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Kim H, Choi HG, Shin SJ. Bridging the gaps to overcome major hurdles in the development of next-generation tuberculosis vaccines. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1193058. [PMID: 37638056 PMCID: PMC10451085 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1193058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Although tuberculosis (TB) remains one of the leading causes of death from an infectious disease worldwide, the development of vaccines more effective than bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG), the only licensed TB vaccine, has progressed slowly even in the context of the tremendous global impact of TB. Most vaccine candidates have been developed to strongly induce interferon-γ (IFN-γ)-producing T-helper type 1 (Th1) cell responses; however, accumulating evidence has suggested that other immune factors are required for optimal protection against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection. In this review, we briefly describe the five hurdles that must be overcome to develop more effective TB vaccines, including those with various purposes and tested in recent promising clinical trials. In addition, we discuss the current knowledge gaps between preclinical experiments and clinical studies regarding peripheral versus tissue-specific immune responses, different underlying conditions of individuals, and newly emerging immune correlates of protection. Moreover, we propose how recently discovered TB risk or susceptibility factors can be better utilized as novel biomarkers for the evaluation of vaccine-induced protection to suggest more practical ways to develop advanced TB vaccines. Vaccines are the most effective tools for reducing mortality and morbidity from infectious diseases, and more advanced technologies and a greater understanding of host-pathogen interactions will provide feasibility and rationale for novel vaccine design and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongmin Kim
- Department of Microbiology, Institute for Immunology and Immunological Diseases, Graduate School of Medical Science, Brain Korea 21 Project, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Han-Gyu Choi
- Department of Microbiology and Medical Science, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Jae Shin
- Department of Microbiology, Institute for Immunology and Immunological Diseases, Graduate School of Medical Science, Brain Korea 21 Project, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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2
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Owusu DO, Adankwah E, Aniagyei W, Acheampong I, Minadzi D, Yeboah A, Arthur JF, Lamptey M, Vivekanandan MM, Abass MK, Kumbel F, Osei-Yeboah F, Gawusu A, Batsa Debrah L, Debrah A, Mayatepek E, Seyfarth J, Phillips RO, Jacobsen M. BCG-Vaccinated Children with Contact to Tuberculosis Patients Show Delayed Conversion of Mycobacterium tuberculosis-Specific IFN-γ Release. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:vaccines11040855. [PMID: 37112767 PMCID: PMC10146292 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11040855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium (M.) bovis BCG vaccination is recommended for healthy babies after birth in several countries with a high prevalence of tuberculosis, including Ghana. Previous studies showed that BCG vaccination prevents individuals from developing severe clinical manifestations of tuberculosis, but BCG vaccination effects on the induction of IFN-γ after M. tuberculosis infection have hardly been investigated. Here, we performed IFN-γ-based T-cell assays (i.e., IFN-γ Release Assay, IGRA; T-cell activation and maturation marker assay, TAM-TB) in children who had contact with index tuberculosis patients (contacts). These contacts were classified as either being BCG vaccinated at birth (n = 77) or non-BCG-vaccinated (n = 17) and were followed up at three timepoints for a period of one year to determine immune conversion after M. tuberculosis exposure and potential infection. At baseline and month 3, BCG-vaccinated contacts had significantly lower IFN-γ levels after stimulation with M. tuberculosis-specific proteins as compared to non-BCG-vaccinated contacts. This resulted in decreased proportions of positive IGRA results (BCG-vaccinated: 60% at baseline, 57% at month 3; non-BCG-vaccinated: 77% and 88%, respectively) at month 3. However, until month 12, immune conversion in BCG-vaccinated contacts led to balanced proportions in IGRA responders and IFN-γ expression between the study groups. TAM-TB assay analyses confirmed higher proportions of IFN-γ-positive T-cells in non-BCG-vaccinated contacts. Low proportions of CD38-positive M. tuberculosis-specific T-cells were only detected in non-BCG-vaccinated contacts at baseline. These results suggest that BCG vaccination causes delayed immune conversion as well as differences in the phenotype of M. tuberculosis-specific T-cells in BCG-vaccinated contacts of tuberculosis patients. These differences are immune biomarker candidates for protection against the development of severe clinical tuberculosis manifestations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorcas O Owusu
- Kumasi Centre for Collaborative Research in Tropical Medicine (KCCR), Kumasi 00233, Ghana
| | - Ernest Adankwah
- Kumasi Centre for Collaborative Research in Tropical Medicine (KCCR), Kumasi 00233, Ghana
- Department of Medical Diagnostics, College of Health Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology (KNUST), Kumasi 00233, Ghana
| | - Wilfred Aniagyei
- Kumasi Centre for Collaborative Research in Tropical Medicine (KCCR), Kumasi 00233, Ghana
| | - Isaac Acheampong
- Kumasi Centre for Collaborative Research in Tropical Medicine (KCCR), Kumasi 00233, Ghana
| | - Difery Minadzi
- Kumasi Centre for Collaborative Research in Tropical Medicine (KCCR), Kumasi 00233, Ghana
| | - Augustine Yeboah
- Kumasi Centre for Collaborative Research in Tropical Medicine (KCCR), Kumasi 00233, Ghana
| | - Joseph F Arthur
- Kumasi Centre for Collaborative Research in Tropical Medicine (KCCR), Kumasi 00233, Ghana
| | - Millicent Lamptey
- Kumasi Centre for Collaborative Research in Tropical Medicine (KCCR), Kumasi 00233, Ghana
| | - Monika M Vivekanandan
- Kumasi Centre for Collaborative Research in Tropical Medicine (KCCR), Kumasi 00233, Ghana
| | | | | | | | - Amidu Gawusu
- Sene West Health Directorate, Kwame Danso, Ghana
| | - Linda Batsa Debrah
- Kumasi Centre for Collaborative Research in Tropical Medicine (KCCR), Kumasi 00233, Ghana
| | - Alexander Debrah
- Kumasi Centre for Collaborative Research in Tropical Medicine (KCCR), Kumasi 00233, Ghana
| | - Ertan Mayatepek
- Department of General Pediatrics, Neonatology and Pediatric Cardiology, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Duesseldorf, Heinrich-Heine University, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Julia Seyfarth
- Department of General Pediatrics, Neonatology and Pediatric Cardiology, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Duesseldorf, Heinrich-Heine University, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Richard O Phillips
- Kumasi Centre for Collaborative Research in Tropical Medicine (KCCR), Kumasi 00233, Ghana
- School of Medicine and Dentistry, College of Health Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology (KNUST), Kumasi 00233, Ghana
| | - Marc Jacobsen
- Department of General Pediatrics, Neonatology and Pediatric Cardiology, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Duesseldorf, Heinrich-Heine University, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany
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3
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Khabibullina NF, Kutuzova DM, Burmistrova IA, Lyadova IV. The Biological and Clinical Aspects of a Latent Tuberculosis Infection. Trop Med Infect Dis 2022; 7:tropicalmed7030048. [PMID: 35324595 PMCID: PMC8955876 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed7030048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB), caused by bacilli from the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex, remains a serious global public health problem, representing one of the main causes of death from infectious diseases. About one quarter of the world’s population is infected with Mtb and has a latent TB infection (LTBI). According to the World Health Organization (WHO), an LTBI is characterized by a lasting immune response to Mtb antigens without any TB symptoms. Current LTBI diagnoses and treatments are based on this simplified definition, although an LTBI involves a broad range of conditions, including when Mtb remains in the body in a persistent form and the immune response cannot be detected. The study of LTBIs has progressed in recent years; however, many biological and medical aspects of an LTBI are still under discussion. This review focuses on an LTBI as a broad spectrum of states, both of the human body, and of Mtb cells. The problems of phenotypic insusceptibility, diagnoses, chemoprophylaxis, and the necessity of treatment are discussed. We emphasize the complexity of an LTBI diagnosis and its treatment due to its ambiguous nature. We consider alternative ways of differentiating an LTBI from active TB, as well as predicting TB reactivation based on using mycobacterial “latency antigens” for interferon gamma release assay (IGRA) tests and the transcriptomic analysis of human blood cells.
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Joshi H, Kandari D, Bhatnagar R. Insights into the molecular determinants involved in Mycobacterium tuberculosis persistence and their therapeutic implications. Virulence 2021; 12:2721-2749. [PMID: 34637683 PMCID: PMC8565819 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2021.1990660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The establishment of persistent infections and the reactivation of persistent bacteria to active bacilli are the two hurdles in effective tuberculosis treatment. Mycobacterium tuberculosis, an etiologic tuberculosis agent, adapts to numerous antibiotics and resists the host immune system causing a disease of public health concern. Extensive research has been employed to combat this disease due to its sheer ability to persist in the host system, undetected, waiting for the opportunity to declare itself. Persisters are a bacterial subpopulation that possesses transient tolerance to high doses of antibiotics. There are certain inherent mechanisms that facilitate the persister cell formation in Mycobacterium tuberculosis, some of those had been characterized in the past namely, stringent response, transcriptional regulators, energy production pathways, lipid metabolism, cell wall remodeling enzymes, phosphate metabolism, and proteasome protein degradation. This article reviews the recent advancements made in various in vitro persistence models that assist to unravel the mechanisms involved in the persister cell formation and to hunt for the possible preventive or treatment measures. To tackle the persister population the immunodominant proteins that express specifically at the latent phase of infection can be used for diagnosis to distinguish between the active and latent tuberculosis, as well as to select potential drug or vaccine candidates. In addition, we discuss the genes engaged in the persistence to get more insights into resuscitation and persister cell formation. The in-depth understanding of persistent cells of mycobacteria can certainly unravel novel ways to target the pathogen and tackle its persistence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hemant Joshi
- Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering Laboratory, School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Divya Kandari
- Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering Laboratory, School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Rakesh Bhatnagar
- Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering Laboratory, School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
- Amity University of Rajasthan, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
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5
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Baatjies L, Loxton AG, Williams MJ. Host and Bacterial Iron Homeostasis, an Underexplored Area in Tuberculosis Biomarker Research. Front Immunol 2021; 12:742059. [PMID: 34777355 PMCID: PMC8586213 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.742059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) "a human adapted pathogen" has found multiple ways to manipulate the host immune response during infection. The human immune response to Mtb infection is a highly complex cascade of reactions, with macrophages as preferred intracellular location. Interaction with the host through infection gives rise to expression of specific gene products for survival and multiplication within the host. The signals that the pathogens encounter during infection cause them to selectively express genes in response to signals. One strategy to identify Mtb antigens with diagnostic potential is to identify genes that are specifically induced during infection or in specific disease stages. The shortcomings of current immunodiagnostics include the failure to detect progression from latent infection to active tuberculosis disease, and the inability to monitor treatment efficacy. This highlights the need for new tuberculosis biomarkers. These biomarkers should be highly sensitive and specific diagnosing TB infection, specifically distinguishing between latent infection and active disease. The regulation of iron levels by the host plays a crucial role in the susceptibility and outcome of Mtb infection. Of interest are the siderophore biosynthetic genes, encoded by the mbt-1 and mbt-2 loci and the SUF (mobilization of sulphur) operon (sufR-sufB-sufD-sufC-csd-nifU-sufT), which encodes the primary iron-sulphur cluster biogenesis system. These genes are induced during iron limitation and intracellular growth of Mtb, pointing to their importance during infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucinda Baatjies
- Department of Science and Innovation (DSI)-National Research Foundation (NRF) Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Andre G. Loxton
- Department of Science and Innovation (DSI)-National Research Foundation (NRF) Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Monique J. Williams
- Department of Science and Innovation (DSI)-National Research Foundation (NRF) Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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6
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Shiraz M, Lata S, Kumar P, Shankar UN, Akif M. Immunoinformatics analysis of antigenic epitopes and designing of a multi-epitope peptide vaccine from putative nitro-reductases of Mycobacterium tuberculosis DosR. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2021; 94:105017. [PMID: 34332157 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2021.105017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2021] [Revised: 06/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) resides in alveolar macrophages as a non-dividing and dormant state causing latent tuberculosis. Currently, no vaccine is available against the latent tuberculosis. Latent Mtb expresses ~48 genes under the control of DosR regulon. Among these, putative nitroreductases have significantly high expression levels, help Mtb to cope up with nitrogen stresses and possess antigenic properties. In the current study, immunoinformatics methodologies are applied to predict promiscuous antigenic T-cell epitopes from putative nitro-reductases of the DosR regulon. The promiscuous antigenic T-cell epitopes prediction was performed on the basis of their potential to induce an immune response and forming a stable interaction with the HLA alleles. The highest antigenic promiscuous epitopes were assembled for designing an in-silico vaccine construct. A TLR-2 agonist Phenol-soluble modulin alpha 4 was exploited as an adjuvant. Molecular docking and Molecular Dynamics Simulations were used to predict the stability of vaccine construct with the immune receptor. The predicted promiscuous epitopes may be helpful in the construction of a subunit vaccine against latent tuberculosis, which can also be administered along with the BCG to increase its efficacy. Experimental validation is a prerequisite for the in-silico designed vaccine construct against TB infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Shiraz
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500046, India
| | - Surabhi Lata
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500046, India
| | - Pankaj Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500046, India
| | - Umate Nachiket Shankar
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500046, India
| | - Mohd Akif
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500046, India.
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7
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Morgan J, Muskat K, Tippalagama R, Sette A, Burel J, Lindestam Arlehamn CS. Classical CD4 T cells as the cornerstone of antimycobacterial immunity. Immunol Rev 2021; 301:10-29. [PMID: 33751597 PMCID: PMC8252593 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis is a significant health problem without an effective vaccine to combat it. A thorough understanding of the immune response and correlates of protection is needed to develop a more efficient vaccine. The immune response against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is complex and involves all aspects of the immune system, however, the optimal protective, non‐pathogenic T cell response against Mtb is still elusive. This review will focus on discussing CD4 T cell immunity against mycobacteria and its importance in Mtb infection with a primary focus on human studies. We will in particular discuss the large heterogeneity of immune cell subsets that have been revealed by recent immunological investigations at an unprecedented level of detail. These studies have identified specific classical CD4 T cell subsets important for immune responses against Mtb in various states of infection. We further discuss the functional attributes that have been linked to the various subsets such as upregulation of activation markers and cytokine production. Another important topic to be considered is the antigenic targets of Mtb‐specific immune responses, and how antigen reactivity is influenced by both disease state and environmental exposure(s). These are key points for both vaccines and immune diagnostics development. Ultimately, these factors are holistically considered in the definition and investigations of what are the correlates on protection and resolution of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey Morgan
- Center for Infectious Disease, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Kaylin Muskat
- Center for Infectious Disease, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Rashmi Tippalagama
- Center for Infectious Disease, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Alessandro Sette
- Center for Infectious Disease, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Julie Burel
- Center for Infectious Disease, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
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8
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Identification and in silico functional prediction of lineage-specific SNPs distributed in DosR-related proteins and resuscitation-promoting factor proteins of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Heliyon 2020; 6:e05744. [PMID: 33364506 PMCID: PMC7753917 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e05744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
One-third of the world population is infected by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which may persist in the latent or dormant state. Bacteria can shift to dormancy when encountering harsh conditions such as low oxygen, nutrient starvation, high acidity and host immune defenses. Genes related to the dormancy survival regulator (DosR) regulon are responsible for the inhibition of aerobic respiration and replication, which is required to enter dormancy. Conversely, resuscitation-promoting factor (rpf) proteins participate in reactivation from dormancy and the development of active tuberculosis (TB). Many DosR regulon and rpf proteins are immunodominant T cell antigens that are highly expressed in latent TB infection. They could serve as TB vaccine candidates and be used for diagnostic development. We explored the genetic polymorphisms of 50 DosR-related genes and 5 rpf genes among 1,170 previously sequenced clinical M. tuberculosis genomes. Forty-three lineage- or sublineage-specific nonsynonymous single nucleotide polymorphisms (nsSNPs) were identified. Ten nsSNPs were specific to all Mtb isolates belonging to lineage 1 (L1). Two common sublineages, the Beijing family (L2.2) and EAI2 (L1.2.1), differed at as many as 26 lineage- or sublineage-specific SNPs. DosR regulon genes related to membrane proteins and the rpf family possessed mean dN/dS ratios greater than one, suggesting that they are under positive selection. Although the T cell epitope regions of DosR-related and rpf antigens were quite conserved, we found that the epitopes in L1 had higher rates of genetic polymorphisms than the other lineages. Some mutations in immunogenic epitopes of the antigens were specific to particular M. tuberculosis lineages. Therefore, the genetic diversity of the DosR regulon and rpf proteins might impact the adaptation of M. tuberculosis to the dormant state and the immunogenicity of latency antigens, which warrants further investigation.
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Adankwah E, Nausch N, Minadzi D, Abass MK, Franken KLMC, Ottenhoff THM, Mayatepek E, Phillips RO, Jacobsen M. Interleukin-6 and Mycobacterium tuberculosis dormancy antigens improve diagnosis of tuberculosis. J Infect 2020; 82:245-252. [PMID: 33278400 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2020.11.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES IFNγ-release assays (IGRAs) used for diagnosis of Mycobacterium (M.) tuberculosis infection have limited sensitivity. Alternative cytokines and M. tuberculosis latency-associated antigens may improve immune-based tests. METHODS Multiplex cytokine analyses was done in culture supernatants after 6-day in vitro restimulation with M. tuberculosis IGRA and latency-associated antigens (i.e. Rv2628, Rv1733) in tuberculosis patients (n = 22) and asymptomatic contacts (AC)s (n = 20) from Ghana. RESULTS Four cytokines (i.e. IFNγ, IP-10, IL-22 and IL-6) were significantly increased after IGRA-antigen specific restimulation. IFNγ, IP-10, and IL-22 correlated positively and showed no differences between the study groups whereas IGRA-antigen induced IL-6 was significantly higher in tuberculosis patients. Using adjusted IGRA criteria, IL-6 showed the highest sensitivity for detection of tuberculosis patients (91%) and ACs (85%) as compared to IFNγ, IP-10, and IL-22. Rv2628 and Rv1733 restimulation induced significantly higher IFNγ, IP-10, and IL-22 concentrations in ACs. Combined antigen/cytokine analyses identified study group specific patterns and a combination of Rv2628/Rv1733 induced IFNγ with IGRA-antigen induced IL-6 was optimal for classification of tuberculosis patients and ACs (AUC: 0.92, p<0.0001). CONCLUSIONS We demonstrate the potency of alternative cytokines, especially IL-6, and latency-associated antigens Rv1733/Rv2628 to improve detection of M. tuberculosis infection and to classify tuberculosis patients and healthy contacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernest Adankwah
- Department of General Pediatrics, Neonatology, and Pediatric Cardiology, University Children's Hospital, Medical Faculty Heinrich-Heine University, Moorenstr. 5, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Norman Nausch
- Department of General Pediatrics, Neonatology, and Pediatric Cardiology, University Children's Hospital, Medical Faculty Heinrich-Heine University, Moorenstr. 5, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Difery Minadzi
- Kumasi Centre for Collaborative Research in Tropical Medicine (KCCR), Kumasi, Ghana
| | | | - Kees L M C Franken
- Department of Immunohematology & Blood Transfusion/Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University, the Netherlands
| | - Tom H M Ottenhoff
- Department of Immunohematology & Blood Transfusion/Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University, the Netherlands
| | - Ertan Mayatepek
- Department of General Pediatrics, Neonatology, and Pediatric Cardiology, University Children's Hospital, Medical Faculty Heinrich-Heine University, Moorenstr. 5, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Richard O Phillips
- Kumasi Centre for Collaborative Research in Tropical Medicine (KCCR), Kumasi, Ghana; School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology (KNUST), Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Marc Jacobsen
- Department of General Pediatrics, Neonatology, and Pediatric Cardiology, University Children's Hospital, Medical Faculty Heinrich-Heine University, Moorenstr. 5, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany.
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10
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Sharma A, Chattopadhyay G, Chopra P, Bhasin M, Thakur C, Agarwal S, Ahmed S, Chandra N, Varadarajan R, Singh R. VapC21 Toxin Contributes to Drug-Tolerance and Interacts With Non-cognate VapB32 Antitoxin in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:2037. [PMID: 33042034 PMCID: PMC7517352 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.02037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The prokaryotic ubiquitous Toxin-antitoxin (TA) modules encodes for a stable toxin and an unstable antitoxin. VapBC subfamily is the most abundant Type II TA system in M. tuberculosis genome. However, the exact physiological role for most of these Type II TA systems are still unknown. Here, we have comprehensively characterized the VapBC21 TA locus from M. tuberculosis. The overexpression of VapC21 inhibited mycobacterial growth in a bacteriostatic manner and as expected, growth inhibition was abrogated upon co-expression of the cognate antitoxin, VapB21. We observed that the deletion of vapC21 had no noticeable influence on the in vitro and in vivo growth of M. tuberculosis. Using co-expression and biophysical studies, we observed that in addition to VapB21, VapC21 is also able to interact with non-cognate antitoxin, VapB32. The strength of interaction varied between the cognate and non-cognate TA pairs. The overexpression of VapC21 resulted in differential expression of approximately 435 transcripts in M. tuberculosis. The transcriptional profiles obtained upon ectopic expression of VapC21 was similar to those reported in M. tuberculosis upon exposure to stress conditions such as nutrient starvation and enduring hypoxic response. Further, VapC21 overexpression also led to increased expression of WhiB7 regulon and bacterial tolerance to aminoglycosides and ethambutol. Taken together, these results indicate that a complex network of interactions exists between non-cognate TA pairs and VapC21 contributes to drug tolerance in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun Sharma
- Tuberculosis Research Laboratory, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, India
| | | | - Pankaj Chopra
- Tuberculosis Research Laboratory, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, India
| | - Munmun Bhasin
- Molecular Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, India
| | - Chandrani Thakur
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, India
| | - Sakshi Agarwal
- Tuberculosis Research Laboratory, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, India
| | - Shahbaz Ahmed
- Molecular Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, India
| | - Nagasuma Chandra
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, India
| | - Raghavan Varadarajan
- Molecular Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, India.,Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Bengaluru, India
| | - Ramandeep Singh
- Tuberculosis Research Laboratory, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, India
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11
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Shanmugasundaram U, Bucsan AN, Ganatra SR, Ibegbu C, Quezada M, Blair RV, Alvarez X, Velu V, Kaushal D, Rengarajan J. Pulmonary Mycobacterium tuberculosis control associates with CXCR3- and CCR6-expressing antigen-specific Th1 and Th17 cell recruitment. JCI Insight 2020; 5:137858. [PMID: 32554933 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.137858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis-specific (M. tuberculosis-specific) T cell responses associated with immune control during asymptomatic latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) remain poorly understood. Using a nonhuman primate aerosol model, we studied the kinetics, phenotypes, and functions of M. tuberculosis antigen-specific T cells in peripheral and lung compartments of M. tuberculosis-infected asymptomatic rhesus macaques by longitudinally sampling blood and bronchoalveolar lavage, for up to 24 weeks postinfection. We found substantially higher frequencies of M. tuberculosis-specific effector and memory CD4+ and CD8+ T cells producing IFN-γ in the airways compared with peripheral blood, and these frequencies were maintained throughout the study period. Moreover, M. tuberculosis-specific IL-17+ and IL-17+IFN-γ+ double-positive T cells were present in the airways but were largely absent in the periphery, suggesting that balanced mucosal Th1/Th17 responses are associated with LTBI. The majority of M. tuberculosis-specific CD4+ T cells that homed to the airways expressed the chemokine receptor CXCR3 and coexpressed CCR6. Notably, CXCR3+CD4+ cells were found in granulomatous and nongranulomatous regions of the lung and inversely correlated with M. tuberculosis burden. Our findings provide insights into antigen-specific T cell responses associated with asymptomatic M. tuberculosis infection that are relevant for developing better strategies to control TB.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Allison N Bucsan
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, Covington, Louisiana, USA
| | - Shashank R Ganatra
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, Covington, Louisiana, USA.,Southwest National Primate Research Center, San Antonio, Texas, USA.,Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Chris Ibegbu
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.,Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Melanie Quezada
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Robert V Blair
- Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana, USA
| | - Xavier Alvarez
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, Covington, Louisiana, USA.,Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana, USA
| | - Vijayakumar Velu
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.,Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Deepak Kaushal
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, Covington, Louisiana, USA.,Southwest National Primate Research Center, San Antonio, Texas, USA.,Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Jyothi Rengarajan
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.,Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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12
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van Loon W, Gomez MP, Jobe D, Franken KLMC, Ottenhoff THM, Coninx M, Kestens L, Sutherland JS, Kampmann B, Tientcheu LD. Use of resuscitation promoting factors to screen for tuberculosis infection in household-exposed children in The Gambia. BMC Infect Dis 2020; 20:469. [PMID: 32615981 PMCID: PMC7330976 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-020-05194-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Interferon-γ release assays (IGRA) with Resuscitation promoting factor (Rpf) proteins enhanced tuberculosis (TB) screening and diagnosis in adults but have not been evaluated in children. Children often develop paucibacillary TB and their immune response differs from that of adults, which together affect TB disease diagnostics and immunodiagnostics. We assessed the ability of Rpf to identify infection among household TB-exposed children in The Gambia and investigated their ability to discriminate Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC) infection from active TB disease in children. METHODS Detailed clinical investigations were done on 93 household TB-exposed Gambian children and a tuberculin skin test (TST) was administered to asymptomatic children. Venous blood was collected for overnight stimulation with ESAT-6/CFP-10-fusion protein (EC), purified protein derivative and RpfA, B, C, D and E. Interferon gamma (IFN-γ) production was measured by ELISA in supernatants and corrected for the background level. Infection status was defined by IGRA with EC and TB disease by mycobacterial confirmation and/or clinical diagnosis. We compared IFN-γ levels between infected and uninfected children and between infected and TB diseased children using a binomial logistic regression model while correcting for age and sex. A Receiver Operating Characteristics analysis was done to find the best cut-off for IFN-γ level and calculate sensitivity and specificity. RESULTS Interferon gamma production was significantly higher in infected (IGRA+, n = 45) than in uninfected (IGRA-, n = 20) children after stimulation with RpfA, B, C, and D (P = 0.03; 0.007; 0.03 and 0.003, respectively). Using RpfB and D-specific IFN-γ cut-offs (33.9 pg/mL and 67.0 pg/mL), infection was classified with a sensitivity-specificity combination of 73-92% and 77-72% respectively, which was similar to and better than 65-75% for TST. Moreover, IFN-γ production was higher in infected than in TB diseased children (n = 28, 5 bacteriologically confirmed, 23 clinically diagnosed), following RpfB and D stimulation (P = 0.02 and 0.03, respectively). CONCLUSION RpfB and RpfD show promising results for childhood MTBC infection screening, and both performed similar to and better than the TST in our study population. Additionally, both antigens appear to discriminate between infection and disease in children and thus warrant further investigation as screening and diagnostic antigens for childhood TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- W van Loon
- Institute of Tropical Medicine and International Health, Charité-University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Vaccines and Immunity Theme, MRC Unit The Gambia at London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Fajara, The Gambia
| | - M P Gomez
- Vaccines and Immunity Theme, MRC Unit The Gambia at London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Fajara, The Gambia
| | - D Jobe
- Vaccines and Immunity Theme, MRC Unit The Gambia at London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Fajara, The Gambia
| | - K L M C Franken
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - T H M Ottenhoff
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - M Coninx
- Vaccines and Immunity Theme, MRC Unit The Gambia at London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Fajara, The Gambia
| | - L Kestens
- Immunology Department, Institute of Tropical Medicine Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - J S Sutherland
- Vaccines and Immunity Theme, MRC Unit The Gambia at London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Fajara, The Gambia
| | - B Kampmann
- Vaccines and Immunity Theme, MRC Unit The Gambia at London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Fajara, The Gambia
- The Vaccine Centre, Faculty of Infectious & Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - L D Tientcheu
- Vaccines and Immunity Theme, MRC Unit The Gambia at London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Fajara, The Gambia.
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé 1, Yaoundé, Cameroon.
- Department of Infection Biology, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK.
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13
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IFN-γ and IgG responses to Mycobacterium tuberculosis latency antigen Rv2626c differentiate remote from recent tuberculosis infection. Sci Rep 2020; 10:7472. [PMID: 32366931 PMCID: PMC7198533 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-64428-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Tuberculin skin test (TST) and IFN-γ release assays are currently used to detect Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection but none of them differentiate active from latent infection (LTBI). Since improved tests to diagnose Mtb infection are required, we studied the immune response to Mtb latency antigen Rv2626c in individuals exposed to the bacteria during different periods. Tuberculosis patients (TB), TB close contacts (CC: subjects exposed to Mtb for less than three months) and healthcare workers (HW: individuals exposed to Mtb at least two years) were recruited and QuantiFERON (QFT) assay, TST and IFN-γ secretion to Rv2626c were analyzed. Twenty-two percent of the individuals assessed had discordant results between QFT and TST tests. Furthermore, QFT negative and QFT positive individuals produced differential levels of IFN-γ against Rv2626c, in direct association with their exposure period to Mtb. Actually, 91% of CC QFT negative subjects secreted low levels of IFN-γ to Rv2626c, whereas 43% of HW QFT negative people produced elevated IFN-γ amounts against Rv2626c. Conversely, 69% of CC QFT positive subjects didn´t produce IFN-γ to Rv2626c. Interestingly, a similar pattern of IgG anti-Rv2626c plasma levels was observed. Therefore, determination of IFN-γ and IgG levels against the dormancy antigen Rv2626c allows to identify established LTBI.
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14
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Adankwah E, Lundtoft C, Güler A, Franken KLMC, Ottenhoff THM, Mayatepek E, Owusu-Dabo E, Phillips RO, Nausch N, Jacobsen M. Two-Hit in vitro T-Cell Stimulation Detects Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection in QuantiFERON Negative Tuberculosis Patients and Healthy Contacts From Ghana. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1518. [PMID: 31333654 PMCID: PMC6616195 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
IFN-γ release assays [e.g., QuantiFERON (QFT)] are widely used for diagnosis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection. T-cell responses against QFT antigens ESAT6 and CFP10 are highly Mtb specific but previous studies indicated suboptimal assay sensitivity. Especially for potentially infected healthy contacts (HCs) of tuberculosis patients, alternative antigen usage and more sensitive tests may contribute to improved detection of latent Mtb infection. In a pilot case-control study of tuberculosis patients (n = 22) and HCs (n = 20) from Ghana, we performed multifaceted in vitro assays to identify optimal assay conditions. This included a two-hit stimulation assay, which is based on initial and second re-stimulation with the same antigen on d6 and intracellular IFN-γ analysis, to compare T-cell responses against ESAT6/CFP10 (E6/C10) and selected latency antigens (i.e. Rv2628, Rv1733, Rv2031, Rv3407) of Mtb. Considerable subgroups of tuberculosis patients (64%) and HCs (75%) had negative or indeterminate QFT results partially accompanied by moderate PHA induced responses and high IFN-γ background values. Intracellular IFN-γ analysis of E6/C10 specific CD4+ T-cell subpopulations and evaluation of responder frequencies had only moderate effects on assay sensitivity. However, two-hit in vitro stimulation significantly enhanced E6/C10 specific IFN-γ positive T-cell proportions especially in QFT non-responders, and in both study groups. Mtb latency antigen-specific T cells against Rv1733 and Rv2628 were especially detected in HCs after two-hit stimulation and T-cell responses against Rv2628 were highly capable to discriminate tuberculosis patients and HCs. Two-hit in vitro stimulation may improve moderate sensitivity of short term IFN-γ based assays, like QFT, to detect Mtb infection. Latency stage-specific antigens added significantly to detection of Mtb infection in HCs and tuberculosis patients with negative QFT test results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernest Adankwah
- Department of General Pediatrics, Neonatology, and Pediatric Cardiology, University Children's Hospital, Medical Faculty Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Christian Lundtoft
- Department of General Pediatrics, Neonatology, and Pediatric Cardiology, University Children's Hospital, Medical Faculty Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Alptekin Güler
- Department of General Pediatrics, Neonatology, and Pediatric Cardiology, University Children's Hospital, Medical Faculty Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Kees L M C Franken
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Tom H M Ottenhoff
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Ertan Mayatepek
- Department of General Pediatrics, Neonatology, and Pediatric Cardiology, University Children's Hospital, Medical Faculty Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Ellis Owusu-Dabo
- Kumasi Centre for Collaborative Research in Tropical Medicine, Kumasi, Ghana.,School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Richard Odame Phillips
- Kumasi Centre for Collaborative Research in Tropical Medicine, Kumasi, Ghana.,School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Norman Nausch
- Department of General Pediatrics, Neonatology, and Pediatric Cardiology, University Children's Hospital, Medical Faculty Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Marc Jacobsen
- Department of General Pediatrics, Neonatology, and Pediatric Cardiology, University Children's Hospital, Medical Faculty Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
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15
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Halliday A, Masonou T, Tolosa-Wright M, Mandagere V, Lalvani A. Immunodiagnosis of active tuberculosis. Expert Rev Respir Med 2019; 13:521-532. [DOI: 10.1080/17476348.2019.1615888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alice Halliday
- Tuberculosis Research Centre, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Tereza Masonou
- Tuberculosis Research Centre, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
- MRC Centre of Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Mica Tolosa-Wright
- Tuberculosis Research Centre, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | | | - Ajit Lalvani
- Tuberculosis Research Centre, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
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16
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Harling K, Adankwah E, Güler A, Afum-Adjei Awuah A, Adu-Amoah L, Mayatepek E, Owusu-Dabo E, Nausch N, Jacobsen M. Constitutive STAT3 phosphorylation and IL-6/IL-10 co-expression are associated with impaired T-cell function in tuberculosis patients. Cell Mol Immunol 2019; 16:275-287. [PMID: 30886421 PMCID: PMC6460487 DOI: 10.1038/cmi.2018.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Revised: 12/27/2017] [Accepted: 12/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
T-cells critically contribute to protection against Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection, and impaired T-cell responses can lead to disease progression. Pro-inflammatory and immunosuppressive cytokines affect T-cells, and fine-tuned regulation of cytokine signaling via the Jak/STAT signaling pathways is crucial for appropriate T-cell function. Constitutive STAT3 phosphorylation as a consequence of aberrant cytokine signaling has been described to occur in pathognomonic T-cell responses in inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. We characterized blood samples from tuberculosis patients (n=28) and healthy contacts (n=28) from Ghana for M. tuberculosis-specific T-cell responses, constitutive cytokine production, and SOCS3 and pSTAT3 expression. Lentiviral modulation of primary CD4+ T-cells was performed to determine the effects of SOCS3 on T-cell functions. T-cells from tuberculosis patients expressed higher levels of IL-10 and IL-6 and lower levels of T helper type (TH)17 cytokines after M. tuberculosis-specific stimulation compared to healthy contacts. In addition, tuberculosis patients had higher IL-10 and IL-6 levels in the supernatants of non-stimulated immune cells and plasma samples compared to healthy contacts. Notably, aberrant cytokine expression was accompanied by high constitutive pSTAT3 levels and SOCS3 expression in T-cells. Multivariate analysis identified an IL-6/IL-10 co-expression-based principal component in tuberculosis patients that correlated with high pSTAT3 levels. SOCS3 contributed to a regulatory component, and tuberculosis patients with high SOCS3 expression showed decreased TH1 cytokine expression and impaired IL-2-induced STAT5 phosphorylation. SOCS3 over-expression in primary CD4+ T-cells confirmed the SOCS3 inhibitory function on IL-2-induced STAT5 phosphorylation. We conclude that constitutive pSTAT3 and high SOCS3 expression are influential factors that indicate impaired T-cell functions in tuberculosis patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirstin Harling
- Department of General Pediatrics, Neonatology, and Pediatric Cardiology, University Children's Hospital, 40225, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Ernest Adankwah
- Department of General Pediatrics, Neonatology, and Pediatric Cardiology, University Children's Hospital, 40225, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Alptekin Güler
- Department of General Pediatrics, Neonatology, and Pediatric Cardiology, University Children's Hospital, 40225, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Anthony Afum-Adjei Awuah
- Kumasi Centre for collaborative Research in Tropical Medicine (KCCR), Kumasi, Ghana
- School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology (KNUST), Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Louis Adu-Amoah
- Kumasi Centre for collaborative Research in Tropical Medicine (KCCR), Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Ertan Mayatepek
- Department of General Pediatrics, Neonatology, and Pediatric Cardiology, University Children's Hospital, 40225, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Ellis Owusu-Dabo
- Kumasi Centre for collaborative Research in Tropical Medicine (KCCR), Kumasi, Ghana
- School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology (KNUST), Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Norman Nausch
- Department of General Pediatrics, Neonatology, and Pediatric Cardiology, University Children's Hospital, 40225, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Marc Jacobsen
- Department of General Pediatrics, Neonatology, and Pediatric Cardiology, University Children's Hospital, 40225, Duesseldorf, Germany.
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17
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Ramaiah A, Nayak S, Rakshit S, Manson AL, Abeel T, Shanmugam S, Sahoo PN, John AJUK, Sundaramurthi JC, Narayanan S, D'Souza G, von Hoegen P, Ottenhoff THM, Swaminathan S, Earl AM, Vyakarnam A. Evidence for Highly Variable, Region-Specific Patterns of T-Cell Epitope Mutations Accumulating in Mycobacterium tuberculosis Strains. Front Immunol 2019; 10:195. [PMID: 30814998 PMCID: PMC6381025 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Vaccines that confer protection through induction of adaptive T-cell immunity rely on understanding T-cell epitope (TCE) evolution induced by immune escape. This is poorly understood in tuberculosis (TB), an ancient, chronic disease, where CD4 T-cell immunity is of recognized importance. We probed 905 functionally validated, curated human CD4 T cell epitopes in 79 Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) whole genomes from India. This screen resulted in identifying 64 mutated epitopes in these strains initially using a computational pipeline and subsequently verified by single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) analysis. SNP based phylogeny revealed the 79 Mtb strains to cluster to East African Indian (EAI), Central Asian Strain (CAS), and Beijing (BEI) lineages. Eighty-nine percent of the mutated T-cell epitopes (mTCEs) identified in the 79 Mtb strains from India has not previously been reported. These mTCEs were encoded by genes with high nucleotide diversity scores including seven mTCEs encoded by six antigens in the top 10% of rapidly divergent Mtb genes encoded by these strains. Using a T cell functional assay readout, we demonstrate 62% of mTCEs tested to significantly alter CD4 T-cell IFNγ and/or IL2 secretion with associated changes in predicted HLA-DR binding affinity: the gain of function mutations displayed higher predicted HLA-DR binding affinity and conversely mutations resulting in loss of function displayed lower predicted HLA-DR binding affinity. Most mutated antigens belonged to the cell wall/cell processes, and, intermediary metabolism and respiration families though all known Mtb proteins encoded mutations. Analysis of the mTCEs in an SNP database of 5,310 global Mtb strains identified 82% mTCEs to be significantly more prevalent in Mtb strains isolated from India, including 36 mTCEs identified exclusively in strains from India. These epitopes had a significantly higher predicted binding affinity to HLA-DR alleles that were highly prevalent in India compared to HLA-DR alleles rare in India, highlighting HLA-DR maybe an important driver of these mutations. This first evidence of region-specific TCE mutations potentially employed by Mtb to escape host immunity has important implications for TB vaccine design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arunachalam Ramaiah
- Centre for Infectious Disease Research, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Soumya Nayak
- Centre for Infectious Disease Research, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Srabanti Rakshit
- Centre for Infectious Disease Research, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Abigail L Manson
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Thomas Abeel
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | | | - Pravat Nalini Sahoo
- Centre for Infectious Disease Research, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | | | | | - Sujatha Narayanan
- National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis (ICMR), Chennai, India
| | - George D'Souza
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, St. John's Research Institute, Bangalore, India
| | | | - Tom H M Ottenhoff
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | | | - Ashlee M Earl
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Annapurna Vyakarnam
- Centre for Infectious Disease Research, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
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18
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Liang Y, Zhao Y, Bai X, Xiao L, Yang Y, Zhang J, Wang L, Cui L, Wang T, Shi Y, Zhao W, Wu X. Immunotherapeutic effects of Mycobacterium tuberculosis rv3407 DNA vaccine in mice. Autoimmunity 2019; 51:417-422. [PMID: 30632804 DOI: 10.1080/08916934.2018.1546291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is a major global public health problem. Latent TB infection (LTBI) is a major source of active TB. New vaccines to treat LTBI are urgently demanded. In this study, the gene encoding latency-associated antigen Rv3407 of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) rv3407 DNA vaccine was used to prepare and the immunogenicity and therapeutic effects were evaluated. Normal mice were immunized intramuscularly three times at two-week intervals with sterile water for injection, plasmid vector pVAX1, M. vaccae vaccine, ag85a DNA or rv3407 DNA. TB-infected mice were immunized intramuscularly three times at two-week intervals with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) and rv3407 DNA. The normal mice immunized with rv3407 DNA or ag85a DNA showed higher levels of interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) in stimulated spleen lymphocyte culture supernatants, and had more Th1 cells and an elevated ratio of Th1/Th2 immune cells in whole blood, indicating that a Th1-type immune response was predominant. The levels of anti-Ag85A or anti-Rv3407 IgG antibody were significantly increased in the ag85a DNA and rv3407 DNA groups compared to the sterile water for injection, vector, and M. vaccae groups (p < .0001). Compared with the PBS group, the rv3407 DNA group had pulmonary bacterial loads that were lower by 0.56 log10 (p < .01). The mice vaccinated with rv3407 DNA developed antigen-specific cellular and humoral responses. The rv3407 DNA is a potential DNA vaccine candidate against TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Liang
- a Army Tuberculosis Prevention and Control Key Laboratory , The 8th Medical Center of PLA General Hospital , Beijing , P. R. China.,b Beijing Key Laboratory of New Techniques of Tuberculosis Diagnosis and Treatment, Institute of Tuberculosis Research , The 8th Medical Center of PLA General Hospital , Beijing , P. R. China
| | - Yajing Zhao
- a Army Tuberculosis Prevention and Control Key Laboratory , The 8th Medical Center of PLA General Hospital , Beijing , P. R. China.,b Beijing Key Laboratory of New Techniques of Tuberculosis Diagnosis and Treatment, Institute of Tuberculosis Research , The 8th Medical Center of PLA General Hospital , Beijing , P. R. China.,c Respiratory Department , The 8th Medical Center of PLA General Hospital , Beijing , P. R. China
| | - Xuejuan Bai
- a Army Tuberculosis Prevention and Control Key Laboratory , The 8th Medical Center of PLA General Hospital , Beijing , P. R. China.,b Beijing Key Laboratory of New Techniques of Tuberculosis Diagnosis and Treatment, Institute of Tuberculosis Research , The 8th Medical Center of PLA General Hospital , Beijing , P. R. China
| | - Li Xiao
- a Army Tuberculosis Prevention and Control Key Laboratory , The 8th Medical Center of PLA General Hospital , Beijing , P. R. China.,b Beijing Key Laboratory of New Techniques of Tuberculosis Diagnosis and Treatment, Institute of Tuberculosis Research , The 8th Medical Center of PLA General Hospital , Beijing , P. R. China
| | - Yourong Yang
- a Army Tuberculosis Prevention and Control Key Laboratory , The 8th Medical Center of PLA General Hospital , Beijing , P. R. China.,b Beijing Key Laboratory of New Techniques of Tuberculosis Diagnosis and Treatment, Institute of Tuberculosis Research , The 8th Medical Center of PLA General Hospital , Beijing , P. R. China
| | - Junxian Zhang
- a Army Tuberculosis Prevention and Control Key Laboratory , The 8th Medical Center of PLA General Hospital , Beijing , P. R. China.,b Beijing Key Laboratory of New Techniques of Tuberculosis Diagnosis and Treatment, Institute of Tuberculosis Research , The 8th Medical Center of PLA General Hospital , Beijing , P. R. China
| | - Lan Wang
- a Army Tuberculosis Prevention and Control Key Laboratory , The 8th Medical Center of PLA General Hospital , Beijing , P. R. China.,b Beijing Key Laboratory of New Techniques of Tuberculosis Diagnosis and Treatment, Institute of Tuberculosis Research , The 8th Medical Center of PLA General Hospital , Beijing , P. R. China
| | - Lei Cui
- a Army Tuberculosis Prevention and Control Key Laboratory , The 8th Medical Center of PLA General Hospital , Beijing , P. R. China.,b Beijing Key Laboratory of New Techniques of Tuberculosis Diagnosis and Treatment, Institute of Tuberculosis Research , The 8th Medical Center of PLA General Hospital , Beijing , P. R. China
| | - Tong Wang
- a Army Tuberculosis Prevention and Control Key Laboratory , The 8th Medical Center of PLA General Hospital , Beijing , P. R. China.,b Beijing Key Laboratory of New Techniques of Tuberculosis Diagnosis and Treatment, Institute of Tuberculosis Research , The 8th Medical Center of PLA General Hospital , Beijing , P. R. China
| | - Yingchang Shi
- a Army Tuberculosis Prevention and Control Key Laboratory , The 8th Medical Center of PLA General Hospital , Beijing , P. R. China.,b Beijing Key Laboratory of New Techniques of Tuberculosis Diagnosis and Treatment, Institute of Tuberculosis Research , The 8th Medical Center of PLA General Hospital , Beijing , P. R. China
| | - Weiguo Zhao
- c Respiratory Department , The 8th Medical Center of PLA General Hospital , Beijing , P. R. China
| | - Xueqiong Wu
- a Army Tuberculosis Prevention and Control Key Laboratory , The 8th Medical Center of PLA General Hospital , Beijing , P. R. China.,b Beijing Key Laboratory of New Techniques of Tuberculosis Diagnosis and Treatment, Institute of Tuberculosis Research , The 8th Medical Center of PLA General Hospital , Beijing , P. R. China
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19
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Zhao HM, Du R, Li CL, Ji P, Li HC, Wu K, Hu Z, Lu SH, Lowrie DB, Fan XY. Differential T cell responses against DosR-associated antigen Rv2028c in BCG-vaccinated populations with tuberculosis infection. J Infect 2018; 78:275-280. [PMID: 30528871 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2018.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Revised: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The IFN-γ release assays (IGRAs) based on region of difference 1 (RD1) antigens have improved diagnosis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection. However, IGRAs with these antigens could not distinguish latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) from active tuberculosis (ATB). DosR regulon genes are thought to be important for Mtb dormancy, and their products have higher immunogenicity in LTBI than ATB individuals, suggesting protective immunity mediated by DosR regulon-encoded antigens and potential utility of them for differential diagnostics of Mtb-infected populations or development of therapeutic vaccines against tuberculosis (TB). Among them, Rv2028c is a dormancy-related antigen that has demonstrated potential use in TB control, but its immunological characteristics in the BCG-vaccinated Chinese population are unknown. In this study, a total of 148 individuals, including 98 patients with ATB, 20 cases with LTBI and 30 healthy controls, were tested for Rv2028c-specific T cell responses by using an IFN-γ ELISA assay. The results showed that the T-cell responses in LTBI individuals were almost always higher than those in ATB patients, regardless of the site of infection or the results of bacteriological examination in the patients. This allowed for good differentiation between these two groups of Mtb-infected individuals even in the BCG-vaccinated high TB-incidence setting that pertains in China. In addition, the diagnostic efficacy for ATB was enhanced by combining the results from Rv2028c and RD1 antigen-based IFN-γ ELISA assays. In conclusion, Rv2028c-specific T-cell responses might contribute to natural protection against dormant Mtb infection, and the determination of these responses can aid discrimination between healthy LTBI individuals and ATB patients in the Mtb-infected populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Min Zhao
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of MOE/MOH, Fudan University, 2901 Caolang Rd., Shanghai 201508, China; School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Rui Du
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Science, Jinlin Agriculture University, Changchun 130033, China
| | - Chun-Ling Li
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of MOE/MOH, Fudan University, 2901 Caolang Rd., Shanghai 201508, China; School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Ping Ji
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of MOE/MOH, Fudan University, 2901 Caolang Rd., Shanghai 201508, China
| | - Hai-Cong Li
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of MOE/MOH, Fudan University, 2901 Caolang Rd., Shanghai 201508, China
| | - Kang Wu
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of MOE/MOH, Fudan University, 2901 Caolang Rd., Shanghai 201508, China
| | - Zhidong Hu
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of MOE/MOH, Fudan University, 2901 Caolang Rd., Shanghai 201508, China
| | - Shui-Hua Lu
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of MOE/MOH, Fudan University, 2901 Caolang Rd., Shanghai 201508, China
| | - Douglas B Lowrie
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of MOE/MOH, Fudan University, 2901 Caolang Rd., Shanghai 201508, China
| | - Xiao-Yong Fan
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China; Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of MOE/MOH, Fudan University, 2901 Caolang Rd., Shanghai 201508, China; School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Science, Jinlin Agriculture University, Changchun 130033, China.
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20
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Meier NR, Jacobsen M, Ottenhoff THM, Ritz N. A Systematic Review on Novel Mycobacterium tuberculosis Antigens and Their Discriminatory Potential for the Diagnosis of Latent and Active Tuberculosis. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2476. [PMID: 30473692 PMCID: PMC6237970 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Current immunodiagnostic tests for tuberculosis (TB) are based on the detection of an immune response toward mycobacterial antigens injected into the skin or following an in-vitro simulation in interferon gamma-release assays. Both tests have limited sensitivity and are unable to differentiate between tuberculosis infection (LTBI) and active tuberculosis disease (aTB). To overcome this, the use of novel Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis) stage-specific antigens for the diagnosis of LTBI and aTB has gained interest in recent years. This review summarizes current evidence on novel antigens used for the immunodiagnosis of tuberculosis and discrimination of LTBI and aTB. In addition, results on measured biomarkers after stimulation with novel M. tuberculosis antigens were also reviewed. Methods: A systematic literature review was performed in Pubmed, EMBASE and web of science searching articles from 2000 up until December 2017. Only articles reporting studies in humans using novel antigens were included. Results: Of 1,533 articles screened 34 were included in the final analysis. A wide range of novel antigens expressed during different stages and types of LTBI and aTB have been assessed. M. tuberculosis antigens Rv0081, Rv1733c, Rv1737c, Rv2029c, Rv2031 and Rv2628, all encoded by the dormancy of survival regulon, were among the most widely studied antigens and showed the most promising results. These antigens have been shown to have best potential for differentiating LTBI from aTB. In addition, several studies have shown that the inclusion of cytokines other than IFN-γ can improve sensitivity. Conclusion: There is limited evidence that the inclusion of novel antigens as well as the measurement of other biomarkers than IFN-γ may improve sensitivity and may lead to a discrimination of LTBI from aTB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noëmi R Meier
- University of Basel Children's Hospital, Mycobacterial Research, Basel, Switzerland.,University of Basel, Faculty of Medicine, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Marc Jacobsen
- Department of General Pediatrics, Neonatology, and Pediatric Cardiology, University Children's Hospital, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Tom H M Ottenhoff
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Nicole Ritz
- University of Basel Children's Hospital, Mycobacterial Research, Basel, Switzerland.,University of Basel, Faculty of Medicine, Basel, Switzerland.,The Royal Children's Hospital Melbourne, Infectious Disease Unit, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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21
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Slayden RA, Dawson CC, Cummings JE. Toxin-antitoxin systems and regulatory mechanisms in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Pathog Dis 2018; 76:4969681. [PMID: 29788125 DOI: 10.1093/femspd/fty039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
There has been a significant reduction in annual tuberculosis incidence since the World Health Organization declared tuberculosis a global health threat. However, treatment of M. tuberculosis infections requires lengthy multidrug therapeutic regimens to achieve a durable cure. The development of new drugs that are active against resistant strains and phenotypically diverse organisms continues to present the greatest challenge in the future. Numerous phylogenomic analyses have revealed that the Mtb genome encodes a significantly expanded repertoire of toxin-antitoxin (TA) loci that makes up the Mtb TA system. A TA loci is a two-gene operon encoding a 'toxin' protein that inhibits bacterial growth and an interacting 'antitoxin' partner that neutralizes the inhibitory activity of the toxin. The presence of multiple chromosomally encoded TA loci in Mtb raises important questions in regard to expansion, regulation and function. Thus, the functional roles of TA loci in Mtb pathogenesis have received considerable attention over the last decade. The cumulative results indicate that they are involved in regulating adaptive responses to stresses associated with the host environment and drug treatment. Here we review the TA families encoded in Mtb, discuss the duplication of TA loci in Mtb, regulatory mechanism of TA loci, and phenotypic heterogeneity and pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard A Slayden
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-0922, USA
| | - Clinton C Dawson
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-0922, USA
| | - Jason E Cummings
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-0922, USA
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22
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Ouni R, Gharsalli H, Dirix V, Braiek A, Sendi N, Jarraya A, Douik El Gharbi L, Barbouche M, Benabdessalem C. Granzyme B induced by Rv0140 antigen discriminates latently infected from active tuberculosis individuals. J Leukoc Biol 2018; 105:297-306. [DOI: 10.1002/jlb.ma0318-117r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Revised: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Rym Ouni
- Laboratory of TransmissionControl and Immunobiology of InfectionInstitut Pasteur de Tunis Tunisia
- Faculty of sciences of BizerteUniversity of Carthage Tunisia
| | | | - Violette Dirix
- Laboratory of Vaccinology and Mucosal ImmunityUniversité Libre de Bruxelles Brussels Belgium
| | - Amani Braiek
- Laboratory of TransmissionControl and Immunobiology of InfectionInstitut Pasteur de Tunis Tunisia
- University Tunis El Manar Tunis Tunisia
| | - Nadia Sendi
- Laboratory of TransmissionControl and Immunobiology of InfectionInstitut Pasteur de Tunis Tunisia
- University Tunis El Manar Tunis Tunisia
| | - Afifa Jarraya
- Dispensaire anti‐TBDirection régionale de la santé Ariana Tunisia
| | | | - Mohamed‐Ridha Barbouche
- Laboratory of TransmissionControl and Immunobiology of InfectionInstitut Pasteur de Tunis Tunisia
- University Tunis El Manar Tunis Tunisia
| | - Chaouki Benabdessalem
- Laboratory of TransmissionControl and Immunobiology of InfectionInstitut Pasteur de Tunis Tunisia
- University Tunis El Manar Tunis Tunisia
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23
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Coppola M, Ottenhoff TH. Genome wide approaches discover novel Mycobacterium tuberculosis antigens as correlates of infection, disease, immunity and targets for vaccination. Semin Immunol 2018; 39:88-101. [PMID: 30327124 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2018.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Every day approximately six thousand people die of Tuberculosis (TB). Its causative agent, Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), is an ancient pathogen that through its evolution developed complex mechanisms to evade immune surveillance and acquire the ability to establish persistent infection in its hosts. Currently, it is estimated that one-fourth of the human population is latently infected with Mtb and among those infected 3-10% are at risk of developing active TB disease during their lifetime. The currently available diagnostics are not able to detect this risk group for prophylactic treatment to prevent transmission. Anti-TB drugs are available but only as long regimens with considerable side effects, which could both be reduced if adequate tests were available to monitor the response of TB to treatment. New vaccines are also urgently needed to substitute or boost Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG), the only approved TB vaccine: although BCG prevents disseminated TB in infants, it fails to impact the incidence of pulmonary TB in adults, and therefore has little effect on TB transmission. To achieve TB eradication, the discovery of Mtb antigens that effectively correlate with the human response to infection, with the curative host response following TB treatment, and with natural as well as vaccine induced protection will be critical. Over the last decade, many new Mtb antigens have been found and proposed as TB biomarkers and vaccine candidates, but only a very small number of these is being used in commercial diagnostic tests or is being assessed as candidate TB vaccine antigens in human clinical trials, aiming to prevent infection, disease or disease recurrence following treatment. Most of these antigens were discovered decades ago, before the complete Mtb genome sequence became available, and thus did not harness the latest insights from post-genomic antigen discovery strategies and genome wide approaches. These have, for example, revealed critical phase variation in Mtb replication and accompanying gene -and therefore antigen- expression patterns. In this review, we present a brief overview of past methodologies, and subsequently focus on the most important recent Mtb antigen discovery studies which have mined the Mtb antigenome through "unbiased" genome wide approaches. We compare the results for these approaches -as far as we know for the first time-, highlight Mtb antigens that have been identified independently by different strategies and present a comprehensive overview of the Mtb antigens thus discovered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariateresa Coppola
- Dept. Infectious Diseases, LUMC, PO Box 9600, 2300RC Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Tom Hm Ottenhoff
- Dept. Infectious Diseases, LUMC, PO Box 9600, 2300RC Leiden, The Netherlands
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24
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Chegou NN, Sutherland JS, Namuganga AR, Corstjens PL, Geluk A, Gebremichael G, Mendy J, Malherbe S, Stanley K, van der Spuy GD, Kriel M, Loxton AG, Kriel B, Simukonda F, Bekele Y, Sheehama JA, Nelongo J, van der Vyver M, Gebrexabher A, Hailu H, Esterhuyse MM, Rosenkrands I, Aagard C, Kidd M, Kassa D, Mihret A, Howe R, Cliff JM, Crampin AC, Mayanja-Kizza H, Kaufmann SHE, Dockrell HM, Ottenhoff THM, Walzl G. Africa-wide evaluation of host biomarkers in QuantiFERON supernatants for the diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis. Sci Rep 2018; 8:2675. [PMID: 29422548 PMCID: PMC5805775 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-20855-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated host-derived biomarkers that were previously identified in QuantiFERON supernatants, in a large pan-African study. We recruited individuals presenting with symptoms of pulmonary TB at seven peripheral healthcare facilities in six African countries, prior to assessment for TB disease. We then evaluated the concentrations of 12 biomarkers in stored QuantiFERON supernatants using the Luminex platform. Based on laboratory, clinical and radiological findings and a pre-established algorithm, participants were classified as TB disease or other respiratory diseases(ORD). Of the 514 individuals included in the study, 179(34.8%) had TB disease, 274(51.5%) had ORD and 61(11.5%) had an uncertain diagnosis. A biosignature comprising unstimulated IFN-γ, MIP-1β, TGF-α and antigen-specific levels of TGF-α and VEGF, identified on a training sample set (n = 311), validated by diagnosing TB disease in the test set (n = 134) with an AUC of 0.81(95% CI, 0.76–0.86), corresponding to a sensitivity of 64.2%(95% CI, 49.7–76.5%) and specificity of 82.7%(95% CI, 72.4–89.9%). Host biomarkers detected in QuantiFERON supernatants can contribute to the diagnosis of active TB disease amongst people presenting with symptoms requiring investigation for TB disease, regardless of HIV status or ethnicity in Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Novel N Chegou
- DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research and SAMRC Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, PO Box 241, Cape Town, 8000, South Africa.
| | - Jayne S Sutherland
- Vaccines and Immunity, Medical Research Council Unit, Fajara, The Gambia
| | - Anna-Ritah Namuganga
- Uganda-Case Western Research Collaboration - Makerere University, PO Box 663, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Paul Lam Corstjens
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Leiden University Medical Centre, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Annemieke Geluk
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Centre, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Joseph Mendy
- Vaccines and Immunity, Medical Research Council Unit, Fajara, The Gambia
| | - Stephanus Malherbe
- DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research and SAMRC Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, PO Box 241, Cape Town, 8000, South Africa
| | - Kim Stanley
- DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research and SAMRC Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, PO Box 241, Cape Town, 8000, South Africa
| | - Gian D van der Spuy
- DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research and SAMRC Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, PO Box 241, Cape Town, 8000, South Africa
| | - Magdalena Kriel
- DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research and SAMRC Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, PO Box 241, Cape Town, 8000, South Africa
| | - Andre G Loxton
- DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research and SAMRC Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, PO Box 241, Cape Town, 8000, South Africa
| | - Belinda Kriel
- DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research and SAMRC Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, PO Box 241, Cape Town, 8000, South Africa
| | - Felanji Simukonda
- Karonga Prevention Study, Chilumba, Malawi.,URC Malawi Lab Project, PO Box 1921, Lilongwe, Malawi
| | - Yonas Bekele
- Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Jacob A Sheehama
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Namibia, Windhoek, Namibia
| | - Josefina Nelongo
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Namibia, Windhoek, Namibia
| | - Marieta van der Vyver
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Namibia, Windhoek, Namibia
| | | | - Habteyes Hailu
- Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Maria M Esterhuyse
- Department of Immunology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ida Rosenkrands
- Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, 2300s, Denmark
| | - Claus Aagard
- Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, 2300s, Denmark
| | - Martin Kidd
- Centre for Statistical Consultation, Department of Statistics and Actuarial Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Desta Kassa
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Centre, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Adane Mihret
- Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Rawleigh Howe
- Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Jacqueline M Cliff
- Department of Immunology and Infection, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
| | | | | | - Stefan H E Kaufmann
- Department of Immunology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Hazel M Dockrell
- Department of Immunology and Infection, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Tom H M Ottenhoff
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Centre, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Gerhard Walzl
- DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research and SAMRC Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, PO Box 241, Cape Town, 8000, South Africa.
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25
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Yang X, Wu JB, Liu Y, Xiong Y, Ji P, Wang SJ, Chen Y, Zhao GP, Lu SH, Wang Y. Identification of mycobacterial bacterioferritin B for immune screening of tuberculosis and latent tuberculosis infection. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2017; 107:119-125. [PMID: 29050758 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2017.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Revised: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/20/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES It remains necessary and urgent to search for novel mycobacterial antigens to increase the sensitivity and specificity for tuberculosis (TB) diagnosis and latent TB infection (LTBI) screening. Antigens capable of inducing strong immune responses during Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb) infection would be good candidates. METHODS Cellular responses specific to M.tb derived bacterioferritin B (BfrB) were assessed by IFN-γ ELISPOT in three human cohorts, including healthy controls (HCs), LTBI population and pulmonary TB (PTB) patients. Its significance in TB diagnosis and LTBI identification was further analyzed. RESULTS BfrB-specific IFN-γ responses in PTB and LTBI groups were significantly higher than that in HCs. However, BfrB-specific IFN-γ release was not as strong as that to ESAT-6 or CFP-10 in PTB patients whereas comparable in LTBI cohort with possible complementary properties to ESAT-6 or CFP-10. More interestingly, there were a considerable number of HCs with high BfrB-specific cellular responses. When HCs with high BfrB-specific cellular responses were subgrouped into ESAT-6/CFP-10hi (SFUs = 3, 4, 5) and ESAT-6/CFP-10lo (SFUs < 3) groups, those who belonged to ESAT-6/CFP-10hi group exhibited higher PPD responsiveness than ESAT-6/CFP-10lo group. CONCLUSIONS PTB and LTBI groups exhibit higher BfrB-specific IFN-γ responses than HCs. Although BfrB is not as immunodominant as ESAT-6/CFP-10 during acute M.tb infection, comparable BfrB-specific cellular immune responses are observed in LTBI population with the potential to increase the sensitivity for LTBI screening. Moreover, strong BfrB-specific IFN-γ release in the healthy cohort is probably cautionary in identifying leaky LTBI from HCs. BfrB might thus be considered as an additional biomarker antigen for LTBI identification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Yang
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Jia-Bao Wu
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Shanghai, 200025, China; Department of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Ying Liu
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Yanqing Xiong
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of MOE/MOH, Fudan University, 2901 Caolang Rd., Shanghai, 201508, China
| | - Ping Ji
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Shu-Jun Wang
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Yingying Chen
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Guo-Ping Zhao
- Department of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China; Shanghai-MOST Key Laboratory of Health and Disease Genomics, Chinese National Human Genome Center at Shanghai, Shanghai, 201200, China
| | - Shui-Hua Lu
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of MOE/MOH, Fudan University, 2901 Caolang Rd., Shanghai, 201508, China.
| | - Ying Wang
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Shanghai, 200025, China; Shanghai-MOST Key Laboratory of Health and Disease Genomics, Chinese National Human Genome Center at Shanghai, Shanghai, 201200, China.
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26
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Ashayeri-Panah M, Eftekhar F, Kazemi B, Joseph J. Cloning, optimization of induction conditions and purification of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Rv1733c protein expressed in Escherichia coli. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY 2017; 9:64-73. [PMID: 29213997 PMCID: PMC5715279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Rv1733c is a latency antigen from Mycobacterium tuberculosis, a probable integral-membrane protein with promiscuous T-cell and B-cell epitopes, making it a potential vaccine candidate against tuberculosis. This study aimed to clone and optimize the expression of recombinant Rv1733c in Escherichia coli for purification. MATERIALS AND METHODS Chemically synthesized rv1733c coding sequence was cloned in pET-23a(+) followed by transforming E. coli BL21 (DE3) cells. To evaluate the induction conditions for optimized expression, factorial design of experiments was employed using four different media as well as four levels of isopropyl-b-D-thiogalactopyranosid [IPTG] concentration and duration of induction. The recombinant protein was then purified using a His-tag purification kit and detected through western blotting. RESULTS Recombinant Rv1733c (> 24 kDa) was expressed and accumulated in the cytoplasm of the E. coli cells. Medium composition showed the most significant effect on the yield of the recombinant protein (P = 0.000). The highest yield of recombinant Rv1733c occurred in the presence of 0.4 mM of IPTG in Terrific Broth medium (containing 1.2% tryptone, 2.4% yeast extract, 72 mM K 2 HPO 4 , 17 mM KH 2 PO 4 and 0.4% glycerol) after 10 h at 37°C. Under these conditions, the expression level was around 0.5 g/L of culture medium. Purified Rv1733c was detected by an anti-polyhistidine antibody and a tuberculosis patient's serum. Systematic optimization of induction conditions gave us high yield of recombinant polyhistidine-tagged Rv1733c in E. coli which was successfuly purified. CONCLUSION We believe that the purified Rv1733c recombinant protein from M. tuberculosis might be a good candidate for vaccine production against tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitra Ashayeri-Panah
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences and Technology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fereshteh Eftekhar
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences and Technology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran,Corresponding author: Feresteh Eftekhar, PhD, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences and Technology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran. Tel: +98-21-29903208, Fax: +98-21-22431664,
| | - Bahram Kazemi
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Joan Joseph
- Hospital Clinic/HIVACAT, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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27
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Rosser A, Stover C, Pareek M, Mukamolova GV. Resuscitation-promoting factors are important determinants of the pathophysiology in Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. Crit Rev Microbiol 2017; 43:621-630. [PMID: 28338360 DOI: 10.1080/1040841x.2017.1283485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Resuscitation promoting factors (Rpf) are peptidoglycan-hydrolyzing enzymes that are pivotal in the resuscitation of quiescent actinobacteria including Mycobacterium tuberculosis. From the published data, it is clear that Rpf are required for the resuscitation of non-replicating bacilli and pathogenesis in murine infection model of tuberculosis, although their direct influence on human Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection is ill-defined. In this review, we describe the progress in the understanding of the roles that Rpf play in human tuberculosis pathogenesis and importance of bacilli dependent upon Rpf for growth for the outcome of human tuberculosis. We outline how this research is opening up important opportunities for the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of human disease, progress in which is essential to attain the ultimate goal of tuberculosis eradication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Rosser
- a Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation , University of Leicester , Leicester , UK.,b Department of Infection and Tropical Medicine , University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust , Leicester , UK
| | - Cordula Stover
- a Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation , University of Leicester , Leicester , UK
| | - Manish Pareek
- a Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation , University of Leicester , Leicester , UK.,b Department of Infection and Tropical Medicine , University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust , Leicester , UK
| | - Galina V Mukamolova
- a Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation , University of Leicester , Leicester , UK
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28
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Humoral Responses to Rv1733c, Rv0081, Rv1735c, and Rv1737c DosR Regulon-Encoded Proteins of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Individuals with Latent Tuberculosis Infection. J Immunol Res 2017; 2017:1593143. [PMID: 28255560 PMCID: PMC5309422 DOI: 10.1155/2017/1593143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) is evidence of immunological control of tuberculosis. Dormancy survival regulator (DosR) regulon-encoded proteins may have a role in the maintenance of LTBI. T cell responses to Rv1733c, Rv0081, Rv1735c, and Rv1737c DosR regulon-encoded proteins were found to be most frequent among household contacts of TB cases from Uganda compared to other DosR proteins, but antibody responses were not described. We characterized antibody responses to these proteins in individuals from Uganda. Antibodies to Rv1733c, Rv0081, Rv1735c, and Rv1737c DosR regulon-encoded proteins were measured in 68 uninfected individuals, 62 with LTBI, and 107 with active pulmonary tuberculosis (APTB) cases. There were no differences in the concentrations of antibodies to Rv0081, Rv1735c, and Rv1737c DosR regulon-encoded proteins between individuals with LTBI and APTB and those who were uninfected. LTBI was associated with higher concentrations of antibodies to Rv1733c in female participants [adjusted geometric mean ratio: 1.812, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.105 2.973, and p = 0.019] but not in males (p value for interaction = 0.060). Antibodies to the four DosR regulon-encoded proteins investigated may not serve as good biomarkers of LTBI in the general population. More of the M.tb proteome needs to be screened to identify proteins that induce strong antibody responses in LTBI.
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29
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Petruccioli E, Scriba TJ, Petrone L, Hatherill M, Cirillo DM, Joosten SA, Ottenhoff TH, Denkinger CM, Goletti D. Correlates of tuberculosis risk: predictive biomarkers for progression to active tuberculosis. Eur Respir J 2016; 48:1751-1763. [PMID: 27836953 PMCID: PMC5898936 DOI: 10.1183/13993003.01012-2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 09/08/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
New approaches to control the spread of tuberculosis (TB) are needed, including tools to predict development of active TB from latent TB infection (LTBI). Recent studies have described potential correlates of risk, in order to inform the development of prognostic tests for TB disease progression. These efforts have included unbiased approaches employing “omics” technologies, as well as more directed, hypothesis-driven approaches assessing a small set or even individual selected markers as candidate correlates of TB risk. Unbiased high-throughput screening of blood RNAseq profiles identified signatures of active TB risk in individuals with LTBI, ≥1 year before diagnosis. A recent infant vaccination study identified enhanced expression of T-cell activation markers as a correlate of risk prior to developing TB; conversely, high levels of Ag85A antibodies and high frequencies of interferon (IFN)-γ specific T-cells were associated with reduced risk of disease. Others have described CD27−IFN-γ+CD4+ T-cells as possibly predictive markers of TB disease. T-cell responses to TB latency antigens, including heparin-binding haemagglutinin and DosR-regulon-encoded antigens have also been correlated with protection. Further studies are needed to determine whether correlates of risk can be used to prevent active TB through targeted prophylactic treatment, or to allow targeted enrolment into efficacy trials of new TB vaccines and therapeutic drugs. Promising biomarkers may allow accurate prediction of progression from infection to active TB diseasehttp://ow.ly/OzCL304ezfk
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Petruccioli
- Dept of Epidemiology and Preclinical Research, Translational Research Unit, National Institute for Infectious Diseases "L. Spallanzani", Rome, Italy
| | - Thomas J Scriba
- South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Cape Town, South Africa.,Division of Immunology, Dept of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Linda Petrone
- Dept of Epidemiology and Preclinical Research, Translational Research Unit, National Institute for Infectious Diseases "L. Spallanzani", Rome, Italy
| | - Mark Hatherill
- South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Cape Town, South Africa.,Division of Immunology, Dept of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Daniela M Cirillo
- Emerging Bacterial Pathogens Unit, Division of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, HSR, Milan, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Delia Goletti
- Dept of Epidemiology and Preclinical Research, Translational Research Unit, National Institute for Infectious Diseases "L. Spallanzani", Rome, Italy
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Prosser G, Brandenburg J, Reiling N, Barry CE, Wilkinson RJ, Wilkinson KA. The bacillary and macrophage response to hypoxia in tuberculosis and the consequences for T cell antigen recognition. Microbes Infect 2016; 19:177-192. [PMID: 27780773 PMCID: PMC5335906 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2016.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 10/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis is a facultative anaerobe and its characteristic pathological hallmark, the granuloma, exhibits hypoxia in humans and in most experimental models. Thus the host and bacillary adaptation to hypoxia is of central importance in understanding pathogenesis and thereby to derive new drug treatments and vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gareth Prosser
- Tuberculosis Research Section, Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD, 20892, United States
| | - Julius Brandenburg
- Microbial Interface Biology, Priority Research Area Infections, Forschungszentrum Borstel, Leibniz Center for Medicine and Biosciences, Parkallee 1-40, D-23845, Borstel, Germany
| | - Norbert Reiling
- Microbial Interface Biology, Priority Research Area Infections, Forschungszentrum Borstel, Leibniz Center for Medicine and Biosciences, Parkallee 1-40, D-23845, Borstel, Germany; German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hamburg-Borstel-Lübeck, Borstel, Germany
| | - Clifton Earl Barry
- Tuberculosis Research Section, Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD, 20892, United States; Clinical Infectious Diseases Research Initiative, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory, 7925, South Africa
| | - Robert J Wilkinson
- Clinical Infectious Diseases Research Initiative, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory, 7925, South Africa; The Francis Crick Institute, London, NW1 2AT, United Kingdom; Department of Medicine, Imperial College, London, W2 1PG, United Kingdom.
| | - Katalin A Wilkinson
- Clinical Infectious Diseases Research Initiative, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory, 7925, South Africa; The Francis Crick Institute, London, NW1 2AT, United Kingdom
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Multifunctional T Cell Response to DosR and Rpf Antigens Is Associated with Protection in Long-Term Mycobacterium tuberculosis-Infected Individuals in Colombia. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2016; 23:813-824. [PMID: 27489136 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00217-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Multifunctional T cells have been shown to be protective in chronic viral infections. In mycobacterial infections, however, evidence for a protective role of multifunctional T cells remains inconclusive. Short-term cultures of peripheral blood mononuclear cells stimulated with the Mycobacterium tuberculosis RD1 antigens 6-kDa early secretory antigenic target (ESAT6) and 10-kDa culture filtrate antigen (CFP10), which are induced in the early infection phase, have been mainly used to assess T cell multifunctionality, although long-term culture assays have been proposed to be more sensitive than short-term assays for assessment of memory T cells, which are essential for long-term immunity. Here we used a long-term culture assay system to study the T cell immune responses to the M. tuberculosis latency-associated DosR antigens and reactivation-associated Rpf antigens, compared to ESAT6 and CFP10, in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) and household contacts of PTB patients with long-term latent tuberculosis infection (ltLTBI), in a community in which M. tuberculosis is endemic. Our results showed that the DosR antigens Rv1737c (narK2) and Rv2029c (pfkB) and the Rv2389c (rpfD) antigen of M. tuberculosis induced higher frequencies of CD4+ or CD8+ mono- or bifunctional (but not multifunctional) T cells producing interferon gamma (IFN-γ) and/or tumor necrosis alpha (TNF-α) in ltLTBI, compared to PTB. Moreover, the frequencies of CD4+ and/or CD8+ T cells with a CD45RO+ CD27+ phenotype were higher in ltLTBI than in PTB. Thus, the immune responses to selected DosR and Rpf antigens may be associated with long-term latency, correlating with protection from M. tuberculosis reactivation in ltLTBI. Further study of the functional and memory phenotypes may contribute to further discrimination between the different states of M. tuberculosis infections.
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Awoniyi DO, Teuchert A, Sutherland JS, Mayanja-Kizza H, Howe R, Mihret A, Loxton AG, Sheehama J, Kassa D, Crampin AC, Dockrell HM, Kidd M, Rosenkrands I, Geluk A, Ottenhoff THM, Corstjens PLAM, Chegou NN, Walzl G. Evaluation of cytokine responses against novel Mtb antigens as diagnostic markers for TB disease. J Infect 2016; 73:219-30. [PMID: 27311746 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2016.04.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Revised: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We investigated the accuracy of host markers detected in Mtb antigen-stimulated whole blood culture supernatant in the diagnosis of TB. METHODS Prospectively, blood from 322 individuals with presumed TB disease from six African sites was stimulated with four different Mtb antigens (Rv0081, Rv1284, ESAT-6/CFP-10, and Rv2034) in a 24 h whole blood stimulation assay (WBA). The concentrations of 42 host markers in the supernatants were measured using the Luminex multiplex platform. Diagnostic biosignatures were investigated through the use of multivariate analysis techniques. RESULTS 17% of the participants were HIV infected, 106 had active TB disease and in 216 TB was excluded. Unstimulated concentrations of CRP, SAA, ferritin and IP-10 had better discriminating ability than markers from stimulated samples. Accuracy of marker combinations by general discriminant analysis (GDA) identified a six analyte model with 77% accuracy for TB cases and 84% for non TB cases, with a better performance in HIV uninfected patients. CONCLUSIONS A biosignature of 6 cytokines obtained after stimulation with four Mtb antigens has moderate potential as a diagnostic tool for pulmonary TB disease individuals and stimulated marker expression had no added value to unstimulated marker performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dolapo O Awoniyi
- Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg 7505, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Andrea Teuchert
- Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg 7505, Cape Town, South Africa
| | | | | | - Rawleigh Howe
- Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Adane Mihret
- Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Andre G Loxton
- Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg 7505, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Jacob Sheehama
- University of Namibia, Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Namibia
| | - Desta Kassa
- Ethiopian Health and Nutrition Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Amelia C Crampin
- Karonga Prevention Study, Chilumba, Malawi; London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | | | - Martin Kidd
- Centre for Statistical Analysis, Stellenbosch University, South Africa
| | | | - Annemieke Geluk
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Tom H M Ottenhoff
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - P L A M Corstjens
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Novel N Chegou
- Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg 7505, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Gerhard Walzl
- Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg 7505, Cape Town, South Africa.
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Pedroza-Roldán C, Guapillo C, Barrios-Payán J, Mata-Espinosa D, Aceves-Sánchez MDJ, Marquina-Castillo B, Hernández-Pando R, Flores-Valdez MA. The BCGΔBCG1419c strain, which produces more pellicle in vitro, improves control of chronic tuberculosis in vivo. Vaccine 2016; 34:4763-70. [PMID: 27546876 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.08.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Revised: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 08/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) has been a threat to humans since ancient times, and it is the main causative agent of tuberculosis (TB). Until today, the only licensed vaccine against Mtb is the live attenuated M. bovis Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG), which has variable levels of protection against the pulmonary form of infection. The quest for a new vaccine is a priority given the rise of multidrug-resistant Mtb around the world, as well as the tremendous burden imposed by latent TB. The objective of this study was to evaluate the immunogenicity and capacity of protection of a modified BCG strain (BCGΔBCG1419c) lacking the c-di-GMP phosphodiesterase gene BCG1419c, in diverse mice models. In a previous report, we have shown that BCGΔBCG1419c was capable of increasing biofilm production and after intravenous infection of immunocompetent mice; this strain persisted longer in lungs than parental BCG Pasteur. This led us to hypothesize that BCGΔBCG1419c might therefore possess some advantage as vaccine candidate. Our results in this report indicate that compared to conventional BCG, vaccination with BCGΔBCG1419c induced a better activation of specific T-lymphocytes population, was equally effective in preventing weight loss despite being used at lower dose, reduced tissue damage (pneumonic scores), increased local IFNγ(+) T cells, and diminished bacterial burden in lungs of BALB/c mice infected intratracheally with high dose Mtb H37Rv to induce progressive TB. Moreover, vaccination with BCGΔBCG1419c improved resistance to reactivation after immunosuppression induced by corticosterone in a murine model of chronic infection similar to latent TB. Furthermore, despite showing increased persistence in immunocompetent mice, BCGΔBCG1419c was as attenuated as parental BCG in nude mice. To our knowledge, this is the first demonstration that a modified BCG vaccine candidate with increased pellicle/biofilm production has the capacity to protect against Mtb challenge in chronic and reactivation models of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- César Pedroza-Roldán
- Biotecnología Médica y Farmacéutica, Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y diseño del Estado de Jalisco, A.C., Av. Normalistas No. 800, Col. Colinas de la Normal, 44270 Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Carolina Guapillo
- Sección de Patología Experimental, Departamento de Patología, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición "Salvador Zubirán", Vasco de Quiroga 15, Tlalpan, México, D.F. 14000, Mexico
| | - Jorge Barrios-Payán
- Sección de Patología Experimental, Departamento de Patología, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición "Salvador Zubirán", Vasco de Quiroga 15, Tlalpan, México, D.F. 14000, Mexico
| | - Dulce Mata-Espinosa
- Sección de Patología Experimental, Departamento de Patología, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición "Salvador Zubirán", Vasco de Quiroga 15, Tlalpan, México, D.F. 14000, Mexico
| | - Michel de Jesús Aceves-Sánchez
- Biotecnología Médica y Farmacéutica, Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y diseño del Estado de Jalisco, A.C., Av. Normalistas No. 800, Col. Colinas de la Normal, 44270 Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Brenda Marquina-Castillo
- Sección de Patología Experimental, Departamento de Patología, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición "Salvador Zubirán", Vasco de Quiroga 15, Tlalpan, México, D.F. 14000, Mexico
| | - Rogelio Hernández-Pando
- Sección de Patología Experimental, Departamento de Patología, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición "Salvador Zubirán", Vasco de Quiroga 15, Tlalpan, México, D.F. 14000, Mexico.
| | - Mario Alberto Flores-Valdez
- Biotecnología Médica y Farmacéutica, Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y diseño del Estado de Jalisco, A.C., Av. Normalistas No. 800, Col. Colinas de la Normal, 44270 Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico.
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Goletti D, Petruccioli E, Joosten SA, Ottenhoff THM. Tuberculosis Biomarkers: From Diagnosis to Protection. Infect Dis Rep 2016; 8:6568. [PMID: 27403267 PMCID: PMC4927936 DOI: 10.4081/idr.2016.6568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Accepted: 04/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
New approaches to control tuberculosis (TB) worldwide are needed. In particular, new tools for diagnosis and new biomarkers are required to evaluate both pathogen and host key elements of the response to infection. Non-sputum based diagnostic tests, biomarkers predictive of adequate responsiveness to treatment, and biomarkers of risk of developing active TB disease are major goals. Here, we review the current state of the field. Although reports on new candidate biomarkers are numerous, validation and independent confirmation are rare. Efforts are needed to reduce the gap between the exploratory up-stream identification of candidate biomarkers, and the validation of biomarkers against clear clinical endpoints in different populations. This will need a major commitment from both scientists and funding bodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delia Goletti
- Translational Research Unit, Department of Epidemiology and Preclinical Research, National Institute for Infectious Diseases, L. Spallanzani , Rome, Italy
| | - Elisa Petruccioli
- Translational Research Unit, Department of Epidemiology and Preclinical Research, National Institute for Infectious Diseases, L. Spallanzani , Rome, Italy
| | - Simone A Joosten
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Centre , The Netherlands
| | - Tom H M Ottenhoff
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Centre , The Netherlands
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Pandey K, Sharma M, Saarav I, Singh S, Dutta P, Bhardwaj A, Sharma S. Analysis of the DosR regulon genes to select cytotoxic T lymphocyte epitope specific vaccine candidates using a reverse vaccinology approach. Int J Mycobacteriol 2016; 5:34-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmyco.2015.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Revised: 10/25/2015] [Accepted: 10/27/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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Arroyo L, Rojas M, Ortíz BL, Franken KLMC, García LF, Ottenhoff THM, Barrera LF. Dynamics of the T cell response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis DosR and Rpf antigens in a Colombian population of household contacts of recently diagnosed pulmonary tuberculosis patients. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2016; 97:97-107. [PMID: 26980501 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2015.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Revised: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 12/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Immune response to DosR and Rpf antigens from Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) seems to be important for latency maintenance. Little is known about the dynamics of the immune response to these antigens in an endemic community. Thus, the IFNγ response and cytokine production in response to PPD, Esat6-Cfp10 (E6-C10), DosR and Rpf antigens in healthy HHC of tuberculosis (TB) patients over a 12 (T12) months period (short-term, stLTBI) was investigated. This response was compared with a group of LTBI, who have remained healthy for 5-7 years (long-term, ltLTBI). According to the IFNγ response, two groups of HHCs were identified in stLTBI in response to E6-C10. At T12, E6-C10(+) HHCs displayed a decrease in the IFNγ levels and a generalized decrease in cytokines production. The E6-C10(-) HHC showed an increase in the IFNγ response and cytokine levels. In stLTBI, the responses to E6-C10, DosR, and Rpf may be interpreted as a protective immune response controlling Mtb infection and may be leading to a state of latent infection. Comparing the response of stLTBI and ltLTBI, we observed significant changes in the proportions of CD45RO(+)CD27(+) T cells to specific DosR and Rpf, which may indicate a persistent immune response to Mtb antigens in ltLTBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonar Arroyo
- Grupo de Inmunología Celular e Inmunogenética (GICIG), Colombia.
| | - Mauricio Rojas
- Grupo de Inmunología Celular e Inmunogenética (GICIG), Colombia; Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, UdeA, Calle 70 No. 52-21, Medellín, Colombia.
| | - Blanca L Ortíz
- Grupo de Inmunología Celular e Inmunogenética (GICIG), Colombia; Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, UdeA, Calle 70 No. 52-21, Medellín, Colombia.
| | - Kees L M C Franken
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Centre, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, Netherlands.
| | - Luis F García
- Grupo de Inmunología Celular e Inmunogenética (GICIG), Colombia; Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, UdeA, Calle 70 No. 52-21, Medellín, Colombia.
| | - Tom H M Ottenhoff
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Centre, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, Netherlands.
| | - Luis F Barrera
- Grupo de Inmunología Celular e Inmunogenética (GICIG), Colombia; Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, UdeA, Calle 70 No. 52-21, Medellín, Colombia.
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Mattos AMM, Chaves AS, Franken KLMC, Figueiredo BBM, Ferreira AP, Ottenhoff THM, Teixeira HC. Detection of IgG1 antibodies against Mycobacterium tuberculosis DosR and Rpf antigens in tuberculosis patients before and after chemotherapy. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2015; 96:65-70. [PMID: 26786656 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2015.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Revised: 11/04/2015] [Accepted: 11/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Diagnosis of tuberculosis (TB) remains challenging. Serum IgG1 antibodies against Mycobacterium tuberculosis active growth phase antigens (ESAT-6/CFP-10, Rv0717 and Rv3353), DosR regulon-encoded proteins (Rv1733, Rv1737, Rv2628 and Rv2029), and resuscitation-promoting factors (Rv0867 and Rv2389) were evaluated in TB patients using ELISA. Active TB patients showed elevated levels of IgG1 antibodies against ESAT-6/CFP-10, Rv0717, Rv3353, Rv1733, Rv2628, Rv2029 and Rv0867 in comparison to healthy controls (p < 0.001). These levels remained high after the initiation of treatment, while responses to Rv0717 and Rv1733 peaked early during treatment. IgG1 responses to ESAT-6/CFP-10, Rv3353, Rv2628, Rv2029 and Rv0867 declined to control levels after the completion of 6 months chemotherapy. ROC analysis confirmed the good diagnostic performance of Rv0717, Rv1733, Rv3353, Rv2628, Rv2029 and Rv0867antigens. These data suggest that detecting IgG1 antibodies against M. tuberculosis antigens, including DosR and Rpf proteins, may represent an additional tool in the diagnosis of tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Márcia Menezes Mattos
- Department of Parasitology, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Juiz De Fora, 36036-900, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Silva Chaves
- Department of Parasitology, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Juiz De Fora, 36036-900, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Kees L M C Franken
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Bárbara Bruna Muniz Figueiredo
- Department of Parasitology, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Juiz De Fora, 36036-900, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Ferreira
- Department of Parasitology, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Juiz De Fora, 36036-900, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Tom H M Ottenhoff
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Henrique Couto Teixeira
- Department of Parasitology, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Juiz De Fora, 36036-900, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
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A Novel MVA-Based Multiphasic Vaccine for Prevention or Treatment of Tuberculosis Induces Broad and Multifunctional Cell-Mediated Immunity in Mice and Primates. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0143552. [PMID: 26599077 PMCID: PMC4658014 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0143552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Accepted: 11/05/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccination of new born babies can protect children against tuberculosis (TB), but fails to protect adults consistently against pulmonary TB underlying the urgent need to develop novel TB vaccines. Majority of first generation TB vaccine candidates have relied on a very limited number of antigens typically belonging to the active phase of infection. We have designed a multi-antigenic and multiphasic vaccine, based on the Modified Vaccinia Ankara virus (MVA). Up to fourteen antigens representative of the three phases of TB infection (active, latent and resuscitation) were inserted into MVA. Using three different strains of mouse (BALB/c, C57BL/6 and C3H/HeN), we show that a single vaccination results in induction of both CD4 and CD8 T cells, displaying capacity to produce multiple cytokines together with cytolytic activity targeting a large array of epitopes. As expected, dominance of responses was linked to the mouse haplotype although for a given haplotype, responses specific of at least one antigen per phase could always be detected. Vaccination of non-human primates with the 14 antigens MVA-TB candidate resulted in broad and potent cellular-based immunogenicity. The remarkable plasticity of MVA opens the road to development of a novel class of highly complex recombinant TB vaccines to be evaluated in both prophylactic and therapeutic settings.
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Ng TW, Saavedra-Ávila NA, Kennedy SC, Carreño LJ, Porcelli SA. Current efforts and future prospects in the development of live mycobacteria as vaccines. Expert Rev Vaccines 2015; 14:1493-507. [PMID: 26366616 DOI: 10.1586/14760584.2015.1089175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The development of more effective vaccines against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) remains a major goal in the effort to reduce the enormous global burden of disease caused by this pathogen. Whole-cell vaccines based on live mycobacteria with attenuated virulence represent an appealing approach, providing broad antigen exposure and intrinsic adjuvant properties to prime durable immune responses. However, designing vaccine strains with an optimal balance between attenuation and immunogenicity has proven to be extremely challenging. Recent basic and clinical research efforts have broadened our understanding of Mtb pathogenesis and created numerous new vaccine candidates that have been designed to overcome different aspects of immune evasion by Mtb. In this review, we provide an overview of the current efforts to create improved vaccines against tuberculosis based on modifications of live attenuated mycobacteria. In addition, we discuss the use of such vaccine strains as vectors for stimulating protective immunity against other infectious diseases and cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tony W Ng
- a 1 Albert Einstein College of Medicine - Microbiology & Immunology, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Noemí A Saavedra-Ávila
- a 1 Albert Einstein College of Medicine - Microbiology & Immunology, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Steven C Kennedy
- a 1 Albert Einstein College of Medicine - Microbiology & Immunology, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Leandro J Carreño
- a 1 Albert Einstein College of Medicine - Microbiology & Immunology, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, USA.,b 2 Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Programa Disciplinario de Inmunologia, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Steven A Porcelli
- a 1 Albert Einstein College of Medicine - Microbiology & Immunology, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
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40
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Chaves AS, Rodrigues MF, Mattos AMM, Teixeira HC. Challenging Mycobacterium tuberculosis dormancy mechanisms and their immunodiagnostic potential. Braz J Infect Dis 2015; 19:636-42. [PMID: 26358744 PMCID: PMC9425411 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjid.2015.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Revised: 07/30/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis is the etiologic agent of tuberculosis, one of the world's greatest cause of morbidity and mortality due to infectious disease. Many evolutionary mechanisms have contributed to its high level of adaptation as a host pathogen. Prior to become dormant, a group of about 50 genes related to metabolic changes are transcribed by the DosR regulon, one of the most complex and important systems of host-pathogen interaction. This genetic mechanism allows the mycobacteria to persist during long time periods, establishing the so-called latent infection. Even in the presence of a competent immune response, the host cannot eliminate the pathogen, only managing to keep it surrounded by an unfavorable microenvironment for its growth. However, conditions such as immunosuppression may reestablish optimal conditions for bacterial growth, culminating in the onset of active disease. The interactions between the pathogen and its host are still not completely elucidated. Nonetheless, many studies are being carried out in order to clarify this complex relationship, thus creating new possibilities for patient approach and laboratory screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Silva Chaves
- Department of Parasitology, Microbiology and Immunology, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil
| | - Michele Fernandes Rodrigues
- Department of Parasitology, Microbiology and Immunology, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil
| | - Ana Márcia Menezes Mattos
- Department of Parasitology, Microbiology and Immunology, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil
| | - Henrique Couto Teixeira
- Department of Parasitology, Microbiology and Immunology, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil.
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41
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Carpenter C, Sidney J, Kolla R, Nayak K, Tomiyama H, Tomiyama C, Padilla OA, Rozot V, Ahamed SF, Ponte C, Rolla V, Antas PR, Chandele A, Kenneth J, Laxmi S, Makgotlho E, Vanini V, Ippolito G, Kazanova AS, Panteleev AV, Hanekom W, Mayanja-Kizza H, Lewinsohn D, Saito M, McElrath MJ, Boom WH, Goletti D, Gilman R, Lyadova IV, Scriba TJ, Kallas EG, Murali-Krishna K, Sette A, Lindestam Arlehamn CS. A side-by-side comparison of T cell reactivity to fifty-nine Mycobacterium tuberculosis antigens in diverse populations from five continents. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2015; 95:713-721. [PMID: 26277695 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2015.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2015] [Accepted: 07/01/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
We compared T cell recognition of 59 prevalently recognized Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) antigens in individuals latently infected with MTB (LTBI), and uninfected individuals with previous BCG vaccination, from nine locations and populations with different HLA distribution, MTB exposure rates, and standards of TB care. This comparison revealed similar response magnitudes in diverse LTBI and BCG-vaccinated cohorts and significant correlation between responses in LTBIs from the USA and other locations. Many antigens were uniformly recognized, suggesting suitability for inclusion in vaccines targeting diverse populations. Several antigens were similarly immunodominant in LTBI and BCG cohorts, suggesting applicability for vaccines aimed at boosting BCG responses. The panel of MTB antigens will be valuable for characterizing MTB-specific CD4 T cell responses irrespective of ethnicity, infecting MTB strains and BCG vaccination status. Our results illustrate how a comparative analysis can provide insight into the relative immunogenicity of existing and novel vaccine candidates in LTBIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chelsea Carpenter
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, Department of Vaccine Discovery, 9420 Athena Circle, La Jolla, 92037, USA
| | - John Sidney
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, Department of Vaccine Discovery, 9420 Athena Circle, La Jolla, 92037, USA
| | - Ravi Kolla
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, Department of Vaccine Discovery, 9420 Athena Circle, La Jolla, 92037, USA
| | - Kaustuv Nayak
- ICGEB-Emory Vaccine Centre, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Helena Tomiyama
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Claudia Tomiyama
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Oscar A Padilla
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Virginie Rozot
- South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, and Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Syed F Ahamed
- Division of Infectious Diseases, St. John's Research Institute, St. John's National Academy of Sciences, Sarjapur Road, Koramangala 2 Block, Bangaluru, Karnataka, 560034, India
| | - Carlos Ponte
- Clinical Immunology Laboratory, Oswaldo Cruz Institute-Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Valeria Rolla
- Clinical Immunology Laboratory, Oswaldo Cruz Institute-Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Paulo R Antas
- Clinical Immunology Laboratory, Oswaldo Cruz Institute-Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Anmol Chandele
- ICGEB-Emory Vaccine Centre, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - John Kenneth
- Division of Infectious Diseases, St. John's Research Institute, St. John's National Academy of Sciences, Sarjapur Road, Koramangala 2 Block, Bangaluru, Karnataka, 560034, India
| | - Seetha Laxmi
- Department of Transfusion Medicine and Immunohematology, St. John's Medical College Hospital, St. John's National Academy of Health Sciences, Bangaluru, 560034, India
| | - Edward Makgotlho
- South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, and Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Valentina Vanini
- Translational Research Unit, Department of Epidemiology and Preclinical Research, National Institute for Infectious Diseases, Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Ippolito
- Translational Research Unit, Department of Epidemiology and Preclinical Research, National Institute for Infectious Diseases, Rome, Italy
| | - Alexandra S Kazanova
- Department of Immunology, Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution "Central Tuberculosis Research Institute", Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander V Panteleev
- Department of Immunology, Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution "Central Tuberculosis Research Institute", Moscow, Russia
| | - Willem Hanekom
- South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, and Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Harriet Mayanja-Kizza
- Department of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | | | - Mayuko Saito
- Johns Hopkins University, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, 21205, USA; Universidad Peruana Caytano Hereida, Lima, Peru; Department of Virology, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - M Juliana McElrath
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, 98109, USA
| | - W Henry Boom
- Tuberculosis Research Unit, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, 44106, USA
| | - Delia Goletti
- Translational Research Unit, Department of Epidemiology and Preclinical Research, National Institute for Infectious Diseases, Rome, Italy
| | - Robert Gilman
- Johns Hopkins University, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, 21205, USA; Universidad Peruana Caytano Hereida, Lima, Peru
| | - Irina V Lyadova
- Department of Immunology, Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution "Central Tuberculosis Research Institute", Moscow, Russia
| | - Thomas J Scriba
- South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, and Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Esper G Kallas
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Kaja Murali-Krishna
- ICGEB-Emory Vaccine Centre, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India; Emory Vaccine Center, 1501 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, 1760 Haygood Drive, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Alessandro Sette
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, Department of Vaccine Discovery, 9420 Athena Circle, La Jolla, 92037, USA
| | - Cecilia S Lindestam Arlehamn
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, Department of Vaccine Discovery, 9420 Athena Circle, La Jolla, 92037, USA.
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42
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Verma D, Das L, Gambhir V, Dikshit KL, Varshney GC. Heterogeneity among Homologs of Cutinase-Like Protein Cut5 in Mycobacteria. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0133186. [PMID: 26177502 PMCID: PMC4503659 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0133186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2015] [Accepted: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The study of genomic variability within various pathogenic and non-pathogenic strains of mycobacteria provides insight into their evolution and pathogenesis. The mycobacterial genome encodes seven cutinase-like proteins and each one of these exhibit distinct characteristics. We describe the presence of Cut5, a member of the cutinase family, in mycobacteria and the existence of a unique genomic arrangement in the cut5 gene of M. tuberculosis (Mtb) strains. A single nucleotide (T) insertion is observed in the cut5 gene, which is specific for Mtb strains. Using in silico analysis and RT-PCR, we demonstrate the transcription of Rv3724/cut5 as Rv3724a/cut5a and Rv3724b/cut5b in Mtb H37Rv and as full length cut5 in M. bovis. Cut5b protein of Mtb H37Rv (MtbCut5b) was found to be antigenically similar to its homologs in M. bovis and M. smegmatis, without any observed cross-reactivity with other Mtb cutinases. Also, the presence of Cut5b in Mtb and its homologs in M. bovis and M. smegmatis were confirmed by western blotting using antibodies raised against recombinant Cut5b. In Mtb H37Rv, Cut5b was found to be localized in the cell wall, cytosol and membrane fractions. We also report the vast prevalence of Cut5 homologs in pathogenic and non pathogenic species of mycobacteria. In silico analysis revealed that this protein has three possible organizations in mycobacteria. Also, a single nucleotide (T) insertion in Mtb strains and varied genomic arrangements within mycobacterial species make Rv3724/Cut5 a potential candidate that can be exploited as a biomarker in Mtb infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepshikha Verma
- Cell biology and Immunology Division, CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh-, India
| | - Lahari Das
- Cell biology and Immunology Division, CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh-, India
| | - Vandana Gambhir
- Cell biology and Immunology Division, CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh-, India
| | - Kanak Lata Dikshit
- Cell biology and Immunology Division, CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh-, India
| | - Grish C. Varshney
- Cell biology and Immunology Division, CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh-, India
- * E-mail:
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43
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Delogu G, Provvedi R, Sali M, Manganelli R. Mycobacterium tuberculosis virulence: insights and impact on vaccine development. Future Microbiol 2015; 10:1177-94. [PMID: 26119086 DOI: 10.2217/fmb.15.26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The existing TB vaccine, the attenuated Mycobacterium bovis strain BCG, is effective in protecting infants from severe forms of the disease, while its efficacy in protecting adults from pulmonary TB is poor. In the last two decades, a renewed interest in TB resulted in the development of several candidate vaccines that are now entering clinical trials. However, most of these vaccines are based on a common rationale and aim to induce a strong T-cell response against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Recent advancements in the understanding of M. tuberculosis virulence determinants and associated pathogenic strategies are opening a new and broader view of the complex interaction between this remarkable pathogen and the human host, providing insights at molecular level that could lead to a new rationale for the design of novel antitubercular vaccines. A vaccination strategy that simultaneously targets different steps in TB pathogenesis may result in improved protection and reduced TB transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Delogu
- Institute of Microbiology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo Francesco Vito 1, 00168, Rome, Italy
| | - Roberta Provvedi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Via Aristide Gabelli 63, 35121, Padova, Italy
| | - Michela Sali
- Institute of Microbiology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo Francesco Vito 1, 00168, Rome, Italy
| | - Riccardo Manganelli
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Via Aristide Gabelli 63, 35121, Padova, Italy
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44
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Siddiqui KF, Amir M, Khan N, Rama Krishna G, Sheikh JA, Rajagopal K, Agrewala JN. Prime-boost vaccination strategy with bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) and liposomized alpha-crystalline protein 1 reinvigorates BCG potency. Clin Exp Immunol 2015; 181:286-96. [PMID: 25845290 DOI: 10.1111/cei.12634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2015] [Revised: 03/14/2015] [Accepted: 03/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) remains the only available and most widely administered vaccine against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), yet it fails to protect vaccinated individuals either from primary infection or reactivation of latent tuberculosis (TB). Despite BCG's variable efficacy against TB, the fact remains that BCG imparts protection in children against the disease, indicating that BCG possesses a wide protective antigenic repertoire. However, its failure to impart protection in adulthood can be linked to its failure to generate long-lived memory response and elicitation of an inadequate immune response against latency-associated antigens. Therefore, to improve the protective efficacy of BCG, a novel vaccination strategy is required. Consequently, in the present study, we have exploited the vaccination potential of liposomized α-crystalline 1 (Acr1L), a latency-associated antigen to induce enduring protective immunity against Mtb in BCG-primed animals. It is noteworthy that an increase in the multi-functional [interferon (IFN)-γ(hi) /tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α(hi) ] CD4 and CD8 T cells were observed in BCG-primed and Acr1L-boosted (BCG-Acr1L) animals, compared to BCG alone. Further, substantial expansion of both central memory (CD44(hi) /CD62L(hi) ) and effector memory (CD44(hi) /CD62L(lo) ) populations of CD4 and CD8 T cells was noted. Importantly, BCG-Acr1L exhibited significantly better protection than BCG, as evidenced by a reduction in the bacterial burden and histopathological data of the lungs. In essence, BCG-Acr1L could be a potent future vaccination strategy to reinvigorate BCG potency.
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Affiliation(s)
- K F Siddiqui
- Immunology Laboratory, CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India
| | - M Amir
- Immunology Laboratory, CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India
| | - N Khan
- Immunology Laboratory, CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India
| | - G Rama Krishna
- Immunology Laboratory, CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India
| | - J A Sheikh
- Immunology Laboratory, CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India
| | - K Rajagopal
- Immunology Laboratory, CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India
| | - J N Agrewala
- Immunology Laboratory, CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India
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45
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Peña D, Rovetta AI, Hernández Del Pino RE, Amiano NO, Pasquinelli V, Pellegrini JM, Tateosian NL, Rolandelli A, Gutierrez M, Musella RM, Palmero DJ, Gherardi MM, Iovanna J, Chuluyan HE, García VE. A Mycobacterium tuberculosis Dormancy Antigen Differentiates Latently Infected Bacillus Calmette-Guérin-vaccinated Individuals. EBioMedicine 2015; 2:884-90. [PMID: 26425695 PMCID: PMC4563115 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2015.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Revised: 05/22/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
IFN-γ release assays (IGRAs) are better indicators of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection than the tuberculin skin test (TST) in Bacillus Calmette–Guérin (BCG)-vaccinated populations. However, IGRAs do not discriminate active and latent infections (LTBI) and no gold standard for LTBI diagnosis is available. Thus, since improved tests to diagnose M. tuberculosis infection are required, we assessed the efficacy of several M. tuberculosis latency antigens. BCG-vaccinated healthy donors (HD) and tuberculosis (TB) patients were recruited. QuantiFERON-TB Gold In-Tube, TST and clinical data were used to differentiate LTBI. IFN-γ production against CFP-10, ESAT-6, Rv2624c, Rv2626c and Rv2628 antigens was tested in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. LTBI subjects secreted significantly higher IFN-γ levels against Rv2626c than HD. Additionally, Rv2626c peptide pools to which only LTBI responded were identified, and their cumulative IFN-γ response improved LTBI discrimination. Interestingly, whole blood stimulation with Rv2626c allowed the discrimination between active and latent infections, since TB patients did not secrete IFN-γ against Rv2626c, in contrast to CFP-10 + ESAT-6 stimulation that induced IFN-γ response from both LTBI and TB patients. ROC analysis confirmed that Rv2626c discriminated LTBI from HD and TB patients. Therefore, since only LTBI recognizes specific epitopes from Rv2626c, this antigen could improve LTBI diagnosis, even in BCG-vaccinated people. Stimulation with Rv2626c M. tuberculosis antigen induced differential amounts of IFN-γ in LTBI individuals as compared to HD. The cumulative response to specific Rv2626c-derived peptide pools improved the discrimination of LTBI individuals from HD. PBMC or whole blood stimulation with Rv2626c differentiated latent from active infection (LTBI from TB patients).
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Affiliation(s)
- Delfina Peña
- Instituto de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (IQUIBICEN), UBA (Universidad de Buenos Aires)-CONICET, Intendente Güiraldes 2160, Pabellón II, 4°piso, Ciudad Universitaria, C1428EGA Buenos Aires, Argentina ; Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, UBA, Intendente Güiraldes 2160, Pabellón II, 4°piso, Ciudad Universitaria, C1428EGA Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ana I Rovetta
- Instituto de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (IQUIBICEN), UBA (Universidad de Buenos Aires)-CONICET, Intendente Güiraldes 2160, Pabellón II, 4°piso, Ciudad Universitaria, C1428EGA Buenos Aires, Argentina ; Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, UBA, Intendente Güiraldes 2160, Pabellón II, 4°piso, Ciudad Universitaria, C1428EGA Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Rodrigo E Hernández Del Pino
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, UBA, Intendente Güiraldes 2160, Pabellón II, 4°piso, Ciudad Universitaria, C1428EGA Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Nicolás O Amiano
- Instituto de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (IQUIBICEN), UBA (Universidad de Buenos Aires)-CONICET, Intendente Güiraldes 2160, Pabellón II, 4°piso, Ciudad Universitaria, C1428EGA Buenos Aires, Argentina ; Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, UBA, Intendente Güiraldes 2160, Pabellón II, 4°piso, Ciudad Universitaria, C1428EGA Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Virginia Pasquinelli
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, UBA, Intendente Güiraldes 2160, Pabellón II, 4°piso, Ciudad Universitaria, C1428EGA Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Joaquín M Pellegrini
- Instituto de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (IQUIBICEN), UBA (Universidad de Buenos Aires)-CONICET, Intendente Güiraldes 2160, Pabellón II, 4°piso, Ciudad Universitaria, C1428EGA Buenos Aires, Argentina ; Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, UBA, Intendente Güiraldes 2160, Pabellón II, 4°piso, Ciudad Universitaria, C1428EGA Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Nancy L Tateosian
- Instituto de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (IQUIBICEN), UBA (Universidad de Buenos Aires)-CONICET, Intendente Güiraldes 2160, Pabellón II, 4°piso, Ciudad Universitaria, C1428EGA Buenos Aires, Argentina ; Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, UBA, Intendente Güiraldes 2160, Pabellón II, 4°piso, Ciudad Universitaria, C1428EGA Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Agustín Rolandelli
- Instituto de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (IQUIBICEN), UBA (Universidad de Buenos Aires)-CONICET, Intendente Güiraldes 2160, Pabellón II, 4°piso, Ciudad Universitaria, C1428EGA Buenos Aires, Argentina ; Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, UBA, Intendente Güiraldes 2160, Pabellón II, 4°piso, Ciudad Universitaria, C1428EGA Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Marisa Gutierrez
- Sección Bacteriología de la Tuberculosis, Hospital General de Agudos "Dr. E. Tornu", Combatientes de Malvinas 3002, 1427 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Rosa M Musella
- División Tisioneumonología Hospital F.J. Muñiz, Uspallata 2272, C1282AEN Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Domingo J Palmero
- División Tisioneumonología Hospital F.J. Muñiz, Uspallata 2272, C1282AEN Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María M Gherardi
- INBIRS, Facultad de Medicina, UBA, Paraguay 2155, C1121ABG Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Juan Iovanna
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille (CRCM), INSERM U1068, CNRS UMR 7258, Aix-Marseille Université Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Parc Scientifique et Technologique de Luminy, Marseille, France
| | - H Eduardo Chuluyan
- Centro de Estudios Farmacológicos y Botánicos (CEFYBO), Facultad de Medicina, UBA, Paraguay 2155, C1121ABG Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Verónica E García
- Instituto de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (IQUIBICEN), UBA (Universidad de Buenos Aires)-CONICET, Intendente Güiraldes 2160, Pabellón II, 4°piso, Ciudad Universitaria, C1428EGA Buenos Aires, Argentina ; Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, UBA, Intendente Güiraldes 2160, Pabellón II, 4°piso, Ciudad Universitaria, C1428EGA Buenos Aires, Argentina
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46
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Serra-Vidal MM, Latorre I, Franken KLCM, Díaz J, de Souza-Galvão ML, Casas I, Maldonado J, Milà C, Solsona J, Jimenez-Fuentes MÁ, Altet N, Lacoma A, Ruiz-Manzano J, Ausina V, Prat C, Ottenhoff THM, Domínguez J. Immunogenicity of 60 novel latency-related antigens of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Front Microbiol 2014; 5:517. [PMID: 25339944 PMCID: PMC4189613 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2014.00517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2014] [Accepted: 09/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of our work here was to evaluate the immunogenicity of 60 mycobacterial antigens, some of which have not been previously assessed, notably a novel series of in vivo-expressed Mycobacterium tuberculosis (IVE-TB) antigens. We enrolled 505 subjects and separated them in individuals with and without latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) vs. patients with active tuberculosis (TB). Following an overnight and 7 days stimulation of whole blood with purified recombinant M. tuberculosis antigens, interferon-γ (IFN-γ) levels were determined by ELISA. Several antigens could statistically significantly differentiate the groups of individuals. We obtained promising antigens from all studied antigen groups [dormancy survival regulon (DosR regulon) encoded antigens; resuscitation-promoting factors (Rpf) antigens; IVE-TB antigens; reactivation associated antigens]. Rv1733, which is a probable conserved transmembrane protein encoded in DosR regulon, turned out to be very immunogenic and able to discriminate between the three defined TB status, thus considered a candidate biomarker. Rv2389 and Rv2435n, belonging to Rpf family and IVE-TB group of antigens, respectively, also stood out as LTBI biomarkers. Although more studies are needed to support our findings, the combined use of these antigens would be an interesting approach to TB immunodiagnosis candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mᵃdel Mar Serra-Vidal
- Department of Microbiology, Institut d'Investigació en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i PujolBadalona, Spain
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Universitat Autònoma de BarcelonaBellaterra, Spain
- CIBER Enfermedades Respiratorias, Instituto de Salud Carlos IIIBadalona, Spain
| | - Irene Latorre
- Department of Microbiology, Institut d'Investigació en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i PujolBadalona, Spain
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Universitat Autònoma de BarcelonaBellaterra, Spain
- CIBER Enfermedades Respiratorias, Instituto de Salud Carlos IIIBadalona, Spain
| | - Kees L. C. M. Franken
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion/Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical CenterLeiden, Netherlands
| | - Jéssica Díaz
- Department of Microbiology, Institut d'Investigació en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i PujolBadalona, Spain
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Universitat Autònoma de BarcelonaBellaterra, Spain
- CIBER Enfermedades Respiratorias, Instituto de Salud Carlos IIIBadalona, Spain
| | - Maria Luiza de Souza-Galvão
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Universitat Autònoma de BarcelonaBellaterra, Spain
- Unitat de Tuberculosi de Drassanes, Hospital Universitari Vall d'HebronBarcelona, Spain
| | - Irma Casas
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Universitat Autònoma de BarcelonaBellaterra, Spain
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Institut d'Investigació en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i PujolBadalona, Spain
| | | | - Cèlia Milà
- Unitat de Tuberculosi de Drassanes, Hospital Universitari Vall d'HebronBarcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Solsona
- Unitat de Tuberculosi de Drassanes, Hospital Universitari Vall d'HebronBarcelona, Spain
| | | | - Neus Altet
- Unitat de Tuberculosi de Drassanes, Hospital Universitari Vall d'HebronBarcelona, Spain
| | - Alícia Lacoma
- Department of Microbiology, Institut d'Investigació en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i PujolBadalona, Spain
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Universitat Autònoma de BarcelonaBellaterra, Spain
- CIBER Enfermedades Respiratorias, Instituto de Salud Carlos IIIBadalona, Spain
| | - Juan Ruiz-Manzano
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Universitat Autònoma de BarcelonaBellaterra, Spain
- CIBER Enfermedades Respiratorias, Instituto de Salud Carlos IIIBadalona, Spain
- Department of Pneumology, Institut d'Investigació en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i PujolBadalona, Spain
| | - Vicente Ausina
- Department of Microbiology, Institut d'Investigació en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i PujolBadalona, Spain
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Universitat Autònoma de BarcelonaBellaterra, Spain
- CIBER Enfermedades Respiratorias, Instituto de Salud Carlos IIIBadalona, Spain
| | - Cristina Prat
- Department of Microbiology, Institut d'Investigació en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i PujolBadalona, Spain
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Universitat Autònoma de BarcelonaBellaterra, Spain
- CIBER Enfermedades Respiratorias, Instituto de Salud Carlos IIIBadalona, Spain
| | - Tom H. M. Ottenhoff
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion/Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical CenterLeiden, Netherlands
| | - José Domínguez
- Department of Microbiology, Institut d'Investigació en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i PujolBadalona, Spain
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Universitat Autònoma de BarcelonaBellaterra, Spain
- CIBER Enfermedades Respiratorias, Instituto de Salud Carlos IIIBadalona, Spain
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Mensah GI, Addo KK, Tetteh JA, Sowah S, Loescher T, Geldmacher C, Jackson-Sillah D. Cytokine response to selected MTB antigens in Ghanaian TB patients, before and at 2 weeks of anti-TB therapy is characterized by high expression of IFN-γ and Granzyme B and inter- individual variation. BMC Infect Dis 2014; 14:495. [PMID: 25209422 PMCID: PMC4180837 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2334-14-495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2014] [Accepted: 09/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There has been a long held belief that patients with drug-susceptible TB are non-infectious after two weeks of therapy. Recent microbiological and epidemiological evidence has challenged this dogma, however, the nature of the Mtb-specific cellular immune response during this period has not been adequately investigated. This knowledge could be exploited in the development of immunological biomarkers of early treatment response. METHODS Cellular response to four Mtb infection phase-dependent antigens, ESAT-6/CFP-10 fusion protein and three DosR encoded proteins (Rv1733c, Rv2029c, Rv2628) were evaluated in a Ghanaian TB cohort (n=20) before and after 2 weeks of anti TB therapy. After 6-days in vitro stimulation, Peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) culture supernatant was harvested and the concentration of IFN-γ, Granzyme B, IL-10, IL-17, sIL2Rα and TNF-α were determined in a 6-plex Luminex assay. Frequencies of IFN-γ + CD4 and CD8 T cells were also determined in an intracellular cytokine assay. RESULTS All antigens induced higher levels of IFN-γ, followed by Granzyme B, TNF-α and IL-17 and low levels of IL-10 and sIL-2R-α in PBMC before treatment and after 2 weeks of treatment. Median cytokine levels of IFN-γ, Granzyme B, IL-17 and sIL-2R-α increased during week two, but it was significant for only Rv1733-specific production of Granzyme B (P = 0. 013). The median frequency of antigen specific IFN-γ + CD4 T cells increased at week two; however, only the increase in the ESAT-6/CFP-10-specific response was significant (P = 0. 0008). In contrast, the median frequency of ESAT-6/CFP-10- specific IFN-γ + CD8 T cell responses declined during week two (P = 0. 0024). Additionally, wide inter-individual variation with three distinct patterns were observed; increase in all cytokine levels, decrease in all cytokine levels and fluctuating cytokine levels after 2 weeks of treatment. CONCLUSION The second week of effective chemotherapy was characterized by a general increase in cytokine response to Mtb-specific antigens suggestive of an improvement in cellular response with therapy. However, the wide inter-individual variation observed would limit the utility of cytokine biomarkers during this period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gloria Ivy Mensah
- />Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon Accra, Ghana
- />Centre for International Health, Ludwig Maximillians University, Munich, Germany
| | - Kennedy Kwasi Addo
- />Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon Accra, Ghana
| | - John Amissah Tetteh
- />Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon Accra, Ghana
| | - Sandra Sowah
- />Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon Accra, Ghana
| | - Thomas Loescher
- />Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Medical Center of the University of Munich (LMU), Munich, Germany
| | - Christof Geldmacher
- />Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Medical Center of the University of Munich (LMU), Munich, Germany
- />German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Dolly Jackson-Sillah
- />Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon Accra, Ghana
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Zhang W, Jiang H, Bai YL, Kang J, Xu ZK, Wang LM. Construction and immunogenicity of the DNA vaccine of Mycobacterium Tuberculosis dormancy antigen rv1733c. Scand J Immunol 2014; 79:292-8. [PMID: 24498941 DOI: 10.1111/sji.12160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2013] [Accepted: 01/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We aimed to construct the DNA vaccine encoding Mycobacterium Tuberculosis (Mtb) dormancy antigen Rv1733c and investigate its immunogenicity in mice. The recombinant plasmid pcDNA-Rv1733c was transfected into P815 cells and its product was detected by indirect immunofluorescence. The mice were immunized once every 2 weeks by intramuscular injection of pcDNA-Rv1733c plasmid for a total of three times. The specific antibodies in the serum of the immunized mice were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay at the indicted time. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent spot was applied to determine the levels of IFN-γ, IL-2 and IL-4 secreted by splenic lymphocytes. Total cytotoxicity T lymphocyte (CTL) active of the splenic lymphocytes was detected by lactate dehydrogenase assay. Additionally, we analysed the percentages of CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ T cells in splenic lymphocytes using flow cytometry. The specific antibody was detected at 2 weeks after the first immunization, and the antibody titre was increased with time which was reached to 1:1600 at 8 weeks. The stimulation index of spleen lymphocytes and the levels of IFN-γ, IL-2 and IL-4 of pcDNA-Rv1733c-immunized mice were both higher than those of saline-immunized mice (P < 0.05). However, no difference was found in the percentages of CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ T cells and the activity of CTL between the pcDNA-Rv1733c- and saline-immunized mice (P > 0.05). So we got the conclusion that the plasmid pcDNA-Rv1733c DNA could induce specific humoral and cellular immunity in mice. Improving the immune effect of Rv1733c by several strategies, such as choosing appropriate immunization route and adjuvant, would be significant for Rv1733c as new tuberculosis vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Zhang
- Department of Paediatrics, TangDu Hospital, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shannxi Province, China
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49
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Geluk A, van Meijgaarden KE, Joosten SA, Commandeur S, Ottenhoff THM. Innovative Strategies to Identify M. tuberculosis Antigens and Epitopes Using Genome-Wide Analyses. Front Immunol 2014; 5:256. [PMID: 25009541 PMCID: PMC4069478 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Accepted: 05/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
In view of the fact that only a small part of the Mtb expressome has been explored for identification of antigens capable of activating human T-cell responses, which is critically required for the design of better TB vaccination strategies, more emphasis should be placed on innovative ways to discover new Mtb antigens and explore their function at the several stages of infection. Better protective antigens for TB-vaccines are urgently needed, also in view of the disappointing results of the MVA85 vaccine, which failed to induce additional protection in BCG-vaccinated infants (1). Moreover, immune responses to relevant antigens may be useful to identify TB-specific biomarker signatures. Here, we describe the potency of novel tools and strategies to reveal such Mtb antigens. Using proteins specific for different Mtb infection phases, many new antigens of the latency-associated Mtb DosR-regulon as well as resuscitation promoting factor proteins, associated with resuscitating TB, were discovered that were recognized by CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells. Furthermore, by employing MHC binding algorithms and bioinformatics combined with high-throughput human T-cell screens and tetramers, HLA-class Ia restricted polyfunctional CD8+ T-cells were identified in TB patients. Comparable methods, led to the identification of HLA-E-restricted Mtb epitopes recognized by CD8+ T-cells. A genome-wide unbiased antigen discovery approach was applied to analyze the in vivo Mtb gene expression profiles in the lungs of mice, resulting in the identification of IVE-TB antigens, which are expressed during infection in the lung, the main target organ of Mtb. IVE-TB antigens induce strong T-cell responses in long-term latently Mtb infected individuals, and represent an interesting new group of TB antigens for vaccination. In summary, new tools have helped expand our view on the Mtb antigenome involved in human cellular immunity and provided new candidates for TB vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annemieke Geluk
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center , Leiden , Netherlands
| | | | - Simone A Joosten
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center , Leiden , Netherlands
| | - Susanna Commandeur
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center , Leiden , Netherlands
| | - Tom H M Ottenhoff
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center , Leiden , Netherlands
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Abstract
The tuberculosis (TB) pandemic continues to rampage despite widespread use of the BCG (Bacillus Calmette-Guérin) vaccine. Novel vaccination strategies are urgently needed to arrest global transmission and prevent the uncontrolled development of multidrug-resistant forms of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Over the last two decades, considerable progress has been made in the field of vaccine development with numerous innovative preclinical candidates and more than a dozen vaccines in clinical trials. These vaccines are developed either as boosters of the current BCG vaccine or as novel prime vaccines to replace BCG. Given the enormous prevalence of latent TB infection, vaccines that are protective on top of an already established infection remain a high priority and a significant scientific challenge. Here we discuss the current state of TB vaccine research and development, our understanding of the underlying immunology, and the requirements for an efficient TB vaccine.
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