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Heslop JA, Hammond TG, Santeramo I, Tort Piella A, Hopp I, Zhou J, Baty R, Graziano EI, Proto Marco B, Caron A, Sköld P, Andrews PW, Baxter MA, Hay DC, Hamdam J, Sharpe ME, Patel S, Jones DR, Reinhardt J, Danen EHJ, Ben-David U, Stacey G, Björquist P, Piner J, Mills J, Rowe C, Pellegrini G, Sethu S, Antoine DJ, Cross MJ, Murray P, Williams DP, Kitteringham NR, Goldring CEP, Park BK. Concise review: workshop review: understanding and assessing the risks of stem cell-based therapies. Stem Cells Transl Med 2015; 4:389-400. [PMID: 25722427 DOI: 10.5966/sctm.2014-0110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The field of stem cell therapeutics is moving ever closer to widespread application in the clinic. However, despite the undoubted potential held by these therapies, the balance between risk and benefit remains difficult to predict. As in any new field, a lack of previous application in man and gaps in the underlying science mean that regulators and investigators continue to look for a balance between minimizing potential risk and ensuring therapies are not needlessly kept from patients. Here, we attempt to identify the important safety issues, assessing the current advances in scientific knowledge and how they may translate to clinical therapeutic strategies in the identification and management of these risks. We also investigate the tools and techniques currently available to researchers during preclinical and clinical development of stem cell products, their utility and limitations, and how these tools may be strategically used in the development of these therapies. We conclude that ensuring safety through cutting-edge science and robust assays, coupled with regular and open discussions between regulators and academic/industrial investigators, is likely to prove the most fruitful route to ensuring the safest possible development of new products.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A Heslop
- Medical Research Council Centre for Drug Safety Science, Division of Molecular & Clinical Pharmacology, Institute of Translational Medicine, and Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, U.K.; Division of Molecular and Systems Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmazentrum, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Laboratorios Almirall, S.A. Laurea Miro, Sant Feliu de Llobregat, Spain; SANOFI-Research & Development, Disposition, Safety and Animal Research, Alfortville, France; Uppsala Biomedicinska Centrum BMC, Husarg, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; Centre for Stem Cell Biology, Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, U.K.; Developmental & Regenerative Biomedicine, School of Biomedicine, Faculty of Human and Medical Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, U.K.; Medical Research Council Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, U.K.; Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany; OakMore Solutions Ltd., Faversham, U.K.; ReNeuron Limited, Guildford, U.K.; Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency, London, U.K.; Paul Ehrlich Institut, Langen, Germany; Faculty of Science, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Toxicology, Leiden, The Netherlands; Stem Cell Unit, Department of Genetics, Institute of Life Sciences, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Givat-Ram, Jerusalem, Israel; U.K. Stem Cell Bank, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency, Potters Bar, U.K.; Cellectis AB, Göteborg, Sweden; GSK, David Jack Centre for Research & Development, Ware, U.K.; Personalised Healthcare and Biomarkers, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield, U.K.; CN-bio Innovations Limited, Centre for Innovation & Enterprise, Begbroke, U.K.; Institute of Veterinary Pathology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; School of Bio Scien
| | - Thomas G Hammond
- Medical Research Council Centre for Drug Safety Science, Division of Molecular & Clinical Pharmacology, Institute of Translational Medicine, and Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, U.K.; Division of Molecular and Systems Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmazentrum, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Laboratorios Almirall, S.A. Laurea Miro, Sant Feliu de Llobregat, Spain; SANOFI-Research & Development, Disposition, Safety and Animal Research, Alfortville, France; Uppsala Biomedicinska Centrum BMC, Husarg, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; Centre for Stem Cell Biology, Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, U.K.; Developmental & Regenerative Biomedicine, School of Biomedicine, Faculty of Human and Medical Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, U.K.; Medical Research Council Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, U.K.; Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany; OakMore Solutions Ltd., Faversham, U.K.; ReNeuron Limited, Guildford, U.K.; Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency, London, U.K.; Paul Ehrlich Institut, Langen, Germany; Faculty of Science, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Toxicology, Leiden, The Netherlands; Stem Cell Unit, Department of Genetics, Institute of Life Sciences, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Givat-Ram, Jerusalem, Israel; U.K. Stem Cell Bank, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency, Potters Bar, U.K.; Cellectis AB, Göteborg, Sweden; GSK, David Jack Centre for Research & Development, Ware, U.K.; Personalised Healthcare and Biomarkers, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield, U.K.; CN-bio Innovations Limited, Centre for Innovation & Enterprise, Begbroke, U.K.; Institute of Veterinary Pathology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; School of Bio Scien
| | - Ilaria Santeramo
- Medical Research Council Centre for Drug Safety Science, Division of Molecular & Clinical Pharmacology, Institute of Translational Medicine, and Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, U.K.; Division of Molecular and Systems Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmazentrum, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Laboratorios Almirall, S.A. Laurea Miro, Sant Feliu de Llobregat, Spain; SANOFI-Research & Development, Disposition, Safety and Animal Research, Alfortville, France; Uppsala Biomedicinska Centrum BMC, Husarg, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; Centre for Stem Cell Biology, Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, U.K.; Developmental & Regenerative Biomedicine, School of Biomedicine, Faculty of Human and Medical Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, U.K.; Medical Research Council Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, U.K.; Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany; OakMore Solutions Ltd., Faversham, U.K.; ReNeuron Limited, Guildford, U.K.; Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency, London, U.K.; Paul Ehrlich Institut, Langen, Germany; Faculty of Science, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Toxicology, Leiden, The Netherlands; Stem Cell Unit, Department of Genetics, Institute of Life Sciences, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Givat-Ram, Jerusalem, Israel; U.K. Stem Cell Bank, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency, Potters Bar, U.K.; Cellectis AB, Göteborg, Sweden; GSK, David Jack Centre for Research & Development, Ware, U.K.; Personalised Healthcare and Biomarkers, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield, U.K.; CN-bio Innovations Limited, Centre for Innovation & Enterprise, Begbroke, U.K.; Institute of Veterinary Pathology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; School of Bio Scien
| | - Agnès Tort Piella
- Medical Research Council Centre for Drug Safety Science, Division of Molecular & Clinical Pharmacology, Institute of Translational Medicine, and Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, U.K.; Division of Molecular and Systems Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmazentrum, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Laboratorios Almirall, S.A. Laurea Miro, Sant Feliu de Llobregat, Spain; SANOFI-Research & Development, Disposition, Safety and Animal Research, Alfortville, France; Uppsala Biomedicinska Centrum BMC, Husarg, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; Centre for Stem Cell Biology, Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, U.K.; Developmental & Regenerative Biomedicine, School of Biomedicine, Faculty of Human and Medical Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, U.K.; Medical Research Council Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, U.K.; Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany; OakMore Solutions Ltd., Faversham, U.K.; ReNeuron Limited, Guildford, U.K.; Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency, London, U.K.; Paul Ehrlich Institut, Langen, Germany; Faculty of Science, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Toxicology, Leiden, The Netherlands; Stem Cell Unit, Department of Genetics, Institute of Life Sciences, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Givat-Ram, Jerusalem, Israel; U.K. Stem Cell Bank, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency, Potters Bar, U.K.; Cellectis AB, Göteborg, Sweden; GSK, David Jack Centre for Research & Development, Ware, U.K.; Personalised Healthcare and Biomarkers, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield, U.K.; CN-bio Innovations Limited, Centre for Innovation & Enterprise, Begbroke, U.K.; Institute of Veterinary Pathology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; School of Bio Scien
| | - Isabel Hopp
- Medical Research Council Centre for Drug Safety Science, Division of Molecular & Clinical Pharmacology, Institute of Translational Medicine, and Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, U.K.; Division of Molecular and Systems Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmazentrum, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Laboratorios Almirall, S.A. Laurea Miro, Sant Feliu de Llobregat, Spain; SANOFI-Research & Development, Disposition, Safety and Animal Research, Alfortville, France; Uppsala Biomedicinska Centrum BMC, Husarg, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; Centre for Stem Cell Biology, Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, U.K.; Developmental & Regenerative Biomedicine, School of Biomedicine, Faculty of Human and Medical Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, U.K.; Medical Research Council Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, U.K.; Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany; OakMore Solutions Ltd., Faversham, U.K.; ReNeuron Limited, Guildford, U.K.; Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency, London, U.K.; Paul Ehrlich Institut, Langen, Germany; Faculty of Science, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Toxicology, Leiden, The Netherlands; Stem Cell Unit, Department of Genetics, Institute of Life Sciences, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Givat-Ram, Jerusalem, Israel; U.K. Stem Cell Bank, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency, Potters Bar, U.K.; Cellectis AB, Göteborg, Sweden; GSK, David Jack Centre for Research & Development, Ware, U.K.; Personalised Healthcare and Biomarkers, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield, U.K.; CN-bio Innovations Limited, Centre for Innovation & Enterprise, Begbroke, U.K.; Institute of Veterinary Pathology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; School of Bio Scien
| | - Jing Zhou
- Medical Research Council Centre for Drug Safety Science, Division of Molecular & Clinical Pharmacology, Institute of Translational Medicine, and Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, U.K.; Division of Molecular and Systems Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmazentrum, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Laboratorios Almirall, S.A. Laurea Miro, Sant Feliu de Llobregat, Spain; SANOFI-Research & Development, Disposition, Safety and Animal Research, Alfortville, France; Uppsala Biomedicinska Centrum BMC, Husarg, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; Centre for Stem Cell Biology, Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, U.K.; Developmental & Regenerative Biomedicine, School of Biomedicine, Faculty of Human and Medical Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, U.K.; Medical Research Council Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, U.K.; Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany; OakMore Solutions Ltd., Faversham, U.K.; ReNeuron Limited, Guildford, U.K.; Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency, London, U.K.; Paul Ehrlich Institut, Langen, Germany; Faculty of Science, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Toxicology, Leiden, The Netherlands; Stem Cell Unit, Department of Genetics, Institute of Life Sciences, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Givat-Ram, Jerusalem, Israel; U.K. Stem Cell Bank, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency, Potters Bar, U.K.; Cellectis AB, Göteborg, Sweden; GSK, David Jack Centre for Research & Development, Ware, U.K.; Personalised Healthcare and Biomarkers, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield, U.K.; CN-bio Innovations Limited, Centre for Innovation & Enterprise, Begbroke, U.K.; Institute of Veterinary Pathology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; School of Bio Scien
| | - Roua Baty
- Medical Research Council Centre for Drug Safety Science, Division of Molecular & Clinical Pharmacology, Institute of Translational Medicine, and Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, U.K.; Division of Molecular and Systems Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmazentrum, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Laboratorios Almirall, S.A. Laurea Miro, Sant Feliu de Llobregat, Spain; SANOFI-Research & Development, Disposition, Safety and Animal Research, Alfortville, France; Uppsala Biomedicinska Centrum BMC, Husarg, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; Centre for Stem Cell Biology, Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, U.K.; Developmental & Regenerative Biomedicine, School of Biomedicine, Faculty of Human and Medical Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, U.K.; Medical Research Council Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, U.K.; Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany; OakMore Solutions Ltd., Faversham, U.K.; ReNeuron Limited, Guildford, U.K.; Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency, London, U.K.; Paul Ehrlich Institut, Langen, Germany; Faculty of Science, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Toxicology, Leiden, The Netherlands; Stem Cell Unit, Department of Genetics, Institute of Life Sciences, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Givat-Ram, Jerusalem, Israel; U.K. Stem Cell Bank, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency, Potters Bar, U.K.; Cellectis AB, Göteborg, Sweden; GSK, David Jack Centre for Research & Development, Ware, U.K.; Personalised Healthcare and Biomarkers, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield, U.K.; CN-bio Innovations Limited, Centre for Innovation & Enterprise, Begbroke, U.K.; Institute of Veterinary Pathology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; School of Bio Scien
| | - Enrique I Graziano
- Medical Research Council Centre for Drug Safety Science, Division of Molecular & Clinical Pharmacology, Institute of Translational Medicine, and Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, U.K.; Division of Molecular and Systems Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmazentrum, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Laboratorios Almirall, S.A. Laurea Miro, Sant Feliu de Llobregat, Spain; SANOFI-Research & Development, Disposition, Safety and Animal Research, Alfortville, France; Uppsala Biomedicinska Centrum BMC, Husarg, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; Centre for Stem Cell Biology, Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, U.K.; Developmental & Regenerative Biomedicine, School of Biomedicine, Faculty of Human and Medical Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, U.K.; Medical Research Council Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, U.K.; Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany; OakMore Solutions Ltd., Faversham, U.K.; ReNeuron Limited, Guildford, U.K.; Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency, London, U.K.; Paul Ehrlich Institut, Langen, Germany; Faculty of Science, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Toxicology, Leiden, The Netherlands; Stem Cell Unit, Department of Genetics, Institute of Life Sciences, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Givat-Ram, Jerusalem, Israel; U.K. Stem Cell Bank, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency, Potters Bar, U.K.; Cellectis AB, Göteborg, Sweden; GSK, David Jack Centre for Research & Development, Ware, U.K.; Personalised Healthcare and Biomarkers, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield, U.K.; CN-bio Innovations Limited, Centre for Innovation & Enterprise, Begbroke, U.K.; Institute of Veterinary Pathology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; School of Bio Scien
| | - Bernabé Proto Marco
- Medical Research Council Centre for Drug Safety Science, Division of Molecular & Clinical Pharmacology, Institute of Translational Medicine, and Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, U.K.; Division of Molecular and Systems Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmazentrum, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Laboratorios Almirall, S.A. Laurea Miro, Sant Feliu de Llobregat, Spain; SANOFI-Research & Development, Disposition, Safety and Animal Research, Alfortville, France; Uppsala Biomedicinska Centrum BMC, Husarg, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; Centre for Stem Cell Biology, Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, U.K.; Developmental & Regenerative Biomedicine, School of Biomedicine, Faculty of Human and Medical Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, U.K.; Medical Research Council Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, U.K.; Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany; OakMore Solutions Ltd., Faversham, U.K.; ReNeuron Limited, Guildford, U.K.; Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency, London, U.K.; Paul Ehrlich Institut, Langen, Germany; Faculty of Science, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Toxicology, Leiden, The Netherlands; Stem Cell Unit, Department of Genetics, Institute of Life Sciences, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Givat-Ram, Jerusalem, Israel; U.K. Stem Cell Bank, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency, Potters Bar, U.K.; Cellectis AB, Göteborg, Sweden; GSK, David Jack Centre for Research & Development, Ware, U.K.; Personalised Healthcare and Biomarkers, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield, U.K.; CN-bio Innovations Limited, Centre for Innovation & Enterprise, Begbroke, U.K.; Institute of Veterinary Pathology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; School of Bio Scien
| | - Alexis Caron
- Medical Research Council Centre for Drug Safety Science, Division of Molecular & Clinical Pharmacology, Institute of Translational Medicine, and Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, U.K.; Division of Molecular and Systems Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmazentrum, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Laboratorios Almirall, S.A. Laurea Miro, Sant Feliu de Llobregat, Spain; SANOFI-Research & Development, Disposition, Safety and Animal Research, Alfortville, France; Uppsala Biomedicinska Centrum BMC, Husarg, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; Centre for Stem Cell Biology, Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, U.K.; Developmental & Regenerative Biomedicine, School of Biomedicine, Faculty of Human and Medical Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, U.K.; Medical Research Council Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, U.K.; Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany; OakMore Solutions Ltd., Faversham, U.K.; ReNeuron Limited, Guildford, U.K.; Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency, London, U.K.; Paul Ehrlich Institut, Langen, Germany; Faculty of Science, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Toxicology, Leiden, The Netherlands; Stem Cell Unit, Department of Genetics, Institute of Life Sciences, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Givat-Ram, Jerusalem, Israel; U.K. Stem Cell Bank, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency, Potters Bar, U.K.; Cellectis AB, Göteborg, Sweden; GSK, David Jack Centre for Research & Development, Ware, U.K.; Personalised Healthcare and Biomarkers, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield, U.K.; CN-bio Innovations Limited, Centre for Innovation & Enterprise, Begbroke, U.K.; Institute of Veterinary Pathology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; School of Bio Scien
| | - Patrik Sköld
- Medical Research Council Centre for Drug Safety Science, Division of Molecular & Clinical Pharmacology, Institute of Translational Medicine, and Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, U.K.; Division of Molecular and Systems Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmazentrum, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Laboratorios Almirall, S.A. Laurea Miro, Sant Feliu de Llobregat, Spain; SANOFI-Research & Development, Disposition, Safety and Animal Research, Alfortville, France; Uppsala Biomedicinska Centrum BMC, Husarg, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; Centre for Stem Cell Biology, Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, U.K.; Developmental & Regenerative Biomedicine, School of Biomedicine, Faculty of Human and Medical Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, U.K.; Medical Research Council Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, U.K.; Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany; OakMore Solutions Ltd., Faversham, U.K.; ReNeuron Limited, Guildford, U.K.; Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency, London, U.K.; Paul Ehrlich Institut, Langen, Germany; Faculty of Science, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Toxicology, Leiden, The Netherlands; Stem Cell Unit, Department of Genetics, Institute of Life Sciences, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Givat-Ram, Jerusalem, Israel; U.K. Stem Cell Bank, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency, Potters Bar, U.K.; Cellectis AB, Göteborg, Sweden; GSK, David Jack Centre for Research & Development, Ware, U.K.; Personalised Healthcare and Biomarkers, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield, U.K.; CN-bio Innovations Limited, Centre for Innovation & Enterprise, Begbroke, U.K.; Institute of Veterinary Pathology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; School of Bio Scien
| | - Peter W Andrews
- Medical Research Council Centre for Drug Safety Science, Division of Molecular & Clinical Pharmacology, Institute of Translational Medicine, and Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, U.K.; Division of Molecular and Systems Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmazentrum, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Laboratorios Almirall, S.A. Laurea Miro, Sant Feliu de Llobregat, Spain; SANOFI-Research & Development, Disposition, Safety and Animal Research, Alfortville, France; Uppsala Biomedicinska Centrum BMC, Husarg, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; Centre for Stem Cell Biology, Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, U.K.; Developmental & Regenerative Biomedicine, School of Biomedicine, Faculty of Human and Medical Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, U.K.; Medical Research Council Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, U.K.; Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany; OakMore Solutions Ltd., Faversham, U.K.; ReNeuron Limited, Guildford, U.K.; Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency, London, U.K.; Paul Ehrlich Institut, Langen, Germany; Faculty of Science, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Toxicology, Leiden, The Netherlands; Stem Cell Unit, Department of Genetics, Institute of Life Sciences, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Givat-Ram, Jerusalem, Israel; U.K. Stem Cell Bank, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency, Potters Bar, U.K.; Cellectis AB, Göteborg, Sweden; GSK, David Jack Centre for Research & Development, Ware, U.K.; Personalised Healthcare and Biomarkers, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield, U.K.; CN-bio Innovations Limited, Centre for Innovation & Enterprise, Begbroke, U.K.; Institute of Veterinary Pathology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; School of Bio Scien
| | - Melissa A Baxter
- Medical Research Council Centre for Drug Safety Science, Division of Molecular & Clinical Pharmacology, Institute of Translational Medicine, and Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, U.K.; Division of Molecular and Systems Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmazentrum, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Laboratorios Almirall, S.A. Laurea Miro, Sant Feliu de Llobregat, Spain; SANOFI-Research & Development, Disposition, Safety and Animal Research, Alfortville, France; Uppsala Biomedicinska Centrum BMC, Husarg, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; Centre for Stem Cell Biology, Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, U.K.; Developmental & Regenerative Biomedicine, School of Biomedicine, Faculty of Human and Medical Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, U.K.; Medical Research Council Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, U.K.; Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany; OakMore Solutions Ltd., Faversham, U.K.; ReNeuron Limited, Guildford, U.K.; Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency, London, U.K.; Paul Ehrlich Institut, Langen, Germany; Faculty of Science, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Toxicology, Leiden, The Netherlands; Stem Cell Unit, Department of Genetics, Institute of Life Sciences, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Givat-Ram, Jerusalem, Israel; U.K. Stem Cell Bank, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency, Potters Bar, U.K.; Cellectis AB, Göteborg, Sweden; GSK, David Jack Centre for Research & Development, Ware, U.K.; Personalised Healthcare and Biomarkers, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield, U.K.; CN-bio Innovations Limited, Centre for Innovation & Enterprise, Begbroke, U.K.; Institute of Veterinary Pathology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; School of Bio Scien
| | - David C Hay
- Medical Research Council Centre for Drug Safety Science, Division of Molecular & Clinical Pharmacology, Institute of Translational Medicine, and Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, U.K.; Division of Molecular and Systems Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmazentrum, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Laboratorios Almirall, S.A. Laurea Miro, Sant Feliu de Llobregat, Spain; SANOFI-Research & Development, Disposition, Safety and Animal Research, Alfortville, France; Uppsala Biomedicinska Centrum BMC, Husarg, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; Centre for Stem Cell Biology, Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, U.K.; Developmental & Regenerative Biomedicine, School of Biomedicine, Faculty of Human and Medical Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, U.K.; Medical Research Council Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, U.K.; Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany; OakMore Solutions Ltd., Faversham, U.K.; ReNeuron Limited, Guildford, U.K.; Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency, London, U.K.; Paul Ehrlich Institut, Langen, Germany; Faculty of Science, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Toxicology, Leiden, The Netherlands; Stem Cell Unit, Department of Genetics, Institute of Life Sciences, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Givat-Ram, Jerusalem, Israel; U.K. Stem Cell Bank, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency, Potters Bar, U.K.; Cellectis AB, Göteborg, Sweden; GSK, David Jack Centre for Research & Development, Ware, U.K.; Personalised Healthcare and Biomarkers, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield, U.K.; CN-bio Innovations Limited, Centre for Innovation & Enterprise, Begbroke, U.K.; Institute of Veterinary Pathology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; School of Bio Scien
| | - Junnat Hamdam
- Medical Research Council Centre for Drug Safety Science, Division of Molecular & Clinical Pharmacology, Institute of Translational Medicine, and Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, U.K.; Division of Molecular and Systems Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmazentrum, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Laboratorios Almirall, S.A. Laurea Miro, Sant Feliu de Llobregat, Spain; SANOFI-Research & Development, Disposition, Safety and Animal Research, Alfortville, France; Uppsala Biomedicinska Centrum BMC, Husarg, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; Centre for Stem Cell Biology, Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, U.K.; Developmental & Regenerative Biomedicine, School of Biomedicine, Faculty of Human and Medical Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, U.K.; Medical Research Council Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, U.K.; Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany; OakMore Solutions Ltd., Faversham, U.K.; ReNeuron Limited, Guildford, U.K.; Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency, London, U.K.; Paul Ehrlich Institut, Langen, Germany; Faculty of Science, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Toxicology, Leiden, The Netherlands; Stem Cell Unit, Department of Genetics, Institute of Life Sciences, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Givat-Ram, Jerusalem, Israel; U.K. Stem Cell Bank, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency, Potters Bar, U.K.; Cellectis AB, Göteborg, Sweden; GSK, David Jack Centre for Research & Development, Ware, U.K.; Personalised Healthcare and Biomarkers, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield, U.K.; CN-bio Innovations Limited, Centre for Innovation & Enterprise, Begbroke, U.K.; Institute of Veterinary Pathology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; School of Bio Scien
| | - Michaela E Sharpe
- Medical Research Council Centre for Drug Safety Science, Division of Molecular & Clinical Pharmacology, Institute of Translational Medicine, and Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, U.K.; Division of Molecular and Systems Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmazentrum, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Laboratorios Almirall, S.A. Laurea Miro, Sant Feliu de Llobregat, Spain; SANOFI-Research & Development, Disposition, Safety and Animal Research, Alfortville, France; Uppsala Biomedicinska Centrum BMC, Husarg, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; Centre for Stem Cell Biology, Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, U.K.; Developmental & Regenerative Biomedicine, School of Biomedicine, Faculty of Human and Medical Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, U.K.; Medical Research Council Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, U.K.; Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany; OakMore Solutions Ltd., Faversham, U.K.; ReNeuron Limited, Guildford, U.K.; Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency, London, U.K.; Paul Ehrlich Institut, Langen, Germany; Faculty of Science, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Toxicology, Leiden, The Netherlands; Stem Cell Unit, Department of Genetics, Institute of Life Sciences, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Givat-Ram, Jerusalem, Israel; U.K. Stem Cell Bank, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency, Potters Bar, U.K.; Cellectis AB, Göteborg, Sweden; GSK, David Jack Centre for Research & Development, Ware, U.K.; Personalised Healthcare and Biomarkers, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield, U.K.; CN-bio Innovations Limited, Centre for Innovation & Enterprise, Begbroke, U.K.; Institute of Veterinary Pathology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; School of Bio Scien
| | - Sara Patel
- Medical Research Council Centre for Drug Safety Science, Division of Molecular & Clinical Pharmacology, Institute of Translational Medicine, and Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, U.K.; Division of Molecular and Systems Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmazentrum, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Laboratorios Almirall, S.A. Laurea Miro, Sant Feliu de Llobregat, Spain; SANOFI-Research & Development, Disposition, Safety and Animal Research, Alfortville, France; Uppsala Biomedicinska Centrum BMC, Husarg, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; Centre for Stem Cell Biology, Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, U.K.; Developmental & Regenerative Biomedicine, School of Biomedicine, Faculty of Human and Medical Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, U.K.; Medical Research Council Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, U.K.; Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany; OakMore Solutions Ltd., Faversham, U.K.; ReNeuron Limited, Guildford, U.K.; Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency, London, U.K.; Paul Ehrlich Institut, Langen, Germany; Faculty of Science, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Toxicology, Leiden, The Netherlands; Stem Cell Unit, Department of Genetics, Institute of Life Sciences, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Givat-Ram, Jerusalem, Israel; U.K. Stem Cell Bank, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency, Potters Bar, U.K.; Cellectis AB, Göteborg, Sweden; GSK, David Jack Centre for Research & Development, Ware, U.K.; Personalised Healthcare and Biomarkers, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield, U.K.; CN-bio Innovations Limited, Centre for Innovation & Enterprise, Begbroke, U.K.; Institute of Veterinary Pathology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; School of Bio Scien
| | - David R Jones
- Medical Research Council Centre for Drug Safety Science, Division of Molecular & Clinical Pharmacology, Institute of Translational Medicine, and Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, U.K.; Division of Molecular and Systems Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmazentrum, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Laboratorios Almirall, S.A. Laurea Miro, Sant Feliu de Llobregat, Spain; SANOFI-Research & Development, Disposition, Safety and Animal Research, Alfortville, France; Uppsala Biomedicinska Centrum BMC, Husarg, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; Centre for Stem Cell Biology, Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, U.K.; Developmental & Regenerative Biomedicine, School of Biomedicine, Faculty of Human and Medical Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, U.K.; Medical Research Council Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, U.K.; Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany; OakMore Solutions Ltd., Faversham, U.K.; ReNeuron Limited, Guildford, U.K.; Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency, London, U.K.; Paul Ehrlich Institut, Langen, Germany; Faculty of Science, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Toxicology, Leiden, The Netherlands; Stem Cell Unit, Department of Genetics, Institute of Life Sciences, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Givat-Ram, Jerusalem, Israel; U.K. Stem Cell Bank, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency, Potters Bar, U.K.; Cellectis AB, Göteborg, Sweden; GSK, David Jack Centre for Research & Development, Ware, U.K.; Personalised Healthcare and Biomarkers, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield, U.K.; CN-bio Innovations Limited, Centre for Innovation & Enterprise, Begbroke, U.K.; Institute of Veterinary Pathology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; School of Bio Scien
| | - Jens Reinhardt
- Medical Research Council Centre for Drug Safety Science, Division of Molecular & Clinical Pharmacology, Institute of Translational Medicine, and Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, U.K.; Division of Molecular and Systems Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmazentrum, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Laboratorios Almirall, S.A. Laurea Miro, Sant Feliu de Llobregat, Spain; SANOFI-Research & Development, Disposition, Safety and Animal Research, Alfortville, France; Uppsala Biomedicinska Centrum BMC, Husarg, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; Centre for Stem Cell Biology, Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, U.K.; Developmental & Regenerative Biomedicine, School of Biomedicine, Faculty of Human and Medical Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, U.K.; Medical Research Council Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, U.K.; Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany; OakMore Solutions Ltd., Faversham, U.K.; ReNeuron Limited, Guildford, U.K.; Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency, London, U.K.; Paul Ehrlich Institut, Langen, Germany; Faculty of Science, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Toxicology, Leiden, The Netherlands; Stem Cell Unit, Department of Genetics, Institute of Life Sciences, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Givat-Ram, Jerusalem, Israel; U.K. Stem Cell Bank, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency, Potters Bar, U.K.; Cellectis AB, Göteborg, Sweden; GSK, David Jack Centre for Research & Development, Ware, U.K.; Personalised Healthcare and Biomarkers, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield, U.K.; CN-bio Innovations Limited, Centre for Innovation & Enterprise, Begbroke, U.K.; Institute of Veterinary Pathology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; School of Bio Scien
| | - Erik H J Danen
- Medical Research Council Centre for Drug Safety Science, Division of Molecular & Clinical Pharmacology, Institute of Translational Medicine, and Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, U.K.; Division of Molecular and Systems Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmazentrum, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Laboratorios Almirall, S.A. Laurea Miro, Sant Feliu de Llobregat, Spain; SANOFI-Research & Development, Disposition, Safety and Animal Research, Alfortville, France; Uppsala Biomedicinska Centrum BMC, Husarg, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; Centre for Stem Cell Biology, Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, U.K.; Developmental & Regenerative Biomedicine, School of Biomedicine, Faculty of Human and Medical Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, U.K.; Medical Research Council Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, U.K.; Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany; OakMore Solutions Ltd., Faversham, U.K.; ReNeuron Limited, Guildford, U.K.; Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency, London, U.K.; Paul Ehrlich Institut, Langen, Germany; Faculty of Science, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Toxicology, Leiden, The Netherlands; Stem Cell Unit, Department of Genetics, Institute of Life Sciences, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Givat-Ram, Jerusalem, Israel; U.K. Stem Cell Bank, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency, Potters Bar, U.K.; Cellectis AB, Göteborg, Sweden; GSK, David Jack Centre for Research & Development, Ware, U.K.; Personalised Healthcare and Biomarkers, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield, U.K.; CN-bio Innovations Limited, Centre for Innovation & Enterprise, Begbroke, U.K.; Institute of Veterinary Pathology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; School of Bio Scien
| | - Uri Ben-David
- Medical Research Council Centre for Drug Safety Science, Division of Molecular & Clinical Pharmacology, Institute of Translational Medicine, and Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, U.K.; Division of Molecular and Systems Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmazentrum, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Laboratorios Almirall, S.A. Laurea Miro, Sant Feliu de Llobregat, Spain; SANOFI-Research & Development, Disposition, Safety and Animal Research, Alfortville, France; Uppsala Biomedicinska Centrum BMC, Husarg, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; Centre for Stem Cell Biology, Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, U.K.; Developmental & Regenerative Biomedicine, School of Biomedicine, Faculty of Human and Medical Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, U.K.; Medical Research Council Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, U.K.; Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany; OakMore Solutions Ltd., Faversham, U.K.; ReNeuron Limited, Guildford, U.K.; Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency, London, U.K.; Paul Ehrlich Institut, Langen, Germany; Faculty of Science, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Toxicology, Leiden, The Netherlands; Stem Cell Unit, Department of Genetics, Institute of Life Sciences, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Givat-Ram, Jerusalem, Israel; U.K. Stem Cell Bank, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency, Potters Bar, U.K.; Cellectis AB, Göteborg, Sweden; GSK, David Jack Centre for Research & Development, Ware, U.K.; Personalised Healthcare and Biomarkers, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield, U.K.; CN-bio Innovations Limited, Centre for Innovation & Enterprise, Begbroke, U.K.; Institute of Veterinary Pathology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; School of Bio Scien
| | - Glyn Stacey
- Medical Research Council Centre for Drug Safety Science, Division of Molecular & Clinical Pharmacology, Institute of Translational Medicine, and Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, U.K.; Division of Molecular and Systems Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmazentrum, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Laboratorios Almirall, S.A. Laurea Miro, Sant Feliu de Llobregat, Spain; SANOFI-Research & Development, Disposition, Safety and Animal Research, Alfortville, France; Uppsala Biomedicinska Centrum BMC, Husarg, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; Centre for Stem Cell Biology, Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, U.K.; Developmental & Regenerative Biomedicine, School of Biomedicine, Faculty of Human and Medical Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, U.K.; Medical Research Council Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, U.K.; Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany; OakMore Solutions Ltd., Faversham, U.K.; ReNeuron Limited, Guildford, U.K.; Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency, London, U.K.; Paul Ehrlich Institut, Langen, Germany; Faculty of Science, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Toxicology, Leiden, The Netherlands; Stem Cell Unit, Department of Genetics, Institute of Life Sciences, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Givat-Ram, Jerusalem, Israel; U.K. Stem Cell Bank, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency, Potters Bar, U.K.; Cellectis AB, Göteborg, Sweden; GSK, David Jack Centre for Research & Development, Ware, U.K.; Personalised Healthcare and Biomarkers, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield, U.K.; CN-bio Innovations Limited, Centre for Innovation & Enterprise, Begbroke, U.K.; Institute of Veterinary Pathology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; School of Bio Scien
| | - Petter Björquist
- Medical Research Council Centre for Drug Safety Science, Division of Molecular & Clinical Pharmacology, Institute of Translational Medicine, and Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, U.K.; Division of Molecular and Systems Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmazentrum, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Laboratorios Almirall, S.A. Laurea Miro, Sant Feliu de Llobregat, Spain; SANOFI-Research & Development, Disposition, Safety and Animal Research, Alfortville, France; Uppsala Biomedicinska Centrum BMC, Husarg, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; Centre for Stem Cell Biology, Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, U.K.; Developmental & Regenerative Biomedicine, School of Biomedicine, Faculty of Human and Medical Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, U.K.; Medical Research Council Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, U.K.; Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany; OakMore Solutions Ltd., Faversham, U.K.; ReNeuron Limited, Guildford, U.K.; Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency, London, U.K.; Paul Ehrlich Institut, Langen, Germany; Faculty of Science, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Toxicology, Leiden, The Netherlands; Stem Cell Unit, Department of Genetics, Institute of Life Sciences, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Givat-Ram, Jerusalem, Israel; U.K. Stem Cell Bank, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency, Potters Bar, U.K.; Cellectis AB, Göteborg, Sweden; GSK, David Jack Centre for Research & Development, Ware, U.K.; Personalised Healthcare and Biomarkers, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield, U.K.; CN-bio Innovations Limited, Centre for Innovation & Enterprise, Begbroke, U.K.; Institute of Veterinary Pathology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; School of Bio Scien
| | - Jacqueline Piner
- Medical Research Council Centre for Drug Safety Science, Division of Molecular & Clinical Pharmacology, Institute of Translational Medicine, and Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, U.K.; Division of Molecular and Systems Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmazentrum, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Laboratorios Almirall, S.A. Laurea Miro, Sant Feliu de Llobregat, Spain; SANOFI-Research & Development, Disposition, Safety and Animal Research, Alfortville, France; Uppsala Biomedicinska Centrum BMC, Husarg, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; Centre for Stem Cell Biology, Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, U.K.; Developmental & Regenerative Biomedicine, School of Biomedicine, Faculty of Human and Medical Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, U.K.; Medical Research Council Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, U.K.; Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany; OakMore Solutions Ltd., Faversham, U.K.; ReNeuron Limited, Guildford, U.K.; Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency, London, U.K.; Paul Ehrlich Institut, Langen, Germany; Faculty of Science, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Toxicology, Leiden, The Netherlands; Stem Cell Unit, Department of Genetics, Institute of Life Sciences, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Givat-Ram, Jerusalem, Israel; U.K. Stem Cell Bank, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency, Potters Bar, U.K.; Cellectis AB, Göteborg, Sweden; GSK, David Jack Centre for Research & Development, Ware, U.K.; Personalised Healthcare and Biomarkers, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield, U.K.; CN-bio Innovations Limited, Centre for Innovation & Enterprise, Begbroke, U.K.; Institute of Veterinary Pathology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; School of Bio Scien
| | - John Mills
- Medical Research Council Centre for Drug Safety Science, Division of Molecular & Clinical Pharmacology, Institute of Translational Medicine, and Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, U.K.; Division of Molecular and Systems Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmazentrum, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Laboratorios Almirall, S.A. Laurea Miro, Sant Feliu de Llobregat, Spain; SANOFI-Research & Development, Disposition, Safety and Animal Research, Alfortville, France; Uppsala Biomedicinska Centrum BMC, Husarg, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; Centre for Stem Cell Biology, Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, U.K.; Developmental & Regenerative Biomedicine, School of Biomedicine, Faculty of Human and Medical Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, U.K.; Medical Research Council Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, U.K.; Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany; OakMore Solutions Ltd., Faversham, U.K.; ReNeuron Limited, Guildford, U.K.; Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency, London, U.K.; Paul Ehrlich Institut, Langen, Germany; Faculty of Science, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Toxicology, Leiden, The Netherlands; Stem Cell Unit, Department of Genetics, Institute of Life Sciences, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Givat-Ram, Jerusalem, Israel; U.K. Stem Cell Bank, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency, Potters Bar, U.K.; Cellectis AB, Göteborg, Sweden; GSK, David Jack Centre for Research & Development, Ware, U.K.; Personalised Healthcare and Biomarkers, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield, U.K.; CN-bio Innovations Limited, Centre for Innovation & Enterprise, Begbroke, U.K.; Institute of Veterinary Pathology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; School of Bio Scien
| | - Cliff Rowe
- Medical Research Council Centre for Drug Safety Science, Division of Molecular & Clinical Pharmacology, Institute of Translational Medicine, and Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, U.K.; Division of Molecular and Systems Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmazentrum, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Laboratorios Almirall, S.A. Laurea Miro, Sant Feliu de Llobregat, Spain; SANOFI-Research & Development, Disposition, Safety and Animal Research, Alfortville, France; Uppsala Biomedicinska Centrum BMC, Husarg, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; Centre for Stem Cell Biology, Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, U.K.; Developmental & Regenerative Biomedicine, School of Biomedicine, Faculty of Human and Medical Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, U.K.; Medical Research Council Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, U.K.; Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany; OakMore Solutions Ltd., Faversham, U.K.; ReNeuron Limited, Guildford, U.K.; Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency, London, U.K.; Paul Ehrlich Institut, Langen, Germany; Faculty of Science, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Toxicology, Leiden, The Netherlands; Stem Cell Unit, Department of Genetics, Institute of Life Sciences, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Givat-Ram, Jerusalem, Israel; U.K. Stem Cell Bank, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency, Potters Bar, U.K.; Cellectis AB, Göteborg, Sweden; GSK, David Jack Centre for Research & Development, Ware, U.K.; Personalised Healthcare and Biomarkers, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield, U.K.; CN-bio Innovations Limited, Centre for Innovation & Enterprise, Begbroke, U.K.; Institute of Veterinary Pathology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; School of Bio Scien
| | - Giovanni Pellegrini
- Medical Research Council Centre for Drug Safety Science, Division of Molecular & Clinical Pharmacology, Institute of Translational Medicine, and Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, U.K.; Division of Molecular and Systems Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmazentrum, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Laboratorios Almirall, S.A. Laurea Miro, Sant Feliu de Llobregat, Spain; SANOFI-Research & Development, Disposition, Safety and Animal Research, Alfortville, France; Uppsala Biomedicinska Centrum BMC, Husarg, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; Centre for Stem Cell Biology, Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, U.K.; Developmental & Regenerative Biomedicine, School of Biomedicine, Faculty of Human and Medical Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, U.K.; Medical Research Council Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, U.K.; Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany; OakMore Solutions Ltd., Faversham, U.K.; ReNeuron Limited, Guildford, U.K.; Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency, London, U.K.; Paul Ehrlich Institut, Langen, Germany; Faculty of Science, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Toxicology, Leiden, The Netherlands; Stem Cell Unit, Department of Genetics, Institute of Life Sciences, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Givat-Ram, Jerusalem, Israel; U.K. Stem Cell Bank, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency, Potters Bar, U.K.; Cellectis AB, Göteborg, Sweden; GSK, David Jack Centre for Research & Development, Ware, U.K.; Personalised Healthcare and Biomarkers, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield, U.K.; CN-bio Innovations Limited, Centre for Innovation & Enterprise, Begbroke, U.K.; Institute of Veterinary Pathology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; School of Bio Scien
| | - Swaminathan Sethu
- Medical Research Council Centre for Drug Safety Science, Division of Molecular & Clinical Pharmacology, Institute of Translational Medicine, and Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, U.K.; Division of Molecular and Systems Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmazentrum, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Laboratorios Almirall, S.A. Laurea Miro, Sant Feliu de Llobregat, Spain; SANOFI-Research & Development, Disposition, Safety and Animal Research, Alfortville, France; Uppsala Biomedicinska Centrum BMC, Husarg, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; Centre for Stem Cell Biology, Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, U.K.; Developmental & Regenerative Biomedicine, School of Biomedicine, Faculty of Human and Medical Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, U.K.; Medical Research Council Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, U.K.; Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany; OakMore Solutions Ltd., Faversham, U.K.; ReNeuron Limited, Guildford, U.K.; Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency, London, U.K.; Paul Ehrlich Institut, Langen, Germany; Faculty of Science, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Toxicology, Leiden, The Netherlands; Stem Cell Unit, Department of Genetics, Institute of Life Sciences, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Givat-Ram, Jerusalem, Israel; U.K. Stem Cell Bank, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency, Potters Bar, U.K.; Cellectis AB, Göteborg, Sweden; GSK, David Jack Centre for Research & Development, Ware, U.K.; Personalised Healthcare and Biomarkers, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield, U.K.; CN-bio Innovations Limited, Centre for Innovation & Enterprise, Begbroke, U.K.; Institute of Veterinary Pathology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; School of Bio Scien
| | - Daniel J Antoine
- Medical Research Council Centre for Drug Safety Science, Division of Molecular & Clinical Pharmacology, Institute of Translational Medicine, and Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, U.K.; Division of Molecular and Systems Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmazentrum, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Laboratorios Almirall, S.A. Laurea Miro, Sant Feliu de Llobregat, Spain; SANOFI-Research & Development, Disposition, Safety and Animal Research, Alfortville, France; Uppsala Biomedicinska Centrum BMC, Husarg, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; Centre for Stem Cell Biology, Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, U.K.; Developmental & Regenerative Biomedicine, School of Biomedicine, Faculty of Human and Medical Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, U.K.; Medical Research Council Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, U.K.; Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany; OakMore Solutions Ltd., Faversham, U.K.; ReNeuron Limited, Guildford, U.K.; Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency, London, U.K.; Paul Ehrlich Institut, Langen, Germany; Faculty of Science, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Toxicology, Leiden, The Netherlands; Stem Cell Unit, Department of Genetics, Institute of Life Sciences, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Givat-Ram, Jerusalem, Israel; U.K. Stem Cell Bank, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency, Potters Bar, U.K.; Cellectis AB, Göteborg, Sweden; GSK, David Jack Centre for Research & Development, Ware, U.K.; Personalised Healthcare and Biomarkers, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield, U.K.; CN-bio Innovations Limited, Centre for Innovation & Enterprise, Begbroke, U.K.; Institute of Veterinary Pathology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; School of Bio Scien
| | - Michael J Cross
- Medical Research Council Centre for Drug Safety Science, Division of Molecular & Clinical Pharmacology, Institute of Translational Medicine, and Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, U.K.; Division of Molecular and Systems Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmazentrum, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Laboratorios Almirall, S.A. Laurea Miro, Sant Feliu de Llobregat, Spain; SANOFI-Research & Development, Disposition, Safety and Animal Research, Alfortville, France; Uppsala Biomedicinska Centrum BMC, Husarg, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; Centre for Stem Cell Biology, Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, U.K.; Developmental & Regenerative Biomedicine, School of Biomedicine, Faculty of Human and Medical Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, U.K.; Medical Research Council Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, U.K.; Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany; OakMore Solutions Ltd., Faversham, U.K.; ReNeuron Limited, Guildford, U.K.; Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency, London, U.K.; Paul Ehrlich Institut, Langen, Germany; Faculty of Science, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Toxicology, Leiden, The Netherlands; Stem Cell Unit, Department of Genetics, Institute of Life Sciences, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Givat-Ram, Jerusalem, Israel; U.K. Stem Cell Bank, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency, Potters Bar, U.K.; Cellectis AB, Göteborg, Sweden; GSK, David Jack Centre for Research & Development, Ware, U.K.; Personalised Healthcare and Biomarkers, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield, U.K.; CN-bio Innovations Limited, Centre for Innovation & Enterprise, Begbroke, U.K.; Institute of Veterinary Pathology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; School of Bio Scien
| | - Patricia Murray
- Medical Research Council Centre for Drug Safety Science, Division of Molecular & Clinical Pharmacology, Institute of Translational Medicine, and Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, U.K.; Division of Molecular and Systems Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmazentrum, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Laboratorios Almirall, S.A. Laurea Miro, Sant Feliu de Llobregat, Spain; SANOFI-Research & Development, Disposition, Safety and Animal Research, Alfortville, France; Uppsala Biomedicinska Centrum BMC, Husarg, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; Centre for Stem Cell Biology, Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, U.K.; Developmental & Regenerative Biomedicine, School of Biomedicine, Faculty of Human and Medical Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, U.K.; Medical Research Council Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, U.K.; Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany; OakMore Solutions Ltd., Faversham, U.K.; ReNeuron Limited, Guildford, U.K.; Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency, London, U.K.; Paul Ehrlich Institut, Langen, Germany; Faculty of Science, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Toxicology, Leiden, The Netherlands; Stem Cell Unit, Department of Genetics, Institute of Life Sciences, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Givat-Ram, Jerusalem, Israel; U.K. Stem Cell Bank, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency, Potters Bar, U.K.; Cellectis AB, Göteborg, Sweden; GSK, David Jack Centre for Research & Development, Ware, U.K.; Personalised Healthcare and Biomarkers, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield, U.K.; CN-bio Innovations Limited, Centre for Innovation & Enterprise, Begbroke, U.K.; Institute of Veterinary Pathology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; School of Bio Scien
| | - Dominic P Williams
- Medical Research Council Centre for Drug Safety Science, Division of Molecular & Clinical Pharmacology, Institute of Translational Medicine, and Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, U.K.; Division of Molecular and Systems Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmazentrum, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Laboratorios Almirall, S.A. Laurea Miro, Sant Feliu de Llobregat, Spain; SANOFI-Research & Development, Disposition, Safety and Animal Research, Alfortville, France; Uppsala Biomedicinska Centrum BMC, Husarg, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; Centre for Stem Cell Biology, Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, U.K.; Developmental & Regenerative Biomedicine, School of Biomedicine, Faculty of Human and Medical Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, U.K.; Medical Research Council Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, U.K.; Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany; OakMore Solutions Ltd., Faversham, U.K.; ReNeuron Limited, Guildford, U.K.; Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency, London, U.K.; Paul Ehrlich Institut, Langen, Germany; Faculty of Science, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Toxicology, Leiden, The Netherlands; Stem Cell Unit, Department of Genetics, Institute of Life Sciences, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Givat-Ram, Jerusalem, Israel; U.K. Stem Cell Bank, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency, Potters Bar, U.K.; Cellectis AB, Göteborg, Sweden; GSK, David Jack Centre for Research & Development, Ware, U.K.; Personalised Healthcare and Biomarkers, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield, U.K.; CN-bio Innovations Limited, Centre for Innovation & Enterprise, Begbroke, U.K.; Institute of Veterinary Pathology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; School of Bio Scien
| | - Neil R Kitteringham
- Medical Research Council Centre for Drug Safety Science, Division of Molecular & Clinical Pharmacology, Institute of Translational Medicine, and Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, U.K.; Division of Molecular and Systems Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmazentrum, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Laboratorios Almirall, S.A. Laurea Miro, Sant Feliu de Llobregat, Spain; SANOFI-Research & Development, Disposition, Safety and Animal Research, Alfortville, France; Uppsala Biomedicinska Centrum BMC, Husarg, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; Centre for Stem Cell Biology, Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, U.K.; Developmental & Regenerative Biomedicine, School of Biomedicine, Faculty of Human and Medical Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, U.K.; Medical Research Council Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, U.K.; Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany; OakMore Solutions Ltd., Faversham, U.K.; ReNeuron Limited, Guildford, U.K.; Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency, London, U.K.; Paul Ehrlich Institut, Langen, Germany; Faculty of Science, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Toxicology, Leiden, The Netherlands; Stem Cell Unit, Department of Genetics, Institute of Life Sciences, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Givat-Ram, Jerusalem, Israel; U.K. Stem Cell Bank, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency, Potters Bar, U.K.; Cellectis AB, Göteborg, Sweden; GSK, David Jack Centre for Research & Development, Ware, U.K.; Personalised Healthcare and Biomarkers, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield, U.K.; CN-bio Innovations Limited, Centre for Innovation & Enterprise, Begbroke, U.K.; Institute of Veterinary Pathology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; School of Bio Scien
| | - Chris E P Goldring
- Medical Research Council Centre for Drug Safety Science, Division of Molecular & Clinical Pharmacology, Institute of Translational Medicine, and Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, U.K.; Division of Molecular and Systems Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmazentrum, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Laboratorios Almirall, S.A. Laurea Miro, Sant Feliu de Llobregat, Spain; SANOFI-Research & Development, Disposition, Safety and Animal Research, Alfortville, France; Uppsala Biomedicinska Centrum BMC, Husarg, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; Centre for Stem Cell Biology, Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, U.K.; Developmental & Regenerative Biomedicine, School of Biomedicine, Faculty of Human and Medical Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, U.K.; Medical Research Council Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, U.K.; Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany; OakMore Solutions Ltd., Faversham, U.K.; ReNeuron Limited, Guildford, U.K.; Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency, London, U.K.; Paul Ehrlich Institut, Langen, Germany; Faculty of Science, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Toxicology, Leiden, The Netherlands; Stem Cell Unit, Department of Genetics, Institute of Life Sciences, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Givat-Ram, Jerusalem, Israel; U.K. Stem Cell Bank, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency, Potters Bar, U.K.; Cellectis AB, Göteborg, Sweden; GSK, David Jack Centre for Research & Development, Ware, U.K.; Personalised Healthcare and Biomarkers, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield, U.K.; CN-bio Innovations Limited, Centre for Innovation & Enterprise, Begbroke, U.K.; Institute of Veterinary Pathology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; School of Bio Scien
| | - B Kevin Park
- Medical Research Council Centre for Drug Safety Science, Division of Molecular & Clinical Pharmacology, Institute of Translational Medicine, and Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, U.K.; Division of Molecular and Systems Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmazentrum, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Laboratorios Almirall, S.A. Laurea Miro, Sant Feliu de Llobregat, Spain; SANOFI-Research & Development, Disposition, Safety and Animal Research, Alfortville, France; Uppsala Biomedicinska Centrum BMC, Husarg, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; Centre for Stem Cell Biology, Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, U.K.; Developmental & Regenerative Biomedicine, School of Biomedicine, Faculty of Human and Medical Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, U.K.; Medical Research Council Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, U.K.; Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany; OakMore Solutions Ltd., Faversham, U.K.; ReNeuron Limited, Guildford, U.K.; Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency, London, U.K.; Paul Ehrlich Institut, Langen, Germany; Faculty of Science, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Toxicology, Leiden, The Netherlands; Stem Cell Unit, Department of Genetics, Institute of Life Sciences, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Givat-Ram, Jerusalem, Israel; U.K. Stem Cell Bank, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency, Potters Bar, U.K.; Cellectis AB, Göteborg, Sweden; GSK, David Jack Centre for Research & Development, Ware, U.K.; Personalised Healthcare and Biomarkers, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield, U.K.; CN-bio Innovations Limited, Centre for Innovation & Enterprise, Begbroke, U.K.; Institute of Veterinary Pathology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; School of Bio Scien
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