasegaran Karupiah
- School of Medicine, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
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7
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Alejo A, Ruiz-Argüello MB, Pontejo SM, Fernández de Marco MDM, Saraiva M, Hernáez B, Alcamí A. Chemokines cooperate with TNF to provide protective anti-viral immunity and to enhance inflammation. Nat Commun 2018; 9:1790. [PMID: 29724993 PMCID: PMC5934441 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-04098-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of cytokines and chemokines in anti-viral defense has been demonstrated, but their relative contribution to protective anti-viral responses in vivo is not fully understood. Cytokine response modifier D (CrmD) is a secreted receptor for TNF and lymphotoxin containing the smallpox virus-encoded chemokine receptor (SECRET) domain and is expressed by ectromelia virus, the causative agent of the smallpox-like disease mousepox. Here we show that CrmD is an essential virulence factor that controls natural killer cell activation and allows progression of fatal mousepox, and demonstrate that both SECRET and TNF binding domains are required for full CrmD activity. Vaccination with recombinant CrmD protects animals from lethal mousepox. These results indicate that a specific set of chemokines enhance the inflammatory and protective anti-viral responses mediated by TNF and lymphotoxin, and illustrate how viruses optimize anti-TNF strategies with the addition of a chemokine binding domain as soluble decoy receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alí Alejo
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal; Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Valdeolmos, Madrid, 28130, Spain
| | - M Begoña Ruiz-Argüello
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal; Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Valdeolmos, Madrid, 28130, Spain.,Progenika Biopharma, 48160, Derio, Spain
| | - Sergio M Pontejo
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid), Cantoblanco, Madrid, 28049, Spain.,National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892, USA
| | - María Del Mar Fernández de Marco
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid), Cantoblanco, Madrid, 28049, Spain.,Animal & Plant Health Agency, Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Margarida Saraiva
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, CB2 2QQ, United Kingdom.,Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal
| | - Bruno Hernáez
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid), Cantoblanco, Madrid, 28049, Spain
| | - Antonio Alcamí
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid), Cantoblanco, Madrid, 28049, Spain. .,Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, CB2 2QQ, United Kingdom.
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8
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Nichols DB, De Martini W, Cottrell J. Poxviruses Utilize Multiple Strategies to Inhibit Apoptosis. Viruses 2017; 9:v9080215. [PMID: 28786952 PMCID: PMC5580472 DOI: 10.3390/v9080215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Revised: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cells have multiple means to induce apoptosis in response to viral infection. Poxviruses must prevent activation of cellular apoptosis to ensure successful replication. These viruses devote a substantial portion of their genome to immune evasion. Many of these immune evasion products expressed during infection antagonize cellular apoptotic pathways. Poxvirus products target multiple points in both the extrinsic and intrinsic apoptotic pathways, thereby mitigating apoptosis during infection. Interestingly, recent evidence indicates that poxviruses also hijack cellular means of eliminating apoptotic bodies as a means to spread cell to cell through a process called apoptotic mimicry. Poxviruses are the causative agent of many human and veterinary diseases. Further, there is substantial interest in developing these viruses as vectors for a variety of uses including vaccine delivery and as oncolytic viruses to treat certain human cancers. Therefore, an understanding of the molecular mechanisms through which poxviruses regulate the cellular apoptotic pathways remains a top research priority. In this review, we consider anti-apoptotic strategies of poxviruses focusing on three relevant poxvirus genera: Orthopoxvirus, Molluscipoxvirus, and Leporipoxvirus. All three genera express multiple products to inhibit both extrinsic and intrinsic apoptotic pathways with many of these products required for virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Brian Nichols
- Department of Biological Sciences, Seton Hall University, South Orange, NJ 07039, USA.
| | - William De Martini
- Department of Biological Sciences, Seton Hall University, South Orange, NJ 07039, USA.
| | - Jessica Cottrell
- Department of Biological Sciences, Seton Hall University, South Orange, NJ 07039, USA.
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9
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Abstract
Viruses have evolved numerous mechanisms to evade the immune response, including proteins that target the function of cytokines. This article provides an overview of the different strategies used by viruses to block the induction of cytokines and immune signals triggered by cytokines. Examples of virus evasion proteins are presented, such as intracellular proteins that block signal transduction and immune activation mechanisms, secreted proteins that mimic cytokines, or viral decoy receptors that inhibit the binding of cytokines to their cognate receptors. Virus-encoded proteins that target cytokines play a major role in immune modulation, and their contributions to viral pathogenesis, promoting virus replication or preventing immunopathology, are discussed.
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10
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McAfee MS, Huynh TP, Johnson JL, Jacobs BL, Blattman JN. Interaction between unrelated viruses during in vivo co-infection to limit pathology and immunity. Virology 2015; 484:153-162. [PMID: 26099694 PMCID: PMC4567517 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2015.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Revised: 03/26/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Great progress has been made in understanding immunity to viral infection. However, infection can occur in the context of co-infection by unrelated pathogens that modulate immune responses and/or disease. We have studied immunity and disease during co-infection with two unrelated viruses: Ectromelia virus (ECTV) and Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis virus (LCMV). ECTV infection can be a lethal in mice due in part to the blockade of Type I Interferons (IFN-I). We show that ECTV/LCMV co-infection results in decreased ECTV viral load and amelioration of ECTV-induced disease, likely due to IFN-I induction by LCMV, as rescue is not observed in IFN-I receptor deficient mice. However, immune responses to LCMV in ECTV co-infected mice were also lower compared to mice infected with LCMV alone and potentially biased toward effector-memory cell generation. Thus, we provide evidence for bi-directional effects of viral co-infection that modulate disease and immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan S McAfee
- Molecular & Cellular Biology Graduate Program & Center for Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Trung P Huynh
- Molecular & Cellular Biology Graduate Program & Center for Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - John L Johnson
- Molecular & Cellular Biology Graduate Program & Center for Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Bertram L Jacobs
- Molecular & Cellular Biology Graduate Program & Center for Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Joseph N Blattman
- Molecular & Cellular Biology Graduate Program & Center for Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA.
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11
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Pontejo SM, Alejo A, Alcami A. Comparative Biochemical and Functional Analysis of Viral and Human Secreted Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF) Decoy Receptors. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:15973-84. [PMID: 25940088 PMCID: PMC4481203 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.650119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2015] [Revised: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The blockade of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) by etanercept, a soluble version of the human TNF receptor 2 (hTNFR2), is a well established strategy to inhibit adverse TNF-mediated inflammatory responses in the clinic. A similar strategy is employed by poxviruses, encoding four viral TNF decoy receptor homologues (vTNFRs) named cytokine response modifier B (CrmB), CrmC, CrmD, and CrmE. These vTNFRs are differentially expressed by poxviral species, suggesting distinct immunomodulatory properties. Whereas the human variola virus and mouse ectromelia virus encode one vTNFR, the broad host range cowpox virus encodes all vTNFRs. We report the first comprehensive study of the functional and binding properties of these four vTNFRs, providing an explanation for their expression profile among different poxviruses. In addition, the vTNFRs activities were compared with the hTNFR2 used in the clinic. Interestingly, CrmB from variola virus, the causative agent of smallpox, is the most potent TNFR of those tested here including hTNFR2. Furthermore, we demonstrate a new immunomodulatory activity of vTNFRs, showing that CrmB and CrmD also inhibit the activity of lymphotoxin β. Similarly, we report for the first time that the hTNFR2 blocks the biological activity of lymphotoxin β. The characterization of vTNFRs optimized during virus-host evolution to modulate the host immune response provides relevant information about their potential role in pathogenesis and may be used to improve anti-inflammatory therapies based on soluble decoy TNFRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio M Pontejo
- From the Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain and
| | - Ali Alejo
- Centro de Investigacion en Sanidad Animal, Instituto Nacional de Investigacion y Tecnologia Agraria y Alimentaria, Valdeolmos, 28130 Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio Alcami
- From the Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain and
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An orphan viral TNF receptor superfamily member identified in lymphocystis disease virus. Virol J 2013; 10:188. [PMID: 23758704 PMCID: PMC3691878 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-10-188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2013] [Accepted: 06/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Lymphocystis disease virus (LCDV) is a large icosahedral dsDNA-containing virus of the Lymphocystivirus genus within the Iridoviridae family that can cause disease in more than 140 marine and freshwater fish species. While several isolates have been charcaterized and classified into distinct genotypes the complete genomic sequence is currently only available from two species, the LCDV-1, isolated from flounder (Platichtys flesus) in Europe and the LCDV-C, isolated from Japanese cultured flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) in China. Analysis of the genome of LCDV-C showed it to encode a protein named LDVICp016 with similarities to the Tumour necrosis factor receptor (TNFR) superfamily with immunomodulatory potential. Findings We have expressed and purified the recombinant protein LDVICp016 and screened for potential interaction partners using surface plasmon resonance. Commercially available human and mouse members of the TNF superfamily (TNFSF), along with a representative set of fish-derived TNFSF were tested. We have found the LDVICp016 protein to be secreted and we have identified a second viral TNFR encoded by ORF 095 of the same virus. None of the 42 tested proteins were found to interact with LDVICp016. Conclusions We show that LDVICp016 is a secreted protein belonging to the TNF receptor family that may be part of a larger gene family in Lymphocystiviruses. While the ligand of this protein remains unknown, possibly due to the species specific nature of this interaction, further investigations into the potential role of this protein in the blockade of immune responses in its fish host are required.
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Epperson ML, Lee CA, Fremont DH. Subversion of cytokine networks by virally encoded decoy receptors. Immunol Rev 2012; 250:199-215. [PMID: 23046131 PMCID: PMC3693748 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
During the course of evolution, viruses have captured or created a diverse array of open reading frames, which encode for proteins that serve to evade and sabotage the host innate and adaptive immune responses that would otherwise lead to their elimination. These viral genomes are some of the best textbooks of immunology ever written. The established arsenal of immunomodulatory proteins encoded by viruses is large and growing, and includes specificities for virtually all known inflammatory pathways and targets. The focus of this review is on herpes and poxvirus-encoded cytokine and chemokine-binding proteins that serve to undermine the coordination of host immune surveillance. Structural and mechanistic studies of these decoy receptors have provided a wealth of information, not only about viral pathogenesis but also about the inner workings of cytokine signaling networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan L Epperson
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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Genome sequence of erythromelalgia-related poxvirus identifies it as an ectromelia virus strain. PLoS One 2012; 7:e34604. [PMID: 22558090 PMCID: PMC3338725 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0034604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2012] [Accepted: 03/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Erythromelagia is a condition characterized by attacks of burning pain and inflammation in the extremeties. An epidemic form of this syndrome occurs in secondary students in rural China and a virus referred to as erythromelalgia-associated poxvirus (ERPV) was reported to have been recovered from throat swabs in 1987. Studies performed at the time suggested that ERPV belongs to the orthopoxvirus genus and has similarities with ectromelia virus, the causative agent of mousepox. We have determined the complete genome sequence of ERPV and demonstrated that it has 99.8% identity to the Naval strain of ectromelia virus and a slighly lower identity to the Moscow strain. Small DNA deletions in the Naval genome that are absent from ERPV may suggest that the sequenced strain of Naval was not the immediate progenitor of ERPV.
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15
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Rich RL, Myszka DG. Survey of the 2009 commercial optical biosensor literature. J Mol Recognit 2012; 24:892-914. [PMID: 22038797 DOI: 10.1002/jmr.1138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
We took a different approach to reviewing the commercial biosensor literature this year by inviting 22 biosensor users to serve as a review committee. They set the criteria for what to expect in a publication and ultimately decided to use a pass/fail system for selecting which papers to include in this year's reference list. Of the 1514 publications in 2009 that reported using commercially available optical biosensor technology, only 20% passed their cutoff. The most common criticism the reviewers had with the literature was that "the biosensor experiments could have been done better." They selected 10 papers to highlight good experimental technique, data presentation, and unique applications of the technology. This communal review process was educational for everyone involved and one we will not soon forget.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L Rich
- Center for Biomolecular Interaction Analysis, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
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Rintoul JL, Wang J, Gammon DB, van Buuren NJ, Garson K, Jardine K, Barry M, Evans DH, Bell JC. A selectable and excisable marker system for the rapid creation of recombinant poxviruses. PLoS One 2011; 6:e24643. [PMID: 21931792 PMCID: PMC3169633 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0024643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2010] [Accepted: 08/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genetic manipulation of poxvirus genomes through attenuation, or insertion of therapeutic genes has led to a number of vector candidates for the treatment of a variety of human diseases. The development of recombinant poxviruses often involves the genomic insertion of a selectable marker for purification and selection purposes. The use of marker genes however inevitably results in a vector that contains unwanted genetic information of no therapeutic value. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Here we describe an improved strategy that allows for the creation of marker-free recombinant poxviruses of any species. The Selectable and Excisable Marker (SEM) system incorporates a unique fusion marker gene for the efficient selection of poxvirus recombinants and the Cre/loxP system to facilitate the subsequent removal of the marker. We have defined and characterized this new methodological tool by insertion of a foreign gene into vaccinia virus, with the subsequent removal of the selectable marker. We then analyzed the importance of loxP orientation during Cre recombination, and show that the SEM system can be used to introduce site-specific deletions or inversions into the viral genome. Finally, we demonstrate that the SEM strategy is amenable to other poxviruses, as demonstrated here with the creation of an ectromelia virus recombinant lacking the EVM002 gene. CONCLUSION/SIGNIFICANCE The system described here thus provides a faster, simpler and more efficient means to create clinic-ready recombinant poxviruses for therapeutic gene therapy applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia L. Rintoul
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
- Centre for Cancer Therapeutics, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Jiahu Wang
- Centre for Cancer Therapeutics, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Don B. Gammon
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Li Ka Shing Institute of Virology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Nicholas J. van Buuren
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Li Ka Shing Institute of Virology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Kenneth Garson
- Centre for Cancer Therapeutics, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Karen Jardine
- Centre for Cancer Therapeutics, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Michele Barry
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Li Ka Shing Institute of Virology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - David H. Evans
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Li Ka Shing Institute of Virology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - John C. Bell
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
- Centre for Cancer Therapeutics, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada
- * E-mail:
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Poxviral TNFRs: properties and role in viral pathogenesis. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2011; 691:203-10. [PMID: 21153324 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-6612-4_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Modulation of the host immune response by cowpox virus. Microbes Infect 2010; 12:900-9. [PMID: 20673807 PMCID: PMC3500136 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2010.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2010] [Revised: 07/09/2010] [Accepted: 07/12/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Cowpox virus, a zoonotic poxvirus endemic to Eurasia, infects a large number of host species which makes its eradication impossible. The elimination of world-wide smallpox vaccination programs renders the human population increasingly susceptible to infection by orthopoxviruses resulting in a growing number of zoonotic infections including CPXV transmitted from domestic animals to humans. The ability of CPXV to infect a wide range of mammalian host is likely due to the fact that, among the orthopoxviruses, CPXV encodes the most complete set of open reading frames expected to encode immunomodulatory proteins. This renders CPXV particularly interesting for studying poxviral strategies to evade and counteract the host immune responses.
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