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Laperle AH, Moser VA, Avalos P, Lu B, Wu A, Fulton A, Ramirez S, Garcia VJ, Bell S, Ho R, Lawless G, Roxas K, Shahin S, Shelest O, Svendsen S, Wang S, Svendsen CN. Human iPSC-derived neural progenitor cells secreting GDNF provide protection in rodent models of ALS and retinal degeneration. Stem Cell Reports 2023; 18:1629-1642. [PMID: 37084724 PMCID: PMC10444557 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2023.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) are a renewable cell source that can be differentiated into neural progenitor cells (iNPCs) and transduced with glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (iNPC-GDNFs). The goal of the current study is to characterize iNPC-GDNFs and test their therapeutic potential and safety. Single-nuclei RNA-seq show iNPC-GDNFs express NPC markers. iNPC-GDNFs delivered into the subretinal space of the Royal College of Surgeons rodent model of retinal degeneration preserve photoreceptors and visual function. Additionally, iNPC-GDNF transplants in the spinal cord of SOD1G93A amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) rats preserve motor neurons. Finally, iNPC-GDNF transplants in the spinal cord of athymic nude rats survive and produce GDNF for 9 months, with no signs of tumor formation or continual cell proliferation. iNPC-GDNFs survive long-term, are safe, and provide neuroprotection in models of both retinal degeneration and ALS, indicating their potential as a combined cell and gene therapy for various neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander H Laperle
- Cedars-Sinai Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - V Alexandra Moser
- Cedars-Sinai Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Pablo Avalos
- Cedars-Sinai Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Bin Lu
- Cedars-Sinai Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Amanda Wu
- Cedars-Sinai Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Aaron Fulton
- Cedars-Sinai Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Stephany Ramirez
- Cedars-Sinai Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Veronica J Garcia
- Cedars-Sinai Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Shaughn Bell
- Cedars-Sinai Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ritchie Ho
- Cedars-Sinai Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - George Lawless
- Cedars-Sinai Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Kristina Roxas
- Cedars-Sinai Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Saba Shahin
- Cedars-Sinai Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Oksana Shelest
- Cedars-Sinai Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Soshana Svendsen
- Cedars-Sinai Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Shaomei Wang
- Cedars-Sinai Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Clive N Svendsen
- Cedars-Sinai Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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2
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Phan TN, Fan CH, Yeh CK. Application of Ultrasound to Enhancing Stem Cells Associated Therapies. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2023:10.1007/s12015-023-10546-w. [PMID: 37119453 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-023-10546-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/01/2023]
Abstract
Pluripotent stem cell therapy exhibits self-renewal capacity and multi-directional differentiation potential and is considered an important regenerative approach for the treatment of several diseases. However, insufficient cell transplantation efficiency, uncontrollable differentiation, low cell viability, and difficult tracing limit its clinical applications and treatment outcome. Ultrasound (US) has mechanical, cavitation, and thermal effects that can produce different biological effects on organs, tissues, and cells. US can be combined with different US-responsive particles for enhanced physical-chemical stimulation and drug delivery. In the meantime, US also can provide a noninvasive and harmless imaging modality for deep tissue in vivo. An in-depth evaluation of the role and mechanism of action of US in stem cell therapy would enhance understanding of US and encourage research in this field. In this article, we comprehensively review progress in the application of US alone and combined with US-responsive particles for the promotion of proliferation, differentiation, migration, and in vivo detection of stem cells and the potential clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thi-Nhan Phan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Environmental Sciences, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Hsiang Fan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Medical Device Innovation Center, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Kuang Yeh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Environmental Sciences, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan.
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3
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Park SJ, Kim DS, Choi M, Han KH, Han JS, Yoo KH, Moon KS. Preclinical Evaluation of interferon-gamma primed human Wharton's jelly-derived mesenchymal stem cells. Hum Exp Toxicol 2023; 42:9603271231171650. [PMID: 37092667 DOI: 10.1177/09603271231171650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
Abstract
The potential of human mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) for cell therapy has been investigated in numerous immune-mediated conditions; MSCs are considered one of the most promising cellular therapeutics to treat intractable diseases. Recently, approaches to prime MSCs have been investigated, thereby generating cellular products with enhanced potential for a variety of clinical applications. Interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) priming is a current approach used to increase the therapeutic efficacy of MSCs. In this study, we determined the systemic toxicity, tumorigenicity and biodistribution of IFN-γ-primed Wharton's jelly-derived (WJ)-MSCs in male and female BALB/c-nu/nu mice. There were no deaths or pathologic lesions in the mice treated with 5 × 106 cells/kg IFN-γ-primed MSCs in the repeated dose study. In the tumorigenicity study, one of the subcutaneously treated mice showed bronchioloalveolar adenoma in the lung but tested negative for human-specific anti-mitochondrial antibody, suggesting the spontaneous murine origin of the adenoma. A biodistribution study using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction demonstrated the systemic IFN-γ-primed MSC clearance by day 28. Based on the toxicity, biodistribution, and tumorigenicity studies, we concluded that IFN-γ-primed MSCs at 5 × 106 cells/kg do not induce tumor formation and adverse changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Jin Park
- Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae Seong Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Division of Clinical Development, CELLnLIFE Research Center, CELLnLIFE Inc., Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Myeongjin Choi
- Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Kang-Hyun Han
- Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Seok Han
- Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Keon Hee Yoo
- Department of Pediatrics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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4
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Mizuno M, Endo K, Katano H, Amano N, Nomura M, Hasegawa Y, Ozeki N, Koga H, Takasu N, Ohara O, Morio T, Sekiya I. Transplantation of human autologous synovial mesenchymal stem cells with trisomy 7 into the knee joint and 5 years of follow-up. Stem Cells Transl Med 2021; 10:1530-1543. [PMID: 34342383 PMCID: PMC8550709 DOI: 10.1002/sctm.20-0491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) can show trisomy 7; however, the safety of these cells has not been fully investigated. The purposes of this study were to determine the ratio of patients whose synovial MSCs were transplanted clinically, to intensively investigate MSCs with trisomy 7 from a safety perspective, and to follow up the patients for 5 years after transplantation. Synovial MSCs at passage 0 were transplanted into a knee for degenerative meniscus tears in 10 patients, and the patients were checked at 5 years. The synovial MSCs were evaluated at passages 0 to 15 by G‐bands and digital karyotyping, and trisomy 7 was found in 3 of 10 patients. In those three patients, 5% to 10% of the synovial MSCs showed trisomy 7. The mRNA expressions of representative oncogenes and genes on chromosome 7 did not differ between MSCs with and without trisomy 7. Whole‐genome sequencing and DNA methylation analysis showed similar results for MSCs with and without trisomy 7. Transplantation of human synovial MSCs with trisomy 7 into eight mouse knees did not result in tumor formation under the skin or in the knees after 8 weeks in any mouse, whereas transplanted HT1080 cells formed tumors. In vitro chondrogenic potentials were similar between MSCs with and without trisomy 7. Five‐year follow‐ups revealed no serious adverse events in all 10 human patients, including 3 who had received MSCs with trisomy 7. Overall, our findings indicated that synovial MSCs with trisomy 7 were comparable with MSCs without trisomy 7 from a safety perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuru Mizuno
- Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative MedicineTokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU)TokyoJapan
| | - Kentaro Endo
- Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative MedicineTokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU)TokyoJapan
| | - Hisako Katano
- Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative MedicineTokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU)TokyoJapan
| | - Naoki Amano
- Department of Fundamental Cell TechnologyCenter for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto UniversityKyotoJapan
| | - Masaki Nomura
- Department of Fundamental Cell TechnologyCenter for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto UniversityKyotoJapan
| | | | - Nobutake Ozeki
- Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative MedicineTokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU)TokyoJapan
| | - Hideyuki Koga
- Department of Joint Surgery and Sports MedicineGraduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU)TokyoJapan
| | - Naoko Takasu
- Department of Fundamental Cell TechnologyCenter for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto UniversityKyotoJapan
| | - Osamu Ohara
- Department of Applied GenomicsKazusa DNA Research InstituteChibaJapan
| | - Tomohiro Morio
- Department of Pediatrics and Developmental BiologyGraduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU)TokyoJapan
| | - Ichiro Sekiya
- Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative MedicineTokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU)TokyoJapan
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5
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Chen CXQ, Abdian N, Maussion G, Thomas RA, Demirova I, Cai E, Tabatabaei M, Beitel LK, Karamchandani J, Fon EA, Durcan TM. A Multistep Workflow to Evaluate Newly Generated iPSCs and Their Ability to Generate Different Cell Types. Methods Protoc 2021; 4:mps4030050. [PMID: 34287353 PMCID: PMC8293472 DOI: 10.3390/mps4030050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2021] [Revised: 07/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) derived from human somatic cells have created new opportunities to generate disease-relevant cells. Thus, as the use of patient-derived stem cells has become more widespread, having a workflow to monitor each line is critical. This ensures iPSCs pass a suite of quality-control measures, promoting reproducibility across experiments and between labs. With this in mind, we established a multistep workflow to assess our newly generated iPSCs. Our workflow tests four benchmarks: cell growth, genomic stability, pluripotency, and the ability to form the three germline layers. We also outline a simple test for assessing cell growth and highlight the need to compare different growth media. Genomic integrity in the human iPSCs is analyzed by G-band karyotyping and a qPCR-based test for the detection of common karyotypic abnormalities. Finally, we confirm that the iPSC lines can differentiate into a given cell type, using a trilineage assay, and later confirm that each iPSC can be differentiated into one cell type of interest, with a focus on the generation of cortical neurons. Taken together, we present a multistep quality-control workflow to evaluate newly generated iPSCs and detail the findings on these lines as they are tested within the workflow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol X.-Q. Chen
- The Neuro’s Early Drug Discovery Unit (EDDU), McGill University, 3801 University Street, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada; (C.X.-Q.C.); (N.A.); (G.M.); (R.A.T.); (I.D.); (E.C.); (L.K.B.); (E.A.F.)
| | - Narges Abdian
- The Neuro’s Early Drug Discovery Unit (EDDU), McGill University, 3801 University Street, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada; (C.X.-Q.C.); (N.A.); (G.M.); (R.A.T.); (I.D.); (E.C.); (L.K.B.); (E.A.F.)
| | - Gilles Maussion
- The Neuro’s Early Drug Discovery Unit (EDDU), McGill University, 3801 University Street, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada; (C.X.-Q.C.); (N.A.); (G.M.); (R.A.T.); (I.D.); (E.C.); (L.K.B.); (E.A.F.)
| | - Rhalena A. Thomas
- The Neuro’s Early Drug Discovery Unit (EDDU), McGill University, 3801 University Street, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada; (C.X.-Q.C.); (N.A.); (G.M.); (R.A.T.); (I.D.); (E.C.); (L.K.B.); (E.A.F.)
| | - Iveta Demirova
- The Neuro’s Early Drug Discovery Unit (EDDU), McGill University, 3801 University Street, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada; (C.X.-Q.C.); (N.A.); (G.M.); (R.A.T.); (I.D.); (E.C.); (L.K.B.); (E.A.F.)
| | - Eddie Cai
- The Neuro’s Early Drug Discovery Unit (EDDU), McGill University, 3801 University Street, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada; (C.X.-Q.C.); (N.A.); (G.M.); (R.A.T.); (I.D.); (E.C.); (L.K.B.); (E.A.F.)
| | - Mahdieh Tabatabaei
- The Neuro’s Clinical Biological Imaging and Genetic Repository (C-BIG), McGill University, 3801 University Street, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada; (M.T.); (J.K.)
| | - Lenore K. Beitel
- The Neuro’s Early Drug Discovery Unit (EDDU), McGill University, 3801 University Street, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada; (C.X.-Q.C.); (N.A.); (G.M.); (R.A.T.); (I.D.); (E.C.); (L.K.B.); (E.A.F.)
| | - Jason Karamchandani
- The Neuro’s Clinical Biological Imaging and Genetic Repository (C-BIG), McGill University, 3801 University Street, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada; (M.T.); (J.K.)
| | - Edward A. Fon
- The Neuro’s Early Drug Discovery Unit (EDDU), McGill University, 3801 University Street, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada; (C.X.-Q.C.); (N.A.); (G.M.); (R.A.T.); (I.D.); (E.C.); (L.K.B.); (E.A.F.)
| | - Thomas M. Durcan
- The Neuro’s Early Drug Discovery Unit (EDDU), McGill University, 3801 University Street, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada; (C.X.-Q.C.); (N.A.); (G.M.); (R.A.T.); (I.D.); (E.C.); (L.K.B.); (E.A.F.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-514-398-6933
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6
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Liang R, Wang Z, Kong X, Xiao X, Chen T, Yang H, Li Y, Zhao X. Differentiation of Human Parthenogenetic Embryonic Stem Cells into Functional Hepatocyte-like Cells. Organogenesis 2020; 16:137-148. [PMID: 33236954 DOI: 10.1080/15476278.2020.1848237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Stem cell and tissue engineering-based therapies for acute liver failure (ALF) have been limited by the lack of an optimal cell source. We aimed to determine the suitability of human parthenogenetic embryonic stem cells (hPESCs) for the development of strategies to treat ALF. We studied the ability of human parthenogenetic embryonic stem cells (hPESCs) with high whole-genome SNP homozygosity, which were obtained by natural activation during in vitro fertilization (IVF), to differentiate into functional hepatocyte-like cells in vitro by monolayer plane orientation. hPESCs were induced on a single-layer flat plate for 21 d in complete medium with the inducers activin A, FGF-4, BMP-2, HGF, OSM, DEX, and B27. Polygonal cell morphology and binuclear cells were observed after 21 d of induction by using an inverted microscope. RT-qPCR results showed that the levels of hepatocyte-specific genes such as AFP, ALB, HNF4a, CYP3A4, SLCO1B3, and ABCC2 significantly increased after induction. Immunocytochemical assay showed CK18 and Hepa expression in the induced cells. Indocyanine green (ICG) staining showed that the cells had the ability to absorb and metabolize dyes. Detection of marker proteins and urea in cell culture supernatants showed that the cells obtained after 21 d of induction had synthetic and secretory functions. The typical ultrastructure of liver cells was observed using TEM after 21 d of induction. The results indicate that naturally activated hPESCs can be induced to differentiate into hepatocellular cells by monolayer planar induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Liang
- Department of Pathology, The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University , Tianjin, China
| | - Zhiqiang Wang
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University , Tianjin, China
| | - Xiangyang Kong
- School of Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology , Kunming, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Xiao
- Faculty of Chinese medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology , Macao, China
| | - Tianxing Chen
- Department of Pathology, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province , Kunming, China
| | - Hui Yang
- Department of Pathology, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province , Kunming, China
| | - Ying Li
- Department of Pathology, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province , Kunming, China
| | - Xingqi Zhao
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University , Nanjing, China
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7
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Mehrjardi NZ, Molcanyi M, Hatay FF, Timmer M, Shahbazi E, Ackermann JP, Herms S, Heilmann-Heimbach S, Wunderlich TF, Prochnow N, Haghikia A, Lampert A, Hescheler J, Neugebauer EAM, Baharvand H, Šarić T. Acquisition of chromosome 1q duplication in parental and genome-edited human-induced pluripotent stem cell-derived neural stem cells results in their higher proliferation rate in vitro and in vivo. Cell Prolif 2020; 53:e12892. [PMID: 32918782 PMCID: PMC7574866 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.12892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives Genetic engineering of human‐induced pluripotent stem cell‐derived neural stem cells (hiPSC‐NSC) may increase the risk of genomic aberrations. Therefore, we asked whether genetic modification of hiPSC‐NSCs exacerbates chromosomal abnormalities that may occur during passaging and whether they may cause any functional perturbations in NSCs in vitro and in vivo. Materials and Methods The transgenic cassette was inserted into the AAVS1 locus, and the genetic integrity of zinc‐finger nuclease (ZFN)‐modified hiPSC‐NSCs was assessed by the SNP‐based karyotyping. The hiPSC‐NSC proliferation was assessed in vitro by the EdU incorporation assay and in vivo by staining of brain slices with Ki‐67 antibody at 2 and 8 weeks after transplantation of ZFN‐NSCs with and without chromosomal aberration into the striatum of immunodeficient rats. Results During early passages, no chromosomal abnormalities were detected in unmodified or ZFN‐modified hiPSC‐NSCs. However, at higher passages both cell populations acquired duplication of the entire long arm of chromosome 1, dup(1)q. ZNF‐NSCs carrying dup(1)q exhibited higher proliferation rate than karyotypically intact cells, which was partly mediated by increased expression of AKT3 located on Chr1q. Compared to karyotypically normal ZNF‐NSCs, cells with dup(1)q also exhibited increased proliferation in vivo 2 weeks, but not 2 months, after transplantation. Conclusions These results demonstrate that, independently of ZFN‐editing, hiPSC‐NSCs have a propensity for acquiring dup(1)q and this aberration results in increased proliferation which might compromise downstream hiPSC‐NSC applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narges Zare Mehrjardi
- Center for Physiology and Pathophysiology, Institute for Neurophysiology, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Marek Molcanyi
- Center for Physiology and Pathophysiology, Institute for Neurophysiology, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Firuze Fulya Hatay
- Center for Physiology and Pathophysiology, Institute for Neurophysiology, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Marco Timmer
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Ebrahim Shahbazi
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Justus P Ackermann
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Stefan Herms
- Department of Genomics, Life & Brain Center, Institute for Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,Department of Biomedicine, Medical Genetics, Research Group Genomics, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Stefanie Heilmann-Heimbach
- Department of Genomics, Life & Brain Center, Institute for Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Thomas F Wunderlich
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Max Planck Institute for Metabolism Research and Institute for Genetics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Cologne Cluster of Excellence in Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), Cologne, Germany
| | - Nora Prochnow
- Clinic for Neurology, St. Josef-Hospital, Clinic of the Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Aiden Haghikia
- Clinic for Neurology, St. Josef-Hospital, Clinic of the Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Angelika Lampert
- Institute of Physiology, Uniklinik, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Jürgen Hescheler
- Center for Physiology and Pathophysiology, Institute for Neurophysiology, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Edmund A M Neugebauer
- Medizinische Hochschule Brandenburg Theodor Fontane, Campus Neuruppin, Neuruppin, Germany
| | - Hossein Baharvand
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Developmental Biology, University of Science and Culture, Tehran, Iran
| | - Tomo Šarić
- Center for Physiology and Pathophysiology, Institute for Neurophysiology, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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8
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Sezer A, Kayhan G, Zenker M, Percin EF. Hypopigmented patches in Roberts/SC phocomelia syndrome occur via aneuploidy susceptibility. Eur J Med Genet 2019; 62:103608. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2018.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Revised: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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9
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Abstract
Aneuploidy (i.e., abnormal chromosome number) is the leading cause of miscarriage and congenital defects in humans. Moreover, aneuploidy is ubiquitous in cancer. The deleterious phenotypes associated with aneuploidy are likely a result of the imbalance in the levels of gene products derived from the additional chromosome(s). Here, we summarize the current knowledge on how the presence of extra chromosomes impacts gene expression. We describe studies that have found a strict correlation between gene dosage and transcript levels as wells as studies that have found a less stringent correlation, hinting at the possible existence of dosage compensation mechanisms. We conclude by peering into the epigenetic changes found in aneuploid cells and outlining current knowledge gaps and potential areas of future investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shihoko Kojima
- Department of Biological Sciences & Fralin Life Sciences Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Daniela Cimini
- Department of Biological Sciences & Fralin Life Sciences Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
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10
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Rohani L, Johnson AA, Naghsh P, Rancourt DE, Ulrich H, Holland H. Concise Review: Molecular Cytogenetics and Quality Control: Clinical Guardians for Pluripotent Stem Cells. Stem Cells Transl Med 2018; 7:867-875. [PMID: 30218497 PMCID: PMC6265634 DOI: 10.1002/sctm.18-0087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2018] [Accepted: 07/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Now that induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)‐based transplants have been performed in humans and organizations have begun producing clinical‐grade iPSCs, it is imperative that strict quality control standards are agreed upon. This is essential as both ESCs and iPSCs have been shown to accumulate genomic aberrations during long‐term culturing. These aberrations can include copy number variations, trisomy, amplifications of chromosomal regions, deletions of chromosomal regions, loss of heterozygosity, and epigenetic abnormalities. Moreover, although the differences between iPSCs and ESCs appear largely negligible when a high enough n number is used for comparison, the reprogramming process can generate further aberrations in iPSCs, including copy number variations and deletions in tumor‐suppressor genes. If mutations or epigenetic signatures are present in parental cells, these can also be carried over into iPSCs. To maximize patient safety, we recommend a set of standards to be utilized when preparing iPSCs for clinical use. Reprogramming methods that do not involve genomic integration should be used. Cultured cells should be grown using feeder‐free and serum‐free systems to avoid animal contamination. Karyotyping, whole‐genome sequencing, gene expression analyses, and standard sterility tests should all become routine quality control tests. Analysis of mitochondrial DNA integrity, whole‐epigenome analyses, as well as single‐cell genome sequencing of large cell populations may also prove beneficial. Furthermore, clinical‐grade stem cells need to be produced under accepted regulatory good manufacturing process standards. The creation of haplobanks that provide major histocompatibility complex matching is also recommended to improve allogeneic stem cell engraftment. Stem Cells Translational Medicine2018;7:867–875
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Affiliation(s)
- Leili Rohani
- Saxonian Incubator for Clinical Translation (SIKT), University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Adiv A Johnson
- Department of Ophthalmology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Pooyan Naghsh
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Derrick E Rancourt
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Henning Ulrich
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Heidrun Holland
- Saxonian Incubator for Clinical Translation (SIKT), University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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11
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Koltsova AM, Krylova TA, Musorina AS, Zenin VV, Turilova VI, Yakovleva TK, Poljanskaya GG. The Dynamics of Cell Properties during Long-Term Cultivation of Two Lines of Mesenchymal Stem Cells Derived from Wharton’s Jelly of Human Umbilical Cord. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1134/s1990519x1801011x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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12
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McGrath EL, Rossi SL, Gao J, Widen SG, Grant AC, Dunn TJ, Azar SR, Roundy CM, Xiong Y, Prusak DJ, Loucas BD, Wood TG, Yu Y, Fernández-Salas I, Weaver SC, Vasilakis N, Wu P. Differential Responses of Human Fetal Brain Neural Stem Cells to Zika Virus Infection. Stem Cell Reports 2017; 8:715-727. [PMID: 28216147 PMCID: PMC5355569 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2017.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Revised: 01/12/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) infection causes microcephaly in a subset of infants born to infected pregnant mothers. It is unknown whether human individual differences contribute to differential susceptibility of ZIKV-related neuropathology. Here, we use an Asian-lineage ZIKV strain, isolated from the 2015 Mexican outbreak (Mex1-7), to infect primary human neural stem cells (hNSCs) originally derived from three individual fetal brains. All three strains of hNSCs exhibited similar rates of Mex1-7 infection and reduced proliferation. However, Mex1-7 decreased neuronal differentiation in only two of the three stem cell strains. Correspondingly, ZIKA-mediated transcriptome alterations were similar in these two strains but significantly different from that of the third strain with no ZIKV-induced neuronal reduction. This study thus confirms that an Asian-lineage ZIKV strain infects primary hNSCs and demonstrates a cell-strain-dependent response of hNSCs to ZIKV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica L McGrath
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Shannan L Rossi
- Department of Pathology, Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Junling Gao
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Steven G Widen
- Sealy Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Auston C Grant
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Tiffany J Dunn
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Sasha R Azar
- Department of Pathology, Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Christopher M Roundy
- Department of Pathology, Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Ying Xiong
- Department of Radiology and Oncology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Deborah J Prusak
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Bradford D Loucas
- Department of Radiology and Oncology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Thomas G Wood
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Yongjia Yu
- Department of Radiology and Oncology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Ildefonso Fernández-Salas
- Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Centro Regional de Salud Pública, Tapachula, Chiapas 30700, Mexico
| | - Scott C Weaver
- Department of Pathology, Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Nikos Vasilakis
- Department of Pathology, Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.
| | - Ping Wu
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China.
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13
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Moon J, Schwarz SC, Lee H, Kang JM, Lee Y, Kim B, Sung M, Höglinger G, Wegner F, Kim JS, Chung H, Chang SW, Cha KY, Kim K, Schwarz J. Preclinical Analysis of Fetal Human Mesencephalic Neural Progenitor Cell Lines: Characterization and Safety In Vitro and In Vivo. Stem Cells Transl Med 2016; 6:576-588. [PMID: 28191758 PMCID: PMC5442800 DOI: 10.5966/sctm.2015-0228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 05/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We have developed a good manufacturing practice for long‐term cultivation of fetal human midbrain‐derived neural progenitor cells. The generation of human dopaminergic neurons may serve as a tool of either restorative cell therapies or cellular models, particularly as a reference for phenotyping region‐specific human neural stem cell lines such as human embryonic stem cells and human inducible pluripotent stem cells. We cultivated 3 different midbrain neural progenitor lines at 10, 12, and 14 weeks of gestation for more than a year and characterized them in great detail, as well as in comparison with Lund mesencephalic cells. The whole cultivation process of tissue preparation, cultivation, and cryopreservation was developed using strict serum‐free conditions and standardized operating protocols under clean‐room conditions. Long‐term‐cultivated midbrain‐derived neural progenitor cells retained stemness, midbrain fate specificity, and floorplate markers. The potential to differentiate into authentic A9‐specific dopaminergic neurons was markedly elevated after prolonged expansion, resulting in large quantities of functional dopaminergic neurons without genetic modification. In restorative cell therapeutic approaches, midbrain‐derived neural progenitor cells reversed impaired motor function in rodents, survived well, and did not exhibit tumor formation in immunodeficient nude mice in the short or long term (8 and 30 weeks, respectively). We conclude that midbrain‐derived neural progenitor cells are a promising source for human dopaminergic neurons and suitable for long‐term expansion under good manufacturing practice, thus opening the avenue for restorative clinical applications or robust cellular models such as high‐content or high‐throughput screening. Stem Cells Translational Medicine2017;6:576–588
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Affiliation(s)
- Jisook Moon
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science, CHA University, Seongnam‐si, Gyeonggi‐do, Korea
- General Research Division, Korea Research‐Driven Hospital, Bundang CHA Medical Center, CHA University, Seongnam‐si, Gyeonggi‐do, Korea
| | - Sigrid C. Schwarz
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Hyun‐Seob Lee
- General Research Division, Korea Research‐Driven Hospital, Bundang CHA Medical Center, CHA University, Seongnam‐si, Gyeonggi‐do, Korea
| | - Jun Mo Kang
- General Research Division, Korea Research‐Driven Hospital, Bundang CHA Medical Center, CHA University, Seongnam‐si, Gyeonggi‐do, Korea
| | - Young‐Eun Lee
- General Research Division, Korea Research‐Driven Hospital, Bundang CHA Medical Center, CHA University, Seongnam‐si, Gyeonggi‐do, Korea
| | - Bona Kim
- Development Division, CHA Biotech, Seongnam‐si, Gyeonggi‐do, Korea
| | - Mi‐Young Sung
- Development Division, CHA Biotech, Seongnam‐si, Gyeonggi‐do, Korea
| | - Günter Höglinger
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Florian Wegner
- Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Jin Su Kim
- Molecular Imaging Research Center, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyung‐Min Chung
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Konkuk University, Gwangjin‐gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sung Woon Chang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University, Seongnam‐si, Gyeonggi‐do, Korea
| | - Kwang Yul Cha
- General Research Division, Korea Research‐Driven Hospital, Bundang CHA Medical Center, CHA University, Seongnam‐si, Gyeonggi‐do, Korea
| | - Kwang‐Soo Kim
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, Program in Neuroscience and Harvard Stem Cell Institute, McLean Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Belmont, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Johannes Schwarz
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
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14
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Cho SJ, Koo J, Chun KH, Cha HJ. Control of stress signaling in stem cells: crossroads of stem cells and cancer. Tumour Biol 2016; 37:12983-12990. [PMID: 27460084 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-016-5249-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2016] [Accepted: 07/15/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumorigenesis is a relatively rare event in the human body considering the enormous number of cells composing our body and the frequent occurrence of genetic mutations in each cell. Nevertheless, the cells that happen to meet the minimum requirements can be transformed when stressed by a variety of oncogenic stimulations, then progress to form tumors. The vigorous competition between oncogenic signaling and tumor-suppressor defense is a critical determinant of cellular fate, which can be either tumorigenic transformation or cellular senescence/apoptosis depending on "who wins the battle." Recently, a number of cancers have been reported to originate from stem cells, whose self-renewing properties are normally reduced by innate tumor suppressors. Therefore, exploring the innate mechanism by which stem cells modulate tumor suppressors to maintain their "stemness" may provide valuable clues to characterize the distinctive oncogenic susceptibility of stem cells. This review is focused on the recent advances in the field of tumorigenesis of stem cells and on the associated molecular mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Ju Cho
- Department of Life Sciences, Sogang University, Seoul, 04107, South Korea
| | - JaeHyung Koo
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, DGIST, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Kwang-Hoon Chun
- Gachon Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, Incheon, 21936, South Korea
| | - Hyuk-Jin Cha
- Department of Life Sciences, Sogang University, Seoul, 04107, South Korea.
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15
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Das MM, Avalos P, Suezaki P, Godoy M, Garcia L, Chang CD, Vit JP, Shelley B, Gowing G, Svendsen CN. Human neural progenitors differentiate into astrocytes and protect motor neurons in aging rats. Exp Neurol 2016; 280:41-9. [PMID: 27032721 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2016.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2016] [Revised: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 03/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Age-associated health decline presents a significant challenge to healthcare, although there are few animal models that can be used to test potential treatments. Here, we show that there is a significant reduction in both spinal cord motor neurons and motor function over time in the aging rat. One explanation for this motor neuron loss could be reduced support from surrounding aging astrocytes. Indeed, we have previously shown using in vitro models that aging rat astrocytes are less supportive to rat motor neuron function and survival over time. Here, we test whether rejuvenating the astrocyte niche can improve the survival of motor neurons in an aging spinal cord. We transplanted fetal-derived human neural progenitor cells (hNPCs) into the aging rat spinal cord and found that the cells survive and differentiate into astrocytes with a much higher efficiency than when transplanted into younger animals, suggesting that the aging environment stimulates astrocyte maturation. Importantly, the engrafted astrocytes were able to protect against motor neuron loss associated with aging, although this did not result in an increase in motor function based on behavioral assays. We also transplanted hNPCs genetically modified to secrete glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) into the aging rat spinal cord, as this combination of cell and protein delivery can protect motor neurons in animal models of ALS. During aging, GDNF-expressing hNPCs protected motor neurons, though to the same extent as hNPCs alone, and again had no effect on motor function. We conclude that hNPCs can survive well in the aging spinal cord, protect motor neurons and mature faster into astrocytes when compared to transplantation into the young spinal cord. While there was no functional improvement, there were no functional deficits either, further supporting a good safety profile of hNPC transplantation even into the older patient population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie M Das
- The Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Pablo Avalos
- The Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Patrick Suezaki
- The Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Marlesa Godoy
- The Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Leslie Garcia
- The Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Christine D Chang
- The Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Jean-Philippe Vit
- Biobehavioral Research Core, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Brandon Shelley
- The Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Genevieve Gowing
- The Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Clive N Svendsen
- The Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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16
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Rutledge SD, Cimini D. Consequences of aneuploidy in sickness and in health. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2016; 40:41-46. [PMID: 26919076 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2016.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2015] [Revised: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 02/03/2016] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
A link between aneuploidy and miscarriage or cancer in humans has been known for a long time. However, only in recent years the development of experimental models of whole-chromosome aneuploidy has allowed investigators to take a closer look at how aneuploidy affects individual cells. Collectively, recent studies using these models have shown that aneuploidy induces transcriptomic and proteomic changes, chromosomal instability, and adaptation. In this article, we discuss the findings from these recent studies and present current and emerging models on how aneuploidy may be deleterious in certain contexts, but beneficial in others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel D Rutledge
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biocomplexity Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Daniela Cimini
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biocomplexity Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA.
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17
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Abud EM, Blurton-Jones M. Could Stem Cells Be Used to Treat or Model Alzheimer’s Disease? Transl Neurosci 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4899-7654-3_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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18
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Rebuzzini P, Zuccotti M, Redi CA, Garagna S. Chromosomal Abnormalities in Embryonic and Somatic Stem Cells. Cytogenet Genome Res 2015; 147:1-9. [PMID: 26583376 DOI: 10.1159/000441645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The potential use of stem cells (SCs) for tissue engineering, regenerative medicine, disease modeling, toxicological studies, drug delivery, and as in vitro model for the study of basic developmental processes implies large-scale in vitro culture. Here, after a brief description of the main techniques used for karyotype analysis, we will give a detailed overview of the chromosome abnormalities described in pluripotent (embryonic and induced pluripotent SCs) and somatic SCs, and the possible causes of their origin during culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Rebuzzini
- Laboratorio di Biologia dello Sviluppo, Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie, Universitx00E0; degli Studi di Pavia, Pavia, Italy
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19
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Virtual karyotyping reveals greater chromosomal stability in neural cells derived by transdifferentiation than those from stem cells. Cell Stem Cell 2015; 15:687-91. [PMID: 25479746 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2014.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Neural cells can be derived either from pluripotent or adult stem cells via differentiation or by transdifferentiation from other cell types with the aid of tissue regulators. We compared the chromosomal stability of over 500 neural cell samples from human and mouse with virtual karyotyping (e-karyotyping). We detected notable genomic instability in cells derived from pluripotent or adult stem cells, but surprisingly, transdifferentiated cells seemed more chromosomally stable, except if they were reprogrammed using pluripotency factors.
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20
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Chen G, Mulla WA, Kucharavy A, Tsai HJ, Rubinstein B, Conkright J, McCroskey S, Bradford WD, Weems L, Haug JS, Seidel CW, Berman J, Li R. Targeting the adaptability of heterogeneous aneuploids. Cell 2015; 160:771-784. [PMID: 25679766 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2015.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Revised: 11/17/2014] [Accepted: 12/31/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Aneuploid genomes, characterized by unbalanced chromosome stoichiometry (karyotype), are associated with cancer malignancy and drug resistance of pathogenic fungi. The phenotypic diversity resulting from karyotypic diversity endows the cell population with superior adaptability. We show here, using a combination of experimental data and a general stochastic model, that the degree of phenotypic variation, thus evolvability, escalates with the degree of overall growth suppression. Such scaling likely explains the challenge of treating aneuploidy diseases with a single stress-inducing agent. Instead, we propose the design of an "evolutionary trap" (ET) targeting both karyotypic diversity and fitness. This strategy entails a selective condition "channeling" a karyotypically divergent population into one with a predominant and predictably drugable karyotypic feature. We provide a proof-of-principle case in budding yeast and demonstrate the potential efficacy of this strategy toward aneuploidy-based azole resistance in Candida albicans. By analyzing existing pharmacogenomics data, we propose the potential design of an ET against glioblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangbo Chen
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, 1000 East 50(th) Street, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA; Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Boulevard, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Wahid A Mulla
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, 1000 East 50(th) Street, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA; Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Boulevard, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Andrei Kucharavy
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, 1000 East 50(th) Street, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA; Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR 7238, Biologie Computationnelle et Quantitative, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Hung-Ji Tsai
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, 1000 East 50(th) Street, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA
| | - Boris Rubinstein
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, 1000 East 50(th) Street, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA
| | - Juliana Conkright
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, 1000 East 50(th) Street, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA
| | - Scott McCroskey
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, 1000 East 50(th) Street, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA
| | - William D Bradford
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, 1000 East 50(th) Street, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA
| | - Lauren Weems
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, 1000 East 50(th) Street, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA
| | - Jeff S Haug
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, 1000 East 50(th) Street, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA
| | - Chris W Seidel
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, 1000 East 50(th) Street, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA
| | - Judith Berman
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, George Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Rong Li
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, 1000 East 50(th) Street, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA; Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Boulevard, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA.
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21
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Topol A, Tran NN, Brennand KJ. A guide to generating and using hiPSC derived NPCs for the study of neurological diseases. J Vis Exp 2015:e52495. [PMID: 25742222 DOI: 10.3791/52495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Post-mortem studies of neurological diseases are not ideal for identifying the underlying causes of disease initiation, as many diseases include a long period of disease progression prior to the onset of symptoms. Because fibroblasts from patients and healthy controls can be efficiently reprogrammed into human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs), and subsequently differentiated into neural progenitor cells (NPCs) and neurons for the study of these diseases, it is now possible to recapitulate the developmental events that occurred prior to symptom onset in patients. We present a method by which to efficiently differentiate hiPSCs into NPCs, which in addition to being capable of further differentiation into functional neurons, can also be robustly passaged, freeze-thawed or transitioned to grow as neurospheres, enabling rapid genetic screening to identify the molecular factors that impact cellular phenotypes including replication, migration, oxidative stress and/or apoptosis. Patient derived hiPSC NPCs are a unique platform, ideally suited for the empirical testing of the cellular or molecular consequences of manipulating gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Topol
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai
| | - Ngoc N Tran
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai
| | - Kristen J Brennand
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai; Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai;
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22
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Abstract
Cancer cells differ from normal healthy cells in multiple aspects ranging from altered cellular signaling through metabolic changes to aberrant chromosome content, so called aneuploidy. The large-scale changes in copy numbers of chromosomes or large chromosomal regions due to aneuploidy alter significantly the gene expression, as several hundreds of genes are gained or lost. Comparison of quantitative genome, transcriptome and proteome data enables dissection of the molecular causes that underlie the gene expression changes observed in cancer cells and provides a new perspective on the molecular consequences of aneuploidy. Here, we will map to what degree aneuploidy affects the expression of genes located on the affected chromosomes. We will also address the effects of aneuploidy on global gene expression in cancer cells as well as whether and how it may contribute to the physiology of cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milena Dürrbaum
- Group Maintenance of Genome Stability, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Am Klopferspitz 18, 82152, Martinsried, Germany
- Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich, Ludwig-Maximilian-University Munich, 80336, Munich, Germany
| | - Zuzana Storchová
- Group Maintenance of Genome Stability, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Am Klopferspitz 18, 82152, Martinsried, Germany.
- Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich, Ludwig-Maximilian-University Munich, 80336, Munich, Germany.
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23
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Oliveira PH, da Silva CL, Cabral JM. Concise Review: Genomic Instability in Human Stem Cells: Current Status and Future Challenges. Stem Cells 2014; 32:2824-32. [DOI: 10.1002/stem.1796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2014] [Revised: 06/03/2014] [Accepted: 06/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pedro H. Oliveira
- Institut Pasteur; Microbial Evolutionary Genomics, Département Génomes et Génétique; Paris France
- CNRS; UMR3525 Paris France
| | - Cláudia Lobato da Silva
- Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Department of Bioengineering; Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa; Lisboa Portugal
| | - Joaquim M.S. Cabral
- Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Department of Bioengineering; Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa; Lisboa Portugal
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24
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Shelley BC, Gowing G, Svendsen CN. A cGMP-applicable expansion method for aggregates of human neural stem and progenitor cells derived from pluripotent stem cells or fetal brain tissue. J Vis Exp 2014. [PMID: 24962813 DOI: 10.3791/51219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A cell expansion technique to amass large numbers of cells from a single specimen for research experiments and clinical trials would greatly benefit the stem cell community. Many current expansion methods are laborious and costly, and those involving complete dissociation may cause several stem and progenitor cell types to undergo differentiation or early senescence. To overcome these problems, we have developed an automated mechanical passaging method referred to as "chopping" that is simple and inexpensive. This technique avoids chemical or enzymatic dissociation into single cells and instead allows for the large-scale expansion of suspended, spheroid cultures that maintain constant cell/cell contact. The chopping method has primarily been used for fetal brain-derived neural progenitor cells or neurospheres, and has recently been published for use with neural stem cells derived from embryonic and induced pluripotent stem cells. The procedure involves seeding neurospheres onto a tissue culture Petri dish and subsequently passing a sharp, sterile blade through the cells effectively automating the tedious process of manually mechanically dissociating each sphere. Suspending cells in culture provides a favorable surface area-to-volume ratio; as over 500,000 cells can be grown within a single neurosphere of less than 0.5 mm in diameter. In one T175 flask, over 50 million cells can grow in suspension cultures compared to only 15 million in adherent cultures. Importantly, the chopping procedure has been used under current good manufacturing practice (cGMP), permitting mass quantity production of clinical-grade cell products.
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25
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Nguyen HX, Nekanti U, Haus DL, Funes G, Moreno D, Kamei N, Cummings BJ, Anderson AJ. Induction of early neural precursors and derivation of tripotent neural stem cells from human pluripotent stem cells under xeno-free conditions. J Comp Neurol 2014; 522:2767-83. [DOI: 10.1002/cne.23604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2013] [Revised: 04/04/2014] [Accepted: 04/04/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hal X. Nguyen
- Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation; University of California; Irvine California
- Anatomy and Neurobiology; University of California; Irvine California
- Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center; University of California; Irvine California
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders; University of California; Irvine California
| | - Usha Nekanti
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders; University of California; Irvine California
| | - Daniel L. Haus
- Anatomy and Neurobiology; University of California; Irvine California
- Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center; University of California; Irvine California
| | - Gabrielle Funes
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders; University of California; Irvine California
| | - Denisse Moreno
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders; University of California; Irvine California
| | - Noriko Kamei
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders; University of California; Irvine California
| | - Brian J. Cummings
- Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation; University of California; Irvine California
- Anatomy and Neurobiology; University of California; Irvine California
- Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center; University of California; Irvine California
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders; University of California; Irvine California
| | - Aileen J. Anderson
- Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation; University of California; Irvine California
- Anatomy and Neurobiology; University of California; Irvine California
- Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center; University of California; Irvine California
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders; University of California; Irvine California
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26
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Sareen D, Gowing G, Sahabian A, Staggenborg K, Paradis R, Avalos P, Latter J, Ornelas L, Garcia L, Svendsen CN. Human induced pluripotent stem cells are a novel source of neural progenitor cells (iNPCs) that migrate and integrate in the rodent spinal cord. J Comp Neurol 2014; 522:2707-28. [PMID: 24610630 DOI: 10.1002/cne.23578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2013] [Revised: 02/10/2014] [Accepted: 02/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Transplantation of human neural progenitor cells (NPCs) into the brain or spinal cord to replace lost cells, modulate the injury environment, or create a permissive milieu to protect and regenerate host neurons is a promising therapeutic strategy for neurological diseases. Deriving NPCs from human fetal tissue is feasible, although problematic issues include limited sources and ethical concerns. Here we describe a new and abundant source of NPCs derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). A novel chopping technique was used to transform adherent iPSCs into free-floating spheres that were easy to maintain and were expandable (EZ spheres) (Ebert et al. [2013] Stem Cell Res 10:417-427). These EZ spheres could be differentiated towards NPC spheres with a spinal cord phenotype using a combination of all-trans retinoic acid (RA) and epidermal growth factor (EGF) and fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2) mitogens. Suspension cultures of NPCs derived from human iPSCs or fetal tissue have similar characteristics, although they were not similar when grown as adherent cells. In addition, iPSC-derived NPCs (iNPCs) survived grafting into the spinal cord of athymic nude rats with no signs of overgrowth and with a very similar profile to human fetal-derived NPCs (fNPCs). These results suggest that human iNPCs behave like fNPCs and could thus be a valuable alternative for cellular regenerative therapies of neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhruv Sareen
- Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, 90048; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, 90048
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27
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Rajamani K, Li YS, Hsieh DK, Lin SZ, Harn HJ, Chiou TW. Genetic and epigenetic instability of stem cells. Cell Transplant 2014; 23:417-33. [PMID: 24622296 DOI: 10.3727/096368914x678472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, research on stem cells has been receiving an increasing amount of attention, both for its advantages and disadvantages. Genetic and epigenetic instabilities among stem cells have been a recurring obstacle to progress in regenerative medicine using stem cells. Various reports have stated that these instabilities can transform stem cells when transferred in vivo and thus have the potential to develop tumors. Previous research has shown that various extrinsic and intrinsic factors can contribute to the stability of stem cells. The extrinsic factors include growth supplements, growth factors, oxygen tension, passage technique, and cryopreservation. Controlling these factors based on previous reports may assist researchers in developing strategies for the production and clinical application of "safe" stem cells. On the other hand, the intrinsic factors can be unpredictable and uncontrollable; therefore, to ensure the successful use of stem cells in regenerative medicine, it is imperative to develop and implement appropriate strategies and technique for culturing stem cells and to confirm the genetic and epigenetic safety of these stem cells before employing them in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karthyayani Rajamani
- Department of Life Science and Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, National Dong Hwa University, Hualien, Taiwan
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28
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Cornélio DA, Tavares JCM, Pimentel TVCDA, Cavalcanti GB, Batistuzzo de Medeiros SR. Cytokinesis-block micronucleus assay adapted for analyzing genomic instability of human mesenchymal stem cells. Stem Cells Dev 2014; 23:823-38. [PMID: 24328548 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2013.0383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) are multipotent cells used in cell therapy research. One of the problems involving hMSCs is the possibility of genetic instability during in vitro expansion required to obtain a suitable number of cells for clinical applications. The cytokinesis-block micronucleus (CBMN) assay measures genetic instability by analyzing the presence of micronucleus (MN), nucleoplasmic bridges (NPBs), and nuclear buds (NBUDs) in binucleated cells. The present study describes modifications in the CBMN assay methodology to analyze genetic instability in hMSCs isolated from the umbilical vein and in vitro expanded. The best protocol to achieve binucleated hMSCs with preserved cytoplasm was as follows: cytochalasin B concentration (4.0 μg/mL), use of hypotonic treatment (3 min), and the fixative solution (9 methanol:1 acetic acid). These adaptations were reproduced in three hMSC primary cell cultures and also in XP4PA and A549 cell lines. The frequency of hMSCs treated with mitomycin-C presenting MN was lower than that with other nuclear alterations, indicating that the hMSCs contain mechanisms to avoid a high level of chromosomal breaks. However, a high frequency of cells with NPBs was detected and spontaneous anaphase bridges under normal hMSC in vitro culture were observed. Considering that anaphase bridges are characteristic alterations in tumor cells, the CBMN assay is indicated as an important tool associated with other genetic analyses in order to ensure the safe clinical use of hMSCs in cell therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Déborah Afonso Cornélio
- 1 Departamento de Biologia Celular e Genética, Centro de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte , Natal, Brazil
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29
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Effects of antioxidants on the quality and genomic stability of induced pluripotent stem cells. Sci Rep 2014; 4:3779. [PMID: 24445363 PMCID: PMC3896906 DOI: 10.1038/srep03779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2013] [Accepted: 12/27/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Effects of antioxidants on the quality and genomic stability of induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells were investigated with two human iPS cell lines (201B7 and 253G1). Cells used in this study were expanded from a single colony of each cell line with the addition of proprietary antioxidant supplement or homemade antioxidant cocktail in medium, and maintained in parallel for 2 months. The cells grew well in all culture conditions and kept “stemness”. Although antioxidants modestly decreased the levels of intracellular reactive oxygen species, there were no differences in the expression of 53BP1 and pATM, two critical molecules related with DNA damage and repair, under various culture conditions. CGH analysis showed that the events of genetic aberrations were decreased only in the 253G1 iPS cells with the addition of homemade antioxidant cocktail. Long-term culture will be necessary to confirm whether low dose antioxidants improve the quality and genomic stability of iPS cells.
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30
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Lee JY, Lee DH, Kim HA, Choi SA, Lee HJ, Park CK, Phi JH, Wang KC, Kim SU, Kim SK. Double suicide gene therapy using human neural stem cells against glioblastoma: double safety measures. J Neurooncol 2013; 116:49-57. [DOI: 10.1007/s11060-013-1264-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2012] [Accepted: 09/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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31
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Expansion of multipotent stem cells from the adult human brain. PLoS One 2013; 8:e71334. [PMID: 23967194 PMCID: PMC3743777 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0071334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2012] [Accepted: 06/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The discovery of stem cells in the adult human brain has revealed new possible scenarios for treatment of the sick or injured brain. Both clinical use of and preclinical research on human adult neural stem cells have, however, been seriously hampered by the fact that it has been impossible to passage these cells more than a very few times and with little expansion of cell numbers. Having explored a number of alternative culturing conditions we here present an efficient method for the establishment and propagation of human brain stem cells from whatever brain tissue samples we have tried. We describe virtually unlimited expansion of an authentic stem cell phenotype. Pluripotency proteins Sox2 and Oct4 are expressed without artificial induction. For the first time multipotency of adult human brain-derived stem cells is demonstrated beyond tissue boundaries. We characterize these cells in detail in vitro including microarray and proteomic approaches. Whilst clarification of these cells' behavior is ongoing, results so far portend well for the future repair of tissues by transplantation of an adult patient's own-derived stem cells.
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32
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Guo CW, Kawakatsu M, Idemitsu M, Urata Y, Goto S, Ono Y, Hamano K, Li TS. Culture under low physiological oxygen conditions improves the stemness and quality of induced pluripotent stem cells. J Cell Physiol 2013; 228:2159-66. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.24389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2013] [Accepted: 04/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chao-Wan Guo
- Department of Stem Cell Biology; Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences; Nagasaki Japan
| | - Miho Kawakatsu
- Department of Stem Cell Biology; Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences; Nagasaki Japan
| | - Marie Idemitsu
- Department of Stem Cell Biology; Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences; Nagasaki Japan
| | - Yoshishige Urata
- Department of Stem Cell Biology; Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences; Nagasaki Japan
| | - Shinji Goto
- Department of Stem Cell Biology; Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences; Nagasaki Japan
| | - Yusuke Ono
- Department of Stem Cell Biology; Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences; Nagasaki Japan
| | - Kimikazu Hamano
- Department of Surgery and Clinical Sciences; Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine; Ube, Yamaguchi Japan
| | - Tao-Sheng Li
- Department of Stem Cell Biology; Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences; Nagasaki Japan
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33
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Estrada JC, Torres Y, Benguría A, Dopazo A, Roche E, Carrera-Quintanar L, Pérez RA, Enríquez JA, Torres R, Ramírez JC, Samper E, Bernad A. Human mesenchymal stem cell-replicative senescence and oxidative stress are closely linked to aneuploidy. Cell Death Dis 2013; 4:e691. [PMID: 23807220 PMCID: PMC3702285 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2013.211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
In most clinical trials, human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) are expanded in vitro before implantation. The genetic stability of human stem cells is critical for their clinical use. However, the relationship between stem-cell expansion and genetic stability is poorly understood. Here, we demonstrate that within the normal expansion period, hMSC cultures show a high percentage of aneuploid cells that progressively increases until senescence. Despite this accumulation, we show that in a heterogeneous culture the senescence-prone hMSC subpopulation has a lower proliferation potential and a higher incidence of aneuploidy than the non-senescent subpopulation. We further show that senescence is linked to a novel transcriptional signature that includes a set of genes implicated in ploidy control. Overexpression of the telomerase catalytic subunit (human telomerase reverse transcriptase, hTERT) inhibited senescence, markedly reducing the levels of aneuploidy and preventing the dysregulation of ploidy-controlling genes. hMSC-replicative senescence was accompanied by an increase in oxygen consumption rate (OCR) and oxidative stress, but in long-term cultures that overexpress hTERT, these parameters were maintained at basal levels, comparable to unmodified hMSCs at initial passages. We therefore propose that hTERT contributes to genetic stability through its classical telomere maintenance function and also by reducing the levels of oxidative stress, possibly, by controlling mitochondrial physiology. Finally, we propose that aneuploidy is a relevant factor in the induction of senescence and should be assessed in hMSCs before their clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Estrada
- Department of Cardiovascular Development and Repair, Fundación Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Melchor Fernández Almagro 3, Madrid, Spain
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34
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Duijf PHG, Schultz N, Benezra R. Cancer cells preferentially lose small chromosomes. Int J Cancer 2012; 132:2316-26. [PMID: 23124507 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.27924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2012] [Accepted: 10/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Genetic and genomic aberrations are the primary cause of cancer. Chromosome missegregation leads to aneuploidy and provides cancer cells with a mechanism to lose tumor suppressor loci and gain extra copies of oncogenes. Using cytogenetic and array-based comparative genomic hybridization data, we analyzed numerical chromosome aneuploidy in 43,205 human tumors and found that 68% of solid tumors are aneuploid. In solid tumors, almost all chromosomes are more frequently lost than gained with chromosomes 7, 12 and 20 being the only exceptions with more frequent gains. Strikingly, small chromosomes are lost more readily than large ones, but no such inverse size correlation is observed with chromosome gains. Because of increasing levels of proteotoxic stress, chromosome gains have been shown to slow cell proliferation in a manner proportional to the number of extra gene copies gained. However, we find that the extra chromosome in trisomic tumors does not preferentially have a low gene copy number, suggesting that a proteotoxicity-mediated proliferation barrier is not sustained during tumor progression. Paradoxically, despite a bias toward chromosome loss, gains of chromosomes are a poor prognostic marker in ovarian adenocarcinomas. In addition, we find that solid and non-solid cancers have markedly distinct whole-chromosome aneuploidy signatures, which may underlie their fundamentally different etiologies. Finally, preferential chromosome loss is observed in both early and late stages of astrocytoma. Our results open up new avenues of enquiry into the role and nature of whole-chromosome aneuploidy in human tumors and will redirect modeling and genetic targeting efforts in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal H G Duijf
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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35
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Devalle S, Sartore RC, Paulsen BS, Borges HL, Martins RAP, Rehen SK. Implications of aneuploidy for stem cell biology and brain therapeutics. Front Cell Neurosci 2012; 6:36. [PMID: 22973193 PMCID: PMC3433681 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2012.00036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2012] [Accepted: 08/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the cellular basis of neurological disorders have advanced at a slow pace, especially due to the extreme invasiveness of brain biopsying and limitations of cell lines and animal models that have been used. Since the derivation of pluripotent stem cells (PSCs), a novel source of cells for regenerative medicine and disease modeling has become available, holding great potential for the neurology field. However, safety for therapy and accurateness for modeling have been a matter of intense debate, considering that genomic instability, including the gain and loss of chromosomes (aneuploidy), has been repeatedly observed in those cells. Despite the fact that recent reports have described some degree of aneuploidy as being normal during neuronal differentiation and present in healthy human brains, this phenomenon is particularly controversial since it has traditionally been associated with cancer and disabling syndromes. It is therefore necessary to appreciate, to which extent, aneuploid pluripotent stem cells are suitable for regenerative medicine and neurological modeling and also the limits that separate constitutive from disease-related aneuploidy. In this review, recent findings regarding chromosomal instability in PSCs and within the brain will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvie Devalle
- National Laboratory for Embryonic Stem Cells, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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36
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Ly P, Kim SB, Kaisani AA, Marian G, Wright WE, Shay JW. Aneuploid human colonic epithelial cells are sensitive to AICAR-induced growth inhibition through EGFR degradation. Oncogene 2012; 32:3139-46. [PMID: 22890317 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2012.339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Trisomy for chromosome 7 is frequently observed as an initiating event in sporadic colorectal cancer. Although unstable chromosome numbers and recurrent aneuploidies drive a large fraction of human cancers, targeted therapies selective to pre-neoplastic trisomic cells are non-existent. We have previously characterized a trisomy 7 cell line (1CT+7) spontaneously derived from normal diploid human colonic epithelial cells that aberrantly expresses the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR, chromosome 7p11). Recent studies identified AICAR (5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide-1-β-D-ribofuranoside) as a pharmacological inhibitor of aneuploid murine fibroblast proliferation. Here, we report that AICAR induces profound cytostatic and metabolic effects on 1CT+7 cells, but not on their isogenic diploid counterpart. Dose-response experiments indicate that 1CT+7 cells are fourfold preferentially sensitive to AICAR compared to diploid cells. Unexpectedly, treatment of 1CT+7 cells with AICAR led to a reversible 3.5-fold reduction (P=0.0025) in EGFR overexpression. AICAR-induced depletion of EGFR protein can be abrogated through inhibition of the proteasome with MG132. AICAR also heavily promoted EGFR ubiquitination in cell-based immunoprecipitation assays, suggesting enhanced degradation of EGFR protein mediated by the proteasome. Moreover, treatment with AICAR reduced EGFR protein levels in a panel of human colorectal cancer cells in vitro and in xenograft tumors in vivo. Our data collectively support the pharmacological compound AICAR as a novel inhibitor of EGFR protein abundance and as a potential anticancer agent for aneuploidy-driven colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Ly
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
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37
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Cha HJ, Hwang ES. Current status of biology, bioengineering, and therapeutic potential of stem cells. Arch Pharm Res 2012; 35:193-6. [PMID: 22370773 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-012-0200-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hyuk-Jin Cha
- College of Natural Sciences, Department of Life Science, Sogang University, Seoul 121-742, Korea
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38
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Large-scale analysis reveals acquisition of lineage-specific chromosomal aberrations in human adult stem cells. Cell Stem Cell 2012; 9:97-102. [PMID: 21816361 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2011.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2011] [Revised: 06/07/2011] [Accepted: 06/27/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we assessed the genetic integrity of over 400 samples of human multipotent stem cells using gene expression data sets. Our analysis reveals that neural and mesenchymal stem cells acquire characteristic large chromosomal aberrations at a similar, or somewhat lower, frequency to that seen in pluripotent stem cells, sometimes within a few passages in culture. Some of the identified chromosomal abnormalities can also be detected in human tumors of the respective tissues.
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39
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Goldring CEP, Duffy PA, Benvenisty N, Andrews PW, Ben-David U, Eakins R, French N, Hanley NA, Kelly L, Kitteringham NR, Kurth J, Ladenheim D, Laverty H, McBlane J, Narayanan G, Patel S, Reinhardt J, Rossi A, Sharpe M, Park BK. Assessing the safety of stem cell therapeutics. Cell Stem Cell 2012; 8:618-28. [PMID: 21624806 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2011.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Unprecedented developments in stem cell research herald a new era of hope and expectation for novel therapies. However, they also present a major challenge for regulators since safety assessment criteria, designed for conventional agents, are largely inappropriate for cell-based therapies. This article aims to set out the safety issues pertaining to novel stem cell-derived treatments, to identify knowledge gaps that require further research, and to suggest a roadmap for developing safety assessment criteria. It is essential that regulators, pharmaceutical providers, and safety scientists work together to frame new safety guidelines, based on "acceptable risk," so that patients are adequately protected but the safety "bar" is not set so high that exciting new treatments are lost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris E P Goldring
- MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Division of Molecular & Clinical Pharmacology, The Institute of Translational Medicine, The University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GE, UK.
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40
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Varela C, Denis JA, Polentes J, Feyeux M, Aubert S, Champon B, Piétu G, Peschanski M, Lefort N. Recurrent genomic instability of chromosome 1q in neural derivatives of human embryonic stem cells. J Clin Invest 2012; 122:569-74. [PMID: 22269325 DOI: 10.1172/jci46268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2010] [Accepted: 11/30/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Human pluripotent stem cells offer a limitless source of cells for regenerative medicine. Neural derivatives of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) are currently being used for cell therapy in 3 clinical trials. However, hESCs are prone to genomic instability, which could limit their clinical utility. Here, we report that neural differentiation of hESCs systematically produced a neural stem cell population that could be propagated for more than 50 passages without entering senescence; this was true for all 6 hESC lines tested. The apparent spontaneous loss of evolution toward normal senescence of somatic cells was associated with a jumping translocation of chromosome 1q. This chromosomal defect has previously been associated with hematologic malignancies and pediatric brain tumors with poor clinical outcome. Neural stem cells carrying the 1q defect implanted into the brains of rats failed to integrate and expand, whereas normal cells engrafted. Our results call for additional quality controls to be implemented to ensure genomic integrity not only of undifferentiated pluripotent stem cells, but also of hESC derivatives that form cell therapy end products, particularly neural lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Varela
- CECS, AFM, Centre d’Etude des Cellules Souches, Evry cedex, France
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41
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Harrison NJ. Genetic instability in neural stem cells: an inconvenient truth? J Clin Invest 2012; 122:484-6. [PMID: 22269327 DOI: 10.1172/jci62002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The evolutionary struggles from which mutants arise have been documented in almost every living system. In this issue of the JCI, Varela and colleagues extend this list of systems to include neural derivatives of human embryonic stem cells, which they show exhibit a repeated gain of material from chromosome 1q. Although this raises safety issues for therapeutic use of such cells, the frequent observation of a particular change may direct screening strategies for detection and removal of these unwanted cellular variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil J Harrison
- Centre for Stem Cell Biology and Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom.
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42
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Nicoleau C, Viegas P, Peschanski M, Perrier AL. Human pluripotent stem cell therapy for Huntington's disease: technical, immunological, and safety challenges human pluripotent stem cell therapy for Huntington's disease: technical, immunological, and safety challenges. Neurotherapeutics 2011; 8:562-76. [PMID: 21976138 PMCID: PMC3250302 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-011-0079-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Intra-striatal transplantation of homotypic fetal tissue at the time of peak striatal neurogenesis can provide some functional benefit to patients suffering from Huntington's disease. Currently, the only approach shown to slow down the course of this condition is replacement of the neurons primarily targeted in this disorder, although it has been transient and has only worked with a limited number of patients. Otherwise, this dominantly inherited neurodegenerative disease inevitably results in the progressive decline of motricity, cognition, and behavior, and leads to death within 15 to 20 years of onset. However, fetal neural cell therapy of Huntington's disease, as with a similar approach in Parkinson's disease, is marred with both technical and biological hurdles related to the source of grafting material. This heavily restricts the number of patients who can be treated. A substitute cell source is therefore needed, but must perform at least as well as fetal neural graft in terms of brain recovery and reconstruction, while overcoming its major obstacles. Human pluripotent stem cells (embryonic in origin or induced from adult cells through genetic reprogramming) have the potential to meet those challenges. In this review, the therapeutic potential in view of 4 major issues is identified during fetal cell therapy clinical trials: 1) logistics of graft procurement, 2) quality control of the cell preparation, 3) immunogenicity of the graft, and 4) safety of the procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Nicoleau
- INSERM U861, I-STEM, AFM, Evry Cedex, 91030 France
- UEVE U861, I-STEM, AFM, Evry Cedex, 91030 France
| | - Pedro Viegas
- INSERM U861, I-STEM, AFM, Evry Cedex, 91030 France
- UEVE U861, I-STEM, AFM, Evry Cedex, 91030 France
| | - Marc Peschanski
- INSERM U861, I-STEM, AFM, Evry Cedex, 91030 France
- UEVE U861, I-STEM, AFM, Evry Cedex, 91030 France
| | - Anselme L. Perrier
- INSERM U861, I-STEM, AFM, Evry Cedex, 91030 France
- UEVE U861, I-STEM, AFM, Evry Cedex, 91030 France
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43
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Neural stem cells: historical perspective and future prospects. Neuron 2011; 70:614-25. [PMID: 21609820 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2011.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/04/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
How a single fertilized cell generates diverse neuronal populations has been a fundamental biological problem since the 19(th) century. Classical histological methods revealed that postmitotic neurons are produced in a precise temporal and spatial order from germinal cells lining the cerebral ventricles. In the 20(th) century, DNA labeling and histo- and immunohistochemistry helped to distinguish the subtypes of dividing cells and delineate their locations in the ventricular and subventricular zones. Recently, genetic and cell biological methods have provided insights into sequential gene expression and molecular and cellular interactions that generate heterogeneous populations of NSCs leading to specific neuronal classes. This precisely regulated developmental process does not tolerate significant in vivo deviation, making replacement of adult neurons by NSCs during pathology a colossal challenge. In contrast, utilizing the trophic factors emanating from the NSC or their derivatives to slow down deterioration or prevent death of degenerating neurons may be a more feasible strategy.
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Mattis VB, Svendsen CN. Induced pluripotent stem cells: a new revolution for clinical neurology? Lancet Neurol 2011; 10:383-94. [PMID: 21435601 DOI: 10.1016/s1474-4422(11)70022-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Why specific neuronal populations are uniquely susceptible in neurodegenerative diseases remains a mystery. Brain tissue samples from patients are rarely available for testing, and animal models frequently do not recapitulate all features of a specific disorder; therefore, pathophysiological investigations are difficult. An exciting new avenue for neurological research and drug development is the discovery that patients' somatic cells can be reprogrammed to a pluripotent state; these cells are known as induced pluripotent stem cells. Once pluripotency is reinstated, cell colonies can be expanded and differentiated into specific neural populations. The availability of these cells enables the monitoring in vitro of temporal features of disease initiation and progression, and testing of new drug treatments on the patient's own cells. Hence, this swiftly growing area of research has the potential to contribute greatly to our understanding of the pathophysiology of neurodegenerative and neurodevelopmental diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia B Mattis
- Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Retinoic acid-treated pluripotent stem cells undergoing neurogenesis present increased aneuploidy and micronuclei formation. PLoS One 2011; 6:e20667. [PMID: 21674001 PMCID: PMC3108948 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0020667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2010] [Accepted: 05/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The existence of loss and gain of chromosomes, known as aneuploidy, has been previously described within the central nervous system. During development, at least one-third of neural progenitor cells (NPCs) are aneuploid. Notably, aneuploid NPCs may survive and functionally integrate into the mature neural circuitry. Given the unanswered significance of this phenomenon, we tested the hypothesis that neural differentiation induced by all-trans retinoic acid (RA) in pluripotent stem cells is accompanied by increased levels of aneuploidy, as previously described for cortical NPCs in vivo. In this work we used embryonal carcinoma (EC) cells, embryonic stem (ES) cells and induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells undergoing differentiation into NPCs. Ploidy analysis revealed a 2-fold increase in the rate of aneuploidy, with the prevalence of chromosome loss in RA primed stem cells when compared to naïve cells. In an attempt to understand the basis of neurogenic aneuploidy, micronuclei formation and survivin expression was assessed in pluripotent stem cells exposed to RA. RA increased micronuclei occurrence by almost 2-fold while decreased survivin expression by 50%, indicating possible mechanisms by which stem cells lose their chromosomes during neural differentiation. DNA fragmentation analysis demonstrated no increase in apoptosis on embryoid bodies treated with RA, indicating that cell death is not the mandatory fate of aneuploid NPCs derived from pluripotent cells. In order to exclude that the increase in aneuploidy was a spurious consequence of RA treatment, not related to neurogenesis, mouse embryonic fibroblasts were treated with RA under the same conditions and no alterations in chromosome gain or loss were observed. These findings indicate a correlation amongst neural differentiation, aneuploidy, micronuclei formation and survivin downregulation in pluripotent stem cells exposed to RA, providing evidence that somatically generated chromosomal variation accompanies neurogenesis in vitro.
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Schmidt WM, Uddin MH, Dysek S, Moser-Thier K, Pirker C, Höger H, Ambros IM, Ambros PF, Berger W, Bittner RE. DNA damage, somatic aneuploidy, and malignant sarcoma susceptibility in muscular dystrophies. PLoS Genet 2011; 7:e1002042. [PMID: 21533183 PMCID: PMC3077392 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1002042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2010] [Accepted: 02/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Albeit genetically highly heterogeneous, muscular dystrophies (MDs) share a convergent pathology leading to muscle wasting accompanied by proliferation of fibrous and fatty tissue, suggesting a common MD–pathomechanism. Here we show that mutations in muscular dystrophy genes (Dmd, Dysf, Capn3, Large) lead to the spontaneous formation of skeletal muscle-derived malignant tumors in mice, presenting as mixed rhabdomyo-, fibro-, and liposarcomas. Primary MD–gene defects and strain background strongly influence sarcoma incidence, latency, localization, and gender prevalence. Combined loss of dystrophin and dysferlin, as well as dystrophin and calpain-3, leads to accelerated tumor formation. Irrespective of the primary gene defects, all MD sarcomas share non-random genomic alterations including frequent losses of tumor suppressors (Cdkn2a, Nf1), amplification of oncogenes (Met, Jun), recurrent duplications of whole chromosomes 8 and 15, and DNA damage. Remarkably, these sarcoma-specific genetic lesions are already regularly present in skeletal muscles in aged MD mice even prior to sarcoma development. Accordingly, we show also that skeletal muscle from human muscular dystrophy patients is affected by gross genomic instability, represented by DNA double-strand breaks and age-related accumulation of aneusomies. These novel aspects of molecular pathologies common to muscular dystrophies and tumor biology will potentially influence the strategies to combat these diseases. All kinds of muscular dystrophies (MDs) are characterized by progressive muscle wasting due to life-long proliferation of precursor cells of myo- (muscle), fibro- (connective tissue), and lipogenic (fat) origin. Despite discovery of many MD genes over the past 25 years, MDs still represent debilitating, incurable diseases, which frequently lead to premature death. Thus, it is imperative to gain novel insights into the underlying MD pathomechanisms. Here, we show that different mouse models for the most common human MDs frequently develop skeletal musculature-associated tumors, presenting as complex sarcomas, consisting of myo-, lipo-, and fibrogenic compartments. Collectively, these tumors are characterized by profound genomic instability such as DNA damage, recurring mutations in cancer genes, and aberrant chromosome copy numbers. We also demonstrate the presence of these cancer-related aberrations in dystrophic muscles from MD mice prior to formation of visible sarcomas. Moreover, we discovered corresponding genomic lesions also in skeletal muscles from human MD patients, as well as stem cells cultured thereof, and show that genomic instability precedes muscle degeneration in MDs. We thus propose that cancer-like genomic instability represents a novel, unifying pathomechanism underlying the entire group of genetically distinct MDs, which will hopefully open new therapeutic avenues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang M. Schmidt
- Neuromuscular Research Department, Center of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Mohammed H. Uddin
- Neuromuscular Research Department, Center of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sandra Dysek
- Neuromuscular Research Department, Center of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Karin Moser-Thier
- Neuromuscular Research Department, Center of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christine Pirker
- Institute of Cancer Research, Department of Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Harald Höger
- Division for Laboratory Animal Science and Genetics, Medical University of Vienna, Himberg, Austria
| | - Inge M. Ambros
- Children's Cancer Research Institute (CCRI), St. Anna Kinderkrebsforschung Association, Vienna, Austria
| | - Peter F. Ambros
- Children's Cancer Research Institute (CCRI), St. Anna Kinderkrebsforschung Association, Vienna, Austria
| | - Walter Berger
- Institute of Cancer Research, Department of Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Reginald E. Bittner
- Neuromuscular Research Department, Center of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- * E-mail:
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Acquired Primary Cutaneous Ganglioneuroma With Adipocytic Metaplasia: “An End Point of Melanocytic ‘Maturation’?” A Case Report and Meta-Analysis With Comparison to a Cross-Sectional Study of Neurotized Melanocytic Nevi. Am J Dermatopathol 2011; 33:17-26. [DOI: 10.1097/dad.0b013e3181e448cb] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Li TS, Marbán E. Physiological levels of reactive oxygen species are required to maintain genomic stability in stem cells. Stem Cells 2010; 28:1178-85. [PMID: 20506176 DOI: 10.1002/stem.438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Stem cell cytogenetic abnormalities constitute a roadblock to regenerative therapies. We investigated the possibility that reactive oxygen species (ROSs) influence genomic stability in cardiac and embryonic stem cells. Karyotypic abnormalities in primary human cardiac stem cells were suppressed by culture in physiological (5%) oxygen, but addition of antioxidants to the medium unexpectedly increased aneuploidy. Intracellular ROS levels were moderately decreased in physiological oxygen, but dramatically decreased by the addition of high-dose antioxidants. Quantification of DNA damage in cardiac stem cells and in human embryonic stem cells revealed a biphasic dose-dependence: antioxidants suppressed DNA damage at low concentrations, but potentiated such damage at higher concentrations. High-dose antioxidants decreased cellular levels of ATM (ataxia-telangiectasia mutated) and other DNA repair enzymes, providing a potential mechanistic basis for the observed effects. These results indicate that physiological levels of intracellular ROS are required to activate the DNA repair pathway for maintaining genomic stability in stem cells. The concept of an "oxidative optimum" for genomic stability has broad implications for stem cell biology and carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao-Sheng Li
- The Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California 90048, USA.
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Abstract
At this time, brain tumor stem cells remain a controversial hypothesis while malignant brain tumors continue to present a dire prognosis of severe morbidity and mortality. Yet, brain tumor stem cells may represent an essential cellular target for glioma therapy as they are postulated to be the tumorigenic cells responsible for recurrence. Targeting oncogenic pathways that are essential to the survival and growth of brain tumor stem cells represents a promising area for developing therapeutics. However, due to the multiple oncogenic pathways involved in glioma, it is necessary to determine which pathways are the essential targets for therapy. Furthermore, research still needs to comprehend the morphogenic processes of cell populations involved in tumor formation. Here, we review research and discuss perspectives on models of glioma in order to delineate the current issues in defining brain tumor stem cells as therapeutic targets in models of glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Richard Laks
- Intellectual and Developmental Disability Research Center, UCLA Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Koppany Visnyei
- Intellectual and Developmental Disability Research Center, UCLA Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Harley Ian Kornblum
- Intellectual and Developmental Disability Research Center, UCLA Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, UCLA Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, UCLA Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
- The Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, UCLA Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
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Kim HJ. Stem cell potential in Parkinson's disease and molecular factors for the generation of dopamine neurons. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2010; 1812:1-11. [PMID: 20713152 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2010.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2010] [Revised: 07/13/2010] [Accepted: 08/11/2010] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) involves the loss of dopamine (DA) neurons, making it the most expected neurodegenerative disease to be treated by cell replacement therapy. Stem cells are a promising source for cell replacement therapy due to their ability to self-renew and their pluripotency/multipotency that allows them to generate various types of cells. However, it is challenging to derive midbrain DA neurons from stem cells. Thus, in this review, I will discuss the molecular factors that are known to play critical roles in the generation and survival of DA neurons. The developmental process of DA neurons and functions of extrinsic soluble factors and homeodomain proteins, forkhead box proteins, proneural genes, Nurr1 and genes involved in epigenetic control are discussed. In addition, different types of stem cells that have potential for future cell replacement therapy are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Jung Kim
- Laboratory of Molecular and Stem Cell Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 156-756, South Korea.
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