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Hawiger J, Zienkiewicz J. Decoding inflammation, its causes, genomic responses, and emerging countermeasures. Scand J Immunol 2019; 90:e12812. [PMID: 31378956 PMCID: PMC6883124 DOI: 10.1111/sji.12812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Revised: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation is the mechanism of diseases caused by microbial, autoimmune, allergic, metabolic and physical insults that produce distinct types of inflammatory responses. This aetiologic view of inflammation informs its classification based on a cause‐dependent mechanism as well as a cause‐directed therapy and prevention. The genomic era ushered in a new understanding of inflammation by highlighting the cell's nucleus as the centre of the inflammatory response. Exogenous or endogenous inflammatory insults evoke genomic responses in immune and non‐immune cells. These genomic responses depend on transcription factors, which switch on and off a myriad of inflammatory genes through their regulatory networks. We discuss the transcriptional paradigm of inflammation based on denying transcription factors’ access to the nucleus. We present two approaches that control proinflammatory signalling to the nucleus. The first approach constitutes a novel intracellular protein therapy with bioengineered physiologic suppressors of cytokine signalling. The second approach entails control of proinflammatory transcriptional cascades by targeting nuclear transport with a cell‐penetrating peptide that inhibits the expression of 23 out of the 26 mediators of inflammation along with the nine genes required for metabolic responses. We compare these emerging anti‐inflammatory countermeasures to current therapies. The transcriptional paradigm of inflammation offers nucleocentric strategies for microbial, autoimmune, metabolic, physical and other types of inflammation afflicting millions of people worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacek Hawiger
- Immunotherapy Program at Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA.,Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA.,Department of Veterans Affairs, Tennessee Valley Health Care System, Nashville, TN, USA.,Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Jozef Zienkiewicz
- Immunotherapy Program at Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA.,Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA.,Department of Veterans Affairs, Tennessee Valley Health Care System, Nashville, TN, USA
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Sun H, Han X, Yan X, Xu J, Huang Q, Meng F, Zhang H, Li S. A novel mimovirus encoding ChgA 10-19 peptide with PD-L1 induces T cell tolerance and ameliorates the severity of diabetes. Cell Immunol 2017; 320:56-61. [PMID: 28916112 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2017.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Revised: 07/23/2017] [Accepted: 09/03/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Related studies demonstrate that type 1 diabetes (T1D) is caused by β-cell antigen specific autoreactive CD8+ T cells. ChgA has recently been identified as the autoantigen in NOD mice and T1D patients. Therefore, attenuating the activation of ChgA specific CD8+ T cells might be a promising target for T1D therapy. The negative co-stimulatory PD-L1 inhibits T cell mediated alloimmunity and induces tolerance. In this experiment, a novel mimovirus encoding ChgA10-19 peptide with PD-L1 was constructed. The NOD.β2m null HHD mice were administrated with mimovirus transduced DCs. After immunization, the activation and proliferation of CD8+ T cells were detected, diabetes incidence and pancreatic tissue destruction were also analyzed. The results demonstrated that transduced DCs attenuated CD8+ T cell activation and proliferation. In addition, transduced DCs inhibited CD8+ T response to ChgA stimulation, and ameliorated the severity of diabetes. These data suggested that mimovirus transduced DCs might provide novel clues for T1D therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Sun
- Department of Outpatient, The Third People's Hospital of Linyi, Linyi, Shangdong 276000, China
| | - Xiaoguang Han
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Third People's Hospital of Linyi, Linyi, Shangdong 276000, China
| | - Xiuhui Yan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Third People's Hospital of Linyi, Linyi, Shangdong 276000, China
| | - Jingli Xu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Third People's Hospital of Linyi, Linyi, Shangdong 276000, China
| | - Qiujing Huang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Third People's Hospital of Linyi, Linyi, Shangdong 276000, China
| | - Fanqing Meng
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Third People's Hospital of Linyi, Linyi, Shangdong 276000, China
| | - Hongjin Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Third People's Hospital of Linyi, Linyi, Shangdong 276000, China
| | - Shufa Li
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Third People's Hospital of Linyi, Linyi, Shangdong 276000, China.
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Wilson CS, Elizer SK, Marshall AF, Stocks BT, Moore DJ. Regulation of B lymphocyte responses to Toll-like receptor ligand binding during diabetes prevention in non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice. J Diabetes 2016; 8:120-31. [PMID: 25564999 PMCID: PMC4598313 DOI: 10.1111/1753-0407.12263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2014] [Revised: 11/12/2014] [Accepted: 12/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Interactions between genetic risk factors and the environment drive type 1 diabetes (T1D). The system of Toll-like receptors (TLR) detects these environmental triggers; however, the target cell that intermediates these interactions to drive T1D remains unknown. METHODS We investigated the effect of TLR pathway activation (myeloid differentiation primary response 88 [MyD88] vs TIR-domain-containing adapter-inducing interferon-β [TRIF]) on B cell subsets via flow cytometry, including their activation, survival, proliferation, and cytoskeletal mobilization. The effect of polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (poly(I:C)) on diabetes development was addressed, including the B cell-dependent activation of diabetes-protective DX5+ cells, using genetic models and adoptive transfer. RESULTS B lymphocytes from non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice expressed enhanced levels of TLR-responsive proteins. Ex vivo analysis of B lymphocyte subsets demonstrated that TLR3 stimulation via TRIF deletes cells exhibiting a marginal zone phenotype, whereas MyD88-dependent ligands enhance their survival. In vivo, marginal zone B cells were activated by poly(I:C) and were unexpectedly retained in the spleen of NOD mice, in contrast with the mobilization of these cells in non-autoimmune mice, a phenotype we traced to defective actin cytoskeletal dynamics. These activated B cells mediated TLR3-induced diabetes protection. CONCLUSIONS Immunotherapies must account for both B cell location and activation, and these properties may differ in autoimmune and healthy settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher S. Wilson
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University, School of Medicine, 1161 21st Ave South. Nashville, TN 37232-2363
| | - Sydney K. Elizer
- Department of Pediatrics, Ian Burr Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Vanderbilt University, School of Medicine, 2200 Children's Way. Nashville, TN 37232-2363
| | - Andrew F. Marshall
- Department of Pediatrics, Ian Burr Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Vanderbilt University, School of Medicine, 2200 Children's Way. Nashville, TN 37232-2363
| | - Blair T. Stocks
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University, School of Medicine, 1161 21st Ave South. Nashville, TN 37232-2363
- Vanderbilt Medical Scientist Training Program
| | - Daniel J. Moore
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University, School of Medicine, 1161 21st Ave South. Nashville, TN 37232-2363
- Department of Pediatrics, Ian Burr Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Vanderbilt University, School of Medicine, 2200 Children's Way. Nashville, TN 37232-2363
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Abstract
The intracellular location and regulation of proteins within each cell is critically important and is typically deregulated in disease especially cancer. The clinical hypothesis for inhibiting the nucleo-cytoplasmic transport is based on the dependence of certain key proteins within malignant cells. This includes a host of well-characterized tumor suppressor and oncoproteins that require specific localization for their function. This aberrant localization of tumour suppressors and oncoproteins results in their their respective inactivation or over-activation. This incorrect localization occurs actively via the nuclear pore complex that spans the nuclear envelope and is mediated by transport receptors. Accordingly, given the significant need for novel, specific disease treatments, the nuclear envelope and the nuclear transport machinery have emerged as a rational therapeutic target in oncology to restore physiological nucleus/cytoplasmic homeostasis. Recent evidence suggests that this approach might be of substantial therapeutic use. This review summarizes the mechanisms of nucleo-cytoplasmic transport, its role in cancer biology and the therapeutic potential of targeting this critical cellular process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Hill
- Regenerative Medicine Program, Departamento de Ciências Biomédicas e Medicina, Universidade do Algarve, Portugal
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DiGiandomenico A, Veach RA, Zienkiewicz J, Moore DJ, Wylezinski LS, Hutchens MA, Hawiger J. The "genomic storm" induced by bacterial endotoxin is calmed by a nuclear transport modifier that attenuates localized and systemic inflammation. PLoS One 2014; 9:e110183. [PMID: 25329889 PMCID: PMC4203769 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0110183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2014] [Accepted: 09/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is a potent microbial virulence factor that can trigger production of proinflammatory mediators involved in the pathogenesis of localized and systemic inflammation. Importantly, the role of nuclear transport of stress responsive transcription factors in this LPS-generated "genomic storm" remains largely undefined. We developed a new nuclear transport modifier (NTM) peptide, cell-penetrating cSN50.1, which targets nuclear transport shuttles importin α5 and importin β1, to analyze its effect in LPS-induced localized (acute lung injury) and systemic (lethal endotoxic shock) murine inflammation models. We analyzed a human genome database to match 46 genes that encode cytokines, chemokines and their receptors with transcription factors whose nuclear transport is known to be modulated by NTM. We then tested the effect of cSN50.1 peptide on proinflammatory gene expression in murine bone marrow-derived macrophages stimulated with LPS. This NTM suppressed a proinflammatory transcriptome of 37 out of 84 genes analyzed, without altering expression of housekeeping genes or being cytotoxic. Consistent with gene expression analysis in primary macrophages, plasma levels of 23 out of 26 LPS-induced proinflammatory cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors were significantly attenuated in a murine model of LPS-induced systemic inflammation (lethal endotoxic shock) while the anti-inflammatory cytokine, interleukin 10, was enhanced. This anti-inflammatory reprogramming of the endotoxin-induced genomic response was accompanied by complete protection against lethal endotoxic shock with prophylactic NTM treatment, and 75% protection when NTM was first administered after LPS exposure. In a murine model of localized lung inflammation caused by direct airway exposure to LPS, expression of cytokines and chemokines in the bronchoalveolar space was suppressed with a concomitant reduction of neutrophil trafficking. Thus, calming the LPS-triggered "genomic storm" by modulating nuclear transport with cSN50.1 peptide attenuates the systemic inflammatory response associated with lethal shock as well as localized lung inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio DiGiandomenico
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Ruth Ann Veach
- Immunotherapy Program at Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Jozef Zienkiewicz
- Immunotherapy Program at Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Daniel J. Moore
- Immunotherapy Program at Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, Ian Burr Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Lukasz S. Wylezinski
- Immunotherapy Program at Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Martha A. Hutchens
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Immunotherapy Program at Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Jacek Hawiger
- Immunotherapy Program at Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
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Duong T, Kim J, Ruley HE, Jo D. Cell-permeable parkin proteins suppress Parkinson disease-associated phenotypes in cultured cells and animals. PLoS One 2014; 9:e102517. [PMID: 25019626 PMCID: PMC4097392 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0102517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2014] [Accepted: 06/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder of complex etiology characterized by the selective loss of dopaminergic neurons, particularly in the substantia nigra. Parkin, a tightly regulated E3 ubiquitin ligase, promotes the survival of dopaminergic neurons in both PD and Parkinsonian syndromes induced by acute exposures to neurotoxic agents. The present study assessed the potential of cell-permeable parkin (CP-Parkin) as a neuroprotective agent. Cellular uptake and tissue penetration of recombinant, enzymatically active parkin was markedly enhanced by the addition of a hydrophobic macromolecule transduction domain (MTD). The resulting CP-Parkin proteins (HPM13 and PM10) suppressed dopaminergic neuronal toxicity in cells and mice exposed to 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDH) and 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP). These included enhanced survival and dopamine expression in cultured CATH.a and SH-SY5Y neuronal cells; and protection against MPTP-induced damage in mice, notably preservation of tyrosine hydroxylase-positive cells with enhanced dopamine expression in the striatum and midbrain, and preservation of gross motor function. These results demonstrate that CP-Parkin proteins can compensate for intrinsic limitations in the parkin response and provide a therapeutic strategy to augment parkin activity in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tam Duong
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Chonnam National University Medical School, Kwangju, Korea
| | - Jaetaek Kim
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - H. Earl Ruley
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Daewoong Jo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Chonnam National University Medical School, Kwangju, Korea
- ProCell R&D Institute, ProCell Therapeutics, Inc., Seoul, Korea
- * E-mail:
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Partial somatic to stem cell transformations induced by cell-permeable reprogramming factors. Sci Rep 2014; 4:4361. [PMID: 24618595 PMCID: PMC3950638 DOI: 10.1038/srep04361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2013] [Accepted: 02/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The production of pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) for therapeutic applications will require practical methods to achieve tight temporal and quantitative control of reprogramming factor (RF) expression, while avoiding the mutagenic potential of gene transfer. Toward this end, we have developed cell-permeable RF proteins (CP-RFs) incorporating newly developed macromolecule transduction domains (MTDs). Treatment of human dermal fibroblasts (HDFs) with combinations of cell-permeable OCT4, SOX2, KLF4, CMYC and either NANOG or LIN28 proteins induced the outgrowth of stem cell-like colonies (iSCs). iSC colonies generated with CP-RFs resembled embryonic stem cells with regard to morphology, biomarker expression, and extended capacity for self-renewal, but failed to expand as iPSC or ES cell lines. Partial reprogramming appears to be a common response to protein-based delivery of programming factors into somatic cells.
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Zienkiewicz J, Armitage A, Hawiger J. Targeting nuclear import shuttles, importins/karyopherins alpha by a peptide mimicking the NFκB1/p50 nuclear localization sequence. J Am Heart Assoc 2013; 2:e000386. [PMID: 24042087 PMCID: PMC3835248 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.113.000386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background We recently reported that a bifunctional nuclear transport modifier (NTM), cSN50.1 peptide, reduced atherosclerosis, plasma cholesterol, triglycerides, and glucose along with liver fat and inflammatory markers, in a murine model of familial hypercholesterolemia. We determined that cSN50.1 improved lipid homeostasis by modulating nuclear transport of sterol regulatory element‐binding proteins through interaction with importin β. Previous studies established that cSN50.1 and related NTMs also modulate nuclear transport of proinflammatory transcription factors mediated by binding of their nuclear localization sequences (NLSs) to importins/karyopherins α. However, selectivity and specificity of NTMs for importins/karyopherins α were undetermined. Methods and Results We analyzed interaction of the NTM hydrophilic module, N50 peptide, derived from the NLS of NFκB1/p50, with endogenous human importins/karyopherins α to determine the mechanism of NTM modulation of importin α‐mediated nuclear transport. We show that N50 peptide forms stable complexes with multiple importins/karyopherins α. However, only interaction with importin α5 (Imp α5) displayed specific, high‐affinity binding. The 2:1 stoichiometry of the N50‐Imp α5 interaction (KD1=73 nmol/L, KD2=140 nmol/L) indicated occupancy of both major and minor NLS binding pockets. Utilizing in silico 3‐dimensional (3‐D) docking models and comparative structural analysis, we identified a structural component of the Imp α5 major NLS binding pocket that may stabilize N50 binding. Imp α5 also displayed rapid stimulus‐induced turnover, which could influence its availability for nuclear transport during the inflammatory response. Conclusions These results provide direct evidence that N50 peptide selectively targets Imp α5, encouraging further refinement of NLS‐derived peptides as new tools to modulate inflammatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jozef Zienkiewicz
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, 37232, TN
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Grant CW, Moran-Paul CM, Duclos SK, Guberski DL, Arreaza-Rubín G, Spain LM. Testing agents for prevention or reversal of type 1 diabetes in rodents. PLoS One 2013; 8:e72989. [PMID: 24023664 PMCID: PMC3758263 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0072989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2013] [Accepted: 07/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
We report the results of an independent laboratory's tests of novel agents to prevent or reverse type 1 diabetes (T1D) in the non-obese diabetic (NOD) mouse, BioBreeding diabetes prone (BBDP) rat, and multiple autoimmune disease prone (MAD) rat models. Methods were developed to better mimic human clinical trials, including: prescreening, randomization, blinding, and improved glycemic care of the animals. Agents were suggested by the research community in an open call for proposals, and selected for testing by an NIDDK appointed independent review panel. Agents selected for testing to prevent diabetes at later stages of progression in a rodent model were a STAT4 antagonist (DT22669), alpha1 anti-trypsin (Aralast NP), celastrol (a natural product with anti-inflammatory properties), and a Macrophage Inflammatory Factor inhibitor (ISO-092). Agents tested for reversal of established T1D in rodent models were: alpha1 anti-trypsin (Aralast NP), tolerogenic peptides (Tregitopes), and a long-acting formulation of GLP-1 (PGC-GLP-1). None of these agents were seen to prevent or reverse type 1 diabetes, while the positive control interventions were effective: anti-CD3 treatment provided disease reversal in the NOD mouse, dexamethasone prevented T1D induction in the MAD rat, and cyclosporin prevented T1D in the BBDP rat. For some tested agents, details of previous formulation, delivery, or dosing, as well as laboratory procedure, availability of reagents and experimental design, could have impacted our ability to confirm prior reports of efficacy in preclinical animal models. In addition, the testing protocols utilized here provided detection of effects in a range commonly used in placebo controlled clinical trials (for example, 50% effect size), and thus may have been underpowered to observe more limited effects. That said, we believe the results compiled here, showing good control and repeatability, confirm the feasibility of screening diverse test agents in an independent laboratory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian W. Grant
- Biomedical Research Models (BRM), Inc., Worcester and Springfield, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Catherine M. Moran-Paul
- Biomedical Research Models (BRM), Inc., Worcester and Springfield, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Shane K. Duclos
- Biomedical Research Models (BRM), Inc., Worcester and Springfield, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Dennis L. Guberski
- Biomedical Research Models (BRM), Inc., Worcester and Springfield, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Guillermo Arreaza-Rubín
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Lisa M. Spain
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
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Lim J, Duong T, Lee G, Seong BL, El-Rifai W, Ruley HE, Jo D. The effect of intracellular protein delivery on the anti-tumor activity of recombinant human endostatin. Biomaterials 2013; 34:6261-71. [PMID: 23714245 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2013.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2013] [Accepted: 05/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Endostatin (ES), a 20 kDa protein derived from the carboxy-terminus of collagen XVIII is a potent angiogenesis inhibitor, but clinical development has been hindered by poor clinical efficacy and insufficient functional information from which to design agents with improved activity. The present study investigated protein uptake by cells as a determinant of ES activity. We developed a cell-permeable ES protein (HM73ES) with enhanced capacity to enter cells by adding a macromolecule transduction domain (MTD). HM73ES inhibited angiogenesis-associated phenotypes in cultured endothelial cells [as assessed by tube formation, wound-healing, cell proliferation and survival assays]. These effects were accompanied by reductions in MAPK signaling (ERK phosphorylation), and in β-Catenin, c-Myc, STAT3, and VEGF protein expression. The cell-permeable ES displayed greater tissue penetration in mice and suppressed the growth of human tumor xenografts to a significantly greater extent than ES protein without the MTD sequence. Our results suggest that anti-angiogenic activities of native ES are limited at the level of protein uptake and/or subcellular localization, and that much of the activity of ES against tumors depends on one or more intracellular functions. This study will inform future efforts to understand ES function(s) and suggest strategies for improving ES-based cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junghee Lim
- ProCell R&D Institute, ProCell Therapeutics, Inc., Seoul 151-050, Republic of Korea
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Liu Y, Major AS, Zienkiewicz J, Gabriel CL, Veach RA, Moore DJ, Collins RD, Hawiger J. Nuclear transport modulation reduces hypercholesterolemia, atherosclerosis, and fatty liver. J Am Heart Assoc 2013; 2:e000093. [PMID: 23563994 PMCID: PMC3647260 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.113.000093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Background Elevated cholesterol and triglycerides in blood lead to atherosclerosis and fatty liver, contributing to rising cardiovascular and hepatobiliary morbidity and mortality worldwide. Methods and Results A cell‐penetrating nuclear transport modifier (NTM) reduced hyperlipidemia, atherosclerosis, and fatty liver in low‐density lipoprotein receptor‐deficient mice fed a Western diet. NTM treatment led to lower cholesterol and triglyceride levels in blood compared with control animals (36% and 53%, respectively; P<0.005) and liver (41% and 34%, respectively; P<0.05) after 8 weeks. Atherosclerosis was reduced by 63% (P<0.0005), and liver function improved compared with saline‐treated controls. In addition, fasting blood glucose levels were reduced from 209 to 138 mg/dL (P<0.005), and body weight gain was ameliorated (P<0.005) in NTM‐treated mice, although food intake remained the same as that in control animals. The NTM used in this study, cSN50.1 peptide, is known to modulate nuclear transport of stress‐responsive transcription factors such as nuclear factor kappa B, the master regulator of inflammation. This NTM has now been demonstrated to also modulate nuclear transport of sterol regulatory element‐binding protein (SREBP) transcription factors, the master regulators of cholesterol, triglyceride, and fatty acid synthesis. NTM‐modulated translocation of SREBPs to the nucleus was associated with attenuated transactivation of their cognate genes that contribute to hyperlipidemia. Conclusions Two‐pronged control of inflammation and dyslipidemia by modulating nuclear transport of their critical regulators offers a new approach to comprehensive amelioration of hyperlipidemia, atherosclerosis, fatty liver, and their potential complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Liu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Vanderbilt University School ofMedicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
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Lim J, Duong T, Do N, Do P, Kim J, Kim H, El-Rifai W, Ruley HE, Jo D. Antitumor activity of cell-permeable RUNX3 protein in gastric cancer cells. Clin Cancer Res 2012; 19:680-90. [PMID: 23230322 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-12-2692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Gastric cancer is a leading cause of cancer death worldwide. Limited therapeutic options highlight the need to understand the molecular changes responsible for the disease and to develop therapies based on this understanding. The goal of this study was to develop cell-permeable (CP-) forms of the RUNT-related transcription factor 3, RUNX3-a candidate tumor suppressor implicated in gastric and other epithelial cancers-to study the therapeutic potential of RUNX3 in the treatment of gastric cancer. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We developed novel macromolecule transduction domains (MTD) which were tested for the ability to promote protein uptake by mammalian cells and tissues and used to deliver of biologically active RUNX3 into human gastric cancer cells. The therapeutic potential CP-RUNX3 was tested in the NCI-N87 human tumor xenograft animal model. RESULTS RUNX3 fusion proteins, HM(57)R and HM(85)R, containing hydrophobic MTDs enter gastric cancer cells and suppress cell phenotypes (e.g., cell-cycle progression, wounded monolayer healing, and survival) and induce changes in biomarker expression (e.g., p21(Waf1) and VEGF) consistent with previously described effects of RUNX3 on TGF-β signaling. CP-RUNX3 also suppressed the growth of subcutaneous human gastric tumor xenografts. The therapeutic response was comparable with studies augmenting RUNX3 gene expression in tumor cell lines; however, the protein was most active when administered locally, rather than systemically (i.e., intravenously). CONCLUSIONS These results provide further evidence that RUNX3 can function as a tumor suppressor and suggest that practical methods to augment RUNX3 function could be useful in treating of some types of gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junghee Lim
- ProCell R&D Institute, ProCell Therapeutics, Inc., Seoul, Korea
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Antitumor activity of cell-permeable p18(INK4c) with enhanced membrane and tissue penetration. Mol Ther 2012; 20:1540-9. [PMID: 22617107 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2012.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Practical methods to deliver proteins systemically in animals have been hampered by poor tissue penetration and inefficient cytoplasmic localization of internalized proteins. We therefore pursued the development of improved macromolecule transduction domains (MTDs) and tested their ability to deliver therapeutically active p18(INK4c). MTD103 was identified from a screen of 1,500 signal peptides; tested for the ability to promote protein uptake by cells and tissues; and analyzed with regard to the mechanism of protein uptake and the delivery of biologically active p18(INK4c) into cancer cells. The therapeutic potential of cell-permeable MTD103p18(INK4c) (CP-p18(INK4c)) was tested in the HCT116 tumor xenograft model. MTD103p18(INK4c) appeared to traverse plasma membranes directly, was transferred from cell-to-cell and was therapeutically effective against cancer xenografts, inhibiting tumor growth by 86-98% after 5 weeks (P < 0.05). The therapeutic responses to CP-p18(INK4c) were accompanied by high levels of apoptosis in tumor cells. In addition to enhancing systemic delivery of CP-p18(INK4c) to normal tissues and cancer xenografts, the MTD103 sequence delayed protein clearance from the blood, liver and spleen. These results demonstrate that macromolecule intracellular transduction technology (MITT), enabled by MTDs, may provide novel protein therapies against cancer and other diseases.
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Lim J, Jang G, Kang S, Lee G, Nga DTT, Phuong DTL, Kim H, El-Rifai W, Ruley HE, Jo D. Cell-permeable NM23 blocks the maintenance and progression of established pulmonary metastasis. Cancer Res 2011; 71:7216-25. [PMID: 21987726 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-11-2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Occult metastases are a major cause of cancer mortality, even among patients undergoing curative resection. Therefore, practical strategies to target the growth and persistence of already established metastases would provide an important advance in cancer treatment. Here, we assessed the potential of protein therapy using a cell permeable NM23-H1 metastasis suppressor protein. Hydrophobic transduction domains developed from a screen of 1,500 signaling peptide sequences enhanced the uptake of the NM23 protein by cultured cells and systemic delivery to animal tissues. The cell-permeable (CP)-NM23 inhibited metastasis-associated phenotypes in tumor cell lines, blocked the establishment of lung metastases, and cleared already established pulmonary metastases, significantly prolonging the survival of tumor-bearing animals. Therefore, these results establish the potential use of cell-permeable metastasis suppressors as adjuvant therapy against disseminated cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junghee Lim
- ProCell R&D Institute, ProCell Therapeutics, Inc., Seoul, Korea
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