1
|
Wang Q, Cheng B, Singh S, Tao Y, Xie Z, Qin F, Shi X, Xu J, Hu C, Tan W, Li H, Huang H. A protein-encoding CCDC7 circular RNA inhibits the progression of prostate cancer by up-regulating FLRT3. NPJ Precis Oncol 2024; 8:11. [PMID: 38225404 PMCID: PMC10789799 DOI: 10.1038/s41698-024-00503-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are a family of endogenous RNAs that have become a focus of biological research in recent years. Emerging evidence has revealed that circRNAs exert biological functions by acting as transcriptional regulators, microRNA sponges, and binding partners with RNA-binding proteins. However, few studies have identified coding circRNAs, which may lead to a hidden repertoire of proteins. In this study, we unexpectedly discovered a protein-encoding circular RNA circCCDC7(15,16,17,18,19) while we were searching for prostate cancer related chimeric RNAs. circCCDC7(15,16,17,18,19) is derived from exon 19 back spliced to exon 15 of the CCDC7 gene. It is significantly downregulated in patients with high Gleason score. Prostate cancer patients with decreased circCCDC7(15,16,17,18,19) expression have a worse prognosis, while linear CCDC7 had no such association. Overexpressed circCCDC7(15,16,17,18,19) inhibited prostate cancer cell migration, invasion, and viability, supporting classification of circCCDC7(15,16,17,18,19) as a bona fide tumor suppressor gene. We provide evidence that its tumor suppressive activity is driven by the protein it encodes, and that circCCDC7(15,16,17,18,19) encodes a secretory protein. Consistently, conditioned media from circCCDC7(15,16,17,18,19) overexpressing cells has the same tumor suppressive activity. We further demonstrate that the tumor suppressive activity of circCCDC7(15,16,17,18,19) is at least partially mediated by FLRT3, whose expression also negatively correlates with Gleason score and clinical prognosis. In conclusion, circCCDC7(15,16,17,18,19) functions as a tumor suppressor in prostate cancer cells through the circCCDC7-180aa secretory protein it encodes, and is a promising therapeutic peptide for prostate cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Wang
- Department of Urology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Bisheng Cheng
- Department of Urology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Sandeep Singh
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Yiran Tao
- Department of Urology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Zhongqiu Xie
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Fujun Qin
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Xinrui Shi
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Jingjing Xu
- Department of Urology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Chenxi Hu
- Department of Urology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Wanlong Tan
- Department of Urology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA.
| | - Hai Huang
- Department of Urology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China.
- Department of Urology, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital, Qingyuan, 511518, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
MiR-4652-5p Targets RND1 to Regulate Cell Adhesion and Promote Lung Squamous Cell Carcinoma Progression. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2022; 194:3031-3043. [PMID: 35334070 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-022-03897-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Lung squamous cell carcinoma (LUSC) is one subtype of non-small-cell lung cancer, whose pathogenesis has not been fully understood. Exploring molecular mechanisms of LUSC helps a lot with the development of LUSC novel therapy. Hence, our study aims to investigate novel molecular mechanisms. Differentially expressed miRNAs and mRNAs were acquired from The Cancer Genome Atlas database. A series of assays were applied to test cell functions, including qRT-PCR to analyze RND1 and miR-4652-5p expression, dual-luciferase reporter gene assay to verify the targeting relationship between these two genes, cell counting kit-8 and colony formation assays to evaluate the ability of LUSC cells to proliferate, transwell to examine the migratory and invasive abilities, and western blot to test expression of RND1 and cell adhesion-related proteins. RND1 was lowly expressed while miR-4652-5p was highly expressed in LUSC cells. The correlation between these two genes was significantly negative and miR-4652-5p could downregulate RND1 expression. Additionally, cellular function assays validated that RND1 suppressed LUSC cells to proliferate, migrate, and invade. Besides, this gene might also affect cell adhesion. Furthermore, rescue assay suggested that miR-4652-5p downregulated RND1 expression to promote the progression of LUSC cells. Together, miR-4652-5p targeted RND1 to modulate cell adhesion and the progression of LUSC cells.
Collapse
|
3
|
Thomas K, Henley T, Rossi S, Costello MJ, Polacheck W, Griffith BE, Bressan M. Adherens junction engagement regulates functional patterning of the cardiac pacemaker cell lineage. Dev Cell 2021; 56:1498-1511.e7. [PMID: 33891897 PMCID: PMC8137639 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2021.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Cardiac pacemaker cells (CPCs) rhythmically initiate the electrical impulses that drive heart contraction. CPCs display the highest rate of spontaneous depolarization in the heart despite being subjected to inhibitory electrochemical conditions that should theoretically suppress their activity. While several models have been proposed to explain this apparent paradox, the actual molecular mechanisms that allow CPCs to overcome electrogenic barriers to their function remain poorly understood. Here, we have traced CPC development at single-cell resolution and uncovered a series of cytoarchitectural patterning events that are critical for proper pacemaking. Specifically, our data reveal that CPCs dynamically modulate adherens junction (AJ) engagement to control characteristics including surface area, volume, and gap junctional coupling. This allows CPCs to adopt a structural configuration that supports their overall excitability. Thus, our data have identified a direct role for local cellular mechanics in patterning critical morphological features that are necessary for CPC electrical activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kandace Thomas
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; McAllister Heart Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Trevor Henley
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; McAllister Heart Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Simone Rossi
- Department of Mathematics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - M Joseph Costello
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - William Polacheck
- McAllister Heart Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Boyce E Griffith
- McAllister Heart Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Departments of Mathematics, Applied Physical Sciences, and Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Carolina Center for Interdisciplinary Applied Mathematics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Computational Medicine Program, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Michael Bressan
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; McAllister Heart Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Thompson CJ, Vu VH, Leckband DE, Schwartz DK. Cadherin cis and trans interactions are mutually cooperative. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2019845118. [PMID: 33658369 PMCID: PMC7958404 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2019845118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Cadherin transmembrane proteins are responsible for intercellular adhesion in all biological tissues and modulate tissue morphogenesis, cell motility, force transduction, and macromolecular transport. The protein-mediated adhesions consist of adhesive trans interactions and lateral cis interactions. Although theory suggests cooperativity between cis and trans bonds, direct experimental evidence of such cooperativity has not been demonstrated. Here, the use of superresolution microscopy, in conjunction with intermolecular single-molecule Förster resonance energy transfer, demonstrated the mutual cooperativity of cis and trans interactions. Results further demonstrate the consequent assembly of large intermembrane junctions, using a biomimetic lipid bilayer cell adhesion model. Notably, the presence of cis interactions resulted in a nearly 30-fold increase in trans-binding lifetimes between epithelial-cadherin extracellular domains. In turn, the presence of trans interactions increased the lifetime of cis bonds. Importantly, comparison of trans-binding lifetimes of small and large cadherin clusters suggests that this cooperativity is primarily due to allostery. The direct quantitative demonstration of strong mutual cooperativity between cis and trans interactions at intermembrane adhesions provides insights into the long-standing controversy of how weak cis and trans interactions act in concert to create strong macroscopic cell adhesions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Connor J Thompson
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309
| | - Vinh H Vu
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801
| | - Deborah E Leckband
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801
| | - Daniel K Schwartz
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309;
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Park KS, Schecterson L, Gumbiner BM. Enhanced endothelial barrier function by monoclonal antibody activation of vascular endothelial cadherin. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2021; 320:H1403-H1410. [PMID: 33577432 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00002.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Excessive vascular permeability occurs in inflammatory disease processes. Vascular endothelial cadherin (VE-cadherin) is an adhesion protein that controls vascular permeability. We identified monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) to human VE-cadherin that activate cell adhesion and inhibit the increased permeability of endothelial cell monolayers induced by thrombin receptor activator peptide-6 (TRAP-6). Two mAbs, 8A12c and 3A5a, reduce permeability, whereas an inhibitory mAb, 2E11d, enhances permeability. Activating mAbs also reduce permeability induced by tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and vascular endothelial cell growth factor (VEGF). The activating mAbs also stabilize the organization of the adherens junctions that are disrupted by TRAP-6, VEGF, or TNF-α. The activating mAbs act directly on the adhesive function of VE-cadherin because they did not block the accumulation of actin filaments stimulated by TRAP-6 and enhance physical cell-cell adhesion of VE-cadherin-expressing tissue culture cells. Therefore, VE-cadherin function can be regulated at the cell surface to control endothelial permeability.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Excessive vascular permeability is a serious complication of many inflammatory disease conditions. We have developed monoclonal antibodies that inhibit increases in endothelial monolayer permeability induced by several signaling factors by activating VE-cadherin mediated adhesion and stabilizing cell junctions. These antibodies and/or the mechanisms they reveal may lead to important therapeutics to treat vascular leakiness and inflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ki-Sook Park
- Department of Biomedical Science and Technology/East-West Medical Research Institute, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea.,Center for Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington
| | - Leslayann Schecterson
- Center for Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington
| | - Barry M Gumbiner
- Center for Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Peregrina C, Del Toro D. FLRTing Neurons in Cortical Migration During Cerebral Cortex Development. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:578506. [PMID: 33043013 PMCID: PMC7527468 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.578506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
During development, two coordinated events shape the morphology of the mammalian cerebral cortex, leading to the cortex's columnar and layered structure: the proliferation of neuronal progenitors and cortical migration. Pyramidal neurons originating from germinal zones migrate along radial glial fibers to their final position in the cortical plate by both radial migration and tangential dispersion. These processes rely on the delicate balance of intercellular adhesive and repulsive signaling that takes place between neurons interacting with different substrates and guidance cues. Here, we focus on the function of the cell adhesion molecules fibronectin leucine-rich repeat transmembrane proteins (FLRTs) in regulating both the radial migration of neurons, as well as their tangential spread, and the impact these processes have on cortex morphogenesis. In combining structural and functional analysis, recent studies have begun to reveal how FLRT-mediated responses are precisely tuned - from forming different protein complexes to modulate either cell adhesion or repulsion in neurons. These approaches provide a deeper understanding of the context-dependent interactions of FLRTs with multiple receptors involved in axon guidance and synapse formation that contribute to finely regulated neuronal migration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Peregrina
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Daniel Del Toro
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Jauhiainen S, Laakkonen JP, Ketola K, Toivanen PI, Nieminen T, Ninchoji T, Levonen AL, Kaikkonen MU, Ylä-Herttuala S. Axon Guidance-Related Factor FLRT3 Regulates VEGF-Signaling and Endothelial Cell Function. Front Physiol 2019; 10:224. [PMID: 30930791 PMCID: PMC6423482 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGFs) are key mediators of endothelial cell (EC) function in angiogenesis. Emerging knowledge also supports the involvement of axon guidance-related factors in the regulation of angiogenesis and vascular patterning. In the current study, we demonstrate that fibronectin and leucine-rich transmembrane protein-3 (FLRT3), an axon guidance-related factor connected to the regulation of neuronal cell outgrowth and morphogenesis but not to VEGF-signaling, was upregulated in ECs after VEGF binding to VEGFR2. We found that FLRT3 exhibited a transcriptionally paused phenotype in non-stimulated human umbilical vein ECs. After VEGF-stimulation its nascent RNA and mRNA-levels were rapidly upregulated suggesting that the regulation of FLRT3 expression is mainly occurring at the level of transcriptional elongation. Blockage of FLRT3 by siRNA decreased survival of ECs and their arrangement into capillary-like structures but enhanced cell migration and wound closure in wound healing assay. Bifunctional role of FLRT3 in repulsive vs. adhesive cell signaling has been already detected during embryogenesis and neuronal growth, and depends on its interactions either with UNC5B or another FLRT3 expressed by adjacent cells. In conclusion, our findings demonstrate that besides regulating neuronal cell outgrowth and morphogenesis, FLRT3 has a novel role in ECs via regulating VEGF-stimulated EC-survival, migration, and tube formation. Thus, FLRT3 becomes a new member of the axon guidance-related factors which participate in the VEGF-signaling and regulation of the EC functions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Suvi Jauhiainen
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.,Rudbeck Laboratory, University of Uppsala, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Johanna P Laakkonen
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Kirsi Ketola
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Pyry I Toivanen
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Tiina Nieminen
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | | | - Anna-Liisa Levonen
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Minna U Kaikkonen
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Seppo Ylä-Herttuala
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.,Heart Center and Gene Therapy Unit, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Bisogni AJ, Ghazanfar S, Williams EO, Marsh HM, Yang JY, Lin DM. Tuning of delta-protocadherin adhesion through combinatorial diversity. eLife 2018; 7:41050. [PMID: 30547884 PMCID: PMC6326727 DOI: 10.7554/elife.41050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The delta-protocadherins (δ-Pcdhs) play key roles in neural development, and expression studies suggest they are expressed in combination within neurons. The extent of this combinatorial diversity, and how these combinations influence cell adhesion, is poorly understood. We show that individual mouse olfactory sensory neurons express 0–7 δ-Pcdhs. Despite this apparent combinatorial complexity, K562 cell aggregation assays revealed simple principles that mediate tuning of δ-Pcdh adhesion. Cells can vary the number of δ-Pcdhs expressed, the level of surface expression, and which δ-Pcdhs are expressed, as different members possess distinct apparent adhesive affinities. These principles contrast with those identified previously for the clustered protocadherins (cPcdhs), where the particular combination of cPcdhs expressed does not appear to be a critical factor. Despite these differences, we show δ-Pcdhs can modify cPcdh adhesion. Our studies show how intra- and interfamily interactions can greatly amplify the impact of this small subfamily on neuronal function. Multicellular life depends on cells being able to stick together. The human body, for example, consists of trillions of cells grouped into tissues and organs. The brain alone contains some 87 billion neurons organized into complex networks. To stay together, cells use proteins on their surface called cell adhesion molecules (CAMs). There are four major families of CAMs, each with multiple members, and the CAMs on one cell recognize and interact with the CAMs on another. But how does this process work? One possibility is that different combinations of CAMs allow different cells to stick together. Bisogni et al. tested this idea by studying a family of CAMs called the delta-protocadherins. This family has nine members, each with its own gene. Before cells can use a gene to produce a protein, they must first use the gene’s DNA as a template to build an RNA molecule. By counting the number of different types of RNA molecules inside individual cells, Bisogni et al. showed that sensory neurons in the mouse each produce up to seven different delta-protocadherins. Further experiments revealed that cells fine-tune their interactions by varying the number, type and combination of delta-protocadherins on their surface. In addition, the delta-protocadherins also alter interactions between members of a related gene family, the clustered protocadherins. This further increases their ability to regulate how cells interact. In contrast to previous studies that focused on single molecules, Bisogni et al. have shown how combinations of molecules work together to influence cell adhesion. Deciphering this combinatorial code is key to understanding how interactions between cells go awry in disease. Mutations in the genes for CAMs often impair brain development. The reported findings may provide insights into how such mutations disrupt the CAM combinatorial code and alter cell to cell interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adam J Bisogni
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, United States
| | - Shila Ghazanfar
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Eric O Williams
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, United States.,Department of Biology and Chemistry, Fitchburg State University, Fitchburg, United States
| | - Heather M Marsh
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, United States
| | - Jean Yh Yang
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - David M Lin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, United States
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Winklbauer R, Parent SE. Forces driving cell sorting in the amphibian embryo. Mech Dev 2017; 144:81-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mod.2016.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Revised: 08/18/2016] [Accepted: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
|
10
|
Chal J, Guillot C, Pourquié O. PAPC couples the segmentation clock to somite morphogenesis by regulating N-cadherin-dependent adhesion. Development 2017; 144:664-676. [PMID: 28087631 DOI: 10.1242/dev.143974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Vertebrate segmentation is characterized by the periodic formation of epithelial somites from the mesenchymal presomitic mesoderm (PSM). How the rhythmic signaling pulse delivered by the segmentation clock is translated into the periodic morphogenesis of somites remains poorly understood. Here, we focused on the role of paraxial protocadherin (PAPC/Pcdh8) in this process. We showed that in chicken and mouse embryos, PAPC expression is tightly regulated by the clock and wavefront system in the posterior PSM. We observed that PAPC exhibits a striking complementary pattern to N-cadherin (CDH2), marking the interface of the future somite boundary in the anterior PSM. Gain and loss of function of PAPC in chicken embryos disrupted somite segmentation by altering the CDH2-dependent epithelialization of PSM cells. Our data suggest that clathrin-mediated endocytosis is increased in PAPC-expressing cells, subsequently affecting CDH2 internalization in the anterior compartment of the future somite. This in turn generates a differential adhesion interface, allowing formation of the acellular fissure that defines the somite boundary. Thus, periodic expression of PAPC in the anterior PSM triggers rhythmic endocytosis of CDH2, allowing for segmental de-adhesion and individualization of somites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jérome Chal
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA.,Development and Stem Cells, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), CNRS (UMR 7104), Inserm U964, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch-Graffenstaden 67400, France.,Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA, USA.,Harvard Stem Cell Institute, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Charlène Guillot
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Olivier Pourquié
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA .,Development and Stem Cells, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), CNRS (UMR 7104), Inserm U964, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch-Graffenstaden 67400, France.,Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA, USA.,Harvard Stem Cell Institute, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Ross-Adams H, Ball S, Lawrenson K, Halim S, Russell R, Wells C, Strand SH, Ørntoft TF, Larson M, Armasu S, Massie CE, Asim M, Mortensen MM, Borre M, Woodfine K, Warren AY, Lamb AD, Kay J, Whitaker H, Ramos-Montoya A, Murrell A, Sørensen KD, Fridley BL, Goode EL, Gayther SA, Masters J, Neal DE, Mills IG. HNF1B variants associate with promoter methylation and regulate gene networks activated in prostate and ovarian cancer. Oncotarget 2016; 7:74734-74746. [PMID: 27732966 PMCID: PMC5342698 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.12543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Two independent regions within HNF1B are consistently identified in prostate and ovarian cancer genome-wide association studies (GWAS); their functional roles are unclear. We link prostate cancer (PC) risk SNPs rs11649743 and rs3760511 with elevated HNF1B gene expression and allele-specific epigenetic silencing, and outline a mechanism by which common risk variants could effect functional changes that increase disease risk: functional assays suggest that HNF1B is a pro-differentiation factor that suppresses epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in unmethylated, healthy tissues. This tumor-suppressor activity is lost when HNF1B is silenced by promoter methylation in the progression to PC. Epigenetic inactivation of HNF1B in ovarian cancer also associates with known risk SNPs, with a similar impact on EMT. This represents one of the first comprehensive studies into the pleiotropic role of a GWAS-associated transcription factor across distinct cancer types, and is the first to describe a conserved role for a multi-cancer genetic risk factor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Helen Ross-Adams
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Stephen Ball
- Prostate Cancer Research Centre, University College London, London, UK
| | - Kate Lawrenson
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Silvia Halim
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Roslin Russell
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Claire Wells
- Division of Cancer Studies, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Siri H. Strand
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark
| | - Torben F. Ørntoft
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark
| | | | | | - Charles E. Massie
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Mohammad Asim
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Michael Borre
- Department of Urology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Kathryn Woodfine
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Anne Y. Warren
- Department of Pathology, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Alastair D. Lamb
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Urology, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jonathan Kay
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Molecular Diagnostics and Therapeutics Group, University College London, London, UK
| | - Hayley Whitaker
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Molecular Diagnostics and Therapeutics Group, University College London, London, UK
| | | | - Adele Murrell
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Claverton Down, Bath, UK
| | | | - Brooke L. Fridley
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | | | - Simon A. Gayther
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - John Masters
- Prostate Cancer Research Centre, University College London, London, UK
| | - David E. Neal
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Urology, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ian G. Mills
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Prostate Cancer Research Group, Centre for Molecular Medicine Norway, Nordic EMBL Partnership, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Departments of Cancer Prevention and Urology, Institute of Cancer Research and Department of Urology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Prostate Cancer UK/Movember Centre of Excellence for Prostate Cancer Research, Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queens University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
He GY, Hu JL, Zhou L, Zhu XH, Xin SN, Zhang D, Lu GF, Liao WT, Ding YQ, Liang L. The FOXD3/miR-214/MED19 axis suppresses tumour growth and metastasis in human colorectal cancer. Br J Cancer 2016; 115:1367-1378. [PMID: 27811858 PMCID: PMC5129822 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2016.362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Revised: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 10/08/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: MiR-214 is aberrantly regulated in several tumours, but its underlying mechanisms in colorectal cancer (CRC) metastasis remain largely unknown. This study aimed to demonstrate the function and potential mechanism of miR-214 in regulating invasion and metastasis of CRC. Methods: The transcription factor and targets of miR-214 were predicted by bioinformatics and validated using ChIP and dual-luciferase reporter assay. DNA methylation status was explored using bisulphite sequencing PCR. The in vitro and in vivo function of miR-214 in CRC was evaluated using MTT, plate colony formation, Matrigel invasion and animal models. Real-time PCR or western blotting was performed to detect FOXD3, miR-214 and MED19 expressions in CRC cells and clinical specimens. Results: MiR-214 was downregulated in CRC and was significantly correlated with lymphatic metastasis. Downregulation of miR-214 might due to promoter hypermethylation in CRC. FOXD3 was validated as a transcription factor of miR-214 by ChIP assay. Dual-luciferase assay identified MED19 as a target of miR-214 in CRC. In vitro and in vivo experiments showed that miR-214 mediated the inhibiting effect of FOXD3 on proliferation, invasion and metastasis by targeting MED19. Spearman's correlation analysis showed a positive correlation between FOXD3 and miR-214, and negative correlations between FOXD3 and MED19, miR-214 and MED19 in CRC cells and clinical specimens. Conclusions: FOXD3/miR-214/MED19 axis is important for the regulation of growth, invasion and metastasis of CRC. Targeting the miR-214-mediated axis might be helpful for the treatment of CRC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G Y He
- Department of Pathology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou city 510515, Guangdong Province, China.,Department of Pathology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang city 453003, Henan Province, China
| | - J L Hu
- Department of Pathology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou city 510515, Guangdong Province, China.,Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Tumor Pathology, Guangzhou city 510515, Guangdong Province, China
| | - L Zhou
- First School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou city 510515, Guangdong Province, China
| | - X H Zhu
- Department of Pathology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou city 510515, Guangdong Province, China.,Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Tumor Pathology, Guangzhou city 510515, Guangdong Province, China
| | - S N Xin
- Department of Pathology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou city 510515, Guangdong Province, China.,Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Tumor Pathology, Guangzhou city 510515, Guangdong Province, China
| | - D Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou city 510515, Guangdong Province, China.,Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Tumor Pathology, Guangzhou city 510515, Guangdong Province, China
| | - G F Lu
- Department of Pathology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou city 510515, Guangdong Province, China.,Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Tumor Pathology, Guangzhou city 510515, Guangdong Province, China
| | - W T Liao
- Department of Pathology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou city 510515, Guangdong Province, China.,Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Tumor Pathology, Guangzhou city 510515, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Y Q Ding
- Department of Pathology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou city 510515, Guangdong Province, China.,Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Tumor Pathology, Guangzhou city 510515, Guangdong Province, China
| | - L Liang
- Department of Pathology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou city 510515, Guangdong Province, China.,Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Tumor Pathology, Guangzhou city 510515, Guangdong Province, China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Cooper SR, Jontes JD, Sotomayor M. Structural determinants of adhesion by Protocadherin-19 and implications for its role in epilepsy. eLife 2016; 5. [PMID: 27787195 PMCID: PMC5115871 DOI: 10.7554/elife.18529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-clustered δ-protocadherins are homophilic cell adhesion molecules essential for the development of the vertebrate nervous system, as several are closely linked to neurodevelopmental disorders. Mutations in protocadherin-19 (PCDH19) result in a female-limited, infant-onset form of epilepsy (PCDH19-FE). Over 100 mutations in PCDH19 have been identified in patients with PCDH19-FE, about half of which are missense mutations in the adhesive extracellular domain. Neither the mechanism of homophilic adhesion by PCDH19, nor the biochemical effects of missense mutations are understood. Here we present a crystallographic structure of the minimal adhesive fragment of the zebrafish Pcdh19 extracellular domain. This structure reveals the adhesive interface for Pcdh19, which is broadly relevant to both non-clustered δ and clustered protocadherin subfamilies. In addition, we show that several PCDH19-FE missense mutations localize to the adhesive interface and abolish Pcdh19 adhesion in in vitro assays, thus revealing the biochemical basis of their pathogenic effects during brain development. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.18529.001 As the brain develops, its basic building blocks – cells called neurons – need to form the correct connections with one another in order to give rise to neural circuits. A mistake that leads to the formation of incorrect connections can result in a number of disorders or brain abnormalities. Proteins called cadherins that are present on the surface of neurons enable them to stick to their correct partners like Velcro. One of these proteins is called Protocadherin-19. However, it was not fully understood how this protein forms an adhesive bond with other Protocadherin-19 molecules, or how some of the proteins within the cadherin family are able to distinguish between one another. Cooper et al. used X-ray crystallography to visualize the molecular structure of Protocadherin-19 taken from zebrafish in order to better understand the adhesive bond that these proteins form with each other. In addition, the new structure showed the sites of the mutations that cause a form of epilepsy in infant females. From this, Cooper et al. could predict how the mutations would disrupt Protocadherin-19’s shape and function. The structures revealed that Protocadherin-19 molecules from adjacent cells engage in a “forearm handshake” to form the bond that connects neurons. Some of the mutations that cause epilepsy occur in the region responsible for this Protocadherin-19 forearm handshake. Laboratory experiments confirmed that these mutations impair the formation of the adhesive bond, revealing the molecular basis for some of the mutations that underlie Protocadherin-19-female-limited epilepsy. Other cadherin molecules may interact via a similar forearm handshake; this could be investigated in future experiments. It also remains to be discovered how brain wiring depends on Protocadherin-19 adhesion in animal development, and how altering these proteins can rewire developing brain circuits. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.18529.002
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sharon R Cooper
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, United States.,Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University, Columbus, United States
| | - James D Jontes
- Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University, Columbus, United States
| | - Marcos Sotomayor
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, United States
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Shan M, Su Y, Kang W, Gao R, Li X, Zhang G. Aberrant expression and functions of protocadherins in human malignant tumors. Tumour Biol 2016; 37:12969-12981. [PMID: 27449047 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-016-5169-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Protocadherins (PCDHs) are a group of transmembrane proteins belonging to the cadherin superfamily and are subdivided into "clustered" and "non-clustered" groups. PCDHs vary in both structure and interaction partners and thus regulate multiple biological responses in complex and versatile patterns. Previous researches showed that PCDHs regulated the development of brain and were involved in some neuronal diseases. Recently, studies have revealed aberrant expression of PCDHs in various human malignant tumors. The down-regulation or absence of PCDHs in malignant cells has been associated with cancer progression. Further researches suggest that PCDHs may play major functions as tumor suppressor by inhibiting the proliferation and metastasis of cancer cells. In this review, we focus on the altered expression of PCDHs and their roles in the development of cancer progression. We also discuss the potential mechanisms, by which PCDHs are aberrantly expressed, and its implications in regulating cancers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ming Shan
- Department of Breast Surgery, the Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yonghui Su
- Department of Breast Surgery, the Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Wenli Kang
- Department of Oncology, General Hospital of Hei Longjiang Province Land Reclamation Headquarter, Harbin, China
| | - Ruixin Gao
- Department of Breast Surgery, The First Hospital of Qiqihaer City, Qiqihaer, China
| | - Xiaobo Li
- Department of Pathology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.
| | - Guoqiang Zhang
- Department of Breast Surgery, the Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Shashikanth N, Petrova YI, Park S, Chekan J, Maiden S, Spano M, Ha T, Gumbiner BM, Leckband DE. Allosteric Regulation of E-Cadherin Adhesion. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:21749-61. [PMID: 26175155 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.657098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Cadherins are transmembrane adhesion proteins that maintain intercellular cohesion in all tissues, and their rapid regulation is essential for organized tissue remodeling. Despite some evidence that cadherin adhesion might be allosterically regulated, testing of this has been hindered by the difficulty of quantifying altered E-cadherin binding affinity caused by perturbations outside the ectodomain binding site. Here, measured kinetics of cadherin-mediated intercellular adhesion demonstrated quantitatively that treatment with activating, anti-E-cadherin antibodies or the dephosphorylation of a cytoplasmic binding partner, p120(ctn), increased the homophilic binding affinity of E-cadherin. Results obtained with Colo 205 cells, which express inactive E-cadherin and do not aggregate, demonstrated that four treatments, which induced Colo 205 aggregation and p120(ctn) dephosphorylation, triggered quantitatively similar increases in E-cadherin affinity. Several processes can alter cell aggregation, but these results directly demonstrated the allosteric regulation of cell surface E-cadherin by p120(ctn) dephosphorylation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Yuliya I Petrova
- the Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, and
| | | | - Jillian Chekan
- Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Illinois 61801
| | - Stephanie Maiden
- the Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, and
| | - Martha Spano
- the Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, and
| | - Taekjip Ha
- From the Departments of Biochemistry, Physics, and the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Urbana, Illinois 61801
| | - Barry M Gumbiner
- the Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, and
| | - Deborah E Leckband
- From the Departments of Biochemistry, Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Illinois 61801,
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Chakravarthi BVSK, Pathi SS, Goswami MT, Cieślik M, Zheng H, Nallasivam S, Arekapudi SR, Jing X, Siddiqui J, Athanikar J, Carskadon SL, Lonigro RJ, Kunju LP, Chinnaiyan AM, Palanisamy N, Varambally S. The miR-124-prolyl hydroxylase P4HA1-MMP1 axis plays a critical role in prostate cancer progression. Oncotarget 2015; 5:6654-69. [PMID: 25115393 PMCID: PMC4196154 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.2208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Collagen prolyl hydroxylases (C-P4HAs) are a family of enzymes involved in collagen biogenesis. One of the isoforms of P4HA, Prolyl 4-hydroxylase, alpha polypeptide I (P4HA1), catalyzes the formation of 4-hydroxyproline that is essential for the proper three-dimensional folding of newly synthesized procollagen chains. Here, we show the overexpression of P4HA1 in aggressive prostate cancer. Immunohistochemical analysis using tissue microarray demonstrated that P4HA1 expression was correlated with prostate cancer progression. Using in vitro studies, we showed that P4HA1 plays a critical role in prostate cancer cell growth and tumor progression. Expression profiling studies using P4HA1-modulated prostate cells suggested regulation of Matrix metalloprotease 1. The invasive properties of P4HA1 overexpressing cells were reversed by blocking MMP1. Our studies indicate P4HA1 copy number gain in a subset of metastatic prostate tumors and its expression is also regulated by microRNA-124. MiR-124 in turn is negatively regulated by transcriptional repressors EZH2 and CtBP1, both of which are overexpressed in aggressive prostate cancer. Chick chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) assay and mice xenograft investigations show that P4HA1 is required for tumor growth and metastasis in vivo. Our observations suggest that P4HA1 plays a critical role in prostate cancer progression and could serve as a viable therapeutic target.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Satya Sreehari Pathi
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology; Department of Pathology, University of Michigan; These authors contributted equally to this work
| | - Moloy T Goswami
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology; Department of Pathology, University of Michigan; These authors contributted equally to this work
| | - Marcin Cieślik
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology; Department of Pathology, University of Michigan
| | - Heng Zheng
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan
| | | | - Subramanyeswara R Arekapudi
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan; Present Address: Department of Hematology and Oncology, Providence Hospital and Medical Center, Southfiled, MI 48075, USA
| | - Xiaojun Jing
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology; Department of Pathology, University of Michigan
| | - Javed Siddiqui
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology; Department of Pathology, University of Michigan
| | - Jyoti Athanikar
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology; Department of Pathology, University of Michigan
| | - Shannon L Carskadon
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology; Department of Pathology, University of Michigan
| | - Robert J Lonigro
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology; Department of Pathology, University of Michigan
| | - Lakshmi P Kunju
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology; Department of Pathology, University of Michigan
| | - Arul M Chinnaiyan
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology; Department of Pathology, University of Michigan; Department of Urology, University of Michigan; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Michigan Medical School; Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Nallasivam Palanisamy
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology; Department of Pathology, University of Michigan; Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Sooryanarayana Varambally
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology; Department of Pathology, University of Michigan; Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Luu O, Damm EW, Parent SE, Barua D, Smith THL, Wen JWH, Lepage SE, Nagel M, Ibrahim-Gawel H, Huang Y, Bruce AEE, Winklbauer R. PAPC mediates self/non-self-distinction during Snail1-dependent tissue separation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 208:839-56. [PMID: 25778923 PMCID: PMC4362454 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201409026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In Xenopus and zebrafish gastrulae, PAPC attenuates planar cell polarity signaling and controls formation of an adhesive, yet flexible, contact at the ectoderm–mesoderm boundary. Cleft-like boundaries represent a type of cell sorting boundary characterized by the presence of a physical gap between tissues. We studied the cleft-like ectoderm–mesoderm boundary in Xenopus laevis and zebrafish gastrulae. We identified the transcription factor Snail1 as being essential for tissue separation, showed that its expression in the mesoderm depends on noncanonical Wnt signaling, and demonstrated that it enables paraxial protocadherin (PAPC) to promote tissue separation through two novel functions. First, PAPC attenuates planar cell polarity signaling at the ectoderm–mesoderm boundary to lower cell adhesion and facilitate cleft formation. Second, PAPC controls formation of a distinct type of adhesive contact between mesoderm and ectoderm cells that shows properties of a cleft-like boundary at the single-cell level. It consists of short stretches of adherens junction–like contacts inserted between intermediate-sized contacts and large intercellular gaps. These roles of PAPC constitute a self/non–self-recognition mechanism that determines the site of boundary formation at the interface between PAPC-expressing and -nonexpressing cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Olivia Luu
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3G5
| | - Erich W Damm
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3G5
| | - Serge E Parent
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3G5
| | - Debanjan Barua
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3G5
| | - Tamara H L Smith
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3G5
| | - Jason W H Wen
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3G5
| | - Stephanie E Lepage
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3G5
| | - Martina Nagel
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3G5
| | | | - Yunyun Huang
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3G5
| | - Ashley E E Bruce
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3G5
| | - Rudolf Winklbauer
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3G5
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Hayashi S, Takeichi M. Emerging roles of protocadherins: from self-avoidance to enhancement of motility. J Cell Sci 2015; 128:1455-64. [PMID: 25749861 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.166306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Protocadherins are a group of transmembrane proteins belonging to the cadherin superfamily that are subgrouped into 'clustered' and 'non-clustered' protocadherins. Although cadherin superfamily members are known to regulate various forms of cell-cell interactions, including cell-cell adhesion, the functions of protocadherins have long been elusive. Recent studies are, however, uncovering their unique roles. The clustered protocadherins regulate neuronal survival, as well as dendrite self-avoidance. Combinatorial expression of clustered protocadherin isoforms creates a great diversity of adhesive specificity for cells, and this process is likely to underlie the dendritic self-avoidance. Non-clustered protocadherins promote cell motility rather than the stabilization of cell adhesion, unlike the classic cadherins, and mediate dynamic cellular processes, such as growth cone migration. Protocadherin dysfunction in humans is implicated in neurological disorders, such as epilepsy and mental retardation. This Commentary provides an overview of recent findings regarding protocadherin functions, as well as a discussion of the molecular basis underlying these functions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuichi Hayashi
- Laboratory for Cell Adhesion and Tissue Patterning, RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, 2-2-3 Minatojima-Minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Takeichi
- Laboratory for Cell Adhesion and Tissue Patterning, RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, 2-2-3 Minatojima-Minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Abstract
The arrival of multicellularity in evolution facilitated cell-cell signaling in conjunction with adhesion. As the ectodomains of cadherins interact with each other directly in trans (as well as in cis), spanning the plasma membrane and associating with multiple other entities, cadherins enable the transduction of "outside-in" or "inside-out" signals. We focus this review on signals that originate from the larger family of cadherins that are inwardly directed to the nucleus, and thus have roles in gene control or nuclear structure-function. The nature of cadherin complexes varies considerably depending on the type of cadherin and its context, and we will address some of these variables for classical cadherins versus other family members. Substantial but still fragmentary progress has been made in understanding the signaling mediators used by varied cadherin complexes to coordinate the state of cell-cell adhesion with gene expression. Evidence that cadherin intracellular binding partners also localize to the nucleus is a major point of interest. In some models, catenins show reduced binding to cadherin cytoplasmic tails favoring their engagement in gene control. When bound, cadherins may serve as stoichiometric competitors of nuclear signals. Cadherins also directly or indirectly affect numerous signaling pathways (e.g., Wnt, receptor tyrosine kinase, Hippo, NFκB, and JAK/STAT), enabling cell-cell contacts to touch upon multiple biological outcomes in embryonic development and tissue homeostasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pierre D McCrea
- Department of Genetics, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center; Program in Genes & Development, Graduate School in Biomedical Sciences, Houston, Texas, USA.
| | - Meghan T Maher
- Department of Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Cara J Gottardi
- Cellular and Molecular Biology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA; Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Friedman LG, Benson DL, Huntley GW. Cadherin-based transsynaptic networks in establishing and modifying neural connectivity. Curr Top Dev Biol 2015; 112:415-65. [PMID: 25733148 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2014.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
It is tacitly understood that cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) are critically important for the development of cells, circuits, and synapses in the brain. What is less clear is what CAMs continue to contribute to brain structure and function after the early period of development. Here, we focus on the cadherin family of CAMs to first briefly recap their multidimensional roles in neural development and then to highlight emerging data showing that with maturity, cadherins become largely dispensible for maintaining neuronal and synaptic structure, instead displaying new and narrower roles at mature synapses where they critically regulate dynamic aspects of synaptic signaling, structural plasticity, and cognitive function. At mature synapses, cadherins are an integral component of multiprotein networks, modifying synaptic signaling, morphology, and plasticity through collaborative interactions with other CAM family members as well as a variety of neurotransmitter receptors, scaffolding proteins, and other effector molecules. Such recognition of the ever-evolving functions of synaptic cadherins may yield insight into the pathophysiology of brain disorders in which cadherins have been implicated and that manifest at different times of life.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lauren G Friedman
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute and the Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
| | - Deanna L Benson
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute and the Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
| | - George W Huntley
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute and the Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Fagotto F. Regulation of Cell Adhesion and Cell Sorting at Embryonic Boundaries. Curr Top Dev Biol 2015; 112:19-64. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2014.11.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
|
22
|
Özlü N, Qureshi MH, Toyoda Y, Renard BY, Mollaoglu G, Özkan NE, Bulbul S, Poser I, Timm W, Hyman AA, Mitchison TJ, Steen JA. Quantitative comparison of a human cancer cell surface proteome between interphase and mitosis. EMBO J 2014; 34:251-65. [PMID: 25476450 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201385162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The cell surface is the cellular compartment responsible for communication with the environment. The interior of mammalian cells undergoes dramatic reorganization when cells enter mitosis. These changes are triggered by activation of the CDK1 kinase and have been studied extensively. In contrast, very little is known of the cell surface changes during cell division. We undertook a quantitative proteomic comparison of cell surface-exposed proteins in human cancer cells that were tightly synchronized in mitosis or interphase. Six hundred and twenty-eight surface and surface-associated proteins in HeLa cells were identified; of these, 27 were significantly enriched at the cell surface in mitosis and 37 in interphase. Using imaging techniques, we confirmed the mitosis-selective cell surface localization of protocadherin PCDH7, a member of a family with anti-adhesive roles in embryos. We show that PCDH7 is required for development of full mitotic rounding pressure at the onset of mitosis. Our analysis provided basic information on how cell cycle progression affects the cell surface. It also provides potential pharmacodynamic biomarkers for anti-mitotic cancer chemotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nurhan Özlü
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Koç University, Istanbul, Turkey Proteomics Center at Children's Hospital Boston, Boston, MA, USA Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mohammad H Qureshi
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Koç University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Yusuke Toyoda
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
| | - Bernhard Y Renard
- Research Group Bioinformatics (NG 4), Robert Koch-Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Gürkan Mollaoglu
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Koç University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Nazlı E Özkan
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Koç University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Selda Bulbul
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Koç University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ina Poser
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
| | - Wiebke Timm
- Proteomics Center at Children's Hospital Boston, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Anthony A Hyman
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
| | | | - Judith A Steen
- Proteomics Center at Children's Hospital Boston, Boston, MA, USA Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School and Children's Hospital Boston, Boston, MA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Izuta Y, Taira T, Asayama A, Machigashira M, Kinoshita T, Fujiwara M, Suzuki ST. Protocadherin-9 involvement in retinal development in Xenopus laevis. J Biochem 2014; 157:235-49. [PMID: 25414271 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvu070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Biological roles of most protocadherins (Pcdhs) are a largely unsolved problem. Therefore, we cloned cDNA for Xenopus laevis protocadherin-9 and characterized its properties to elucidate the role. The deduced amino acid sequence was highly homologous to those of mammalian protocadherin-9 s. X. laevis protocadherin-9 expressed from the cDNA in L cells showed basic properties similar to those of mammalian Pcdhs. Expression of X. laevis protocadherin-9 was first detected in stage-31 embryos and increased as the development proceeded. In the later stage embryos and the adults, the retina strongly expressed protocadherin-9, which was mainly localized at the plexiform layers. Injection of morpholino anti-sense oligonucleotide against protocadherin-9 into the fertilized eggs inhibited eye development; and eye growth and formation of the retinal laminar structure were hindered. Moreover, affected retina showed abnormal extension of neurites into the ganglion cell layer. Co-injection of protocadherin-9 mRNA with the morpholino anti-sense oligonucleotide rescued the embryos from the defects. These results suggest that X. laevis protocadherin-9 was involved in the development of retina structure possibly through survival of neurons, formation of the lamina structure and neurite localization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Izuta
- Department of Bioscience, School of Science and Technology, Kwansei Gakuin University, 2-1 Gakuen, Sanda-Shi, Hyogo-Ken 669-1337, Japan and Rikkyo College of Science, Rikkyo University, 3-34-1 Nishishinjyuku, Toshima-ku, Tokyo 171-8501, Japan
| | - Tetsuro Taira
- Department of Bioscience, School of Science and Technology, Kwansei Gakuin University, 2-1 Gakuen, Sanda-Shi, Hyogo-Ken 669-1337, Japan and Rikkyo College of Science, Rikkyo University, 3-34-1 Nishishinjyuku, Toshima-ku, Tokyo 171-8501, Japan
| | - Ayako Asayama
- Department of Bioscience, School of Science and Technology, Kwansei Gakuin University, 2-1 Gakuen, Sanda-Shi, Hyogo-Ken 669-1337, Japan and Rikkyo College of Science, Rikkyo University, 3-34-1 Nishishinjyuku, Toshima-ku, Tokyo 171-8501, Japan
| | - Mika Machigashira
- Department of Bioscience, School of Science and Technology, Kwansei Gakuin University, 2-1 Gakuen, Sanda-Shi, Hyogo-Ken 669-1337, Japan and Rikkyo College of Science, Rikkyo University, 3-34-1 Nishishinjyuku, Toshima-ku, Tokyo 171-8501, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Kinoshita
- Department of Bioscience, School of Science and Technology, Kwansei Gakuin University, 2-1 Gakuen, Sanda-Shi, Hyogo-Ken 669-1337, Japan and Rikkyo College of Science, Rikkyo University, 3-34-1 Nishishinjyuku, Toshima-ku, Tokyo 171-8501, Japan
| | - Miwako Fujiwara
- Department of Bioscience, School of Science and Technology, Kwansei Gakuin University, 2-1 Gakuen, Sanda-Shi, Hyogo-Ken 669-1337, Japan and Rikkyo College of Science, Rikkyo University, 3-34-1 Nishishinjyuku, Toshima-ku, Tokyo 171-8501, Japan
| | - Shintaro T Suzuki
- Department of Bioscience, School of Science and Technology, Kwansei Gakuin University, 2-1 Gakuen, Sanda-Shi, Hyogo-Ken 669-1337, Japan and Rikkyo College of Science, Rikkyo University, 3-34-1 Nishishinjyuku, Toshima-ku, Tokyo 171-8501, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Seiradake E, del Toro D, Nagel D, Cop F, Härtl R, Ruff T, Seyit-Bremer G, Harlos K, Border EC, Acker-Palmer A, Jones EY, Klein R. FLRT structure: balancing repulsion and cell adhesion in cortical and vascular development. Neuron 2014; 84:370-85. [PMID: 25374360 PMCID: PMC4210639 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2014.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
FLRTs are broadly expressed proteins with the unique property of acting as homophilic cell adhesion molecules and as heterophilic repulsive ligands of Unc5/Netrin receptors. How these functions direct cell behavior and the molecular mechanisms involved remain largely unclear. Here we use X-ray crystallography to reveal the distinct structural bases for FLRT-mediated cell adhesion and repulsion in neurons. We apply this knowledge to elucidate FLRT functions during cortical development. We show that FLRTs regulate both the radial migration of pyramidal neurons, as well as their tangential spread. Mechanistically, radial migration is controlled by repulsive FLRT2-Unc5D interactions, while spatial organization in the tangential axis involves adhesive FLRT-FLRT interactions. Further, we show that the fundamental mechanisms of FLRT adhesion and repulsion are conserved between neurons and vascular endothelial cells. Our results reveal FLRTs as powerful guidance factors with structurally encoded repulsive and adhesive surfaces.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elena Seiradake
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, OX3 7BN Oxford, UK
| | - Daniel del Toro
- Max Planck Institute of Neurobiology, Am Klopferspitz 18, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Daniel Nagel
- Max Planck Institute of Neurobiology, Am Klopferspitz 18, 82152 Martinsried, Germany; Graduate School of Systemic Neurosciences, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Großhaderner Str. 2, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Florian Cop
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neuroscience and Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 15, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Focus Program Translational Neurosciences, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Saarstr. 21, 55122 Mainz, Germany
| | - Ricarda Härtl
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neuroscience and Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 15, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Focus Program Translational Neurosciences, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Saarstr. 21, 55122 Mainz, Germany
| | - Tobias Ruff
- Max Planck Institute of Neurobiology, Am Klopferspitz 18, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Gönül Seyit-Bremer
- Max Planck Institute of Neurobiology, Am Klopferspitz 18, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Karl Harlos
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, OX3 7BN Oxford, UK
| | - Ellen Clare Border
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, OX3 7BN Oxford, UK
| | - Amparo Acker-Palmer
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neuroscience and Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 15, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Focus Program Translational Neurosciences, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Saarstr. 21, 55122 Mainz, Germany
| | - E Yvonne Jones
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, OX3 7BN Oxford, UK.
| | - Rüdiger Klein
- Max Planck Institute of Neurobiology, Am Klopferspitz 18, 82152 Martinsried, Germany; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), 80336 Munich, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Abstract
The subdivision of the embryo into physically distinct regions is one of the most fundamental processes in development. General hypotheses for tissue separation based on differential adhesion or tension have been proposed in the past, but with little experimental support. During the last decade, the field has experienced a strong revival, largely driven by renewed interest in biophysical modeling of development. Here, I will discuss the various models of boundary formation and summarize recent studies that have shifted our understanding of the process from the simple juxtaposition of global tissue properties to the characterization of local cellular reactions. Current evidence favors a model whereby separation is controlled by cell surface cues, which, upon cell-cell contact, generate acute changes in cytoskeletal and adhesive properties to inhibit cell mixing, and whereby the integration of multiple local cues may dictate both the global morphogenetic properties of a tissue and its separation from adjacent cell populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- François Fagotto
- Department of Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3G 0B1, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
de Wit J, Ghosh A. Control of neural circuit formation by leucine-rich repeat proteins. Trends Neurosci 2014; 37:539-50. [PMID: 25131359 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2014.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2014] [Revised: 07/02/2014] [Accepted: 07/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The function of neural circuits depends on the precise connectivity between populations of neurons. Increasing evidence indicates that disruptions in excitatory or inhibitory synapse formation or function lead to excitation/inhibition (E/I) imbalances and contribute to neurodevelopmental and psychiatric disorders. Leucine-rich repeat (LRR)-containing surface proteins have emerged as key organizers of excitatory and inhibitory synapses. Distinct LRR proteins are expressed in different cell types and interact with key pre- and postsynaptic proteins. These protein interaction networks allow LRR proteins to coordinate pre- and postsynaptic elements during synapse formation and differentiation, pathway-specific synapse development, and synaptic plasticity. LRR proteins, therefore, play a critical role in organizing synaptic connections into functional neural circuits, and their dysfunction may contribute to neuropsychiatric disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joris de Wit
- VIB Center for the Biology of Disease, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; KU Leuven, Center for Human Genetics, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Anirvan Ghosh
- Neuroscience Discovery, F. Hoffman-La Roche, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Abstract
Loss of cadherin 1 (CDH1; also known as epithelial cadherin (E-cadherin)) is used for the diagnosis and prognosis of epithelial cancers. However, it should not be ignored that the superfamily of transmembrane cadherin proteins encompasses more than 100 members in humans, including other classical cadherins, numerous protocadherins and cadherin-related proteins. Elucidation of their roles in suppression versus initiation or progression of various tumour types is a young but fascinating field of molecular cancer research. These cadherins are very diverse in both structure and function, and their mutual interactions seem to influence biological responses in complex and versatile ways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Frans van Roy
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium.The Inflammation Research Center, VIB, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Fagotto F, Winklbauer R, Rohani N. Ephrin-Eph signaling in embryonic tissue separation. Cell Adh Migr 2014; 8:308-26. [PMID: 25482630 PMCID: PMC4594459 DOI: 10.4161/19336918.2014.970028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2014] [Revised: 08/19/2014] [Accepted: 08/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The physical separation of the embryonic regions that give rise to the tissues and organs of multicellular organisms is a fundamental aspect of morphogenesis. Pioneer experiments by Holtfreter had shown that embryonic cells can sort based on "tissue affinities," which have long been considered to rely on differences in cell-cell adhesion. However, vertebrate embryonic tissues also express a variety of cell surface cues, in particular ephrins and Eph receptors, and there is now firm evidence that these molecules are systematically used to induce local repulsion at contacts between different cell types, efficiently preventing mixing of adjacent cell populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Rudolf Winklbauer
- Dpt. of Cell and Systems Biology; University of Toronto; Toronto, Canada
| | - Nazanin Rohani
- Dpt. of Biology; McGill University; Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Weiner JA, Jontes JD. Protocadherins, not prototypical: a complex tale of their interactions, expression, and functions. Front Mol Neurosci 2013; 6:4. [PMID: 23515683 PMCID: PMC3601302 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2013.00004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2012] [Accepted: 03/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The organization of functional neural circuits requires the precise and coordinated control of cell-cell interactions at nearly all stages of development, including neuronal differentiation, neuronal migration, axon outgrowth, dendrite arborization, and synapse formation and stabilization. This coordination is brought about by the concerted action of a large number of cell surface receptors, whose dynamic regulation enables neurons (and astrocytes) to adopt their proper roles within developing neural circuits. The protocadherins (Pcdhs) comprise a major family of cell surface receptors expressed in the developing vertebrate nervous system whose cellular and developmental roles are only beginning to be elucidated. In this review, we highlight selected recent results in several key areas of Pcdh biology and discuss their implications for our understanding of neural circuit formation and function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joshua A Weiner
- Department of Biology, The University of Iowa Iowa City, IA, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Kahr I, Vandepoele K, van Roy F. Delta-protocadherins in health and disease. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2013; 116:169-92. [PMID: 23481195 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-394311-8.00008-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The protocadherin family comprises clustered and nonclustered protocadherin genes. The nonclustered genes encode mainly δ-protocadherins, which deviate markedly from classical cadherins. They can be subdivided phylogenetically into δ0-protocadherins (protocadherin-20), δ1-protocadherins (protocadherin-1, -7, -9, and -11X/Y), and δ2-protocadherins (protocadherin-8, -10, -17, -18, and -19). δ-Protocadherins share a similar gene structure and are expressed as multiple alternative splice forms differing mostly in their cytoplasmic domains (CDs). Some δ-protocadherins reportedly show cell-cell adhesion properties. Individual δ-protocadherins appear to be involved in specific signaling pathways, as they interact with proteins such as TAF1/Set, TAO2β, Nap1, and the Frizzled-7 receptor. The spatiotemporally restricted expression of δ-protocadherins in various tissues and species and their functional analysis suggest that they play multiple, tightly regulated roles in vertebrate development. Furthermore, several δ-protocadherins have been implicated in neurological disorders and in cancers, highlighting the importance of scrutinizing their properties and their dysregulation in various pathologies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Irene Kahr
- Department for Molecular Biomedical Research, VIB, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Kraft B, Berger CD, Wallkamm V, Steinbeisser H, Wedlich D. Wnt-11 and Fz7 reduce cell adhesion in convergent extension by sequestration of PAPC and C-cadherin. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 198:695-709. [PMID: 22908314 PMCID: PMC3514027 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201110076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Wnt-11/frizzled-7 reduces the lateral clustering of C-cadherin by capturing the
protocadherin PAPC and C-cadherin into distinct adhesion-modulating
complexes. Wnt-11/planar cell polarity signaling polarizes mesodermal cells undergoing
convergent extension during Xenopus laevis gastrulation. These
shape changes associated with lateral intercalation behavior require a dynamic
modulation of cell adhesion. In this paper, we report that Wnt-11/frizzled-7
(Fz7) controls cell adhesion by forming separate adhesion-modulating complexes
(AMCs) with the paraxial protocadherin (PAPC; denoted as AMCP) and C-cadherin
(denoted as AMCC) via distinct Fz7 interaction domains. When PAPC was part of a
Wnt-11–Fz7 complex, its Dynamin1- and clathrin-dependent internalization
was blocked. This membrane stabilization of AMCP (Fz7/PAPC) by Wnt-11 prevented
C-cadherin clustering, resulting in reduced cell adhesion and modified cell
sorting activity. Importantly, Wnt-11 did not influence C-cadherin
internalization; instead, it promoted the formation of AMCC (Fz7/Cadherin),
which competed with cis-dimerization of C-cadherin. Because PAPC and C-cadherin
did not directly interact and did not form a joint complex with Fz7, we suggest
that Wnt-11 triggers the formation of two distinct complexes, AMCC and AMCP,
that act in parallel to reduce cell adhesion by hampering lateral clustering of
C-cadherin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bianca Kraft
- Cell and Developmental Biology, Zoological Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Becker SF, Langhe R, Huang C, Wedlich D, Kashef J. Giving the right tug for migration: Cadherins in tissue movements. Arch Biochem Biophys 2012; 524:30-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2012.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2011] [Revised: 02/16/2012] [Accepted: 02/17/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
|
33
|
Abstract
Cadherins are Ca(2+)-dependent cell-cell adhesion molecules that play critical roles in animal morphogenesis. Various cadherin-related molecules have also been identified, which show diverse functions, not only for the regulation of cell adhesion but also for that of cell proliferation and planar cell polarity. During the past decade, understanding of the roles of these molecules in the nervous system has significantly progressed. They are important not only for the development of the nervous system but also for its functions and, in turn, for neural disorders. In this review, we discuss the roles of cadherins and related molecules in neural development and function in the vertebrate brain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shinji Hirano
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Kochi Medical School, Okoh-cho Kohasu, Nankoku-City 783–8505, Japan.
| | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
FLRT proteins are endogenous latrophilin ligands and regulate excitatory synapse development. Neuron 2012; 73:903-10. [PMID: 22405201 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2012.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/25/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Latrophilins (LPHNs) are a small family of G protein-coupled receptors known to mediate the massive synaptic exocytosis caused by the black widow spider venom α-latrotoxin, but their endogenous ligands and function remain unclear. Mutations in LPHN3 are strongly associated with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, suggesting a role for latrophilins in human cognitive function. Using affinity chromatography and mass spectrometry, we identify the FLRT family of leucine-rich repeat transmembrane proteins as endogenous postsynaptic ligands for latrophilins. We demonstrate that the FLRT3 and LPHN3 ectodomains interact with high affinity in trans and that interference with this interaction using soluble recombinant LPHN3, LPHN3 shRNA, or FLRT3 shRNA reduces excitatory synapse density in cultured neurons. In addition, reducing FLRT3 levels with shRNA in vivo decreases afferent input strength and dendritic spine number in dentate granule cells. These observations indicate that LPHN3 and its ligand FLRT3 play an important role in glutamatergic synapse development.
Collapse
|
35
|
Petrova YI, Spano MM, Gumbiner BM. Conformational epitopes at cadherin calcium-binding sites and p120-catenin phosphorylation regulate cell adhesion. Mol Biol Cell 2012; 23:2092-108. [PMID: 22513089 PMCID: PMC3364174 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e11-12-1060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The activity state of E-cadherin is controlled by conformational epitopes at interfaces between different EC domains, which are coupled to p120-catenin phosphorylation. Dephosphorylation activates adhesion, whereas phosphorylation inhibits activation. p120-dependent changes in the physical state of E-cadherin regulate epithelial cell morphogenesis. We investigated changes in cadherin structure at the cell surface that regulate its adhesive activity. Colo 205 cells are nonadhesive cells with a full but inactive complement of E-cadherin–catenin complexes at the cell surface, but they can be triggered to adhere and form monolayers. We were able to distinguish the inactive and active states of E-cadherin at the cell surface by using a special set of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). Another set of mAbs binds E-cadherin and strongly activates adhesion. In other epithelial cell types these activating mAbs inhibit growth factor–induced down-regulation of adhesion and epithelial morphogenesis, indicating that these phenomena are also controlled by E-cadherin activity at the cell surface. Both types of mAbs recognize conformational epitopes at different interfaces between extracellular cadherin repeat domains (ECs), especially near calcium-binding sites. Activation also induces p120-catenin dephosphorylation, as well as changes in the cadherin cytoplasmic domain. Moreover, phospho-site mutations indicate that dephosphorylation of specific Ser/Thr residues in the N-terminal domain of p120-catenin mediate adhesion activation. Thus physiological regulation of the adhesive state of E-cadherin involves physical and/or conformational changes in the EC interface regions of the ectodomain at the cell surface that are mediated by catenin-associated changes across the membrane.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuliya I Petrova
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Xu Y, Wei K, Kulyk W, Gong SG. FLRT2 promotes cellular proliferation and inhibits cell adhesion during chondrogenesis. J Cell Biochem 2012; 112:3440-8. [PMID: 21769912 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.23271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
One of the earliest events during chondrogenesis is the formation of condensations, a necessary pre-requisite for subsequent differentiation of a chondrogenic phenotype. Members of the Fibronectin Lecucine Rich Transmembrane (FLRT) proteins have been shown to be involved in cell sorting and neurite outgrowth. Additionally, FLRT2 is highly expressed at putative sites of chondrogenic differentiation during craniofacial development. In this study, we demonstrate that FLRT2 plays a role in mediating cell proliferation and cell-cell interactions during early chondrogenesis. Clones of stable transfectants of a murine chondroprogenitor cell line, ATDC5, were established in which FLRT2 was knocked down or overexpressed. Cells in which FLRT2 was knocked down proliferated at a slower rate compared to control wild-type ATDC5 cells or those containing a non-coding shRNA. In addition, FLRT2 knockdown cells formed numerous lectin peanut agglutinin (PNA) stained aggregates and exhibited higher expression of the cell adhesion molecule, N-cadherin. In an in vitro wound healing assay, fewer FLRT2 knockdown cells appeared to migrate into the defect. Surprisingly, the FLRT2 knockdown cells demonstrated increased formation of Alcian blue-stainable extracellular matrix, suggesting that their reduced aggregate formation did not inhibit subsequent chondrogenic differentiation. The opposite trends were observed in ATDC5 clones that overexpressed FLRT2. Specifically, FLRT overexpressing cells proliferated faster, formed fewer PNA-positive aggregates, accumulated increased Alcian blue-positive matrix, and migrated faster to close a wound. Collectively, our findings provide evidence for a role of FLRT2 in enhancing cell proliferation and reducing intercellular adhesion during the early stages of chondrogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y Xu
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, 124 Edward Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1G6
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Abstract
Xenopus gastrulation consists of the orderly deformation of a single, multilayered cell sheet that resembles a multilayered epithelium, and flexible cell-cell adhesion has to provide tissue cohesion while allowing for cell rearrangements that drive gastrulation. A few classic cadherins are expressed in the Xenopus early embryo. The prominent C-cadherin is essential for the cohesion of the animal part of the gastrula including ectoderm and chordamesoderm, and it contributes to the adhesion of endoderm and anterior mesoderm in the vegetal moiety. The cadherin/catenin complex is expressed in a graded pattern which is stable during early development. Regional differences in cell adhesion conform to the graded cadherin/catenin expression pattern. However, although the cadherin/catenin pattern seems to be actively maintained, and cadherin function is modulated to reinforce differential adhesiveness, it is not clear how regional differences in tissue cohesion affect gastrulation. Manipulating cadherin expression or function does not induce cell sorting or boundary formation in the embryo. Moreover, known boundary formation mechanisms in the gastrula are based on active cell repulsion. Cell rearrangement is also compatible with variable tissue cohesion. Thus, identifying roles for differential adhesion in the Xenopus gastrula remains a challenge.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rudolf Winklbauer
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada,
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Emond MR, Biswas S, Blevins CJ, Jontes JD. A complex of Protocadherin-19 and N-cadherin mediates a novel mechanism of cell adhesion. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 195:1115-21. [PMID: 22184198 PMCID: PMC3246890 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201108115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
During embryonic morphogenesis, adhesion molecules are required for selective cell-cell interactions. The classical cadherins mediate homophilic calcium-dependent cell adhesion and are founding members of the large and diverse cadherin superfamily. The protocadherins are the largest subgroup within this superfamily, yet their participation in calcium-dependent cell adhesion is uncertain. In this paper, we demonstrate a novel mechanism of adhesion, mediated by a complex of Protocadherin-19 (Pcdh19) and N-cadherin (Ncad). Although Pcdh19 alone is only weakly adhesive, the Pcdh19-Ncad complex exhibited robust adhesion in bead aggregation assays, and Pcdh19 appeared to play the dominant role. Adhesion by the Pcdh19-Ncad complex was unaffected by mutations that disrupt Ncad homophilic binding but was inhibited by a mutation in Pcdh19. In addition, the complex exhibited homophilic specificity, as beads coated with Pcdh19-Ncad did not intermix with Ncad- or Pcdh17-Ncad-coated beads. We propose a model in which association of a protocadherin with Ncad acts as a switch, converting between distinct binding specificities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michelle R Emond
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Biomedical Science, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Blevins CJ, Emond MR, Biswas S, Jontes JD. Differential expression, alternative splicing, and adhesive properties of the zebrafish δ1-protocadherins. Neuroscience 2011; 199:523-34. [PMID: 22001682 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2011.09.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2011] [Revised: 09/11/2011] [Accepted: 09/22/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Protocadherins comprise the largest family within the cadherin superfamily of cell surface receptors. Here, we characterize the δ1-protocadherin subfamily during the development of the zebrafish nervous system. In zebrafish, there are five δ1-protocadherins: pcdh1a, pcdh1b, pcdh7a, pcdh7b, andpcdh9. Each protocadherin gene is highly homologous to its human ortholog. While the expression pattern in the developing CNS is similar for each δ1-protocadherin, with labeling observed in all major subdivisions, the detailed patterns are distinct. In addition, we provide evidence for alternative splicing of the pcdh7b and pcdh9 genes, resulting in variation in their respective cytoplasmic domains. As protocadherins are widely regarded to act as cell adhesion molecules, we used in vitro assays of δ1-pcdh ectodomains to directly test their adhesive properties. We found no evidence for calcium-dependent, homophilic adhesion, contrasting sharply with the behavior of classical cadherins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C J Blevins
- Department of Neuroscience, Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Yoder MD, Gumbiner BM. Axial protocadherin (AXPC) regulates cell fate during notochordal morphogenesis. Dev Dyn 2011; 240:2495-504. [PMID: 21960065 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.22754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/06/2011] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The separation and specification of mesoderm into the notochord and somites involves members of the non-clustered δ-protocadherins. Axial (AXPC) and paraxial (PAPC) protocadherins are expressed in the early dorsal mesoderm and later become refined to the developing notochordal and somitic mesoderm, respectively. The role of PAPC in this process has been studied extensively, but the role of AXPC is poorly understood. Partial knockdown of AXPC causes a specific bent-axis phenotype, while more severe knockdown results in the loss of notochord formation. The inability of these embryos to develop a notochord is not due to a cell-sorting event via changes in cell adhesion during gastrulation, but rather this defect is manifested through the loss of axial mesoderm specification, but not general mesoderm induction. The results presented here show that AXPC functions in notochord morphogenesis by directing cell-fate decisions rather than cell-cell adhesion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael D Yoder
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Maître JL, Heisenberg CP. The role of adhesion energy in controlling cell-cell contacts. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2011; 23:508-14. [PMID: 21807491 PMCID: PMC3188705 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2011.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2011] [Revised: 06/30/2011] [Accepted: 07/07/2011] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Recent advances in microscopy techniques and biophysical measurements have provided novel insight into the molecular, cellular and biophysical basis of cell adhesion. However, comparably little is known about a core element of cell–cell adhesion—the energy of adhesion at the cell–cell contact. In this review, we discuss approaches to understand the nature and regulation of adhesion energy, and propose strategies to determine adhesion energy between cells in vitro and in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Léon Maître
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Am Campus 1, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Heath RJW, Leong JM, Visegrády B, Machesky LM, Xavier RJ. Bacterial and host determinants of MAL activation upon EPEC infection: the roles of Tir, ABRA, and FLRT3. PLoS Pathog 2011; 7:e1001332. [PMID: 21490959 PMCID: PMC3072376 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1001332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2010] [Accepted: 03/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection of host cells by pathogenic microbes triggers signal transduction pathways leading to a multitude of host cell responses including actin cytoskeletal re-arrangements and transcriptional programs. The diarrheagenic pathogens Enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC) and the related Enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC) subvert the host-cell actin cytoskeleton to form attaching and effacing lesions on the surface of intestinal epithelial cells by injecting effector proteins via a type III secretion system. Here we use a MAL translocation assay to establish the effect of bacterial pathogens on host cell signaling to transcription factor activation. MAL is a cofactor of Serum response factor (SRF), a transcription factor with important roles in the regulation of the actin cytoskeleton. We show that EPEC induces nuclear accumulation of MAL-GFP. The translocated intimin receptor is essential for this process and phosphorylation of Tyrosine residues 454 and 474 is important. Using an expression screen we identify FLRT3, C22orf28 and TESK1 as novel activators of SRF. Importantly we demonstrate that ABRA (actin-binding Rho-activating protein, also known as STARS) is necessary for EPEC-induced nuclear accumulation of MAL and the novel SRF activator FLRT3, is a component of this pathway. We further demonstrate that ABRA is important for structural maintenance of EPEC pedestals. Our results uncover novel components in pathogen-activated cytoskeleton signalling to MAL activation. Many significant immune diseases are caused by bacterial pathogens that deliver effector proteins into their host. The pathogen uses these proteins to subvert the hosts' normal cytosolic defense in a way that services the pathogen. It is therefore important to understand the normal processes of a cell and how they are affected by bacterial infection. We have established the effect of bacteria on host cell signalling to the transcription factor serum response factor. Serum response factor is a widely expressed transcription factor that controls the expression of many important genes. We show that Enteropathogenic E. coli infection can activate serum response factor and that the effector protein Tir is essential for this activation. Furthermore, we identify new genes that are important in this infection-induced activation and show that they are important in maintaining structures necessary for Enteropathogenic E. coli infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert J. W. Heath
- Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Gastrointestinal Unit, Center for Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - John M. Leong
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, UMass Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Balázs Visegrády
- Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Garscube Estate, Bearsden, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Laura M. Machesky
- Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Garscube Estate, Bearsden, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Ramnik J. Xavier
- Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Gastrointestinal Unit, Center for Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Müller PS, Schulz R, Maretto S, Costello I, Srinivas S, Bikoff E, Robertson E. The fibronectin leucine-rich repeat transmembrane protein Flrt2 is required in the epicardium to promote heart morphogenesis. Development 2011; 138:1297-308. [PMID: 21350012 PMCID: PMC3050662 DOI: 10.1242/dev.059386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/06/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The epicardium, the outermost tissue layer that envelops the developing heart and provides essential trophic signals for the myocardium, derives from the pro-epicardial organ (PEO). Two of the three members of the Flrt family of transmembrane glycoproteins, Flrt2 and Flrt3, are strongly co-expressed in the PEO. However, beginning at around day 10 of mouse development, following attachment and outgrowth, Flrt3 is selectively downregulated, and only Flrt2 is exclusively expressed in the fully delaminated epicardium. The present gene-targeting experiments demonstrate that mouse embryos lacking Flrt2 expression arrest at mid-gestation owing to cardiac insufficiency. The defects in integrity of the epicardial sheet and disturbed organization of the underlying basement membrane closely resemble those described in Flrt3-deficient embryos that fail to maintain cell-cell contacts in the anterior visceral endoderm (AVE) signalling centre that normally establishes the A-P axis. Using in vitro and in vivo reconstitution assays, we demonstrate that Flrt2 and Flrt3 are functionally interchangeable. When acting alone, either of these proteins is sufficient to rescue functional activities in the AVE and the developing epicardium.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pari-Sima Müller
- The Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK
| | - Ramona Schulz
- The Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK
| | - Silvia Maretto
- The Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK
| | - Ita Costello
- The Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK
| | - Shankar Srinivas
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK
| | - Elizabeth Bikoff
- The Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK
| | - Elizabeth Robertson
- The Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Biswas S, Emond MR, Jontes JD. Protocadherin-19 and N-cadherin interact to control cell movements during anterior neurulation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 191:1029-41. [PMID: 21115806 PMCID: PMC2995167 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201007008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The protocadherins comprise the largest subgroup within the cadherin superfamily, yet their cellular and developmental functions are not well understood. In this study, we demonstrate that pcdh 19 (protocadherin 19) acts synergistically with n-cadherin (ncad) during anterior neurulation in zebrafish. In addition, Pcdh 19 and Ncad interact directly, forming a protein-protein complex both in vitro and in vivo. Although both molecules are required for calcium-dependent adhesion in a zebrafish cell line, the extracellular domain of Pcdh 19 does not exhibit adhesive activity, suggesting that the involvement of Pcdh 19 in cell adhesion is indirect. Quantitative analysis of in vivo two-photon time-lapse image sequences reveals that loss of either pcdh 19 or ncad impairs cell movements during neurulation, disrupting both the directedness of cell movements and the coherence of movements among neighboring cells. Our results suggest that Pcdh 19 and Ncad function together to regulate cell adhesion and to mediate morphogenetic movements during brain development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sayantanee Biswas
- Center for Molecular Neurobiology, Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|