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Goodrich EJ, Deans MR. Emx2 lineage tracing reveals antecedent patterns of planar polarity in the mouse inner ear. Development 2024; 151:dev202425. [PMID: 38682291 PMCID: PMC11165714 DOI: 10.1242/dev.202425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
The planar polarized organization of hair cells in the vestibular maculae is unique because these sensory organs contain two groups of cells with oppositely oriented stereociliary bundles that meet at a line of polarity reversal (LPR). EMX2 is a transcription factor expressed by one hair cell group that reverses the orientation of their bundles, thereby forming the LPR. We generated Emx2-CreERt2 transgenic mice for genetic lineage tracing and demonstrate Emx2 expression before hair cell specification when the nascent utricle and saccule constitute a continuous prosensory domain. Precursors labeled by Emx2-CreERt2 at this stage give rise to hair cells located along one side of the LPR in the mature utricle or saccule, indicating that this boundary is first established in the prosensory domain. Consistent with this, Emx2-CreERt2 lineage tracing in Dreher mutants, where the utricle and saccule fail to segregate, labels a continuous field of cells along one side of a fused utriculo-saccular-cochlear organ. These observations reveal that LPR positioning is pre-determined in the developing prosensory domain, and that EMX2 expression defines lineages of hair cells with oppositely oriented stereociliary bundles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellison J. Goodrich
- Department of Neurobiology, Spencer Fox Eccles School of Medicine at the University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Michael R. Deans
- Department of Neurobiology, Spencer Fox Eccles School of Medicine at the University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
- Department of Otolaryngology – Head and Neck Surgery, Spencer Fox Eccles School of Medicine at the University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
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2
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Waldhaus J, Jiang L, Liu L, Liu J, Duncan RK. Mapping the developmental potential of mouse inner ear organoids at single-cell resolution. iScience 2024; 27:109069. [PMID: 38375227 PMCID: PMC10875570 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.109069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Inner ear organoids recapitulate development and are intended to generate cell types of the otic lineage for applications such as basic science research and cell replacement strategies. Here, we use single-cell sequencing to study the cellular heterogeneity of late-stage mouse inner ear organoid sensory epithelia, which we validated by comparison with datasets of the mouse cochlea and vestibular epithelia. We resolved supporting cell sub-types, cochlear-like hair cells, and vestibular type I and type II-like hair cells. While cochlear-like hair cells aligned best with an outer hair cell trajectory, vestibular-like hair cells followed developmental trajectories similar to in vivo programs branching into type II and then type I extrastriolar hair cells. These results highlight the transcriptional accuracy of the organoid developmental program but will also inform future strategies to improve synaptic connectivity and regional specification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joerg Waldhaus
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, Kresge Hearing Research Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Linghua Jiang
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Liqian Liu
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, Kresge Hearing Research Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Jie Liu
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Robert Keith Duncan
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, Kresge Hearing Research Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Ann Arbor Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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3
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Herb M. NADPH Oxidase 3: Beyond the Inner Ear. Antioxidants (Basel) 2024; 13:219. [PMID: 38397817 PMCID: PMC10886416 DOI: 10.3390/antiox13020219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2024] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) were formerly known as mere byproducts of metabolism with damaging effects on cellular structures. The discovery and description of NADPH oxidases (Nox) as a whole enzyme family that only produce this harmful group of molecules was surprising. After intensive research, seven Nox isoforms were discovered, described and extensively studied. Among them, the NADPH oxidase 3 is the perhaps most underrated Nox isoform, since it was firstly discovered in the inner ear. This stigma of Nox3 as "being only expressed in the inner ear" was also used by me several times. Therefore, the question arose whether this sentence is still valid or even usable. To this end, this review solely focuses on Nox3 and summarizes its discovery, the structural components, the activating and regulating factors, the expression in cells, tissues and organs, as well as the beneficial and detrimental effects of Nox3-mediated ROS production on body functions. Furthermore, the involvement of Nox3-derived ROS in diseases progression and, accordingly, as a potential target for disease treatment, will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Herb
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50935 Cologne, Germany;
- German Centre for Infection Research, Partner Site Bonn-Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
- Cologne Cluster of Excellence on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), 50931 Cologne, Germany
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Kalka M, Bielak K, Ptak M, Stolarski J, Dobryszycki P, Wojtas M. Calcium carbonate polymorph selection in fish otoliths: A key role of phosphorylation of Starmaker-like protein. Acta Biomater 2024; 174:437-446. [PMID: 38061675 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2023.11.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
Fish otoliths are calcium carbonate biominerals found in the inner ear commonly used for tracking fish biochronologies and as a model system for biomineralization. The process of fish otolith formation is biologically controlled by numerous biomacromolecules which not only affect crystal size, shape, mechanical properties, but also selection of calcium carbonate polymorph (e.g., aragonite, vaterite). The proteinaceous control over calcium carbonate polymorph selection occurs in many other species (e.g., corals, mollusks, echinoderms) but the exact mechanism of protein interactions with calcium and carbonate ions - constituents of CaCO3 - are not fully elucidated. Herein, we focus on a native Starmaker-like protein isolated from vaterite asteriscus otoliths from Cyprinus carpio. The proteomic studies show the presence of the phosphorylated protein in vaterite otoliths. In a series of in vitro mineralization experiments with Starmaker-like, we show that native phosphorylation is a crucial determinant for the selection of a crystal's polymorphic form. This is the first report showing that the switch in calcium carbonate phase depends on the phosphorylation pattern of a single isolated protein. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Calcium carbonate has numerous applications in industry and medicine. However, we still do not understand the mechanism of biologically driven polymorph selection which results in specific biomineral properties. Previous work on calcium carbonate biominerals showed that either several macromolecular factors or high magnesium concentration (non-physiological) are required for proper polymorph selection (e.g., in mollusk shells, corals and otoliths). In this work, we showed for the first time that protein phosphorylation is a crucial factor for controlling the calcium carbonate crystal phase. This is important because a single protein from the otolith organic matrix could switch between polymorphs depending on the phosphorylation level. It seems that protein post-translational modifications (native, not artificial) are more important for biomolecular control of crystal growth than previously considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Kalka
- Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Klaudia Bielak
- Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Maciej Ptak
- Division of Optical Spectroscopy, Institute of Low Temperature and Structure Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | | | - Piotr Dobryszycki
- Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Magdalena Wojtas
- Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Wrocław, Poland.
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Wu J, Zhang Y, Mao S, Li W, Li G, Li H, Sun S. Cross-species analysis and comparison of the inner ear between chickens and mice. J Comp Neurol 2023; 531:1443-1458. [PMID: 37462291 DOI: 10.1002/cne.25524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
The inner ear of mammals includes the cochlea and vestibule, which house specialized hair cells that are responsible for hearing and balance, respectively. While cochlear hair cells fail to regenerate following damage, those of the utricle, which is part of the vestibular apparatus, show partial regeneration. In birds, the macula lagena, a unique ear structure in this clade, has the ability to regenerate hair cells similarly to the utricle. Many studies have sought to explain regeneration in terms of evolution and species differences. However, it remains unclear what the cellular and molecular basis is behind the differences in inner ear structures and between avians and mammals. In the present study, we first investigated the anatomical structures of the inner ear of both chickens and rodents. We then performed RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) and made cross-species analyses of the expression of homologous genes obtained from the inner ear tissue from both chickens and mice. Finally, we focused on the lagena, the basilar papilla, and the utricle in chickens and identified differentially expressed genes between tissues and determined the expression patterns of genes involved in inner ear structure formation by single-cell RNA sequencing and bulk RNA-Seq. We concluded that the cellular and molecular composition of the lagena is more similar to that of the utricle than the cochlea. Taken together, our study provides a valuable resource for the study of inner ear evolution and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingfang Wu
- Department of ENT Institute and Otorhinolaryngology, Eye & ENT Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, NHC Key Laboratory of Hearing Medicine Research, Fudan University, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Yunzhong Zhang
- Department of ENT Institute and Otorhinolaryngology, Eye & ENT Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, NHC Key Laboratory of Hearing Medicine Research, Fudan University, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Shihang Mao
- Department of ENT Institute and Otorhinolaryngology, Eye & ENT Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, NHC Key Laboratory of Hearing Medicine Research, Fudan University, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Wen Li
- Department of ENT Institute and Otorhinolaryngology, Eye & ENT Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, NHC Key Laboratory of Hearing Medicine Research, Fudan University, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Guangfei Li
- Department of ENT Institute and Otorhinolaryngology, Eye & ENT Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, NHC Key Laboratory of Hearing Medicine Research, Fudan University, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Huawei Li
- Department of ENT Institute and Otorhinolaryngology, Eye & ENT Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, NHC Key Laboratory of Hearing Medicine Research, Fudan University, Shanghai, P. R. China
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, P. R. China
- The Institutes of Brain Science and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Shan Sun
- Department of ENT Institute and Otorhinolaryngology, Eye & ENT Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, NHC Key Laboratory of Hearing Medicine Research, Fudan University, Shanghai, P. R. China
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Singh A, Yadav H, Verma H, Sikka K, Abraham RA, Irugu DVK. Normal Serum Levels of Otolin-1 in Patients with Meniere Disease in Remission. Int Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2023; 27:e440-e444. [PMID: 37564467 PMCID: PMC10411270 DOI: 10.1055/s-0042-1749390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/17/2022] [Indexed: 08/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Degenerative changes in the otolithic organs have been theorized to be caused by the mechanical obstruction to endolymphatic flow, possibly resulting in endolymphatic hydrops (ELH). Otolin-1 is an otoconial matrix protein that crosses the blood labyrinth barrier and has been found in the serum of healthy and diseased patients. Objective To measure the serum levels of Otolin-1 in Meniere disease (MD) patients and compared them with the healthy individuals. Methods This pilot, cross-sectional study was performed at our tertiary care referral center to compare the serum Otolin-1 levels of healthy individuals with those of MD patients. The blood samples were obtained during patients' visit to the vertigo clinic following remission of an acute episode. The data was analyzed using the Stata/SE version 12.0 (StataCorp. College Station, TX, USA). Comparison between the serum Otolin-1 levels in the two groups was performed using the unpaired t -test. A p -value of 0.05 was considered to be statistically significant. Results The participants were divided into two groups, with 31 MD patients, and 30 age and gender-matched members of the control group. The serum levels of Otolin-1 in MD patients (247.6, ± 44.2 pg/ml) were not found to be significantly different from those of the control group (236.2, ± 43.5 pg/ml) ( p = 0.31). Conclusion The current study reveals that the serum levels of Otolin-1 are not significantly different between the patients with MD in the interictal phase and the control group's healthy ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anup Singh
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.
| | - Harsha Yadav
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.
| | - Hitesh Verma
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.
| | - Kapil Sikka
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.
| | - Ransi Ann Abraham
- Department of Cardiac Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.
| | - David Victor Kumar Irugu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.
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Watanabe H, Ito T, Aoki N, Bai J, Honda K, Kawashima Y, Fujikawa T, Ikeda T, Tsutsumi T. Quantitative analysis and correlative evaluation of video-oculography, micro-computed tomography, and histopathology in Pendrin-null mice. Neurobiol Dis 2023; 183:106194. [PMID: 37295562 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2023.106194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Patients with SLC26A4 mutations exhibit highly variable hearing loss and vestibular dysfunction. Although Slc26a4 mutant mice similarly exhibit vestibular deficits, including circling behavior, head tilting, and torticollis, the underlying pathogenesis of the vestibular symptoms remains unclear, hindering its effective management for patients with SLC26A4 mutations. In this study, we evaluated the equilibrium function using the inspection equipment, which can record eye movements against rotational, gravitational, and thermal stimulations. Moreover, we correlated the degree of functional impairment with the morphological alterations observed in Slc26a4Δ/Δ mice. The rotational stimulus and ice water caloric tests revealed considerable impairment of the semicircular canal, while the tilted gravitational stimulus test showed a severe functional decline of the otolithic system in Slc26a4Δ/Δ mice. Generally, the degree of impairment was more severe in circling Slc26a4Δ/Δ mice than in non-circling Slc26a4Δ/Δ mice. In non-circling Slc26a4Δ/Δ mice, the semicircular canal function was normal. Micro-computed tomography results showed enlargement of the vestibular aqueduct and bony semicircular canals but no correlative relationship between the severity of the caloric response and the size of bony labyrinths. Giant otoconia and a significant decrease in total otolith volume in the saccule and utricle were observed in Slc26a4Δ/Δ mice. However, the giant otoconia were not overly dislocated in the bony otolithic system and ectopic otoconia were absent in the semicircular canal. The number and morphology of the utricular hair cells in Slc26a4Δ/Δ mice were not significantly reduced compared to those in Slc26a4Δ/+ mice. Collectively, we can conclude that vestibular impairments are mainly associated with otoconia formation and morphology rather than hair cell degeneration. In addition, severe disturbances of semicircular canals cause circling behavior in Slc26a4Δ/Δ mice. Our comprehensive morphological and functional assessments apply to mouse models of other genetic diseases with vestibular impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Watanabe
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan; Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute for Geriatrics and Gerontology, 35-2 Sakaecho, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-0015, Japan
| | - Taku Ito
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan.
| | - Natsuki Aoki
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan
| | - Jing Bai
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan
| | - Keiji Honda
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Kawashima
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan
| | - Taro Fujikawa
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan
| | - Takuo Ikeda
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Tsudumigaura Medical Center for Children with disabilities, 752-4 Kume, Shunan-shi, Yamaguchi 745-0801, Japan
| | - Takeshi Tsutsumi
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan
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Liu X, Han K, Zhou M, Wu Y. Association between otolin-1 and benign paroxysmal positional vertigo: A meta-analysis. Front Neurol 2022; 13:950023. [PMID: 36601298 PMCID: PMC9806859 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.950023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background There is increasing research on the potential of inner ear proteins as serum biomarkers for the diagnosis and prognosis of various inner ear diseases. Among them, benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV) is the most common vestibular disease. Notably, otolin-1, an inner ear-specific protein, is detectable in the serum of most patients with BPPV patients. Therefore, we found a need to conduct this meta-analysis to determine the relationship between otolin-1 in serum and BPPV. Methods This meta-analysis was conducted by searching PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, Google Scholar, and China Network Knowledge Infrastructure databases for the eligible original studies in Chinese or English published between January 2010 and February 2022. Data were collected and pooled by using the mean differences (MDs) corresponding to 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Heterogeneity among these studies was assessed by using I2 statistics and the adopted fixed or random-effect mode thereafter. Egger's and Begg's tests were also used to assess the publication bias. Results This meta-analysis included six articles with a total of 585 participants. Serum otolin-1 levels were remarkably increased in patients with BPPV as compared to that in healthy controls (MD: 165.38, 95% CI: 110.13-220.64, p < 0.00001). However, Egger's and Begg's tests have indicated no publication bias, and the results were reliable based on the sensitivity analysis. Conclusion This meta-analysis indicated that there is a higher serum level of otolin-1 in patients with BPPV than in healthy controls. Therefore, otolin-1 may serve as a biomarker for the onset of BPPV.
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Kaiser M, Lüdtke TH, Deuper L, Rudat C, Christoffels VM, Kispert A, Trowe MO. TBX2 specifies and maintains inner hair and supporting cell fate in the Organ of Corti. Nat Commun 2022; 13:7628. [PMID: 36494345 PMCID: PMC9734556 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-35214-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The auditory function of the mammalian cochlea relies on two types of mechanosensory hair cells and various non-sensory supporting cells. Recent studies identified the transcription factors INSM1 and IKZF2 as regulators of outer hair cell (OHC) fate. However, the transcriptional regulation of the differentiation of inner hair cells (IHCs) and their associated inner supporting cells (ISCs) has remained enigmatic. Here, we show that the expression of the transcription factor TBX2 is restricted to IHCs and ISCs from the onset of differentiation until adulthood and examine its function using conditional deletion and misexpression approaches in the mouse. We demonstrate that TBX2 acts in prosensory progenitors as a patterning factor by specifying the inner compartment of the sensory epithelium that subsequently gives rise to IHCs and ISCs. Hair cell-specific inactivation or misexpression causes transdifferentiation of hair cells indicating a cell-autonomous function of TBX2 in inducing and maintaining IHC fate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Kaiser
- grid.10423.340000 0000 9529 9877Institute of Molecular Biology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Timo H. Lüdtke
- grid.10423.340000 0000 9529 9877Institute of Molecular Biology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Lena Deuper
- grid.10423.340000 0000 9529 9877Institute of Molecular Biology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Carsten Rudat
- grid.10423.340000 0000 9529 9877Institute of Molecular Biology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Vincent M. Christoffels
- grid.509540.d0000 0004 6880 3010Medical Biology, Amsterdam Reproduction & Development, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Andreas Kispert
- grid.10423.340000 0000 9529 9877Institute of Molecular Biology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Mark-Oliver Trowe
- grid.10423.340000 0000 9529 9877Institute of Molecular Biology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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10
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Avallone E, Schmitt H, Lilli G, Warnecke A, Lesinski-Schiedat A, Lenarz T, Willenborg K. A potential serological biomarker for inner ear pathologies: OTOLIN-1. ACTA OTORHINOLARYNGOLOGICA ITALICA : ORGANO UFFICIALE DELLA SOCIETA ITALIANA DI OTORINOLARINGOLOGIA E CHIRURGIA CERVICO-FACCIALE 2022; 42:364-371. [PMID: 36254652 PMCID: PMC9577683 DOI: 10.14639/0392-100x-n2074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Objective The goal of the study was to determine whether the level of OTOLIN-1, a protein whose expression is highly restricted to the inner ear,is increased in the body fluids of patients with inner ear disorders in comparison to healthy subjects. Methods In the preliminary part of the study, OTOLIN-1 levels were measured in the serum, urine, and saliva of patients with an acute onset of Ménière´s disease and in healthy individuals. Subsequently, only serum OTOLIN-1 levels were taken into account and were compared between patients with acute onset of Ménière´s disease, sudden hearing loss, vestibular neuritis and healthy subjects. Results The most reliable diagnostic parameter was OTOLIN-1 levels in serum. Serum samples of patients with Ménière’s disease and sudden hearing loss showed significantly higher OTOLIN-1 levels than those from healthy individuals. In addition, there was no significant difference between the serum concentration of OTOLIN-1 in patients with vestibular neuritis and the control group. Conclusions Serum levels of OTOLIN-1 can potentially be used as a biomarker for acute onset of inner ear disorders due to its significant increase in patients with acute Meniere´s disease and sudden hearing loss in comparison to healthy individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilio Avallone
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany,Correspondence Emilio Avallone Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Carl Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany. Tel. +49 5115323032 E-mail:
| | - Heike Schmitt
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany, Cluster of Excellence “Hearing4all” of the German Research Foundation, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Giorgio Lilli
- UOSD Audiologia, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore, Milan, Italy
| | - Athanasia Warnecke
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany, Cluster of Excellence “Hearing4all” of the German Research Foundation, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Anke Lesinski-Schiedat
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Thomas Lenarz
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany, Cluster of Excellence “Hearing4all” of the German Research Foundation, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Kerstin Willenborg
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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11
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Bielak K, Hołubowicz R, Zoglowek A, Żak A, Kędzierski P, Ożyhar A, Dobryszycki P. N'-terminal- and Ca 2+-induced stabilization of high-order oligomers of full-length Danio rerio and Homo sapiens otolin-1. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 209:1032-1047. [PMID: 35447266 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.04.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Otolin-1 is a C1q family member and a major component of the organic matrix of fish otoliths and human otoconia. To date, the protein molecular properties have not been characterized. In this work, we describe biochemical characterization and comparative studies on saccular-specific otolin-1 derived from Danio rerio and Homo sapiens. Due to the low abundance of proteins in the otoconial matrix, we developed a production and purification method for both recombinant homologues of otolin-1. Danio rerio and Homo sapiens otolin-1 forms higher-order oligomers that can be partially disrupted under reducing conditions. The presence of Ca2+ stabilizes the oligomers and significantly increases the thermal stability of the proteins. Despite the high sequence coverage, the oligomerization of Danio rerio otolin-1 is more affected by the reducing conditions and presence of Ca2+ than the human homologue. The results show differences in molecular behaviour, which may be reflected in Danio rerio and Homo sapiens otolin-1 role in otolith and otoconia formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaudia Bielak
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Rafał Hołubowicz
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Anna Zoglowek
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Andrzej Żak
- Electron Microscopy Laboratory, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Paweł Kędzierski
- Advanced Materials Engineering and Modelling Group, Faculty of Chemistry Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Andrzej Ożyhar
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Piotr Dobryszycki
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wroclaw, Poland.
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Hui J, Lei Q, Ji Z, Zi D. Betahistine alleviates benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV) through inducing production of multiple CTRP family members and activating the ERK1/2-AKT/PPARy pathway. Biol Res 2022; 55:16. [PMID: 35379352 PMCID: PMC8981858 DOI: 10.1186/s40659-022-00385-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Betahistine is a clinical medication for the treatment of benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV). Otolin, a secreted glycoprotein with a C-terminal globular domain homologous to the immune complement C1q, has been identified as a biomarker for BPPV. However, the role of complement C1q/TNF-related proteins (CTRPs) with a C-terminal globular domain in BPPV is unclear, so we explored the change of CTRPs in betahistine treated BPPV. METHODS We treated BPPV patients with Betahistine (12 mg/time, 3 times/day) for 4 weeks and observed the clinical efficacy and the expression of CTRP family members in BPPV patients. Then, we constructed a vertigo mice model of vestibular dysfunction with gentamicin (150 mg/Kg) and a BPPV model of Slc26a4loop/loop mutant mice. Adenoviral vectors for CTRP expression vector and small interfering RNA were injected via the intratympanic injection into mice and detected the expression of CTRP family members, phosphorylation levels of ERK and AKT and the expression of PPARγ. In addition, we treated mice of vestibular dysfunction with Betahistine (10 mg/Kg) and/or ERK inhibitor of SCH772984 (12 mg/Kg) and/or and PPARγ antagonist GW9662 (1 mg/Kg) for 15 days, and evaluated the accuracy of air righting reflex, the time of contact righting reflex and the scores of head tilt and swimming behavior. RESULTS After treatment with Betahistine, the residual dizziness duration and the score of the evaluation were reduced, and the expression of CTRP1, 3, 6, 9 and 12 were significantly increased in BPPV patients. We also found that Betahistine improved the accuracy of air righting reflex, reduced the time of contact righting reflex and the scores of head tilt and swimming behavior in gentamicin-treated mice and Slc26a4loop/loop mutant mice. The expression levels of CTRP1, 3, 6, 9 and 12, phosphorylation levels of ERK and AKT, and PPARγ expression were significantly increased, and the scores of head tilt and swimming behavior were decreased in vestibular dysfunction mice with overexpression of CTRPs. Silencing CTRPs has the opposite effect. SCH772984 reversed the effect of Betahistine in mice with vestibular dysfunction. CONCLUSION Betahistine alleviates BPPV through inducing production of multiple CTRP family members and activating the ERK1/2-AKT/PPARy pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Hui
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Medical College, Xi'an, 710038, China
| | - Qi Lei
- Shaanxi Normal University Hospital, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Zhi Ji
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Medical College, Xi'an, 710038, China
| | - Dingjing Zi
- Department of Otolaryngology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Air Force Medical University, No. 1 Xinsi Road, Xi'an , 710038, China.
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Han WW, Wu YQ, Fan ZY, Yang XY, Guan QF, Yan W, Lu XX, Liu XX, Zhou M, Li L, Liu JX. Characteristics of bone metabolism in postmenopausal female patients with different types of idiopathic benign paroxysmal positional vertigo: A single-centre retrospective study. Am J Otolaryngol 2021; 42:103149. [PMID: 34242882 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjoto.2021.103149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The association between benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV) and impaired calcium metabolism has attracted widespread interest. Several studies have suggested that decreased bone mineral density (BMD) and serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) level are related to the occurrence and/or recurrence of BPPV; however, the characteristics of bone metabolism in patients with BPPV subtypes have not been fully investigated, and conclusions have been controversial. This study aimed to evaluate BMD and serum levels of 25(OH)D and bone turnover markers to clarify the characteristics of bone metabolism in patients with different types of BPPV. METHOD We retrospectively analysed the data of new-onset idiopathic postmenopausal female patients with BPPV at our institution from January 2016 to January 2020. The patients' demographic data including age, medication history, concomitant diseases, onset time, clinical form, laboratory indicators, such as serum levels of 25(OH)D, bone formation markers, namely, amino-terminal propeptide of type I procollagen (PINP) and osteocalcin (OC), bone resorption marker, namely, β-isomerized carboxy-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen (β-CTX), and BMD were collected and analysed. RESULTS This study included 201 consecutive postmenopausal female patients with BPPV. Among them, 138 were diagnosed with posterior semicircular canal BPPV, 42 were diagnosed with lateral semicircular canal canalolithiasis, and 21 were diagnosed with lateral semicircular canal cupulolithiasis. There were no significant differences in age distribution, body mass index, clinical history, levels of albumin, globulin, uric acid, creatinine, or blood urea nitrogen, lipid profiles (except high-density lipoprotein cholesterol) and routine blood parameters among these groups (P > 0.05). There were no significant differences in the mean T-score and BMD values of different sites or in the serum levels of 25(OH)D and bone turnover markers (PINP, OC and β-CTX) among the subgroups (P > 0.05). The proportion of reduction in BMD (T-score < -1 SD) and decreased serum vitamin D level (< 20 ng/ml) were not significantly different between the subgroups (P > 0.05). CONCLUSION There were no significant differences in bone metabolism in postmenopausal female patients with different types of idiopathic BPPV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Wei Han
- Department of Rehabilitation, Hwa Mei Hospital, University of Chinese Academy of Science, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315010, PR China; Ningbo Institute of Life and Health Industry, University of Chinese Academy of Science, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315010, PR China
| | - Yun-Qin Wu
- Department of Neurology, Hwa Mei Hospital, University of Chinese Academy of Science, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315010, PR China; Ningbo Institute of Life and Health Industry, University of Chinese Academy of Science, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315010, PR China
| | - Zhen-Yi Fan
- Department of Neurology, Hwa Mei Hospital, University of Chinese Academy of Science, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315010, PR China; Ningbo Institute of Life and Health Industry, University of Chinese Academy of Science, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315010, PR China
| | - Xiao-Yong Yang
- Department of Rehabilitation, Zhenhai Longsai Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315010, PR China
| | - Qiong-Feng Guan
- Department of Neurology, Hwa Mei Hospital, University of Chinese Academy of Science, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315010, PR China; Ningbo Institute of Life and Health Industry, University of Chinese Academy of Science, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315010, PR China
| | - Wang Yan
- Department of Neurology, Hwa Mei Hospital, University of Chinese Academy of Science, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315010, PR China; Ningbo Institute of Life and Health Industry, University of Chinese Academy of Science, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315010, PR China
| | - Xiao-Xiong Lu
- Department of Neurology, Hwa Mei Hospital, University of Chinese Academy of Science, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315010, PR China; Ningbo Institute of Life and Health Industry, University of Chinese Academy of Science, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315010, PR China
| | - Xiao-Xia Liu
- Department of Neurology, Hwa Mei Hospital, University of Chinese Academy of Science, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315010, PR China; Ningbo Institute of Life and Health Industry, University of Chinese Academy of Science, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315010, PR China
| | - Min Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Hwa Mei Hospital, University of Chinese Academy of Science, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315010, PR China; Ningbo Institute of Life and Health Industry, University of Chinese Academy of Science, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315010, PR China
| | - Li Li
- Department of Neurology, Hwa Mei Hospital, University of Chinese Academy of Science, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315010, PR China; Ningbo Institute of Life and Health Industry, University of Chinese Academy of Science, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315010, PR China
| | - Jian-Xun Liu
- Department of Rehabilitation, Hwa Mei Hospital, University of Chinese Academy of Science, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315010, PR China; Ningbo Institute of Life and Health Industry, University of Chinese Academy of Science, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315010, PR China.
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Mackowetzky K, Yoon KH, Mackowetzky EJ, Waskiewicz AJ. Development and evolution of the vestibular apparatuses of the inner ear. J Anat 2021; 239:801-828. [PMID: 34047378 PMCID: PMC8450482 DOI: 10.1111/joa.13459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The vertebrate inner ear is a labyrinthine sensory organ responsible for perceiving sound and body motion. While a great deal of research has been invested in understanding the auditory system, a growing body of work has begun to delineate the complex developmental program behind the apparatuses of the inner ear involved with vestibular function. These animal studies have helped identify genes involved in inner ear development and model syndromes known to include vestibular dysfunction, paving the way for generating treatments for people suffering from these disorders. This review will provide an overview of known inner ear anatomy and function and summarize the exciting discoveries behind inner ear development and the evolution of its vestibular apparatuses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kacey Mackowetzky
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of AlbertaEdmontonAlbertaCanada
| | - Kevin H. Yoon
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of AlbertaEdmontonAlbertaCanada
| | | | - Andrew J. Waskiewicz
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of AlbertaEdmontonAlbertaCanada
- Women & Children’s Health Research InstituteUniversity of AlbertaEdmontonAlbertaCanada
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Hołubowicz R, Ożyhar A, Dobryszycki P. Natural Mutations Affect Structure and Function of gC1q Domain of Otolin-1. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22169085. [PMID: 34445792 PMCID: PMC8396674 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22169085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Otolin-1 is a scaffold protein of otoliths and otoconia, calcium carbonate biominerals from the inner ear. It contains a gC1q domain responsible for trimerization and binding of Ca2+. Knowledge of a structure-function relationship of gC1q domain of otolin-1 is crucial for understanding the biology of balance sensing. Here, we show how natural variants alter the structure of gC1q otolin-1 and how Ca2+ are able to revert some effects of the mutations. We discovered that natural substitutions: R339S, R342W and R402P negatively affect the stability of apo-gC1q otolin-1, and that Q426R has a stabilizing effect. In the presence of Ca2+, R342W and Q426R were stabilized at higher Ca2+ concentrations than the wild-type form, and R402P was completely insensitive to Ca2+. The mutations affected the self-association of gC1q otolin-1 by inducing detrimental aggregation (R342W) or disabling the trimerization (R402P) of the protein. Our results indicate that the natural variants of gC1q otolin-1 may have a potential to cause pathological changes in otoconia and otoconial membrane, which could affect sensing of balance and increase the probability of occurrence of benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV).
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafał Hołubowicz
- Correspondence: (R.H.); (P.D.); Tel.: +48-71-320-63-34 (R.H.); +48-71-320-63-32 (P.D.)
| | | | - Piotr Dobryszycki
- Correspondence: (R.H.); (P.D.); Tel.: +48-71-320-63-34 (R.H.); +48-71-320-63-32 (P.D.)
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16
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Solis-Angeles S, Juárez-Pérez CA, Jiménez-Ramírez C, Cabello-López A, Aguilar-Madrid G, Del Razo LM. Prestin and otolin-1 proteins in the hearing loss of adults chronically exposed to lead. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2021; 426:115651. [PMID: 34273409 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2021.115651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Some studies in animal models and humans suggest that exposure to lead is associated with hearing loss. Lead can reach the inner ear through the blood circulation; evidence suggests that lead could accumulate in the inner ear, causing inner ear damage. AIM To evaluate prestin and otolin-1 protein levels and their relationship with an increased hearing threshold in participants exposed to lead. METHODS We conducted a cross-sectional study with 315 participants from Tlaxcala, Mexico. Blood lead levels (BPb) were evaluated by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry. Serum prestin and otolin-1 were quantified using ELISA. Auditory function at frequencies of 0.125 to 8 kHz was evaluated in a soundproof chamber. RESULTS Participants were classified according to BPb: group I (<10 μg/dL) had a median BPb of 6 μg/dL and prestin levels of 11.06 ng/mL. While participants in group II (≥10 μg/dL) had a median of BPb 20.7 μg/dL (p < 0.05) and prestin levels of 0.15 ng/mL (p < 0.001). Participants in both groups showed a normal hearing. Otolin-1 levels were higher for participants with normal hearing and lower for participants with hearing loss in both groups, p > 0.05. Multiple linear regression models predict an average decrease of 0.17 to 0.26 ng/mL in prestin levels per decibel increase for the frequencies evaluated. CONCLUSIONS Participants with high BPb showed an increase in hearing threshold, and prestin levels decreased proportionally to the hearing threshold increase. This is the first study to evaluate prestin as a potential biomarker for hearing damage, evaluated by audiometry, in participants with lead exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soledad Solis-Angeles
- Departamento de Toxicología, Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Cuauhtémoc A Juárez-Pérez
- Unidad de Investigación de Salud en el Trabajo, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Carmina Jiménez-Ramírez
- Laboratorio de Análisis Clínico, Unidad Médica de Alta Especialidad, Hospital de Traumatología "Dr. Victorio De la Fuente Narváez", IMSS, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Alejandro Cabello-López
- Unidad de Investigación de Salud en el Trabajo, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Guadalupe Aguilar-Madrid
- Departamento de Salud Pública, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Luz M Del Razo
- Departamento de Toxicología, Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV), Mexico City, Mexico.
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Bi J, Liu B, Zhang Y, Zhou Q. Study on the Bone Metabolism Indices and Otoconin-90 in Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo. Otol Neurotol 2021; 42:e744-e749. [PMID: 33606471 DOI: 10.1097/mao.0000000000003087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the correlation between benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV) and abnormal bone metabolism and to evaluate the value of otoconial protein otoconin-90 in the pathogenesis research and clinical treatment of BPPV. STUDY DESIGN Prospective pilot clinical trial (Level of Evidence: 2b). SETTING Outpatient otolaryngologic department. PATIENTS Twenty seven patients with a diagnosis of BPPV referred to the otolaryngologic department and 25 controls with no history of dizziness from 2018.4 to 2018.9 were reviewed. INTERVENTIONS No. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry scanning (DEXA), bone mineral density (BMD) measurement, and assessment of serum levels of otoconin-90 and bone metabolism indices (osteocalcin, OC; 25-OH Vitamin D; total procollagen type 1 N-peptide, TP1NP; β-C-terminal telopeptide of type 1 collagen, β-CTX). RESULTS 1) The average serum level of otoconin-90 in the BPPV group was significantly higher than that in the control group (p < 0.05), whereas both the BMD T scores and serum 25-OH Vitamin D levels of the BPPV group were significantly lower than those of the control group (p < 0.05). 2) There was a strong positive correlation between serum otoconin-90 and age (r = 0.44, p < 0.05) and a moderate negative correlation between otoconin-90 and the bone metabolism indices OC (r = -0.33, p > 0.05), 25-OH Vitamin D (r = -0.35, p > 0.05), and TP1NP (r = -0.30, p > 0.05). 3) Logistic regression analysis showed that serum otoconin-90 level was an independent risk factor for BPPV (odd ratio = 0.998, 95% confidence interval 0.997-0.999, p < 0.01). CONCLUSION A correlation between BPPV and abnormal bone metabolism was found. Moreover, otoconin-90 could serve as a research tool for BPPV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingtao Bi
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University.,Beijing Institute of Otolaryngology, Key Laboratory of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery (Capital Medical University), Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Bo Liu
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University.,Beijing Institute of Otolaryngology, Key Laboratory of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery (Capital Medical University), Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University.,Beijing Institute of Otolaryngology, Key Laboratory of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery (Capital Medical University), Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Qian Zhou
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University.,Beijing Institute of Otolaryngology, Key Laboratory of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery (Capital Medical University), Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
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Zhang S, Xing J, Gong Y, Li P, Wang B, Xu L. Downregulation of VDR in benign paroxysmal positional vertigo patients inhibits otolith‑associated protein expression levels. Mol Med Rep 2021; 24:591. [PMID: 34165161 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2021.12230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV) is the most common peripheral vertigo‑associated disease. Vitamin D (VD) helps maintain normal otolith function and may be associated with BPPV. VD exerts its biological functions primarily via the VD receptor (VDR). The present study demonstrated that serum VD levels were significantly decreased in patients with BPPV compared with in controls. VDR, otolith‑associated protein otoconin‑90 (OC90) and NADPH oxidase 3 (NOX3) expression levels were also significantly decreased in patients with BPPV compared with in controls. Furthermore, a positive correlation was observed between VD levels and VDR expression. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis identified VDR expression levels as a potential diagnostic marker for BPPV. OC90 and NOX3 expression levels were notably lower in the inner ear tissue of VDR knockout mice compared with in those of wild‑type mice. In mice overexpressing VDR, OC90 and NOX3 were also overexpressed. Following intravenous injection of VD in VDR knockout mice, expression levels of OC90 and NOX3 were not significantly different from those in VDR knockout mice injected with saline. This indicated that VDR may be underexpressed in patients with BPPV and was associated with the expression levels of otolith‑associated proteins. Moreover, VDR mediated VD activation, leading to otolith protein formation. The present study provided a novel theoretical basis for BPPV onset that may facilitate the development of more effective diagnostic and treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu Zhang
- Department of Otolaryngology, Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia 010110, P.R. China
| | - Juanli Xing
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710048, P.R. China
| | - Yulin Gong
- Department of Rheumatic Immunology, Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia 010110, P.R. China
| | - Ping Li
- Department of Obstetrics, Yongkang Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Yongkang, Zhejiang 321300, P.R. China
| | - Boqian Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology, Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia 010110, P.R. China
| | - Ling Xu
- Department of Otolaryngology, Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia 010110, P.R. China
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Molecular mechanism of calcium induced trimerization of C1q-like domain of otolin-1 from human and zebrafish. Sci Rep 2021; 11:12778. [PMID: 34140580 PMCID: PMC8211825 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-92129-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The C1q superfamily includes proteins involved in innate immunity, insulin sensitivity, biomineralization and more. Among these proteins is otolin-1, which is a collagen-like protein that forms a scaffold for the biomineralization of inner ear stones in vertebrates. The globular C1q-like domain (gC1q), which is the most conserved part of otolin-1, binds Ca2+ and stabilizes its collagen-like triple helix. The molecular details of the assembly of gC1q otolin-1 trimers are not known. Here, we substituted putative Ca2+-binding acidic residues of gC1q otolin-1 with alanine to analyse how alanine influences the formation of gC1q trimers. We used human and zebrafish gC1q otolin-1 to assess how evolutionary changes affected the function of the protein. Surprisingly, the mutated forms of gC1q otolin-1 trimerized even in the absence of Ca2+, although they were less stable than native proteins saturated with Ca2+. We also found that the zebrafish gC1q domain was less stable than the human homologue under all tested conditions and became stabilized at higher concentrations of Ca2+, which showed that specific interactions leading to the neutralization of the negative charge at the axis of a gC1q trimer by Ca2+ are required for the trimers to form. Moreover, human gC1q otolin-1 seems to be optimized to function at lower concentrations of Ca2+, which is consistent with reported Ca2+ concentrations in the endolymphs of fish and mammals. Our results allow us to explain the molecular mechanism of assembly of proteins from the C1q superfamily, the modulating role of Ca2+ and expand the knowledge of biomineralization of vertebrate inner ear stones: otoliths and otoconia.
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Reliability of Serological Prestin Levels in Humans and its Relation to Otoacoustic Emissions, a Functional Measure of Outer Hair Cells. Ear Hear 2021; 42:1151-1162. [PMID: 33859120 DOI: 10.1097/aud.0000000000001026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Serological biomarkers, common to many areas of medicine, have the potential to inform on the health of the human body and to give early warning of risk of compromised function or illness before symptoms are experienced. Serological measurement of prestin, a motor protein uniquely produced and expressed in outer hair cells, has recently been identified as a potential biomarker to inform on the health of the cochlea. Before any test can be introduced into the clinical toolkit, the reproducibility of the measurement when repeated in the same subject must be considered. The primary objective of this study is to outline the test-retest reliability estimates and normative ranges for serological prestin in healthy young adults with normal hearing. In addition, we examine the relation between serum prestin levels and otoacoustic emissions (OAEs) to compare this OHC-specific protein to the most common measure of OHC function currently used in hearing assessments. DESIGN We measured prestin levels serologically from circulating blood in 34 young adults (18 to 24 years old) with clinically normal pure-tone audiometric averages at five different timepoints up to six months apart (average intervals between measurements ranged from <1 week to 7 weeks apart). To guide future studies of clinical populations, we present the standard error of the measurement, reference normative values, and multiple measures of reliability. Additionally, we measured transient evoked OAEs at the same five timepoints and used correlation coefficients to examine the relation between OAEs and prestin levels (pg/mL). RESULTS Serum prestin levels demonstrated good to excellent reliability between and across the five different time points, with correlation coefficients and intraclass correlations >0.8. Across sessions, the average serum prestin level was 250.20 pg/mL, with a standard error of measurement of 7.28 pg/mL. Moreover, positive correlations (generally weak to moderate) were found between prestin levels and OAE magnitudes and signal-to-noise ratios. CONCLUSIONS Findings characterize serum prestin in healthy young adults with normal hearing and provide initial normative data that may be critical to interpreting results from individuals with sensorineural hearing loss. Our results demonstrate reliability of serum prestin levels in a sample of normal-hearing young adults across five test sessions up to 6 months apart, paving the way for testing larger samples to more accurately estimate test-retest standards for clinical protocols, including those involving serial monitoring. The positive correlations between serum prestin and OAE levels, although weak to moderate, reinforce that the source of serum prestin is likely the outer hair cells in the inner ear, but also that serum prestin and OAEs each may also index aspects of biologic function not common to the other.
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Yadav H, Irugu D, Ramakrishanan L, Singh A, Abraham R, Sikka K, Thakar A, Verma H. An evaluation of serum Otolin-1 & Vitamin-D in benign paroxysmal positional vertigo. J Vestib Res 2021; 31:433-440. [PMID: 33720865 DOI: 10.3233/ves-201601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Serum otolin-1 is an inner ear protein exclusively expressed in otoconia and cells of vestibule and cochlea. Serum otolin-1 is found to be quantifiable in patients with BPPV. Low Vitamin-D is associated with pathogenesis of BPPV. Since otoconia degeneration contributes to BPPV, lack of Vitamin-D may impact otoconia structure and integrity. OBJECTIVE We aimed at studying the s.otolin-1 as biomarker and significance of vit-D in BPPV. MATERIAL AND METHOD 23 patients in test and control groups respectively were chosen within the age of 20 to 65 years. All the patients were diagnosed using Dix Hallpike menouver and head roll test, patients were treated with appropriate Canal Reposition Menouver (CRM). RESULTS Serum Otolin-1 levels among the test ranged from 366 to 882 pg/mL with mean of 585.17 pg/mL whereas in control group ranged from 223 to 462 pg/mL with mean of 335.26 pg/mL. Mean Vitamin-D levels among the test group was 22.67 ng/mL (Range = 6.3-68.4) and that of control 15.43 pg/mL (Range = 5.4-27.7) respectively. The relationship between the serum Otolin-1 and Vitamin-D was not statistically significant. CONCLUSION Otolin-1 levels is increased in BPPV patients and is sensitive in BPPV, specificity needs to be validated. Role of vitamin-D with respect to inner ear proteins needs further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harsha Yadav
- Junior Resident, Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head & Neck surgery, AIIMS, New Delhi, India
| | - Dvk Irugu
- Associate Professor, Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head & Neck surgery, AIIMS, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Archana Singh
- Associate Professor, Department of Biochemistry, AIIMS, New Delhi, India
| | - Ransi Abraham
- Senior Research Officer, Department of Cardiac Biochemistry, AIIMS, New Delhi, India
| | - Kapil Sikka
- Additional Professor, Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head & Neck surgery, AIIMS, New Delhi, India
| | - Alok Thakar
- Professor & Head, Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head & Neck surgery, AIIMS, New Delhi, India
| | - Hitesh Verma
- Associate Professor, Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head & Neck surgery, AIIMS, New Delhi, India
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22
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Xu Y, Yang L, Zhao X, Zhang Y, Jones TA, Jones SM, Lundberg YW. Functional cooperation between two otoconial proteins Oc90 and Nox3. J Vestib Res 2021; 31:441-449. [PMID: 33554930 DOI: 10.3233/ves-201591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Otoconia-related vertigo and balance deficits are common in humans, but the molecular etiology is unknown at present. OBJECTIVE In order to study mechanisms of otoconia formation and maintenance, we have investigated whether otoconin-90 (Oc90), the predominant otoconial constituent protein, and the NADPH oxidase Nox3, an essential regulatory protein for otoconia formation, are functionally interlinked. METHODS We performed balance behavioral, electrophysiological, morphological and molecular cellular analyses. RESULTS Double heterozygous mutant mice for Oc90 and Nox3 show severe imbalance, albeit less profound than double null mutants. In contrast, single heterozygous mutant mice have normal balance. Double heterozygous mice have otoconia defects and double null mice have no otoconia. In addition, some hair bundles in the latter mice go through accelerated degeneration. In vitro calcification analysis in cells stably expressing these proteins singly and doubly shows much more intense calcification in the double transfectants. CONCLUSIONS Oc90 and Nox3 augment each other's function, which is not only critical for otoconia formation but also for hair bundle maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinfang Xu
- Vestibular Genetics Laboratory, Boys Town National Research Hospital, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Liping Yang
- Vestibular Genetics Laboratory, Boys Town National Research Hospital, Omaha, NE, USA.,Current address: Changsha Environmental Protection College, 10 Jinggui Rd, Yuhua Qu, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xing Zhao
- Vestibular Genetics Laboratory, Boys Town National Research Hospital, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Yan Zhang
- Vestibular Genetics Laboratory, Boys Town National Research Hospital, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Timothy A Jones
- Department of Special Education and Communication Disorders, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Sherri M Jones
- Department of Special Education and Communication Disorders, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Yunxia Wang Lundberg
- Vestibular Genetics Laboratory, Boys Town National Research Hospital, Omaha, NE, USA
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23
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Kubota M, Scheibinger M, Jan TA, Heller S. Greater epithelial ridge cells are the principal organoid-forming progenitors of the mouse cochlea. Cell Rep 2021; 34:108646. [PMID: 33472062 PMCID: PMC7847202 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.108646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Revised: 11/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In mammals, hearing loss is irreversible due to the lack of regenerative potential of non-sensory cochlear cells. Neonatal cochlear cells, however, can grow into organoids that harbor sensory epithelial cells, including hair cells and supporting cells. Here, we purify different cochlear cell types from neonatal mice, validate the composition of the different groups with single-cell RNA sequencing (RNA-seq), and assess the various groups' potential to grow into inner ear organoids. We find that the greater epithelial ridge (GER), a transient cell population that disappears during post-natal cochlear maturation, harbors the most potent organoid-forming cells. We identified three distinct GER cell groups that correlate with a specific spatial distribution of marker genes. Organoid formation was synergistically enhanced when the cells were cultured at increasing density. This effect is not due to diffusible signals but requires direct cell-to-cell contact. Our findings improve the development of cell-based assays to study culture-generated inner ear cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Kubota
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head & Neck Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
| | - Mirko Scheibinger
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head & Neck Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Taha A Jan
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head & Neck Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Otolaryngology - Head & Neck Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94115, USA
| | - Stefan Heller
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head & Neck Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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24
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Biomarkers for Inner Ear Disorders: Scoping Review on the Role of Biomarkers in Hearing and Balance Disorders. Diagnostics (Basel) 2020; 11:diagnostics11010042. [PMID: 33383894 PMCID: PMC7824431 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics11010042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The diagnostics of inner ear diseases are primarily functional, but there is a growing interest in inner ear biomarkers. The present scoping review aimed to elucidate gaps in the literature regarding the definition, classification system, and an overview of the potential uses of inner ear biomarkers. Relevant biomarkers were categorized, and their possible benefits were evaluated. The databases OVID Medline, EMBASE, EBSCO COINAHL, CA PLUS, WOS BIOSIS, WOS Core Collection, Proquest Dissertations, Theses Global, PROSPERO, Cochrane Library, and BASE were searched using the keywords “biomarker” and “inner ear”. Of the initially identified 1502 studies, 34 met the inclusion criteria. The identified biomarkers were classified into diagnostic, prognostic, therapeutic, and pathognomonic; many were detected only in the inner ear or temporal bone. The inner-ear-specific biomarkers detected in peripheral blood included otolin-1, prestin, and matrilin-1. Various serum antibodies correlated with inner ear diseases (e.g., anti-type II collagen, antinuclear antibodies, antibodies against cytomegalovirus). Further studies are advised to elucidate the clinical significance and diagnostic or prognostic usage of peripheral biomarkers for inner ear disorders, filling in the literature gaps with biomarkers pertinent to the otology clinical practice and integrating functional and molecular biomarkers. These may be the building blocks toward a well-structured guideline for diagnosing and managing some audio-vestibular disorders.
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25
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Mahshid SS, Dabdoub A. Development of a novel electrochemical immuno-biosensor for circulating biomarkers of the inner ear. Biosens Bioelectron 2020; 165:112369. [PMID: 32729501 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2020.112369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Current approaches for diagnosis of hearing or vestibular disorders are mostly based on physical examinations that cannot provide information about the exact location of cellular damage inside the inner ear. Therefore, there is a need for new diagnostic methods capable of identifying the sites of damage through the detection of inner ear blood-circulating biomarkers. Here, we developed the first biosensor platform for rapid detection of otolin-1 and prestin, blood-circulating proteins specifically expressed in the vestibule and cochlea, respectively. The platform was designed on a DNA-based immunoassay that employed conjugated antibodies for target protein recognition, which when bound, altered the DNA-DNA hybridization on the surface, resulting in generation of a concentration-dependent signal. The signal was recorded when the redox moiety brought to the surface by the target enabled a selective electrochemical output directly in whole blood. Signal amplification was acquired by employing high-curvature nanostructured electrodes for sensitive sample analysis at picomolar concentrations with a three-fold quantitative range. The combination of nanostructuring and optimum density of the probes on the surface provided low-picomolar detection limits while utilizing small 10 μL sample volume with a 10-min response time. The proposed immuno-biosensor is highly selective and quantitative and can easily be adapted for rapid detection of any blood-circulating protein using their specific antibodies as recognition elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahar S Mahshid
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, ON, M4N 3M5, Canada.
| | - Alain Dabdoub
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, ON, M4N 3M5, Canada; Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 3H2, Canada; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A1, Canada.
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26
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Stewart AN, Little HC, Clark DJ, Zhang H, Wong GW. Protein Modifications Critical for Myonectin/Erythroferrone Secretion and Oligomer Assembly. Biochemistry 2020; 59:2684-2697. [PMID: 32602701 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.0c00461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Myonectin/erythroferrone (also known as CTRP15) is a secreted hormone with metabolic function and a role in stress erythropoiesis. Despite its importance in physiologic processes, biochemical characterization of the protein is lacking. Here, we show that multiple protein modifications are critical for myonectin secretion and multimerization. Abolishing N-linked glycosylation by tunicamycin, glucosamine supplementation, or glutamine substitutions of all four potential Asn glycosylation sites blocked myonectin secretion. Mass spectrometry confirmed that Asn-229 and Asn-281 were glycosylated, and substituting both Asn sites with Gln prevented myonectin secretion. Although Asn-319 is not identified as glycosylated, Gln substitution caused protein misfolding and retention in the endoplasmic reticulum. Of the four conserved cysteines, Cys-273 and Cys-278 were required for proper protein folding; Ala substitution of either site inhibited protein secretion. In contrast, Ala substitutions of Cys-142, Cys-194, or both markedly enhanced protein secretion, suggesting endoplasmic reticulum retention that facilitates myonectin oligomer assembly. Secreted myonectin consists of trimers, hexamers, and high-molecular weight (HMW) oligomers. The formation of higher-order structures via intermolecular disulfide bonds depended on Cys-142 and Cys-194; while the C142A mutant formed almost exclusively trimers, the C194A mutant was impaired in HMW oligomer formation. Most Pro residues within the short collagen domain of myonectin were also hydroxylated, a modification that stabilized the collagen triple helix. Inhibiting Pro hydroxylation or deleting the collagen domain markedly reduced the rate of protein secretion. Together, our results reveal key determinants that are important for myonectin folding, secretion, and multimeric assembly and provide a basis for future structure-function studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley N Stewart
- Department of Physiology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
| | - Hannah C Little
- Department of Physiology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
| | - David J Clark
- Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
| | - Hui Zhang
- Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
| | - G William Wong
- Department of Physiology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
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27
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Guerra J, Devesa J. Causes and treatment of idiopathic benign paroxysmal positional vertigo based on endocrinological and other metabolic factors. J Otol 2020; 15:155-160. [PMID: 33293917 PMCID: PMC7691829 DOI: 10.1016/j.joto.2020.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The genesis of the Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo (BPPV) seems to be related to some metabolic factors. These factors, such as vitamin D, glucocorticoids, and even thyroid and growth hormones, can affect bone metabolism and the mineralization of otoconia. It also seems to link to factors related to aging or nutritional habits. Besides, since the incidence of BPPV is quantitatively higher in women than in men, female sex steroids could be associated with this process. It could be useful to understand how these factors act in otoconial mineralization if we want to develop treatments aimed at preventing or delaying BPPV recurrences. In this review, we will analyze the role of these metabolic and hormonal factors in otoconial mineralization and in the treatment of BPPV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joaquín Guerra
- Otolaryngology, Medical Center Foltra, Travesía de Montouto 24, 15886, Teo, Spain
- Corresponding author. Medical Center Foltra, Travesía de Montouto 24, 15886, Teo, Spain.
| | - Jesús Devesa
- Scientific Direction, Medical Center Foltra, Travesía de Montouto 24, 15886, Teo, Spain
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28
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Wu Y, Han W, Yan W, Lu X, Zhou M, Li L, Guan Q, Fan Z. Increased Otolin-1 in Serum as a Potential Biomarker for Idiopathic Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo Episodes. Front Neurol 2020; 11:367. [PMID: 32477244 PMCID: PMC7237635 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.00367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: Otolin-1, a main specific otoconia matrix protein, passes through the labyrinth-blood barrier and is detectable in peripheral blood. Serum otolin-1 levels differ between patients with benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV) and healthy controls and are significantly age-related, increasing in healthy controls with age, suggesting that serum otolin-1 levels reflect otolith status. The aim of this study was to determine whether otolin-1 levels change during vertigo episodes in patients with BPPV and whether any change is specific and sensitive enough for BPPV episodes. Method: Patients diagnosed with de novo idiopathic BPPV during an acute episode were included in the study from May 2017 to May 2018. Blood samples were drawn before patients were treated with canalith-repositioning maneuvers. Serum otolin-1 levels were compared between 78 patients and 121 age- and sex-matched healthy individuals. Results: There were no significant differences between the groups in the age distribution, sex ratio, body mass index, clinical history, routine blood parameters, or total protein, albumin, uric acid, creatinine, blood urea nitrogen and lipid profiles (P > 0.05). Serum levels of otolin-1 were significantly higher in BPPV patients than in healthy controls (P < 0.001). Receiver operating characteristic analysis revealed that a serum otolin-1 value of 299.45 pg/ml was the optimal cut-off value to discriminate patients with BPPV from healthy controls (area under the curve 0.757, 95% CI 0.687~0.826) with a sensitivity of 67.9% and a specificity of 72.7%. Conclusion: Serum levels of otolin-1 may be a potential biomarker for BPPV episodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunqin Wu
- Department of Neurology, Hwa Mei Hospital, University of Chinese Academy of Science, Ningbo, China.,Ningbo Institute of Life and Health Industry, University of Chinese Academy of Science, Ningbo, China
| | - Weiwei Han
- Department of Neurology, Hwa Mei Hospital, University of Chinese Academy of Science, Ningbo, China.,Ningbo Institute of Life and Health Industry, University of Chinese Academy of Science, Ningbo, China.,Department of Rehabilitation, Hwa Mei Hospital, University of Chinese Academy of Science, Ningbo, China
| | - Wang Yan
- Department of Neurology, Hwa Mei Hospital, University of Chinese Academy of Science, Ningbo, China.,Ningbo Institute of Life and Health Industry, University of Chinese Academy of Science, Ningbo, China
| | - Xiaoxiong Lu
- Department of Neurology, Hwa Mei Hospital, University of Chinese Academy of Science, Ningbo, China.,Ningbo Institute of Life and Health Industry, University of Chinese Academy of Science, Ningbo, China
| | - Min Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Hwa Mei Hospital, University of Chinese Academy of Science, Ningbo, China.,Ningbo Institute of Life and Health Industry, University of Chinese Academy of Science, Ningbo, China
| | - Li Li
- Department of Neurology, Hwa Mei Hospital, University of Chinese Academy of Science, Ningbo, China.,Ningbo Institute of Life and Health Industry, University of Chinese Academy of Science, Ningbo, China
| | - Qiongfeng Guan
- Department of Neurology, Hwa Mei Hospital, University of Chinese Academy of Science, Ningbo, China.,Ningbo Institute of Life and Health Industry, University of Chinese Academy of Science, Ningbo, China
| | - Zhenyi Fan
- Department of Neurology, Hwa Mei Hospital, University of Chinese Academy of Science, Ningbo, China.,Ningbo Institute of Life and Health Industry, University of Chinese Academy of Science, Ningbo, China
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29
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Porębska A, Różycka M, Hołubowicz R, Szewczuk Z, Ożyhar A, Dobryszycki P. Functional derivatives of human dentin matrix protein 1 modulate morphology of calcium carbonate crystals. FASEB J 2020; 34:6147-6165. [PMID: 32190922 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201901999r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Revised: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Dentin matrix protein 1 (DMP1) is an acidic, extracellular matrix protein essential for biomineralization of calcium phosphate, in bone and dentin. It is proteolytically processed into two fragments, 44K and 56K. Recently, the presence of DMP1 was noticed in inner ear, specifically in otoconia, which are calcium carbonate biominerals involved in sensing of balance. In this study, the solution structure and biomineralization activity of otoconial 44K and 56K fragments toward calcium carbonate were investigated. The results of analytical ultracentrifugation, circular dichroism, and gel filtration indicated that DMP1 fragments are disordered in solution. Notably, 56K formed oligomers in the presence of calcium ions. It was also observed that both fragments influenced the crystal growth by in vitro biomineralization assay and scanning electron microscopy. In addition, they sequester the calcium ions during the calcite formation. Calcium carbonate crystals precipitated in vitro changed their size and shape in the presence of DMP1 fragments. Oligomerization propensity of 56K may significantly enhance this function. Our study indicates that intrinsically disordered DMP1 has a previously unknown regulatory function for biomineralization of otoconia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Porębska
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Mirosława Różycka
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Rafał Hołubowicz
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wrocław, Poland
| | | | - Andrzej Ożyhar
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Piotr Dobryszycki
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wrocław, Poland
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30
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Doğan M, Şahin M, Kurtulmuş Y. Otolin-1, as a Potential Marker for Inner Ear Trauma after Mastoidectomy. J Int Adv Otol 2020; 15:200-203. [PMID: 31120422 DOI: 10.5152/iao.2019.5155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this prospective clinical study was to examine the negative effect of drilling by measuring peripheral Otolin-1 levels as a potential biomarker. MATERIALS AND METHODS Patients who underwent mastoidectomy due to chronic otitis media were included in the study. Otolin-1 levels were measured preoperatively and 6 h postoperatively, and total drilling time was noted. Preoperative serum Otolin-1 levels in 31 patients were compared with those in31 age- and sex-matched healthy individuals. Pre- and postoperative serum Otolin-1 levels were also compared. RESULTS Tympanoplasty was performed through canal wall-down (n=17) and wall-up mastoidectomy (n=14) in our sample. The mean duration of drilling was 52.7±13.8min. Preoperative serum Otolin-1 levels were significantly lower in patients than in healthy controls (21.0±3.0 vs. 23.5±3.9 pg/mL, p=0.006). We also found significantly higher postoperative serum Otolin-1 levels than preoperative levels (21.0±3.0 vs. 27.0±6.9 pg/mL, p<0.001). An increase in serum Otolin-1 levels during surgery was independently associated with drilling time in multivariate linear regression analysis (r=0.309, p<0.001). CONCLUSION A nearly postoperative increase in serum Otolin-1 levels after mastoidectomy was independently associated with drilling time. We show that serum Otolin-1 levels may be used to indicate inner ear trauma in clinical practice in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murat Doğan
- Department of ENT, Adnan Menderes University School of Medicine, Aydın, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Şahin
- Department of ENT, Adnan Menderes University School of Medicine, Aydın, Turkey
| | - Yusuf Kurtulmuş
- Department of Biochemistry, Adnan Menderes University School of Medicine, Aydın, Turkey
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32
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE Low vitamin D levels have been associated with and could play a role in the pathogenesis of idiopathic benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (iBPPV). Since otoconia degeneration contributes to iBPPV and a lack of vitamin D may impact otoconia structure and integrity, we proposed a negative association between vitamin D levels and levels of a proposed circulatory biomarker for otolithic degeneration, otolin-1. STUDY DESIGN Cross-sectional clinical study. SETTING Clinical research center. PATIENTS Seventy-nine men and women ranging in age from 22 to 95 years old without known vertigo. INTERVENTIONS Diagnostic. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Blood levels of 25-OH vitamin D and otolin-1. RESULTS Previously, we had reported higher otolin-1 levels in older age groups. The majority of the subjects (83%) had vitamin D levels that were below 40 ng/ml. Vitamin D level was lowest in the young and increased with age before declining in subjects 70 years of age and older (p = 0.005). There was a negative correlation between vitamin D and otolin-1 levels of subjects over 70 (r = -0.36, p = 0.036). CONCLUSION Our results demonstrate a relationship between vitamin D and otolin-1. The majority of our subjects had abnormally low vitamin D levels, but only those over 70 years of age showed a negative correlation with high otolin-1 levels. We postulate that a seasonal drop in vitamin D may not be sufficient for otoconia fragmentation and ultimately iBPPV, rather, chronically low vitamin D maybe required to induce otoconia degeneration.
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Lopez IA, Ishiyama G, Acuna D, Ishiyama A. Otopetrin-2 Immunolocalization in the Human Macula Utricle. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 2019; 128:96S-102S. [PMID: 31092032 PMCID: PMC6767922 DOI: 10.1177/0003489419834952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the present study, we investigated the localization of otopetrin-2-a member of the otopetrin family that encodes proton-selective ion channels-in the human macula utricle using immunohistochemistry. METHODS Macula utricle were acquired at surgery from patients who required transmastoid labyrinthectomy for intractable vertigo due to Meniere's disease (MD; n = 3) and/or vestibular drops attacks (VDA; n = 2) and from temporal bones (n = 2) acquired at autopsy from individuals with no balance disorders. Immunofluorescence staining with otopetrin-2 (rabbit affinity purified polyclonal antibody) and GFAP (mouse monoclonal antibody) to identify vestibular supporting cells was made in formalin fixed cryostat sections or whole microdissected utricle (for flat mount preparations). Secondary antibodies against rabbit and mouse were used for the identification of both proteins. Digital fluorescent images were obtained using a high-resolution laser confocal microscope. RESULTS Using cryostat sections and flat mount preparations otopetrin-2 immunofluorescence was seen as punctated signal throughout the supporting cells cytoplasm. GFAP immunofluorescence was present in the supporting cell cytoplasm. The distribution of otopetrin-2 was similar in the macula utricle obtained from MD, VDA, or autopsy normative patients. CONCLUSIONS Otopetrin-2 was localized in supporting cells in a similar fashion that otopetrin-1 previously reported in the mouse macula utricle. The differential expression of otopetrin-2 in the supporting cells of the human macula utricle suggest an important role in the vestibular sensory periphery homeostasis and otolith maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan A. Lopez
- Department of Head & Neck Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Gail Ishiyama
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Dora Acuna
- Department of Head & Neck Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Akira Ishiyama
- Department of Head & Neck Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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34
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Thiessen KD, Grzegorski SJ, Chin Y, Higuchi LN, Wilkinson CJ, Shavit JA, Kramer KL. Zebrafish otolith biomineralization requires polyketide synthase. Mech Dev 2019; 157:1-9. [PMID: 30974150 PMCID: PMC6531356 DOI: 10.1016/j.mod.2019.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Revised: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Deflecting biomineralized crystals attached to vestibular hair cells are necessary for maintaining balance. Zebrafish (Danio rerio) are useful organisms to study these biomineralized crystals called otoliths, as many required genes are homologous to human otoconial development. We sought to identify and characterize the causative gene in a trio of homozygous recessive mutants, no content (nco) and corkscrew (csr), and vanished (vns), which fail to develop otoliths during early ear development. We show that nco, csr, and vns have potentially deleterious mutations in polyketide synthase (pks1), a multi-modular protein that has been previously implicated in biomineralization events in chordates and echinoderms. We found that Otoconin-90 (Oc90) expression within the otocyst is diffuse in nco and csr; therefore, it is not sufficient for otolith biomineralization in zebrafish. Similarly, normal localization of Otogelin, a protein required for otolith tethering in the otolithic membrane, is not sufficient for Oc90 attachment. Furthermore, eNOS signaling and Endothelin-1 signaling were the most up- and down-regulated pathways during otolith agenesis in nco, respectively. Our results demonstrate distinct processes for otolith nucleation and biomineralization in vertebrates and will be a starting point for models that are independent of Oc90-mediated seeding. This study will serve as a basis for investigating the role of eNOS signaling and Endothelin-1 signaling during otolith formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin D Thiessen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Steven J Grzegorski
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Yvonne Chin
- Centre for Biomedical Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, TW20 0EX, United Kingdom
| | - Lisa N Higuchi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Christopher J Wilkinson
- Centre for Biomedical Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, TW20 0EX, United Kingdom
| | - Jordan A Shavit
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Kenneth L Kramer
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, NE, United States.
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Kim BJ, Kim DK, Han JH, Oh J, Kim AR, Lee C, Kim NK, Park HR, Kim MY, Lee S, Lee S, Oh DY, Park WY, Park S, Choi BY. Clarification of glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchorage of OTOANCORIN and human OTOA variants associated with deafness. Hum Mutat 2019; 40:525-531. [PMID: 30740825 DOI: 10.1002/humu.23719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Revised: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Otoancorin (OTOA), encoded by OTOA, is required for the development of the tectorial membrane in the inner ear. Mutations in this gene cause nonsyndromic hearing loss (DFNB22). The molecular mechanisms underlying most DFNB22 remain poorly understood. Disruption of glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchorage has been assumed to be the pathophysiology mandating experimental validation. From a Korean deaf family, we identified two trans OTOA variants (c.1320 + 5 G > C and p.Gln589ArgfsX55 [NM_144672.3]) . The pathogenic potential of c.1320 + 5 G > C was confirmed by a minigene splicing assay. To experimentally determine the GPI anchorage, wild-type (WT) and mutant OTOA harboring p.Gln589ArgfsX55 were expressed in HEK293T cells. The mutant OTOA with p.Gln589ArgfsX55 resulted in an uncontrolled release of OTOA into the medium in contrast with phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C-induced controlled release of WT OTOA from the cell surface. Together, the results of this reverse translational study confirmed GPI-anchorage of OTOA and showed that downstream sequences from the 589th amino acid are critical for GPI-anchorage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bong Jik Kim
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Chungnam National University College of Medicine, Daejeon, South Korea.,Department of Otorhinolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, South Korea
| | - Dong-Kyu Kim
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Jin Hee Han
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, South Korea
| | - Jayoung Oh
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, South Korea
| | - Ah Reum Kim
- Samsung Genome Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Chung Lee
- Samsung Genome Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Nayoung Kd Kim
- Samsung Genome Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hye-Rim Park
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, South Korea
| | - Min Young Kim
- Precision Medicine Center, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, South Korea
| | - Sejoon Lee
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, South Korea
| | - Seungmin Lee
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, South Korea
| | - Doo Yi Oh
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, South Korea
| | - Woong-Yang Park
- Samsung Genome Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Molecular Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sungjin Park
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Byung Yoon Choi
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, South Korea
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Pearlman A, Rahman MT, Upadhyay K, Loke J, Ostrer H. Ectopic Otoconin 90 expression in triple negative breast cancer cell lines is associated with metastasis functions. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0211737. [PMID: 30763339 PMCID: PMC6375562 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0211737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) is an aggressive tumor with propensity to metastasize and poor treatment options. Improving treatment options would be impactful; thus, finding a tumor-specific cell surface protein with metastasis promoting functions that could be knocked out was the goal of this study. The Otoconin 90 gene (OC90), frequently amplified in tumors on chromosome 8q24.22, was identified as a potential therapeutic candidate. Normally OC90 is expressed in the cochlea with no known function in other normal tissues. In silico analysis of The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) multi-tumor RNAseq cohorts revealed that OC90 is expressed in many tumor types at high prevalence and genomic amplification is associated with the elevated mRNA expression. In vitro assays in TNBC cell lines revealed OC90 expression with control over cell viability, apoptosis and invasion. RNA-seq analysis of OC90-siRNA knockdown and OC90-overexpression in BT20, BT549, HCC38 cell lines identified co-expressed transcripts, HMGA2, POLE2 and TRIB3. Altered expression of HMGA2, POLE2 and TRIB3 was predictive of survival among members of the Metabric breast cancer cohort. Thus, OC90 represents a potential therapeutic target whose knockdown could improve the treatment of TNBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Pearlman
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States of America
| | - Mohammed Tanjimur Rahman
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States of America
| | - Kinnari Upadhyay
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States of America
| | - Johnny Loke
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States of America
| | - Harry Ostrer
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Thomas ORB, Swearer SE, Kapp EA, Peng P, Tonkin‐Hill GQ, Papenfuss A, Roberts A, Bernard P, Roberts BR. The inner ear proteome of fish. FEBS J 2018; 286:66-81. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.14715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2018] [Revised: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Stephen E. Swearer
- School of BioSciences The University of Melbourne Parkville Vic. Australia
| | - Eugene A. Kapp
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health The University of Melbourne Parkville Vic. Australia
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research Parkville Vic. Australia
| | - Po Peng
- School of BioSciences The University of Melbourne Parkville Vic. Australia
| | - Gerry Q. Tonkin‐Hill
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research Parkville Vic. Australia
| | - Anthony Papenfuss
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research Parkville Vic. Australia
| | - Anne Roberts
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health The University of Melbourne Parkville Vic. Australia
| | - Pascal Bernard
- School of BioSciences The University of Melbourne Parkville Vic. Australia
| | - Blaine R. Roberts
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health The University of Melbourne Parkville Vic. Australia
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To test the hypothesis that age-related demineralization of otoconia will result in an age-related increase in blood levels of otoconia matrix protein, otolin-1. STUDY DESIGN Cross-sectional observational clinical trial. SETTING Clinical research center. PATIENTS Seventy nine men and women ranging in age from 22 to 95 years old. INTERVENTIONS Diagnostic. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Blood levels of otolin-1 in relation to age. RESULTS Levels of otolin-1 of subjects divided into four age groups (1: 20-30 [n = 20], 2: 50-65 [n = 20], 3: 66-80 [n = 20], 4: 81-95 [n = 19] years old) demonstrated an increasing trend with age. The difference between otolin levels of groups 2 and 3, as well as, (p = 0.04) and 2 and 4 (p = 0.031) were statistically significant, but there was no significant difference between the two oldest groups. CONCLUSIONS Otolin-1 blood levels are significantly higher in patients older than 65 years of age. This is consistent with previous scanning electron microscopy findings of age-related otoconia degeneration and increased prevalence of benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV) with age. Normative data provided here can serve as important reference values against which levels from BPPV patients can be compared with further evaluate otolin-1 as a circulatory biomarker for otoconia degeneration.
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Wu Y, Gu C, Han W, Lu X, Chen C, Fan Z. Reduction of bone mineral density in native Chinese female idiopathic benign paroxysmal positional vertigo patients. Am J Otolaryngol 2018; 39:31-33. [PMID: 29042068 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjoto.2017.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Revised: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to investigate the clinical association between idiopathic benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV) and reduction of bone mineral density (BMD). METHODS BMD was measured in 78 native Chinese female de novo idiopathic BPPV patients and 126 healthy controls using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. We compared the mean T-scores and abnormal BMD prevalence between the two groups. RESULTS The mean T-scores were significantly lower in idiopathic BPPV patients than in healthy controls. The prevalence of osteopenia and osteoporosis were significantly higher in idiopathic BPPV patients than in healthy controls (65.4% vs 48.4%, p=0.013). CONCLUSION BMD reduction may be associated with idiopathic BPPV occurrence.
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40
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Hana R, Bawi B. Prestin, otolin-1 regulation, and human 8-oxoG DNA glycosylase 1 gene polymorphisms in noise-induced hearing loss. IBNOSINA JOURNAL OF MEDICINE AND BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES 2018. [DOI: 10.4103/ijmbs.ijmbs_4_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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41
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Hołubowicz R, Wojtas M, Taube M, Kozak M, Ożyhar A, Dobryszycki P. Effect of calcium ions on structure and stability of the C1q-like domain of otolin-1 from human and zebrafish. FEBS J 2017; 284:4278-4297. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.14308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Revised: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rafał Hołubowicz
- Department of Biochemistry; Faculty of Chemistry; Wroclaw University of Science and Technology; Poland
| | - Magdalena Wojtas
- Department of Biochemistry; Faculty of Chemistry; Wroclaw University of Science and Technology; Poland
| | - Michał Taube
- Department of Macromolecular Physics; Faculty of Physics; A. Mickiewicz University; Poznan Poland
| | - Maciej Kozak
- Department of Macromolecular Physics; Faculty of Physics; A. Mickiewicz University; Poznan Poland
| | - Andrzej Ożyhar
- Department of Biochemistry; Faculty of Chemistry; Wroclaw University of Science and Technology; Poland
| | - Piotr Dobryszycki
- Department of Biochemistry; Faculty of Chemistry; Wroclaw University of Science and Technology; Poland
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Müller WEG, Schröder HC, Wang X. The Understanding of the Metazoan Skeletal System, Based on the Initial Discoveries with Siliceous and Calcareous Sponges. Mar Drugs 2017; 15:E172. [PMID: 28604622 PMCID: PMC5484122 DOI: 10.3390/md15060172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Revised: 06/03/2017] [Accepted: 06/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Initiated by studies on the mechanism of formation of the skeletons of the evolutionary oldest still extant multicellular animals, the sponges (phylum Porifera) have provided new insights into the mechanism of formation of the Ca-phosphate/hydroxyapatite skeleton of vertebrate bone. Studies on the formation of the biomineral skeleton of sponges revealed that both the formation of the inorganic siliceous skeletons (sponges of the class of Hexactinellida and Demospongiae) and of the calcareous skeletons (class of Calcarea) is mediated by enzymes (silicatein: polymerization of biosilica; and carbonic anhydrase: deposition of Ca-carbonate). Detailed studies of the initial mineralization steps in human bone-forming cells showed that this process is also controlled by enzymes, starting with the deposition of Ca-carbonate bio-seeds, mediated by carbonic anhydrases-II and -IX, followed by non-enzymatic transformation of the formed amorphous Ca-carbonate deposits into amorphous Ca-phosphate and finally hydroxyapatite crystals. The required phosphate is provided by enzymatic (alkaline phosphatase-mediated) degradation of an inorganic polymer, polyphosphate (polyP), which also acts as a donor for chemically useful energy in this process. These new discoveries allow the development of novel biomimetic strategies for treatment of bone diseases and defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Werner E G Müller
- ERC Advanced Investigator Grant Research Group at the Institute for Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Duesbergweg 6, D-55128 Mainz, Germany.
| | - Heinz C Schröder
- ERC Advanced Investigator Grant Research Group at the Institute for Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Duesbergweg 6, D-55128 Mainz, Germany.
| | - Xiaohong Wang
- ERC Advanced Investigator Grant Research Group at the Institute for Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Duesbergweg 6, D-55128 Mainz, Germany.
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43
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Raj MT, Boughner JC. Detangling the evolutionary developmental integration of dentate jaws: evidence that a p63 gene network regulates odontogenesis exclusive of mandible morphogenesis. Evol Dev 2017; 18:317-323. [PMID: 27870215 DOI: 10.1111/ede.12208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Vertebrate jaws and dentitions fit and function together, yet the genetic processes that coordinate cranial and dental morphogenesis and evolution remain poorly understood. Teeth but not jaws fail to form in the edentate p63-/- mouse mutant, which we used here to identify genes important to odontogenesis, but not jaw morphogenesis, and that may allow dentitions to change during development and evolution without necessarily affecting the jaw skeleton. With the working hypothesis that tooth and jaw development are autonomously controlled by discreet gene regulatory networks, using gene expression microarray assays validated by quantitative reverse-transcription PCR we contrasted expression in mandibular prominences at embryonic days (E) 10-13 of mice with normal lower jaw development but either normal (p63+/- , p63+/+ ) or arrested (p63-/- ) tooth development. The p63-/- mice showed significantly different expression (fold change ≥2, ≤-2; P ≤ 0.05) of several genes. Some of these are known to help regulate odontogenesis (e.g., p63, Osr2, Cldn3/4) and/or to be targets of p63 (e.g., Jag1/2, Fgfr2); other genes have no previously reported roles in odontogenesis or the p63 pathway (e.g., Fermt1, Cbln1, Pltp, Krt8). As expected, from E10 to E13, few genes known to regulate mandible morphogenesis differed in expression between mouse strains. This study newly links several genes to odontogenesis and/or to the p63 signaling network. We propose that these genes act in a novel odontogenic network that is exclusive of lower jaw morphogenesis, and posit that this network evolved in oral, not pharyngeal, teeth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad T Raj
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Saskatchewan, Health Sciences Building, 3B38-107 Wiggins Road, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5E5, Canada
| | - Julia C Boughner
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Saskatchewan, Health Sciences Building, 3B38-107 Wiggins Road, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5E5, Canada
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44
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Weigele J, Franz-Odendaal TA, Hilbig R. Formation of the inner ear during embryonic and larval development of the cichlid fish (Oreochromis mossambicus). Connect Tissue Res 2017; 58:172-195. [PMID: 27268076 DOI: 10.1080/03008207.2016.1198337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The vertebrate inner ear comprises mineralized elements, namely the otoliths (fishes) or the otoconia (mammals). These elements serve vestibular and auditory functions. The formation of otoconia and otoliths is described as a stepwise process, and in fish, it is generally divided into an aggregation of the otolith primordia from precursor particles and then a growth process that continues throughout life. RESULTS This study was undertaken to investigate the complex transition between these two steps. Therefore, we investigated the developmental profiles of several inner ear structural and calcium-binding proteins during the complete embryonic and larval development of the cichlid fish Oreochromis mossambicus in parallel with the morphology of inner ear and especially otoliths. We show that the formation of otoliths is a highly regulated temporal and spatial process which takes place throughout embryonic and larval development. CONCLUSIONS Based on our data we defined eight phases of otolith differentiation from the primordia to the mature otolith.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jochen Weigele
- a Zoological Institute , University of Stuttgart-Hohenheim , Stuttgart , Germany.,b Department of Biology , Mount Saint Vincent University , Halifax , Nova Scotia , Canada
| | | | - Reinhard Hilbig
- a Zoological Institute , University of Stuttgart-Hohenheim , Stuttgart , Germany
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45
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Biocalcite and Carbonic Acid Activators. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR AND SUBCELLULAR BIOLOGY 2017. [PMID: 28238040 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-51284-6_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/30/2023]
Abstract
Based on evolution of biomineralizing systems and energetic considerations, there is now compelling evidence that enzymes play a driving role in the formation of the inorganic skeletons from the simplest animals, the sponges, up to humans. Focusing on skeletons based on calcium minerals, the principle enzymes involved are the carbonic anhydrase (formation of the calcium carbonate-based skeletons of many invertebrates like the calcareous sponges, as well as deposition of the calcium carbonate bioseeds during human bone formation) and the alkaline phosphatase (providing the phosphate for bone calcium phosphate-hydroxyapatite formation). These two enzymes, both being involved in human bone formation, open novel not yet exploited targets for pharmacological intervention of human bone diseases like osteoporosis, using compounds that act as activators of these enzymes. This chapter focuses on carbonic anhydrases of biomedical interest and the search for potential activators of these enzymes, was well as the interplay between carbonic anhydrase-mediated calcium carbonate bioseed synthesis and metabolism of energy-rich inorganic polyphosphates. Beyond that, the combination of the two metabolic products, calcium carbonate and calcium-polyphosphate, if applied in an amorphous form, turned out to provide the basis for a new generation of scaffold materials for bone tissue engineering and repair that are, for the first time, morphogenetically active.
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46
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Blanco-Sánchez B, Clément A, Phillips JB, Westerfield M. Zebrafish models of human eye and inner ear diseases. Methods Cell Biol 2016; 138:415-467. [PMID: 28129854 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mcb.2016.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Eye and inner ear diseases are the most common sensory impairments that greatly impact quality of life. Zebrafish have been intensively employed to understand the fundamental mechanisms underlying eye and inner ear development. The zebrafish visual and vestibulo-acoustic systems are very similar to these in humans, and although not yet mature, they are functional by 5days post-fertilization (dpf). In this chapter, we show how the zebrafish has significantly contributed to the field of biomedical research and how researchers, by establishing disease models and meticulously characterizing their phenotypes, have taken the first steps toward therapies. We review here models for (1) eye diseases, (2) ear diseases, and (3) syndromes affecting eye and/or ear. The use of new genome editing technologies and high-throughput screening systems should increase considerably the speed at which knowledge from zebrafish disease models is acquired, opening avenues for better diagnostics, treatments, and therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - A Clément
- University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, United States
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47
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Xu Y, Zhang Y, Lundberg YW. Spatiotemporal differences in otoconial gene expression. Genesis 2016; 54:613-625. [PMID: 27792272 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.22990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Revised: 10/02/2016] [Accepted: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Otoconia are minute biocrystals composed of glycoproteins, proteoglycans, and CaCO3 , and are indispensable for sensory processing in the utricle and saccule. Otoconia abnormalities and degeneration can cause or facilitate crystal dislocation to the ampulla, leading to vertigo and imbalance in humans. In order to better understand the molecular mechanism controlling otoconia formation and maintenance, we have examined the spatial and temporal expression differences of otoconial genes in the mouse inner ear at developmental, mature and aging stages using whole transcriptome sequencing (RNA-Seq) and quantitative RT-PCR. We show that the expression levels of most otoconial genes are much higher in the utricle and saccule compared with other inner ear tissues before postnatal stages in C57Bl/6J mice, and the expression of a few of these genes is restricted to the embryonic utricle and saccule. After the early postnatal stages, expression of all otoconial genes in the utricle and saccule is drastically reduced, while a few genes gain expression dominance in the aging ampulla, indicating a potential for ectopic debris formation in the latter tissue at old ages. The data suggest that the expression of otoconial genes is tightly regulated spatially and temporally during developmental stages and can become unregulated at aging stages. Birth Defects Research (Part A) 106:613-625, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinfang Xu
- Vestibular Genetics Laboratory, Center for Sensory Neuroscience, Boys Town National Research Hospital, Omaha, Nebraska, 68131, USA.,Cell Electrophysiology Laboratory, Shanghai Research Center of Acupuncture and Meridians, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Vestibular Genetics Laboratory, Center for Sensory Neuroscience, Boys Town National Research Hospital, Omaha, Nebraska, 68131, USA
| | - Yunxia Wang Lundberg
- Vestibular Genetics Laboratory, Center for Sensory Neuroscience, Boys Town National Research Hospital, Omaha, Nebraska, 68131, USA
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48
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Kao WTK, Parnes LS, Chole RA. Otoconia and otolithic membrane fragments within the posterior semicircular canal in benign paroxysmal positional vertigo. Laryngoscope 2016; 127:709-714. [PMID: 27726156 DOI: 10.1002/lary.26115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2016] [Revised: 04/27/2016] [Accepted: 05/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV) is the most common vestibular disorder with an incidence between 10.7 and 17.3 per 100,000 persons per year. The mechanism for BPPV has been postulated to involve displaced otoconia resulting in canalithiasis. Although particulate matter has been observed in the endolymph of affected patients undergoing posterior canal occlusion surgery, an otoconial origin for the disease is still questioned. STUDY DESIGN In this study, particulate matter was extracted from the posterior semicircular canal of two patients and examined with scanning electron microscopy. METHODS The samples were obtained from two patients intraoperatively during posterior semicircular canal occlusion. The particles were fixed, stored in ethanol, and chemically dehydrated. The samples were sputter coated and viewed under a scanning electron microscope. Digital images were obtained. RESULTS Intact and degenerating otoconia with and without linking filaments were found attached to amorphous particulate matter. Many otoconia appeared to be partially embedded in a gel matrix, presumably that which encases and anchors the otoconia within the otolith membrane, whereas others stood alone with no attached filaments and matrix. The otoconia measured roughly 2 to 8 μm in length and displayed a uniform outer shape with a cylindrical bulbous body and a 3 + 3 rhombohedral plane at each end. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that the source of the particulate matter in the semicircular canals of patients with BPPV is broken off fragments of the utricular otolithic membrane with attached and detached otoconia. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE NA Laryngoscope, 127:709-714, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wee Tin K Kao
- Department of Otolaryngology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, U.S.A
| | - Lorne S Parnes
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Richard A Chole
- Department of Otolaryngology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, U.S.A
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The Widespread Prevalence and Functional Significance of Silk-Like Structural Proteins in Metazoan Biological Materials. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0159128. [PMID: 27415783 PMCID: PMC4944945 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0159128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In nature, numerous mechanisms have evolved by which organisms fabricate biological structures with an impressive array of physical characteristics. Some examples of metazoan biological materials include the highly elastic byssal threads by which bivalves attach themselves to rocks, biomineralized structures that form the skeletons of various animals, and spider silks that are renowned for their exceptional strength and elasticity. The remarkable properties of silks, which are perhaps the best studied biological materials, are the result of the highly repetitive, modular, and biased amino acid composition of the proteins that compose them. Interestingly, similar levels of modularity/repetitiveness and similar bias in amino acid compositions have been reported in proteins that are components of structural materials in other organisms, however the exact nature and extent of this similarity, and its functional and evolutionary relevance, is unknown. Here, we investigate this similarity and use sequence features common to silks and other known structural proteins to develop a bioinformatics-based method to identify similar proteins from large-scale transcriptome and whole-genome datasets. We show that a large number of proteins identified using this method have roles in biological material formation throughout the animal kingdom. Despite the similarity in sequence characteristics, most of the silk-like structural proteins (SLSPs) identified in this study appear to have evolved independently and are restricted to a particular animal lineage. Although the exact function of many of these SLSPs is unknown, the apparent independent evolution of proteins with similar sequence characteristics in divergent lineages suggests that these features are important for the assembly of biological materials. The identification of these characteristics enable the generation of testable hypotheses regarding the mechanisms by which these proteins assemble and direct the construction of biological materials with diverse morphologies. The SilkSlider predictor software developed here is available at https://github.com/wwood/SilkSlider.
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50
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Preliminary Report on the Investigation of the Association Between BPPV and Osteoporosis Using Biomarkers. Otol Neurotol 2016; 36:1532-6. [PMID: 26375977 DOI: 10.1097/mao.0000000000000853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To test the hypothesis that levels of a BPPV biomarker, otolin-1, correlate with those of osteoporosis markers, aminoterminal propeptide of protocollagen type I (P1NP), and aminoterminal telopeptides of collagen (NTX), thus further supporting a link between the two diseases. STUDY DESIGN Prospective pilot clinical trial (Level of Evidence: 2b). PATIENTS Postmenopausal women with BPPV. INTERVENTIONS Diagnostic. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Serum levels of otolin-1, P1NP, NTX, vitamin D, and calcium were examined in relation to each other, age, and DEXA scan T-scores. RESULTS There was a strong, negative correlation between T-scores and otolin-1 levels. Although P1NP and NTX levels were strongly correlated, neither had statistical correlations with otolin-1. CONCLUSIONS Despite a strong correlation between DEXA scan results and otolin-1 levels, there were no significant correlations between otolin-1 and P1NP or NTX. This suggests that the association between osteoporosis and BPPV is complex, but not likely to be causal. Although more work is needed to elucidate these relationships, this preliminary finding has important practical implications for BPPV in that proactive management of osteoporosis, per se, would not be expected to have benefits in management of BPPV.
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