1
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Meshram DD, Fanutti C, Pike CVS, Coussons PJ. Membrane Association of the Short Transglutaminase Type 2 Splice Variant (TG2-S) Modulates Cisplatin Resistance in a Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HepG2) Cell Line. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2024; 46:4251-4270. [PMID: 38785527 PMCID: PMC11119602 DOI: 10.3390/cimb46050259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2024] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a heterogeneous malignancy with complex carcinogenesis. Although there has been significant progress in the treatment of HCC over the past decades, drug resistance to chemotherapy remains a major obstacle in its successful management. In this study, we were able to reduce chemoresistance in cisplatin-resistant HepG2 cells by either silencing the expression of transglutaminase type 2 (TG2) using siRNA or by the pre-treatment of cells with the TG2 enzyme inhibitor cystamine. Further analysis revealed that, whereas the full-length TG2 isoform (TG2-L) was almost completely cytoplasmic in its distribution, the majority of the short TG2 isoform (TG2-S) was membrane-associated in both parental and chemoresistant HepG2 cells. Following the induction of cisplatin toxicity in non-chemoresistant parental cells, TG2-S, together with cisplatin, quickly relocated to the cytosolic fraction. Conversely, no cytosolic relocalisation of TG2-S or nuclear accumulation cisplatin was observed, following the identical treatment of chemoresistant cells, where TG2-S remained predominantly membrane-associated. This suggests that the deficient subcellular relocalisation of TG2-S from membranous structures into the cytoplasm may limit the apoptic response to cisplatin toxicity in chemoresistant cells. Structural analysis of TG2 revealed the presence of binding motifs for interaction of TG2-S with the membrane scaffold protein LC3/LC3 homologue that could contribute to a novel mechanism of chemotherapeutic resistance in HepG2 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dipak D. Meshram
- Cancer Cell Biology Subgroup, Biomedical Research Group, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge CB1 1PT, UK; (D.D.M.); (C.F.); (C.V.S.P.)
- School of Biosciences, The University of Sheffield, Firth Court, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Cristina Fanutti
- Cancer Cell Biology Subgroup, Biomedical Research Group, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge CB1 1PT, UK; (D.D.M.); (C.F.); (C.V.S.P.)
| | - Claire V. S. Pike
- Cancer Cell Biology Subgroup, Biomedical Research Group, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge CB1 1PT, UK; (D.D.M.); (C.F.); (C.V.S.P.)
| | - Peter J. Coussons
- Cancer Cell Biology Subgroup, Biomedical Research Group, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge CB1 1PT, UK; (D.D.M.); (C.F.); (C.V.S.P.)
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2
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Din ZU, Cui B, Wang C, Zhang X, Mehmood A, Peng F, Liu Q. Crosstalk between lipid metabolism and EMT: emerging mechanisms and cancer therapy. Mol Cell Biochem 2024:10.1007/s11010-024-04995-1. [PMID: 38622439 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-024-04995-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
Lipids are the key component of all membranes composed of a variety of molecules that transduce intracellular signaling and provide energy to the cells in the absence of nutrients. Alteration in lipid metabolism is a major factor for cancer heterogeneity and a newly identified cancer hallmark. Reprogramming of lipid metabolism affects the diverse cancer phenotypes, especially epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). EMT activation is considered to be an essential step for tumor metastasis, which exhibits a crucial role in the biological processes including development, wound healing, and stem cell maintenance, and has been widely reported to contribute pathologically to cancer progression. Altered lipid metabolism triggers EMT and activates multiple EMT-associated oncogenic pathways. Although the role of lipid metabolism-induced EMT in tumorigenesis is an attractive field of research, there are still significant gaps in understanding the underlying mechanisms and the precise contributions of this interplay. Further study is needed to clarify the specific molecular mechanisms driving the crosstalk between lipid metabolism and EMT, as well as to determine the potential therapeutic implications. The increased dependency of tumor cells on lipid metabolism represents a novel therapeutic target, and targeting altered lipid metabolism holds promise as a strategy to suppress EMT and ultimately inhibit metastasis.
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Grants
- 2022YFA1104002 National Key R&D Program of China
- 2022YFA1104002 National Key R&D Program of China
- 2022YFA1104002 National Key R&D Program of China
- 2022YFA1104002 National Key R&D Program of China
- No. 82373096, No. 82273480, No. 82002960, No. 82003141 National Natural Science Foundation of China
- No. 82373096, No. 82273480, No. 82002960, No. 82003141 National Natural Science Foundation of China
- No. 82373096, No. 82273480, No. 82002960, No. 82003141 National Natural Science Foundation of China
- No. 82373096, No. 82273480, No. 82002960, No. 82003141 National Natural Science Foundation of China
- 2023JH2/101600019 to FP Applied Basic Research Planning Project of Liaoning
- 2023JH2/101600019 to FP Applied Basic Research Planning Project of Liaoning
- 2023JH2/101600019 to FP Applied Basic Research Planning Project of Liaoning
- 2023JH2/101600019 to FP Applied Basic Research Planning Project of Liaoning
- 2023RY013 Science and Technology Talent Innovation Support Policy Implementation Program of Dalian-Outstanding young scientific and technological talents
- 2023RY013 Science and Technology Talent Innovation Support Policy Implementation Program of Dalian-Outstanding young scientific and technological talents
- 2023RY013 Science and Technology Talent Innovation Support Policy Implementation Program of Dalian-Outstanding young scientific and technological talents
- 2023RY013 Science and Technology Talent Innovation Support Policy Implementation Program of Dalian-Outstanding young scientific and technological talents
- 2021RQ004 Dalian High-level Talents Innovation Support Program-Young Science and Technology Star
- 2021RQ004 Dalian High-level Talents Innovation Support Program-Young Science and Technology Star
- 2021RQ004 Dalian High-level Talents Innovation Support Program-Young Science and Technology Star
- 2021RQ004 Dalian High-level Talents Innovation Support Program-Young Science and Technology Star
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaheer Ud Din
- Institute of Cancer Stem Cell, Dalian Medical University, 9 Western Section, Lvshun South Street, Lvshunkou District, Dalian, 116044, Liaoning, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, Institute of Aging Research, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Bai Cui
- Institute of Cancer Stem Cell, Dalian Medical University, 9 Western Section, Lvshun South Street, Lvshunkou District, Dalian, 116044, Liaoning, China
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Cancer Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Cenxin Wang
- Institute of Cancer Stem Cell, Dalian Medical University, 9 Western Section, Lvshun South Street, Lvshunkou District, Dalian, 116044, Liaoning, China
| | - Xiaoyu Zhang
- Institute of Cancer Stem Cell, Dalian Medical University, 9 Western Section, Lvshun South Street, Lvshunkou District, Dalian, 116044, Liaoning, China
| | - Arshad Mehmood
- Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050000, China
| | - Fei Peng
- Institute of Cancer Stem Cell, Dalian Medical University, 9 Western Section, Lvshun South Street, Lvshunkou District, Dalian, 116044, Liaoning, China.
| | - Quentin Liu
- Institute of Cancer Stem Cell, Dalian Medical University, 9 Western Section, Lvshun South Street, Lvshunkou District, Dalian, 116044, Liaoning, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Cancer Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510060, China.
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3
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Guerrero-Barberà G, Burday N, Costell M. Shaping Oncogenic Microenvironments: Contribution of Fibronectin. Front Cell Dev Biol 2024; 12:1363004. [PMID: 38660622 PMCID: PMC11039881 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2024.1363004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) is a complex network of proteins and glycans, dynamically remodeled and specifically tailored to the structure/function of each organ. The malignant transformation of cancer cells is determined by both cell intrinsic properties, such as mutations, and extrinsic variables, such as the mixture of surrounding cells in the tumor microenvironment and the biophysics of the ECM. During cancer progression, the ECM undergoes extensive remodeling, characterized by disruption of the basal lamina, vascular endothelial cell invasion, and development of fibrosis in and around the tumor cells resulting in increased tissue stiffness. This enhanced rigidity leads to aberrant mechanotransduction and further malignant transformation potentiating the de-differentiation, proliferation and invasion of tumor cells. Interestingly, this fibrotic microenvironment is primarily secreted and assembled by non-cancerous cells. Among them, the cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) play a central role. CAFs massively produce fibronectin together with type I collagen. This review delves into the primary interactions and signaling pathways through which fibronectin can support tumorigenesis and metastasis, aiming to provide critical molecular insights for better therapy response prediction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mercedes Costell
- Departament of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institut Universitari de Biotecnologia i Biomedicina, Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain
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4
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Chen X, Ma Z, Yi Z, Wu E, Shang Z, Tuo B, Li T, Liu X. The effects of metabolism on the immune microenvironment in colorectal cancer. Cell Death Discov 2024; 10:118. [PMID: 38453888 PMCID: PMC10920911 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-024-01865-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a malignancy that is widely prevalent worldwide. Due to its unsatisfactory treatment outcome and extremely poor prognosis, many studies on the molecular mechanisms and pathological mechanisms of CRC have been published in recent years. The tumor microenvironment (TME) is an extremely important feature of tumorigenesis and one of the hallmarks of tumor development. Metabolic reprogramming is currently a hot topic in tumor research, and studies on this topic have provided important insights into CRC development. In particular, metabolic reprogramming in cancer causes changes in the composition of energy and nutrients in the TME. Furthermore, it can alter the complex crosstalk between immune cells and associated immune factors, such as associated macrophages and T cells, which play important immune roles in the TME, in turn affecting the immune escape of tumors by altering immune surveillance. In this review, we summarize several metabolism-related processes affecting the immune microenvironment of CRC tumors. Our results showed that the immune microenvironment is regulated by metabolic reprogramming and influences the development of CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingzhao Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Digestive Disease Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Zhiyuan Ma
- Department of Gastroenterology, Digestive Disease Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Zhiqiang Yi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Digestive Disease Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Enqin Wu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Digestive Disease Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Zhengye Shang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Digestive Disease Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Biguang Tuo
- Department of Gastroenterology, Digestive Disease Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Taolang Li
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Dalian Road 149, Zunyi, 563000, China.
| | - Xuemei Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Digestive Disease Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou Province, China.
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5
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Kim EB, Jeon HY, Ouh YT, Lee AJ, Moon CH, Na SH, Ha KS. Proinsulin C-peptide inhibits high glucose-induced migration and invasion of ovarian cancer cells. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 172:116232. [PMID: 38310652 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.116232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Proinsulin C-peptide, a biologically active polypeptide released from pancreatic β-cells, is known to prevent hyperglycemia-induced microvascular leakage; however, the role of C-peptide in migration and invasion of cancer cells is unknown. Here, we investigated high glucose-induced migration and invasion of ovarian cancer cells and the inhibitory effects of human C-peptide on metastatic cellular responses. In SKOV3 human ovarian cancer cells, high glucose conditions activated a vicious cycle of reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and transglutaminase 2 (TGase2) activation through elevation of intracellular Ca2+ levels. TGase2 played a critical role in high glucose-induced ovarian cancer cell migration and invasion through β-catenin disassembly. Human C-peptide inhibited high glucose-induced disassembly of adherens junctions and ovarian cancer cell migration and invasion through inhibition of ROS generation and TGase2 activation. The preventive effect of C-peptide on high glucose-induced ovarian cancer cell migration and invasion was further demonstrated in ID8 murine ovarian cancer cells. Our findings suggest that high glucose conditions induce the migration and invasion of ovarian cancer cells, and human C-peptide inhibits these metastatic responses by preventing ROS generation, TGase2 activation, and subsequent disassembly of adherens junctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Bin Kim
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, Kangwon-do 24341, South Korea
| | - Hye-Yoon Jeon
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, Kangwon-do 24341, South Korea; Scripps Korea Antibody Institute, Kangwon National University Chuncheon Campus, Chuncheon, Kangwon-do 24341, South Korea
| | - Yung-Taek Ouh
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, Kangwon-do 24341, South Korea; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Korea University Ansan Hospital, Ansan, Gyeonggi-do 15355, Korea
| | - Ah-Jun Lee
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, Kangwon-do 24341, South Korea
| | - Chan-Hee Moon
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, Kangwon-do 24341, South Korea
| | - Sung Hun Na
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, Kangwon-do 24341, South Korea
| | - Kwon-Soo Ha
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, Kangwon-do 24341, South Korea.
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6
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Yao Z, Fan Y, Lin L, Kellems RE, Xia Y. Tissue transglutaminase: a multifunctional and multisite regulator in health and disease. Physiol Rev 2024; 104:281-325. [PMID: 37712623 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00003.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Tissue transglutaminase (TG2) is a widely distributed multifunctional protein involved in a broad range of cellular and metabolic functions carried out in a variety of cellular compartments. In addition to transamidation, TG2 also functions as a Gα signaling protein, a protein disulfide isomerase (PDI), a protein kinase, and a scaffolding protein. In the nucleus, TG2 modifies histones and transcription factors. The PDI function catalyzes the trimerization and activation of heat shock factor-1 in the nucleus and regulates the oxidation state of several mitochondrial complexes. Cytosolic TG2 modifies proteins by the addition of serotonin or other primary amines and in this way affects cell signaling. Modification of protein-bound glutamines reduces ubiquitin-dependent proteasomal degradation. At the cell membrane, TG2 is associated with G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), where it functions in transmembrane signaling. TG2 is also found in the extracellular space, where it functions in protein cross-linking and extracellular matrix stabilization. Of particular importance in transglutaminase research are recent findings concerning the role of TG2 in gene expression, protein homeostasis, cell signaling, autoimmunity, inflammation, and hypoxia. Thus, TG2 performs a multitude of functions in multiple cellular compartments, making it one of the most versatile cellular proteins. Additional evidence links TG2 with multiple human diseases including preeclampsia, hypertension, cardiovascular disease, organ fibrosis, cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, and celiac disease. In conclusion, TG2 provides a multifunctional and multisite response to physiological stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhouzhou Yao
- National Medical Metabolomics International Collaborative Research Center, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuhua Fan
- National Medical Metabolomics International Collaborative Research Center, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Lizhen Lin
- National Medical Metabolomics International Collaborative Research Center, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
- Department of Endocrinology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Rodney E Kellems
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas McGovern Medical School at Houston, Houston, Texas, United States
| | - Yang Xia
- National Medical Metabolomics International Collaborative Research Center, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
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7
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Zhang S, Yao HF, Li H, Su T, Jiang SH, Wang H, Zhang ZG, Dong FY, Yang Q, Yang XM. Transglutaminases are oncogenic biomarkers in human cancers and therapeutic targeting of TGM2 blocks chemoresistance and macrophage infiltration in pancreatic cancer. Cell Oncol (Dordr) 2023; 46:1473-1492. [PMID: 37246171 DOI: 10.1007/s13402-023-00824-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/30/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Transglutaminases (TGs) are multifunctional enzymes exhibiting transglutaminase crosslinking, as well as atypical GTPase/ATPase and kinase activities. Here, we used an integrated comprehensive analysis to assess the genomic, transcriptomic and immunological landscapes of TGs across cancers. METHODS Gene expression and immune cell infiltration patterns across cancers were obtained from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database and Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) datasets. Western blotting, immunofluorescence staining, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, and orthotopic xenograft models were used to validate our database-derived results. RESULTS We found that the overall expression of TGs (designated as the TG score) is significantly upregulated in multiple cancers and related to a worse patient survival. The expression of TG family members can be regulated through multiple mechanisms at the genetic, epigenetic and transcriptional levels. The expression of transcription factors crucial for epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is commonly correlated with the TG score in many cancer types. Importantly, TGM2 expression displays a close connection with chemoresistance to a wide range of chemotherapeutic drugs. We found that TGM2 expression, F13A1 expression and the overall TG score were positively correlated with the infiltration of immune cells in all cancer types tested. Functional and clinical verification revealed that a higher TGM2 expression is linked with a worse patient survival, an increased IC50 value of gemcitabine, and a higher abundance of tumor-infiltrating macrophages in pancreatic cancer. Mechanistically, we found that increased C-C motif chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2) release mediated by TGM2 contributes to macrophage infiltration into the tumor microenvironment. CONCLUSIONS Our results reveal the relevance and molecular networks of TG genes in human cancers and highlight the importance of TGM2 in pancreatic cancer, which may provide promising directions for immunotherapy and for addressing chemoresistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong-Fei Yao
- Department of Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200217, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Tong Su
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Shu-Heng Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Wang
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, 1800 Yuntai Road, Pudong District, Shanghai, 200123, China
| | - Zhi-Gang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, People's Republic of China.
| | - Fang-Yuan Dong
- Department of Gastroenterology, Huadong Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, People's Republic of China.
| | - Qin Yang
- Shanghai Institute of Precision Medicine, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Xiao-Mei Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, People's Republic of China.
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8
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Jambrovics K, Póliska S, Scholtz B, Uray IP, Balajthy Z. ATO Increases ROS Production and Apoptosis of Cells by Enhancing Calpain-Mediated Degradation of the Cancer Survival Protein TG2. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10938. [PMID: 37446117 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241310938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2023] [Revised: 05/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Transglutaminase 2 (TG2) is a critical cancer cell survival factor that activates several signalling pathways to foster drug resistance, cancer stem cell survival, metastasis, inflammation, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, and angiogenesis. All-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) and chemotherapy have been the standard treatments for acute promyelocytic leukaemia (APL), but clinical studies have shown that arsenic trioxide (ATO), alone or in combination with ATRA, can improve outcomes. ATO exerts cytotoxic effects in a variety of ways by inducing oxidative stress, genotoxicity, altered signal transduction, and/or epigenetic modification. In the present study, we showed that ATO increased ROS production and apoptosis ratios in ATRA-differentiated NB4 leukaemia cells, and that these responses were enhanced when TG2 was deleted. The combined ATRA + ATO treatment also increased the amount of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2) transcription factor, an adaptive regulator of the cellular oxidative stress response, and calpain proteolytic activity, resulting in TG2 degradation and the reduced survival of WT leukaemia cells. We further showed that the induced TG2 protein expression was degraded in the MCF-7 epithelial cell line and primary peripheral blood mononuclear cells upon ATO treatment, thereby sensitising these cell types to apoptotic signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Károly Jambrovics
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Szilárd Póliska
- Genomic Medicine and Bioinformatic Core Facility, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Beáta Scholtz
- Genomic Medicine and Bioinformatic Core Facility, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Iván P Uray
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Balajthy
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
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9
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Gao J, Wang S, Wan H, Lan J, Yan Y, Yin D, Zhou W, Hun S, He Q. Prognostic Value of Transglutaminase 2 in Patients with Solid Tumors: A Meta-analysis. Genet Test Mol Biomarkers 2023; 27:36-43. [PMID: 36809173 DOI: 10.1089/gtmb.2022.0088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Transglutaminase 2 (TG2), a member of the transglutaminase family, also known as tissue transglutaminase, plays a fundamental role in cancer growth and progression. In this study, we aimed to comprehensively review the evidence of TG2 as a prognostic biomarker in solid tumors. Methods: PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane databases were searched for human studies with clearly described cancer types if they presented the relationship between TG2 expression and prognostic indicators from inception to February 2022. Two authors independently screened the eligible studies and extracted the relevant data. The association between TG2 and overall survival (OS), disease-free survival (DFS), and relapse-free survival (RFS) were described as hazard ratios (HR) and their corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Statistical heterogeneity was assessed using Cochrane Q-test and Higgins I-squared statistic. A sensitivity analysis was conducted by sequentially omitting the impact of each study. Publication bias was assessed by Egger's funnel plot. Results: A total of 2864 patients with various cancers from 11 individual studies were enrolled. Results showed that elevated TG2 protein expression and mRNA expression predicted a shorter OS, with a combined HR of 1.93 (95% CI: 1.41-2.63) or HR of 1.95 (95% CI: 1.27-2.99), respectively. Moreover, data suggested that elevated TG2 protein expression was correlated with a shorter DFS (HR = 1.76, 95% CI: 1.36-2.29); whereas elevated TG2 mRNA expression was associated with a shorter DFS (HR = 1.71, 95% CI: 1.30-2.24). Conclusions: Our meta-analysis indicated that TG2 might serve as a promising biomarker of cancer prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Gao
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Shengjiang Wang
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Haiyan Wan
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Jinfeng Lan
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Yong Yan
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Dongmei Yin
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Wenjing Zhou
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Shouyong Hun
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Qi He
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
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10
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Shoaib S, Ansari MA, Ghazwani M, Hani U, Jamous YF, Alali Z, Wahab S, Ahmad W, Weir SA, Alomary MN, Yusuf N, Islam N. Prospective Epigenetic Actions of Organo-Sulfur Compounds against Cancer: Perspectives and Molecular Mechanisms. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15030697. [PMID: 36765652 PMCID: PMC9913804 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15030697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Major epigenetic alterations, such as chromatin modifications, DNA methylation, and miRNA regulation, have gained greater attention and play significant roles in oncogenesis, representing a new paradigm in our understanding of cancer susceptibility. These epigenetic changes, particularly aberrant promoter hypermethylation, abnormal histone acetylation, and miRNA dysregulation, represent a set of epigenetic patterns that contribute to inappropriate gene silencing at every stage of cancer progression. Notably, the cancer epigenome possesses various HDACs and DNMTs, which participate in the histone modifications and DNA methylation. As a result, there is an unmet need for developing the epigenetic inhibitors against HDACs and DNMTs for cancer therapy. To date, several epigenetically active synthetic inhibitors of DNA methyltransferases and histone deacetylases have been developed. However, a growing body of research reports that most of these synthetic inhibitors have significant side effects and a narrow window of specificity for cancer cells. Targeting tumor epigenetics with phytocompounds that have the capacity to modulate abnormal DNA methylation, histone acetylation, and miRNAs expression is one of the evolving strategies for cancer prevention. Encouragingly, there are many bioactive phytochemicals, including organo-sulfur compounds that have been shown to alter the expression of key tumor suppressor genes, oncogenes, and oncogenic miRNAs through modulation of DNA methylation and histones in cancer. In addition to vitamins and microelements, dietary phytochemicals such as sulforaphane, PEITC, BITC, DADS, and allicin are among a growing list of naturally occurring anticancer agents that have been studied as an alternative strategy for cancer treatment and prevention. Moreover, these bioactive organo-sulfur compounds, either alone or in combination with other standard cancer drugs or phytochemicals, showed promising results against many cancers. Here, we particularly summarize and focus on the impact of specific organo-sulfur compounds on DNA methylation and histone modifications through targeting the expression of different DNMTs and HDACs that are of particular interest in cancer therapy and prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoaib Shoaib
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202001, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Mohammad Azam Ansari
- Department of Epidemic Disease Research, Institute for Research and Medical Consultations (IRMC), Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Ghazwani
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha 62529, Saudi Arabia
| | - Umme Hani
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha 62529, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yahya F. Jamous
- Vaccine and Bioprocessing Center, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology (KACST), Riyadh 11442, Saudi Arabia
| | - Zahraa Alali
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Hafr Al Batin, Hafr Al Batin 31991, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shadma Wahab
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia
| | - Wasim Ahmad
- Department of Pharmacy, Mohammed Al-Mana College for Medical Sciences, Dammam 34222, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sydney A. Weir
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Mohammad N. Alomary
- National Centre for Biotechnology, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology (KACST), Riyadh 11442, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence: (M.N.A.); (N.I.)
| | - Nabiha Yusuf
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Najmul Islam
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202001, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Correspondence: (M.N.A.); (N.I.)
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11
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Chen X, Adhikary G, Newland JJ, Xu W, Ma E, Naselsky W, Eckert RL. The transglutaminase 2 cancer cell survival factor maintains mTOR activity to drive an aggressive cancer phenotype. Mol Carcinog 2023; 62:90-100. [PMID: 35848131 PMCID: PMC9771885 DOI: 10.1002/mc.23446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Transglutaminase 2 (TG2) is an important cancer stem-like cell survival protein that is highly expressed in epidermal squamous cell carcinoma and drives an aggressive cancer phenotype. In the present study, we show that TG2 knockdown or inactivation results in a reduction in mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) level and activity in epidermal cancer stem-like cells which are associated with reduced spheroid formation, invasion, and migration, and reduced cancer stem cell and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) marker expression. Similar changes were observed in both cultured cells and tumors. mTOR knockdown or treatment with rapamycin phenocopies the reduction in spheroid formation, invasion, and migration, and cancer stem cell and EMT marker expression. Moreover, mTOR appears to be a necessary mediator of TG2 action, as a forced expression of constitutively active mTOR in TG2 knockdown cells partially restores the aggressive cancer phenotype and cancer stem cell and EMT marker expression. Tumor studies show that rapamycin reduces tumor growth and cancer stem cell marker expression and EMT. These studies suggest that TG2 stimulates mTOR activity to stimulate cancer cell stemness and EMT and drive aggressive tumor growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Chen
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Gautam Adhikary
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - John J. Newland
- Surgery - Division of Thoracic Oncology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Wen Xu
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Emily Ma
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Warren Naselsky
- Surgery - Division of Thoracic Oncology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Richard L. Eckert
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- Dermatology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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12
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Naselsky W, Adhikary G, Shrestha S, Chen X, Ezeka G, Xu W, Friedberg JS, Eckert RL. Transglutaminase 2 enhances hepatocyte growth factor signaling to drive the mesothelioma cancer cell phenotype. Mol Carcinog 2022; 61:537-548. [PMID: 35319795 PMCID: PMC10074999 DOI: 10.1002/mc.23399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Transglutaminase 2 (TG2) is an important mesothelioma cancer cell survival protein. However, the mechanism whereby TG2 maintains mesothelioma cell survival is not well understood. We present studies showing that TG2 drives hepatocyte growth factor (HGF)-dependent MET receptor signaling to maintain the aggressive mesothelioma cancer phenotype. TG2 increases HGF and MET messenger RNA and protein levels to enhance MET signaling. TG2 inactivation reduces MET tyrosine kinase activity to reduce cancer cell spheroid formation, invasion and migration. We also confirm that HGF/MET signaling is a biologically important mediator of TG2 action. Reducing MET level using genetic methods or treatment with MET inhibitors reduces spheroid formation, invasion and migration and this is associated with reduced MEK1/2 and ERK1/2. In addition, MEK1/2 and ERK1/2 inhibitors suppress the cancer phenotype. Moreover, MET knockout mesothelioma cells form 10-fold smaller tumors compared to wild-type cells and these tumors display reduced MET, MEK1/2, and ERK1/2 activity. These findings suggest that TG2 maintains HGF and MET levels in cultured mesothelioma cells and tumors to drive HGF/MET, MEK1/2, and ERK1/2 signaling to maintain the aggressive mesothelioma cancer phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Warren Naselsky
- Department of Surgery, Division of Thoracic Oncology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Gautam Adhikary
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Suruchi Shrestha
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Geraldine Ezeka
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Wen Xu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Joseph S Friedberg
- Department of Surgery, Division of Thoracic Oncology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Richard L. Eckert
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- Department of Dermatology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- Department of Reproductive Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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13
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Sima LE, Matei D, Condello S. The Outside-In Journey of Tissue Transglutaminase in Cancer. Cells 2022; 11:cells11111779. [PMID: 35681474 PMCID: PMC9179582 DOI: 10.3390/cells11111779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Tissue transglutaminase (TG2) is a member of the transglutaminase family that catalyzes Ca2+-dependent protein crosslinks and hydrolyzes guanosine 5′-triphosphate (GTP). The conformation and functions of TG2 are regulated by Ca2+ and GTP levels; the TG2 enzymatically active open conformation is modulated by high Ca2+ concentrations, while high intracellular GTP promotes the closed conformation, with inhibition of the TG-ase activity. TG2’s unique characteristics and its ubiquitous distribution in the intracellular compartment, coupled with its secretion in the extracellular matrix, contribute to modulate the functions of the protein. Its aberrant expression has been observed in several cancer types where it was linked to metastatic progression, resistance to chemotherapy, stemness, and worse clinical outcomes. The N-terminal domain of TG2 binds to the 42 kDa gelatin-binding domain of fibronectin with high affinity, facilitating the formation of a complex with β-integrins, essential for cellular adhesion to the matrix. This mechanism allows TG2 to interact with key matrix proteins and to regulate epithelial to mesenchymal transition and stemness. Here, we highlight the current knowledge on TG2 involvement in cancer, focusing on its roles translating extracellular cues into activation of oncogenic programs. Improved understanding of these mechanisms could lead to new therapeutic strategies targeting this multi-functional protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Livia Elena Sima
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry of the Romanian Academy, 060031 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Daniela Matei
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA;
- Robert H Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
- Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Salvatore Condello
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
- Simon Comprehensive Cancer Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
- Correspondence:
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14
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Ganesh RA, Sonpatki P, Naik D, John AE, Sathe G, Lakshmikantha A, Chandrachari KP, Bauer L, Knäuper V, Aeschlimann D, Venkatraaman K, Shah N, Sirdeshmukh R. Multi-Omics Analysis of Glioblastoma and Glioblastoma Cell Line: Molecular Insights Into the Functional Role of GPR56 and TG2 in Mesenchymal Transition. Front Oncol 2022; 12:841890. [PMID: 35600402 PMCID: PMC9119646 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.841890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptor 56 (GPR56/ADGRG1) is an adhesion GPCR with an essential role in brain development and cancer. Elevated expression of GPR56 was observed in the clinical specimens of Glioblastoma (GBM), a highly invasive primary brain tumor. However, we found the expression to be variable across the specimens, presumably due to the intratumor heterogeneity of GBM. Therefore, we re-examined GPR56 expression in public domain spatial gene expression data and single-cell expression data for GBM, which revealed that GPR56 expression was high in cellular tumors, infiltrating tumor cells, and proliferating cells, low in microvascular proliferation and peri-necrotic areas of the tumor, especially in hypoxic mesenchymal-like cells. To gain a better understanding of the consequences of GPR56 downregulation in tumor cells and other molecular changes associated with it, we generated a sh-RNA-mediated GPR56 knockdown in the GBM cell line U373 and performed transcriptomics, proteomics, and phospho-proteomics analysis. Our analysis revealed enrichment of gene signatures, pathways, and phosphorylation of proteins potentially associated with mesenchymal (MES) transition in the tumor and concurrent increase in cell invasion and migration behavior of the GPR56 knockdown GBM cells. Interestingly, our analysis also showed elevated expression of Transglutaminase 2 (TG2) - a known interactor of GPR56, in the knockdown cells. The inverse expression of GPR56 and TG2 was also observed in intratumoral, spatial gene expression data for GBM and in GBM cell lines cultured in vitro under hypoxic conditions. Integrating all these observations, we propose a putative functional link between the inverse expression of the two proteins, the hypoxic niche and the mesenchymal status in the tumor. Hypoxia-induced downregulation of GPR56 and activation of TG2 may result in a network of molecular events that contribute to the mesenchymal transition of GBM cells, and we propose a putative model to explain this functional and regulatory relationship of the two proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raksha A Ganesh
- Mazumdar Shaw Center for Translational Research, Narayana Health, Bangalore, India.,Center for Bio-Separation Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, India
| | - Pranali Sonpatki
- Mazumdar Shaw Center for Translational Research, Narayana Health, Bangalore, India
| | - Divya Naik
- Mazumdar Shaw Center for Translational Research, Narayana Health, Bangalore, India
| | | | - Gajanan Sathe
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Tech Park, Bangalore, India
| | | | | | - Lea Bauer
- Matrix Biology and Tissue Repair Research Unit, School of Dentistry, College of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Vera Knäuper
- Matrix Biology and Tissue Repair Research Unit, School of Dentistry, College of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel Aeschlimann
- Matrix Biology and Tissue Repair Research Unit, School of Dentistry, College of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Krishnan Venkatraaman
- Center for Bio-Separation Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, India
| | - Nameeta Shah
- Mazumdar Shaw Center for Translational Research, Narayana Health, Bangalore, India
| | - Ravi Sirdeshmukh
- Mazumdar Shaw Center for Translational Research, Narayana Health, Bangalore, India.,Institute of Bioinformatics, International Tech Park, Bangalore, India.,Health Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
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15
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Li CZ, Ogawa H, Ng SS, Chen X, Kishimoto E, Sakabe K, Fukami A, Hu YC, Mayhew CN, Hellmann J, Miethke A, Tasnova NL, Blackford SJ, Tang ZM, Syanda AM, Ma L, Xiao F, Sambrotta M, Tavabie O, Soares F, Baker O, Danovi D, Hayashi H, Thompson RJ, Rashid ST, Asai A. Human iPSC-derived hepatocyte system models cholestasis with tight junction protein 2 deficiency. JHEP Rep 2022; 4:100446. [PMID: 35284810 PMCID: PMC8904612 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhepr.2022.100446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background & Aims The truncating mutations in tight junction protein 2 (TJP2) cause progressive cholestasis, liver failure, and hepatocyte carcinogenesis. Due to the lack of effective model systems, there are no targeted medications for the liver pathology with TJP2 deficiency. We leveraged the technologies of patient-specific induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) and CRISPR genome-editing, and we aim to establish a disease model which recapitulates phenotypes of patients with TJP2 deficiency. Methods We differentiated iPSC to hepatocyte-like cells (iHep) on the Transwell membrane in a polarized monolayer. Immunofluorescent staining of polarity markers was detected by a confocal microscope. The epithelial barrier function and bile acid transport of bile canaliculi were quantified between the two chambers of Transwell. The morphology of bile canaliculi was measured in iHep cultured in the Matrigel sandwich system using a fluorescent probe and live-confocal imaging. Results The iHep differentiated from iPSC with TJP2 mutations exhibited intracellular inclusions of disrupted apical membrane structures, distorted canalicular networks, altered distribution of apical and basolateral markers/transporters. The directional bile acid transport of bile canaliculi was compromised in the mutant hepatocytes, resembling the disease phenotypes observed in the liver of patients. Conclusions Our iPSC-derived in vitro hepatocyte system revealed canalicular membrane disruption in TJP2 deficient hepatocytes and demonstrated the ability to model cholestatic disease with TJP2 deficiency to serve as a platform for further pathophysiologic study and drug discovery. Lay summary We investigated a genetic liver disease, progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis (PFIC), which causes severe liver disease in newborns and infants due to a lack of gene called TJP2. By using cutting-edge stem cell technology and genome editing methods, we established a novel disease modeling system in cell culture experiments. Our experiments demonstrated that the lack of TJP2 induced abnormal cell polarity and disrupted bile acid transport. These findings will lead to the subsequent investigation to further understand disease mechanisms and develop an effective treatment.
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Key Words
- ALB, albumin
- ASGR2, asialoglycoprotein receptor 2
- ATP1a1, ATPases subunit alpha-1
- BMP4, bone morphogenetic protein 4
- BSA-FAF, bovine serum albumin fatty acid-free
- BSEP, bile salt export pump
- Bile acid transport
- CDFDA, 5-(and-6)-carboxy-2′,7′-dichlorofluorescein
- Cellular polarity
- DE, definitive endoderm
- DILI, drug-induced liver injury
- FGF2, fibroblast growth factor 2
- GCA, glycocholate
- GCDCA, glycochenodeoxycholate
- HCM, Hepatocyte Culture Medium
- HE, hepatic endodermal
- HGF, hepatocyte growth factor
- HNF4a, hepatic nuclear factor 4a
- MDCKII, Madin–Darby canine kidney II
- MRP2, multidrug resistance-associated protein 2
- NTCP, Na+-TCA cotransporter
- PFIC (progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis)
- PFIC, progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis
- PI, propidium iodide
- RT-qPCR, quantitative reverse transcription PCR
- TCA, taurocholic acid
- TCDCA, taurochenodeoxycholate
- TEER, transepithelial electrical resistance
- TEM, transmission electron microscopy
- TJP1, tight junction protein 1
- TJP2, tight junction protein 2
- iHep, iPSC-derived hepatocytes
- iPSC, induced pluripotent stem cell
- sgRNA, single-guide RNA
- ssODN, single-stranded oligonucleotide-DNA
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Zheng Li
- Centre for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Hiromi Ogawa
- Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Soon Seng Ng
- Centre for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Xindi Chen
- Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Eriko Kishimoto
- Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Kokoro Sakabe
- Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Aiko Fukami
- Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Yueh-Chiang Hu
- Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | | | - Jennifer Hellmann
- Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Department of Paediatrics, The University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Alexander Miethke
- Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Department of Paediatrics, The University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Nahrin L. Tasnova
- Centre for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, King’s College London, London, UK
| | | | - Zu Ming Tang
- Stem Cell Hotel, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Adam M. Syanda
- Centre for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Liang Ma
- Centre for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Fang Xiao
- Centre for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Melissa Sambrotta
- Institute of Liver Studies King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Oliver Tavabie
- Institute of Liver Studies King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Oliver Baker
- Genome Editing and Embryology Core Facility, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Davide Danovi
- Centre for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Hisamitsu Hayashi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - S. Tamir Rashid
- Centre for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Akihiro Asai
- Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Department of Paediatrics, The University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
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16
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Özkan H, Öztürk DG, Korkmaz G. Transcriptional Factor Repertoire of Breast Cancer in 3D Cell Culture Models. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14041023. [PMID: 35205770 PMCID: PMC8870600 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14041023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 02/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Knowledge of the transcriptional regulation of breast cancer tumorigenesis is largely based on studies performed in two-dimensional (2D) monolayer culture models, which lack tissue architecture and therefore fail to represent tumor heterogeneity. However, three-dimensional (3D) cell culture models are better at mimicking in vivo tumor microenvironment, which is critical in regulating cellular behavior. Hence, 3D cell culture models hold great promise for translational breast cancer research. Abstract Intratumor heterogeneity of breast cancer is driven by extrinsic factors from the tumor microenvironment (TME) as well as tumor cell–intrinsic parameters including genetic, epigenetic, and transcriptomic traits. The extracellular matrix (ECM), a major structural component of the TME, impacts every stage of tumorigenesis by providing necessary biochemical and biomechanical cues that are major regulators of cell shape/architecture, stiffness, cell proliferation, survival, invasion, and migration. Moreover, ECM and tissue architecture have a profound impact on chromatin structure, thereby altering gene expression. Considering the significant contribution of ECM to cellular behavior, a large body of work underlined that traditional two-dimensional (2D) cultures depriving cell–cell and cell–ECM interactions as well as spatial cellular distribution and organization of solid tumors fail to recapitulate in vivo properties of tumor cells residing in the complex TME. Thus, three-dimensional (3D) culture models are increasingly employed in cancer research, as these culture systems better mimic the physiological microenvironment and shape the cellular responses according to the microenvironmental cues that will regulate critical cell functions such as cell shape/architecture, survival, proliferation, differentiation, and drug response as well as gene expression. Therefore, 3D cell culture models that better resemble the patient transcriptome are critical in defining physiologically relevant transcriptional changes. This review will present the transcriptional factor (TF) repertoire of breast cancer in 3D culture models in the context of mammary tissue architecture, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and metastasis, cell death mechanisms, cancer therapy resistance and differential drug response, and stemness and will discuss the impact of culture dimensionality on breast cancer research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hande Özkan
- School of Medicine, Koç University, Istanbul 34450, Turkey;
- Research Centre for Translational Medicine (KUTTAM), Koç University, Istanbul 34450, Turkey
| | - Deniz Gülfem Öztürk
- School of Medicine, Koç University, Istanbul 34450, Turkey;
- Research Centre for Translational Medicine (KUTTAM), Koç University, Istanbul 34450, Turkey
- Correspondence: (D.G.Ö.); (G.K.)
| | - Gozde Korkmaz
- School of Medicine, Koç University, Istanbul 34450, Turkey;
- Research Centre for Translational Medicine (KUTTAM), Koç University, Istanbul 34450, Turkey
- Correspondence: (D.G.Ö.); (G.K.)
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17
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Topa J, Grešner P, Żaczek AJ, Markiewicz A. Breast cancer circulating tumor cells with mesenchymal features-an unreachable target? Cell Mol Life Sci 2022; 79:81. [PMID: 35048186 PMCID: PMC8770434 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-021-04064-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) mediate dissemination of solid tumors and can be an early sign of disease progression. Moreover, they show a great potential in terms of non-invasive, longitudinal monitoring of cancer patients. CTCs have been extensively studied in breast cancer (BC) and were shown to present a significant phenotypic plasticity connected with initiation of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Apart from conferring malignant properties, EMT affects CTCs recovery rate, making a significant portion of CTCs from patients’ samples undetected. Wider application of methods and markers designed to isolate and identify mesenchymal CTCs is required to expand our knowledge about the clinical impact of mesenchymal CTCs. Therefore, here we provide a comprehensive review of clinical significance of mesenchymal CTCs in BC together with statistical analysis of previously published data, in which we assessed the suitability of a number of methods/markers used for isolation of CTCs with different EMT phenotypes, both in in vitro spike-in tests with BC cell lines, as well as clinical samples. Results of spiked-in cell lines indicate that, in general, methods not based on epithelial enrichment only, capture mesenchymal CTCs much more efficiently that CellSearch® (golden standard in CTCs detection), but at the same time are not much inferior to Cell Search®, though large variation in recovery rates of added cells among the methods is observed. In clinical samples, where additional CTCs detection markers are needed, positive epithelial-based CTCs enrichment was the most efficient in isolating CTCs with mesenchymal features from non-metastatic BC patients. From the marker side, PI3K and VIM were contributing the most to detection of CTCs with mesenchymal features (in comparison to SNAIL) in non-metastatic and metastatic BC patients, respectively. However, additional data are needed for more robust identification of markers for efficient detection of CTCs with mesenchymal features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justyna Topa
- Laboratory of Translational Oncology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdańsk and Medical University of Gdańsk, Debinki 1, 80-211, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Peter Grešner
- Laboratory of Translational Oncology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdańsk and Medical University of Gdańsk, Debinki 1, 80-211, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Anna J Żaczek
- Laboratory of Translational Oncology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdańsk and Medical University of Gdańsk, Debinki 1, 80-211, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Markiewicz
- Laboratory of Translational Oncology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdańsk and Medical University of Gdańsk, Debinki 1, 80-211, Gdansk, Poland.
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18
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Sima LE, Chen S, Cardenas H, Zhao G, Wang Y, Ivan C, Huang H, Zhang B, Matei D. Loss of host tissue transglutaminase boosts antitumor T cell immunity by altering STAT1/STAT3 phosphorylation in ovarian cancer. J Immunother Cancer 2021; 9:jitc-2021-002682. [PMID: 34593619 PMCID: PMC8487211 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2021-002682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tissue transglutaminase (TG2), an enzyme overexpressed in cancer cells, promotes metastasis and resistance to chemotherapy. Its distinct effects in cancer versus the host compartments have not been elucidated. METHODS Here, by using a TG2-/- syngeneic ovarian cancer mouse model, we assessed the effects of TG2 deficiency in the host tissues on antitumor immunity and tumor progression. Multicolor flow cytometry was used to phenotype immune cell populations in the peritoneal environment. Cancer cells recovered from malignant ascites were characterized by RNA sequencing, proliferation, and apoptosis assays. RESULTS We observed that host TG2 loss delayed tumor growth and ascites accumulation and caused increased infiltration of CD8+ T cells and decreased numbers of myeloid cells in the peritoneal fluid. Tumor antigen-specific CD8+ T cell cytotoxic responses were enhanced in ascites from TG2-/- versus TG2+/+ mice and CD8+ T cell depletion caused accelerated ascites accumulation in TG2-/- mice. CD8+ T cells from tumor-bearing TG2-/- mice displayed an effector T cell phenotype, differentiated toward effector memory (Tem). Mechanistically, absence of TG2 augmented signals promoting T cell activation, such as increased cytokine-induced STAT1 and attenuated STAT3 phosphorylation in T cells. Additionally, immune-suppressive myeloid cell populations were reduced in the peritoneal milieu of TG2-/- tumor-bearing mice. In response to the more robust immune response caused by loss of TG2, cancer cells growing intraperitoneally exhibited an interferon-γ(IFN-γ) responsive gene signature and underwent apoptosis. In human specimens, stromal, not tumor, TG2 expression correlated indirectly with numbers of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, our data demonstrate decreased tumor burden, increased activation and effector function of T cells, and loss of immunosuppressive signals in the tumor microenvironment of TG2-/- mice. We propose that TG2 acts as an attenuator of antitumor T cell immunity and is a new immunomodulatory target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Livia Elena Sima
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA.,Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry of the Romanian Academy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Siqi Chen
- Department of Medicine; Hematology/Oncology Division, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Horacio Cardenas
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Guangyuan Zhao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Yinu Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Cristina Ivan
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, Center for RNA Interference and Non-Coding RNA, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Hao Huang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Bin Zhang
- Department of Medicine; Hematology/Oncology Division, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA .,Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Daniela Matei
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA .,Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA.,Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
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19
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Li D, Chen L, Zhang X, Wang Y, Huang C, Li J, He F, He W. miR‑125a‑5p reverses epithelial‑mesenchymal transition and restores drug sensitivity by negatively regulating TAFAZZIN signaling in breast cancer. Mol Med Rep 2021; 24:812. [PMID: 34549308 PMCID: PMC8477177 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2021.12452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
MicroRNA (miR)‑125a‑5p represses tafazzin phospholipid‑lysophospholipid transacylases (TAFAZZIN) expression and inhibits the epithelial‑mesenchymal transition (EMT) of ovarian cancer cells. EMT was found to have a crucial role in the acquisition of chemoresistance. Thus, the present study aimed to determine whether miR‑125a‑5p reverses EMT and restores drug sensitivity by negatively regulating TAFAZZIN in breast cancer. The expression of miR‑125a‑5p/TAFAZZIN and its association with chemotherapy response were determined in tissue samples from patients with breast cancer. Furthermore, the effects of miR‑125a‑5p on breast cancer cells were elucidated using cell proliferation and cell apoptosis assays. Then, the regulatory mechanism of miR‑125a‑5p in breast cancer was investigated by reverse transcription‑quantitative PCR, western blotting, dual‑luciferase reporter and RNA immunoprecipitation assays. The results demonstrated that miR‑125a‑5p inhibited the EMT of MCF‑7/adriamycin (Adr) breast cancer cells, as well as decreased the proliferation and increased the apoptosis of breast cancer cells treated with Adr/docetaxel. In addition, miR‑125a‑5p downregulated the expression levels of TAFAZZIN, Transglutaminase 2, phosphorylated‑AKT, N‑cadherin, vimentin and proliferating cell nuclear antigen, and significantly increased those of E‑cadherin, cleaved caspase-3 and Bax in MCF7/Adr cells. Similar results were obtained with small interfering RNA‑TAFAZZIN. Moreover, TAFAZZIN was identified as a direct target of miR‑125a‑5p in MCF7/Adr breast cancer cells. In addition, increased miR‑125a‑5p expression was observed in breast tumors from patients exhibiting a chemotherapy response, and TAFAZZIN mRNA expression was elevated in patients with no chemotherapy response. Hence, miR‑125a‑5p expression was negatively correlated with TAFAZZIN mRNA expression in breast cancer tissues. All these data suggested that miR‑125a‑5p reverses EMT and restores drug sensitivity by negatively regulating TAFAZZIN in breast cancer and, therefore, has potential as a novel therapeutic target for this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongmei Li
- Breast Cancer Center, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanchang University (Jiangxi Provincial Cancer Hospital), Nanchang, Jiangxi 330029, P.R. China
| | - Limei Chen
- Research Center for Differentiation and Development of TCM Basic Theory, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330004, P.R. China
| | - Xiaofang Zhang
- Breast Cancer Center, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanchang University (Jiangxi Provincial Cancer Hospital), Nanchang, Jiangxi 330029, P.R. China
| | - Yanhua Wang
- Breast Cancer Center, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanchang University (Jiangxi Provincial Cancer Hospital), Nanchang, Jiangxi 330029, P.R. China
| | - Chuansheng Huang
- Breast Cancer Center, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanchang University (Jiangxi Provincial Cancer Hospital), Nanchang, Jiangxi 330029, P.R. China
| | - Jianglong Li
- Breast Cancer Center, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanchang University (Jiangxi Provincial Cancer Hospital), Nanchang, Jiangxi 330029, P.R. China
| | - Feilong He
- Breast Cancer Center, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanchang University (Jiangxi Provincial Cancer Hospital), Nanchang, Jiangxi 330029, P.R. China
| | - Wenxing He
- Breast Cancer Center, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanchang University (Jiangxi Provincial Cancer Hospital), Nanchang, Jiangxi 330029, P.R. China
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20
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Inhibition of the lncRNA Coded within Transglutaminase 2 Gene Impacts Several Relevant Networks in MCF-7 Breast Cancer Cells. Noncoding RNA 2021; 7:ncrna7030049. [PMID: 34449674 PMCID: PMC8395837 DOI: 10.3390/ncrna7030049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Long non-coding RNAs are nucleotide molecules that regulate transcription in numerous cellular processes and are related to the occurrence of many diseases, including cancer. In this regard, we recently discovered a polyadenylated long non-coding RNA (named TG2-lncRNA) encoded within the first intron of the Transglutaminase type 2 gene (TGM2), which is related to tumour proliferation in human cancer cell lines. To better characterize this new biological player, we investigated the effects of its suppression in MCF-7 breast cancer cells, using siRNA treatment and RNA-sequencing. In this way, we found modifications in several networks associated to biological functions relevant for tumorigenesis (apoptosis, chronic inflammation, angiogenesis, immunomodulation, cell mobility, and epithelial–mesenchymal transition) that were originally attributed only to Transglutaminase type 2 protein but that could be regulated also by TG2-lncRNA. Moreover, our experiments strongly suggest the ability of TG2-lncRNA to directly interact with important transcription factors, such as RXRα and TP53, paving the way for several regulatory loops that can potentially influence the phenotypic behaviour of MCF-7 cells. These considerations imply the need to further investigate the relative relevance of the TG2 protein itself and/or other gene products as key regulators in the organization of breast cancer program.
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21
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Tempest R, Guarnerio S, Maani R, Cooper J, Peake N. The Biological and Biomechanical Role of Transglutaminase-2 in the Tumour Microenvironment. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13112788. [PMID: 34205140 PMCID: PMC8199963 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13112788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Transglutaminase-2 (TG2) is the most highly and ubiquitously expressed member of the transglutaminase enzyme family and is primarily involved in protein cross-linking. TG2 has been implicated in the development and progression of numerous cancers, with a direct role in multiple cellular processes and pathways linked to apoptosis, chemoresistance, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, and stem cell phenotype. The tumour microenvironment (TME) is critical in the formation, progression, and eventual metastasis of cancer, and increasing evidence points to a role for TG2 in matrix remodelling, modulation of biomechanical properties, cell adhesion, motility, and invasion. There is growing interest in targeting the TME therapeutically in response to advances in the understanding of its critical role in disease progression, and a number of approaches targeting biophysical properties and biomechanical signalling are beginning to show clinical promise. In this review we aim to highlight the wide array of processes in which TG2 influences the TME, focussing on its potential role in the dynamic tissue remodelling and biomechanical events increasingly linked to invasive and aggressive behaviour. Drug development efforts have yielded a range of TG2 inhibitors, and ongoing clinical trials may inform strategies for targeting the biomolecular and biomechanical function of TG2 in the TME.
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22
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Gupta S, Garg S, Kumar V, Chaturvedi A, Misra S, Akhtar N, Rajan S, Kaur J, Lakshmanan M, Jain K. Study of tumor transglutaminase 2 expression in gallbladder cancer - Is it a novel predictor of survival? Ann Hepatobiliary Pancreat Surg 2020; 24:460-468. [PMID: 33234749 PMCID: PMC7691190 DOI: 10.14701/ahbps.2020.24.4.460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Backgrounds/Aims Transglutaminase 2 (TG2) is known to be an important mediator of inflammation induced carcinogenesis pathway. Chronic inflammation is the most important causative factor in Gallbladder cancer (GBC) carcinogenesis. We analyzed the expression of TG2 in GBC and its role as potential prognostic marker, first of its kind study. Methods We analyzed TG2 expression in 100 cases of GBC and 28 cases of non-cancer gallbladder specimen (calculus cholecystitis). We studied TG2 expression in GBC in comparison to control group and evaluated its role as a potential prognostic marker. Results TG2 score (1-9) was calculated by multiplying percentage cytoplasmic expression (P) with intensity of expression (I) in tumor cells. Positive TG-2 expression was observed in 62% of GBC patients compared to only 21% (n=6) in control group (p=0.001). In curative resection subgroup (n=54), TG2 positive patients showed shorter disease free survival rate (p=0.04) and higher rate of recurrence (p=0.03) compared to TG2 negative patients. TG2 positive expression was observed in 15/16 of patients with recurrent disease. In palliative treatment subgroup, patients with strong TG2 positive expression had poorer disease specific survival (p=0.01) as compared to weakly positive group. On multivariate analysis, lymph node status (p=0.03) and TG2 expression (p=0.037), were found to be significant predictor of recurrence and eventual survival. Conclusions Positive TG2 expression was related to higher recurrence rates post curative surgery, shorter disease free and overall survival and ultimately portended poor prognosis. It may be helpful in better prognostication and tailoring therapeutic approach for better management of GBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sameer Gupta
- Department of Surgical Oncology, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India
| | - Sudeep Garg
- Department of Surgical Oncology, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India
| | - Vijay Kumar
- Department of Surgical Oncology, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India
| | - Arun Chaturvedi
- Department of Surgical Oncology, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India
| | - Sanjeev Misra
- Department of Surgical Oncology, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India.,AIIMS, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Naseem Akhtar
- Department of Surgical Oncology, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India
| | - Shiv Rajan
- Department of Surgical Oncology, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India
| | - Jatinder Kaur
- Molecular Quest Healthcare Pvt. Ltd., Gurgaon, India
| | | | - Kavitha Jain
- Department of Surgical Oncology, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India
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23
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Ulukan B, Bihorac A, Sipahioglu T, Kiraly R, Fesus L, Telci D. Role of Tissue Transglutaminase Catalytic and Guanosine Triphosphate-Binding Domains in Renal Cell Carcinoma Progression. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:28273-28284. [PMID: 33163811 PMCID: PMC7643270 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c04226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Tissue transglutaminase (TG2) is a multifunctional protein that can act as a cross-linking enzyme, GTPase/ATPase, protein kinase, and protein disulfide isomerase. TG2 is involved in cell adhesion, migration, invasion, and growth, as well as epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Our previous findings indicate that the increased expression of TG2 in renal cell carcinoma (RCC) results in tumor metastasis with a significant decrease in disease- and cancer-specific survival outcome. Given the importance of the prometastatic activity of TG2 in RCC, in the present study, we aim to investigate the relative contribution of TG2's transamidase and guanosine triphosphate (GTP)-binding/GTPase activity in the cell migration, invasion, EMT, and cancer stemness of RCC. For this purpose, the mouse RCC cell line RenCa was transduced with wild-type-TG2 (wt-TG2), GTP-binding deficient-form TG2-R580A, transamidase-deficient form with low GTP-binding affinity TG2-C277S, and transamidase-inactive form TG2-W241A. Our results suggested that predominantly, GTP-binding activity of TG2 is responsible for cell migration and invasion. In addition, CD marker analysis and spheroid assay confirmed that GTP binding/GTPase activity of TG2 is important in the maintenance of mesenchymal character and the cancer stem cell profile. These findings support a prometastatic role for TG2 in RCC that is dependent on the GTP binding/GTPase activity of the enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Burge Ulukan
- Department
of Genetics and Bioengineering, Yeditepe
University, Istanbul 34755, Turkey
| | - Ajna Bihorac
- Department
of Genetics and Bioengineering, Yeditepe
University, Istanbul 34755, Turkey
| | - Tarik Sipahioglu
- Department
of Genetics and Bioengineering, Yeditepe
University, Istanbul 34755, Turkey
| | - Robert Kiraly
- Department
of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University
of Debrecen, Debrecen H4010, Hungary
| | - Laszlo Fesus
- Department
of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University
of Debrecen, Debrecen H4010, Hungary
| | - Dilek Telci
- Department
of Genetics and Bioengineering, Yeditepe
University, Istanbul 34755, Turkey
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24
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Sheftel CM, Hernandez LL. Serotonin stimulated parathyroid hormone related protein induction in the mammary epithelia by transglutaminase-dependent serotonylation. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0241192. [PMID: 33095824 PMCID: PMC7584195 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0241192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammary-derived serotonin has been implicated in breast-to-bone communication during lactation by increasing parathyroid hormone related-protein (PTHrP) in the mammary gland. It is well established that PTHrP acts on the bone to liberate calcium for milk synthesis during lactation; however, the mechanism of serotonin’s regulation of PTHrP has not been fully elucidated. Recently, serotonylation has been shown to be involved in a variety of physiological processes mediated by serotonin. Therefore, we investigated whether serotonylation is involved in serotonin’s regulation of PTHrP in the mammary gland using lactogenically differentiated mouse mammary epithelial cells. We investigated the effect of increased intracellular serotonin using the antidepressant fluoxetine or 5-hydroxytryptophan (serotonin precursor), with or without transglutaminase inhibition and the corresponding action on PTHrP induction and activity. Treatment with fluoxetine or 5-hydroxytryptophan significantly increased intracellular serotonin concentrations and subsequently increased PTHrP gene expression, which was reduced with transglutaminase inhibition. Furthermore, we determined that transglutaminase activity is increased with lactogenic differentiation and 5-hydroxytryptophan or fluoxetine treatment. We investigated whether RhoA, Rac1, and Rab4 were potential serotonylation target proteins. We speculate that RhoA is potentially a serotonylation target protein. Our data suggest that serotonin regulates PTHrP induction in part through the process of serotonylation under lactogenic conditions in mouse mammary epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celeste M. Sheftel
- Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Laura L. Hernandez
- Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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25
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Amplification of transglutaminase 2 enhances tumor-promoting inflammation in gastric cancers. Exp Mol Med 2020; 52:854-864. [PMID: 32467608 PMCID: PMC7272405 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-020-0444-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 04/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor-promoting inflammation is a hallmark of cancer and is highly associated with tumor progression, angiogenesis, and metastasis. Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are major drivers of tumor-promoting inflammation, but due to the complexity of the tumor microenvironment, the detailed regulatory mechanisms are still under investigation. Here, we investigated a novel role for transglutaminase 2 (TGM2) in the development of tumor-promoting inflammation and recruitment of TAMs to gastric cancer (GC) tissues. When estimated by array comparative genomic hybridization and droplet digital PCR, the copy numbers of the TGM2 gene were amplified in 13.6% (14/103) of GC patients and positively associated with TGM2 expression. Gene set enrichment analysis of expression microarray data for GC samples with high or low TGM2 expression showed that increased TGM2 expression was associated with tumor-promoting inflammation in GC. In addition, the expression of TGM2 was correlated with the expression of markers for macrophages, neutrophils, blood vessels, and lymphatic vessels. Overexpression of TGM2 in GC cells augmented the IL-1β-induced secretion of macrophage-recruiting chemokines and NF-κB activation. TGM2 protein levels were associated with the expression levels of the macrophage marker CD163 in human GC tissue samples. Moreover, GC patients with high expression of TGM2 had a worse prognosis than those with low expression of TGM2. These results suggest TGM2 as a novel regulator of the tumor microenvironment of GC and provide a promising target for constraining tumor-promoting inflammation. An enzyme linked to harmful inflammation that promotes tumor growth could be a target for stomach cancer treatment. The expression of the enzyme transglutaminase 2 (TGM2) has been shown to increase in several types of cancer, but its precise role has been unclear. Sung-Yup Cho at Seoul National University College of Medicine, Korea and co-workers measured copy numbers and expression levels of TGM2 in gastric cancer cell lines and in tissue samples from patients undergoing gastrectomy. They found that higher levels of TGM2 were closely associated with increases in various genes that promote the recruitment and activity of tumor-associated macrophages, malfunctioning white blood cells that drive tumor-promoting inflammation. In addition, stomach cancer patients with higher expression of TGM2 had poorer prognoses, indicating the potential therapeutic value of targeting this enzyme.
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26
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Cho SY, Lee S, Yeom J, Kim HJ, Lee JH, Shin JW, Kwon MA, Lee KB, Jeong EM, Ahn HS, Shin DM, Kim K, Kim IG. Transglutaminase 2 mediates hypoxia-induced selective mRNA translation via polyamination of 4EBPs. Life Sci Alliance 2020; 3:3/3/e201900565. [PMID: 32075852 PMCID: PMC7032569 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.201900565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This study highlights the role of transglutaminase 2 in selective mRNA translation of hypoxic cancer cells by polyamination-dependent modulation of 4EBPs, providing a target for cancer treatment. Hypoxia selectively enhances mRNA translation despite suppressed mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 activity, contributing to gene expression reprogramming that promotes metastasis and survival of cancer cells. Little is known about how this paradoxical control of translation occurs. Here, we report a new pathway that links hypoxia to selective mRNA translation. Transglutaminase 2 (TG2) is a hypoxia-inducible factor 1–inducible enzyme that alters the activity of substrate proteins by polyamination or crosslinking. Under hypoxic conditions, TG2 polyaminated eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E (eIF4E)-bound eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E-binding proteins (4EBPs) at conserved glutamine residues. 4EBP1 polyamination enhances binding affinity for Raptor, thereby increasing phosphorylation of 4EBP1 and cap-dependent translation. Proteomic analyses of newly synthesized proteins in hypoxic cells revealed that TG2 activity preferentially enhanced the translation of a subset of mRNA containing G/C-rich 5′UTRs but not upstream ORF or terminal oligopyrimidine motifs. These results indicate that TG2 is a critical regulator in hypoxia-induced selective mRNA translation and provide a promising molecular target for the treatment of cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Yup Cho
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea .,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seungun Lee
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jeonghun Yeom
- Department of Convergence Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyo-Jun Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jin-Haeng Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ji-Woong Shin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Mee-Ae Kwon
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ki Baek Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eui Man Jeong
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Institute of Human-Environment Interface Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hee Sung Ahn
- Department of Convergence Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dong-Myung Shin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyunggon Kim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea .,Department of Convergence Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - In-Gyu Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea .,Institute of Human-Environment Interface Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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27
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Bordeleau F, Wang W, Simmons A, Antonyak MA, Cerione RA, Reinhart-King CA. Tissue transglutaminase 2 regulates tumor cell tensional homeostasis by increasing contractility. J Cell Sci 2020; 133:jcs.231134. [PMID: 31822629 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.231134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 12/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Abnormal tensional cellular homeostasis is now considered a hallmark of cancer. Despite this, the origin of this abnormality remains unclear. In this work, we investigated the role of tissue transglutaminase 2 (TG2, also known as TGM2), a protein associated with poor prognosis and increased metastatic potential, and its relationship to the EGF receptor in the regulation of the mechanical state of tumor cells. Remarkably, we observed a TG2-mediated modulation of focal adhesion composition as well as stiffness-induced FAK activation, which was linked with a distinctive increase in cell contractility, in experiments using both pharmacological and shRNA-based approaches. Additionally, the increased contractility could be reproduced in non-malignant cells upon TG2 expression. Moreover, the increased cell contractility mediated by TG2 was largely due to the loss of EGFR-mediated inhibition of cell contractility. These findings establish intracellular TG2 as a regulator of cellular tensional homeostasis and suggest the existence of signaling switches that control the contribution of growth factor receptors in determining the mechanical state of a cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francois Bordeleau
- CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (Oncology division), Université Laval Cancer Research Center and Faculty of Medecine, Université Laval, Québec G1R 3S3, Canada .,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37212, USA
| | - Wenjun Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37212, USA
| | - Alysha Simmons
- Pathobiology Graduate Program, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Marc A Antonyak
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Richard A Cerione
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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28
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Rodriguez-Vargas JM, Nguekeu-Zebaze L, Dantzer F. PARP3 comes to light as a prime target in cancer therapy. Cell Cycle 2019; 18:1295-1301. [PMID: 31095444 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2019.1617454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 3 (PARP3) is the third member of the PARP family that catalyze a post-translational modification of proteins to promote, control or adjust numerous cellular events including genome integrity, transcription, differentiation, cell metabolism or cell death. In the late years, PARP3 has been specified for its primary functions in programmed and stress-induced double-strand break repair, chromosomal rearrangements, transcriptional regulation in the zebrafish and mitotic segregation. Still, deciphering the therapeutic value of its inhibition awaits additional investigations. In this review, we discuss the newest advancements on the specific functions of PARP3 in cancer aggressiveness exemplifying the relevance of its selective inhibition for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Manuel Rodriguez-Vargas
- a Poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation and Genome Integrity, Laboratoire d'Excellence Medalis, UMR7242 , Centre Nationale de la Recherche Scientifique/Université de Strasbourg, Institut de Recherche de l'Ecole de Biotechnologie de Strasbourg , Illkirch , France
| | - Léonel Nguekeu-Zebaze
- a Poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation and Genome Integrity, Laboratoire d'Excellence Medalis, UMR7242 , Centre Nationale de la Recherche Scientifique/Université de Strasbourg, Institut de Recherche de l'Ecole de Biotechnologie de Strasbourg , Illkirch , France
| | - Françoise Dantzer
- a Poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation and Genome Integrity, Laboratoire d'Excellence Medalis, UMR7242 , Centre Nationale de la Recherche Scientifique/Université de Strasbourg, Institut de Recherche de l'Ecole de Biotechnologie de Strasbourg , Illkirch , France
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Eckert RL. Transglutaminase 2 takes center stage as a cancer cell survival factor and therapy target. Mol Carcinog 2019; 58:837-853. [PMID: 30693974 DOI: 10.1002/mc.22986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Revised: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Transglutaminase 2 (TG2) has emerged as a key cancer cell survival factor that drives epithelial to mesenchymal transition, angiogenesis, metastasis, inflammation, drug resistance, cancer stem cell survival and stemness, and invasion and migration. TG2 can exist in a GTP-bound signaling-active conformation or in a transamidase-active conformation. The GTP bound conformation of TG2 contributes to cell survival and the transamidase conformation can contribute to cell survival or death. We present evidence suggesting that TG2 has a role in human cancer, summarize what is known about the TG2 mechanism of action in a range of cancer types, and discuss TG2 as a cancer therapy target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard L Eckert
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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30
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Seo S, Moon Y, Choi J, Yoon S, Jung KH, Cheon J, Kim W, Kim D, Lee CH, Kim SW, Park KS, Lee DH. The GTP binding activity of transglutaminase 2 promotes bone metastasis of breast cancer cells by downregulating microRNA-205. Am J Cancer Res 2019; 9:597-607. [PMID: 30949413 PMCID: PMC6448065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that transglutaminase 2 (TG2) induces epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) in various tumors. Several studies have also demonstrated the critical role of microRNAs (miRNAs) in regulating EMT of various types of tumors. However, the relationship between TG2 and miRNAs is not well understood. In the present study, we investigated if miR-205, which is known to inhibit EMT and is commonly regulated by TG2, contributes to TG2-induced EMT of human breast cancer cells. We have analyzed the expression of miR-205 in TG2-expressing and TG2-non-expressing breast cancer cells by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) and the expression of TG2 and EMT related markers, such as ZEB1 and Vimentin, by western blotting. We also have studied the regulation of tumor metastasis by miR-205 and TG2 using matrigel invasion assays, intracardiac injection of breast cancer cells into mice and in vivo bioluminescent imaging. MiR-205 was significantly downregulated in high TG2-expressing or TG2-transfected breast cancer cells than in low TG2-expressing or mock-transfected breast cancer cells. Overexpression of miR-205 reduced the bone metastasis of MCF7/TG2-C277S cells that express transamidase-activity deficient TG2 and inhibits the invasiveness of MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells that express TG2. Bioluminescent imaging showed that intracardiac injection of MCF7/TG2-C277S cells in mice promoted bone tumors, especially in the knee and jaw, but MCF7/TG2-C277S cells ectopically expressing miR-205 did not metastasize. The GTP binding activity, but not transamidase activity, of TG2, induces EMT in breast cancer cells by inhibiting the expression of miR-205 that suppresses EMT by downregulating the expression of ZEB1, an EMT marker. Moreover, in vivo experiments demonstrate that miR-205 down-regulation by TG2 induces bone metastasis of breast cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyoung Seo
- Department of Oncology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of MedicineSeoul 05505, Republic of Korea
| | - Yongwha Moon
- Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA UniversitySeongnam-si 463-712, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Junyoung Choi
- Department of Oncology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of MedicineSeoul 05505, Republic of Korea
| | - Shinkyo Yoon
- Department of Oncology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of MedicineSeoul 05505, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Hae Jung
- Department of Oncology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of MedicineSeoul 05505, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaekyung Cheon
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Ulsan University Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine 877 Bangeojinsunhwan-doroDong-gu, Ulsan 44033, Republic of Korea
| | - Wanlim Kim
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of MedicineSeoul 05505, Republic of Korea
| | - Deokhoon Kim
- Center for Cancer Genome Discovery, Asan Institute for Life Science, Asan Medical CenterSeoul 05505, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang Hoon Lee
- Bio & Drug Discovery Division, Center for Drug Discovery Technology, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT)Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-We Kim
- Department of Oncology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of MedicineSeoul 05505, Republic of Korea
| | - Kang-Seo Park
- Department of Oncology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of MedicineSeoul 05505, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulsan College of MedicineSeoul 05505, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae Ho Lee
- Department of Oncology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of MedicineSeoul 05505, Republic of Korea
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31
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Transglutaminase 2: The Maestro of the Oncogenic Mediators in Renal Cell Carcinoma. Med Sci (Basel) 2019; 7:medsci7020024. [PMID: 30736384 PMCID: PMC6409915 DOI: 10.3390/medsci7020024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Revised: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Transglutaminase 2 (TG2) is a multifunctional crosslinking enzyme that displays transamidation, protein disulfide isomerase, protein kinase, as well as GTPase and ATPase activities. TG2 can also act as an adhesion molecule involved in the syndecan and integrin receptor signaling. In recent years, TG2 was implicated in cancer progression, survival, invasion, migration, and stemness of many cancer types, including renal cell carcinoma (RCC). Von Hippel-Lindau mutations leading to the subsequent activation of Hypoxia Inducible Factor (HIF)-1-mediated signaling pathways, survival signaling via the PI3K/Akt pathway resulting in Epithelial Mesenchymal Transition (EMT) metastasis and angiogenesis are the main factors in RCC progression. A number of studies have shown that TG2 was important in HIF-1- and PI3K-mediated signaling, VHL and p53 stabilization, glycolytic metabolism and migratory phenotype in RCC. This review focuses on the role of TG2 in the regulation of molecular pathways nurturing not only the development and propagation of RCC, but also drug-resistance and metastatic potential.
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32
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The Role of Tissue Transglutaminase in Cancer Cell Initiation, Survival and Progression. Med Sci (Basel) 2019; 7:medsci7020019. [PMID: 30691081 PMCID: PMC6409630 DOI: 10.3390/medsci7020019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Revised: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue transglutaminase (transglutaminase type 2; TG2) is the most ubiquitously expressed member of the transglutaminase family (EC 2.3.2.13) that catalyzes specific post-translational modifications of proteins through a calcium-dependent acyl-transfer reaction (transamidation). In addition, this enzyme displays multiple additional enzymatic activities, such as guanine nucleotide binding and hydrolysis, protein kinase, disulfide isomerase activities, and is involved in cell adhesion. Transglutaminase 2 has been reported as one of key enzymes that is involved in all stages of carcinogenesis; the molecular mechanisms of action and physiopathological effects depend on its expression or activities, cellular localization, and specific cancer model. Since it has been reported as both a potential tumor suppressor and a tumor-promoting factor, the role of this enzyme in cancer is still controversial. Indeed, TG2 overexpression has been frequently associated with cancer stem cells’ survival, inflammation, metastatic spread, and drug resistance. On the other hand, the use of inducers of TG2 transamidating activity seems to inhibit tumor cell plasticity and invasion. This review covers the extensive and rapidly growing field of the role of TG2 in cancer stem cells survival and epithelial–mesenchymal transition, apoptosis and differentiation, and formation of aggressive metastatic phenotypes.
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Jeon HY, Lee YJ, Kim YS, Kim SY, Han ET, Park WS, Hong SH, Kim YM, Ha KS. Proinsulin C‐peptide prevents hyperglycemia‐induced vascular leakage and metastasis of melanoma cells in the lungs of diabetic mice. FASEB J 2019; 33:750-762. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.201800723r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hye-Yoon Jeon
- Department of Molecular and Cellular BiochemistryKangwon National University School of Medicine Chuncheon Korea
| | - Yeon-Ju Lee
- Department of Molecular and Cellular BiochemistryKangwon National University School of Medicine Chuncheon Korea
| | - You-Sun Kim
- Department of BiochemistryAjou University School of Medicine Suwon Korea
| | - Soo-Youl Kim
- Cancer Cell and Molecular Biology BranchNational Cancer Center Goyang Korea
| | - Eun-Taek Han
- Department of Medical Environmental Biology and Tropical MedicineKangwon National University School of Medicine Chuncheon Korea
| | - Won Sun Park
- Department of PhysiologyKangwon National University School of Medicine Chuncheon Korea
| | - Seok-Ho Hong
- Department of Internal MedicineKangwon National University School of Medicine Chuncheon Korea
| | - Young-Myeong Kim
- Department of Molecular and Cellular BiochemistryKangwon National University School of Medicine Chuncheon Korea
| | - Kwon-Soo Ha
- Department of Molecular and Cellular BiochemistryKangwon National University School of Medicine Chuncheon Korea
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34
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Affiliation(s)
- Laszlo Lorand
- Department of Cell and Molecular BiologyNorthwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine Chicago Illinois USA
| | - Siiri E. Iismaa
- Molecular Cardiology and Biophysics DivisionVictor Chang Cardiac Research Institute Darlinghurst New South Wales Australia
- St Vincent's Clinical SchoolUniversity of New South Wales Kensington New South Wales Australia
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35
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Adhikary G, Grun D, Alexander HR, Friedberg JS, Xu W, Keillor JW, Kandasamy S, Eckert RL. Transglutaminase is a mesothelioma cancer stem cell survival protein that is required for tumor formation. Oncotarget 2018; 9:34495-34505. [PMID: 30349644 PMCID: PMC6195372 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.26130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 09/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesothelioma is a rare cancer of the mesothelial cell layer of the pleura, peritoneum, pericardium and tunica vaginalis. It is typically caused by asbestos, notoriously resistant to chemotherapy and generally considered incurable with a poor life expectancy. Transglutaminase 2 (TG2), a GTP binding regulatory protein, is an important cancer stem cell survival and therapy resistance factor. We show that TG2 is highly expressed in human mesothelioma tumors and in mesothelioma cancer stem cells (MCS cells). TG2 knockdown or TG2 inhibitor treatment reduces MCS cell spheroid formation, matrigel invasion, migration and tumor formation. Time to tumor first appearance is doubled in TG2 knockout cells as compared to wild-type. In addition, TG2 loss is associated with reduced expression of stemness, and epithelial mesenchymal transition markers, and enhanced apoptosis. These studies indicate that TG2 is an important MCS cell survival protein and suggest that TG2 may serve as a mesothelioma cancer stem cell therapy target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gautam Adhikary
- 1 Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Daniel Grun
- 1 Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - H. Richard Alexander
- 7 Department of Surgery, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | - Joseph S. Friedberg
- 4 Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA,5 Department of Surgery and Division of General and Surgical Oncology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Wen Xu
- 1 Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Sivaveera Kandasamy
- 5 Department of Surgery and Division of General and Surgical Oncology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Richard L. Eckert
- 1 Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA,2 Department of Dermatology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA,3 Department of Reproductive Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA,4 Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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36
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Katt WP, Blobel NJ, Komarova S, Antonyak MA, Nakano I, Cerione RA. A small molecule regulator of tissue transglutaminase conformation inhibits the malignant phenotype of cancer cells. Oncotarget 2018; 9:34379-34397. [PMID: 30344949 PMCID: PMC6188150 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.26193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 09/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The protein crosslinking enzyme tissue transglutaminase (tTG) is an acyltransferase which catalyzes transamidation reactions between two proteins, or between a protein and a polyamine. It is frequently overexpressed in several different types of human cancer cells, where it has been shown to contribute to their growth, survival, and invasiveness. tTG is capable of adopting two distinct conformational states: a protein crosslinking active (“open”) state, and a GTP-bound, crosslinking inactive (“closed”) state. We have previously shown that the ectopic expression of mutant forms of tTG, which constitutively adopt the open conformation, are toxic to cells. This raises the possibility that strategies directed toward causing tTG to maintain an open state could potentially provide a therapeutic benefit for cancers in which tTG is highly expressed. Here, we report the identification of a small molecule, TTGM 5826, which stabilizes the open conformation of tTG. Treatment of breast and brain cancer cell lines, as well as glioma stem cells, with this molecule broadly inhibits their transformed phenotypes. Thus, TTGM 5826 represents the lead compound for a new class of small molecules that promote the toxicity of cancer cells by stabilizing the open state of tTG.
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Affiliation(s)
- William P Katt
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Nicolas J Blobel
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Svetlana Komarova
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Marc A Antonyak
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Ichiro Nakano
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Richard A Cerione
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.,Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
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37
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Role of Transglutaminase 2 in Migration of Tumor Cells and How Mouse Models Fit. Med Sci (Basel) 2018; 6:medsci6030070. [PMID: 30200219 PMCID: PMC6164270 DOI: 10.3390/medsci6030070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Revised: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A search for the "magic bullet", a molecule, the targeting abilities of which could stop the migration of tumor cells, is currently underway, but remains in the early stages. There are still many unknowns regarding the cell migration. The main approach is the employment of mouse models, that are sources of valuable information, but still cannot answer all of the questions. One of the molecules of interest is Transglutaminase 2 (TG2). It is a well-described molecule involved in numerous pathways and elevated in metastatic tumors. The question remains whether mice and humans can give the same answer considering TG2.
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38
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Katt WP, Antonyak MA, Cerione RA. The diamond anniversary of tissue transglutaminase: a protein of many talents. Drug Discov Today 2018; 23:575-591. [PMID: 29362136 PMCID: PMC5864117 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2018.01.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Revised: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Tissue transglutaminase (tTG) is capable of binding and hydrolyzing GTP, as well as catalyzing an enzymatic transamidation reaction that crosslinks primary amines to glutamine residues. tTG adopts two vastly different conformations, depending on whether it is functioning as a GTP-binding protein or a crosslinking enzyme. It has been shown to have important roles in several different aspects of cancer progression, making it an attractive target for therapeutic intervention. Here, we highlight many of the major findings involving tTG since its discovery 60 years ago, and describe recent drug discovery efforts that target specific activities or conformations of this unique protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- William P Katt
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cornell University, NY, USA
| | - Marc A Antonyak
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cornell University, NY, USA
| | - Richard A Cerione
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cornell University, NY, USA; Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, NY, USA.
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39
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Karicheva O, Rodriguez-Vargas JM, Wadier N, Martin-Hernandez K, Vauchelles R, Magroun N, Tissier A, Schreiber V, Dantzer F. PARP3 controls TGFβ and ROS driven epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and stemness by stimulating a TG2-Snail-E-cadherin axis. Oncotarget 2018; 7:64109-64123. [PMID: 27579892 PMCID: PMC5325429 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.11627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Several members of the Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) family are essential regulators of genome integrity, actively prospected as drug targets for cancer therapy. Among them, PARP3 is well characterized for its functions in double-strand break repair and mitotis. Here we report that PARP3 also plays an integral role in TGFβ and reactive oxygen species (ROS) dependent epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and stem-like cell properties in human mammary epithelial and breast cancer cells. PARP3 expression is higher in breast cancer cells of the mesenchymal phenotype and correlates with the expression of the mesenchymal marker Vimentin while being in inverse correlation with the epithelial marker E-cadherin. Furthermore, PARP3 expression is significantly upregulated during TGFβ-induced EMT in various human epithelial cells. In line with this observation, PARP3 depletion alters TGFβ-dependent EMT of mammary epithelial cells by preventing the induction of the Snail-E-cadherin axis, the dissolution of cell junctions, the acquisition of cell motility and chemoresistance. PARP3 responds to TGFβ-induced ROS to promote a TG2-Snail-E-cadherin axis during EMT. Considering the link between EMT and cancer stem cells, we show that PARP3 promotes stem-like cell properties in mammary epithelial and breast cancer cells by inducing the expression of the stem cell markers SOX2 and OCT4, by increasing the proportion of tumor initiating CD44high/CD24low population and the formation of tumor spheroid bodies, and by promoting stem cell self-renewal. These findings point to a novel role of PARP3 in the control of TGFβ-induced EMT and acquisition of stem-like cell features and further motivate efforts to identify PARP3 specific inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Karicheva
- Poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation and Genome Integrity, Laboratoire d'Excellence Medalis, UMR7242, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique/Université de Strasbourg, Institut de Recherche de l'Ecole de Biotechnologie de Strasbourg, 67412 Illkirch, France
| | - José Manuel Rodriguez-Vargas
- Poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation and Genome Integrity, Laboratoire d'Excellence Medalis, UMR7242, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique/Université de Strasbourg, Institut de Recherche de l'Ecole de Biotechnologie de Strasbourg, 67412 Illkirch, France
| | - Nadège Wadier
- Poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation and Genome Integrity, Laboratoire d'Excellence Medalis, UMR7242, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique/Université de Strasbourg, Institut de Recherche de l'Ecole de Biotechnologie de Strasbourg, 67412 Illkirch, France
| | - Kathline Martin-Hernandez
- Poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation and Genome Integrity, Laboratoire d'Excellence Medalis, UMR7242, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique/Université de Strasbourg, Institut de Recherche de l'Ecole de Biotechnologie de Strasbourg, 67412 Illkirch, France
| | - Romain Vauchelles
- Laboratoire de Biophotonique et Pharmacologie, UMR7213, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique/Université de Strasbourg, Faculté de Pharmacie, 67401 Illkirch, France
| | - Najat Magroun
- Poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation and Genome Integrity, Laboratoire d'Excellence Medalis, UMR7242, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique/Université de Strasbourg, Institut de Recherche de l'Ecole de Biotechnologie de Strasbourg, 67412 Illkirch, France
| | - Agnès Tissier
- EMT and Cancer Cell Plasticity, Laboratoire d'Excellence DevWeCan, Equipe labellisée Ligue Nationale Contre Le Cancer, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie, UMR INSERM 1052 CNRS 5286, Centre Léon Bérard, F-69008 Lyon, France
| | - Valérie Schreiber
- Poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation and Genome Integrity, Laboratoire d'Excellence Medalis, UMR7242, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique/Université de Strasbourg, Institut de Recherche de l'Ecole de Biotechnologie de Strasbourg, 67412 Illkirch, France
| | - Françoise Dantzer
- Poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation and Genome Integrity, Laboratoire d'Excellence Medalis, UMR7242, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique/Université de Strasbourg, Institut de Recherche de l'Ecole de Biotechnologie de Strasbourg, 67412 Illkirch, France
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40
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Lee HT, Huang CH, Chen WC, Tsai CS, Chao YL, Liu SH, Chen JH, Wu YY, Lee YJ. Transglutaminase 2 Promotes Migration and Invasion of Lung Cancer Cells. Oncol Res 2018; 26:1175-1182. [PMID: 29301592 PMCID: PMC7844758 DOI: 10.3727/096504018x15149761920868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer deaths worldwide. Given that the major threat of cancer is metastasis, delineation of the molecular mechanism underlying it would help devise therapeutic strategies. Transglutaminase 2 (TG2), belonging to the transglutaminase superfamily, is a versatile protein with enzymatic and nonenzymatic functions. It mainly localizes inside the cell, but also appears extracellularly. Recent findings have demonstrated the involvement of TG2 in cancer development. Here we examine the role of TG2 in metastasis of lung cancer using a lung cancer cell line CL1-0, which exhibits low invasiveness, and its invasive subline CL1-5. Our results show that CL1-5 cells express a higher amount of TG2 than CL1-0 cells. Overexpression of TG2 in CL1-0 enhances cell migration and invasion, and lowering TG2 expression in CL1-5 cells reduces their ability to do so. The transamidase activity of TG2 is not required since cells expressing the inactive TG2 mutant or treated with a TG2 inhibitor are still able to migrate and invade. TG2-stimulated migration and invasion are, at least in part, mediated by Rac, as inhibition of Rac activity suppresses cell migration and invasion. Lastly, exogenous application of recombinant TG2 protein to CL1-0 cells substantially augments cell migration and invasion, suggesting the significance of extracellular TG2 in promoting these events. Collectively, our results show that TG2 plays a positive role in cell migration and invasion, and this might help metastasis of lung cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung-Tsung Lee
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Antai Tian-Sheng Memorial Hospital, Pingtung, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Cheng-Hsieh Huang
- Institute of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Wuan-Chun Chen
- Institute of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Chi-Shan Tsai
- Institute of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Yu-Lin Chao
- Institute of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Szu-Han Liu
- Institute of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Jun-Hong Chen
- Institute of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Yi-Ying Wu
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Yi-Ju Lee
- Institute of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China
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41
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Ko KW, Choi B, Park S, Arai Y, Choi WC, Lee JM, Bae H, Han IB, Lee SH. Down-Regulation of Transglutaminase 2 Stimulates Redifferentiation of Dedifferentiated Chondrocytes through Enhancing Glucose Metabolism. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:E2359. [PMID: 29112123 PMCID: PMC5713328 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18112359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Revised: 10/28/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Expansion of chondrocytes for repair of articular cartilage can lead to dedifferentiation, making it difficult to obtain a sufficient quantity of chondrocytes. Although previous studies have suggested that culture in a three-dimensional environment induces redifferentiation of dedifferentiated chondrocytes, its underlying mechanisms are still poorly understood in terms of metabolism compared with a two-dimensional environment. In this study, we demonstrate that attenuation of transglutaminase 2 (TG2), a multifunctional enzyme, stimulates redifferentiation of dedifferentiated chondrocytes. Fibroblast-like morphological changes increased as TG2 expression increased in passage-dependent manner. When dedifferentiated chondrocytes were cultured in a pellet culture system, TG2 expression was reduced and glycolytic enzyme expression up-regulated. Previous studies demonstrated that TG2 influences energy metabolism, and impaired glycolytic metabolism causes chondrocyte dedifferentiation. Interestingly, TG2 knockdown improved chondrogenic gene expression, glycolytic enzyme expression, and lactate production in a monolayer culture system. Taken together, down-regulation of TG2 is involved in redifferentiaton of dedifferentiated chondrocytes through enhancing glucose metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoung-Won Ko
- Department of Biomedical Science, College of Life Science, CHA University, Seongnam-si 13488, Korea.
| | - Bogyu Choi
- Department of Biomedical Science, College of Life Science, CHA University, Seongnam-si 13488, Korea.
| | - Sunghyun Park
- Department of Biomedical Science, College of Life Science, CHA University, Seongnam-si 13488, Korea.
| | - Yoshie Arai
- Department of Biomedical Science, College of Life Science, CHA University, Seongnam-si 13488, Korea.
| | - Won Chul Choi
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Bundang Medical Center, CHA University, Seongnam-si 13496, Gyeonggi-do, Korea.
| | - Joong-Myung Lee
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Bundang Medical Center, CHA University, Seongnam-si 13496, Gyeonggi-do, Korea.
| | - Hojae Bae
- College of Animal Bioscience and Technology, Department of Bioindustrial Technologies, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea.
| | - In-Bo Han
- Department of Neurosurgery, CHA University, CHA Bundang Medical Center, Seongnam-si 13496, Korea.
| | - Soo-Hong Lee
- Department of Biomedical Science, College of Life Science, CHA University, Seongnam-si 13488, Korea.
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Meshram DD, Pike CV, Coussons PJ. Inhibition of Transglutaminase 2 activity increases cisplatin cytotoxicity in a model of human hepatocarcinoma chemotherapy. Eur J Pharmacol 2017; 815:332-342. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2017.09.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Revised: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Tissue transglutaminase induces Epithelial-Mesenchymal-Transition and the acquisition of stem cell like characteristics in colorectal cancer cells. Oncotarget 2017; 8:20025-20041. [PMID: 28223538 PMCID: PMC5386741 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.15370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 01/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Human colon cancer cell lines (CRCs) RKO, SW480 and SW620 were investigated for TG2 involvement in tumour advancement and aggression. TG2 expression correlated with tumour advancement and expression of markers of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). The metastatic cell line SW620 showed high TG2 expression compared to the primary tumour cell lines SW480 and RKO and could form tumour spheroids under non- adherent conditions. TG2 manipulation in the CRCs by shRNA or TG2 transduction confirmed the relationship between TG2 and EMT. TGFβ1 expression in CRC cells, and its level in the cell medium and extracellular matrix was increased in primary tumour CRCs overexpressing TG2 and could regulate TG2 expression and EMT by both canonical (RKO) and non-canonical (RKO and SW480) signalling. TGFβ1 regulation was not observed in the metastatic SW620 cell line, but TG2 knockdown or inhibition in SW620 reversed EMT. In SW620, TG2 expression and EMT was associated with increased presence of nuclear β-catenin which could be mediated by association of TG2 with the Wnt signalling co-receptor LRP5. TG2 inhibition/knockdown increased interaction between β-catenin and ubiquitin shown by co-immunoprecipitation, suggesting that TG2 could be important in β-catenin regulation. β-Catenin and TG2 was also upregulated in SW620 spheroid cells enriched with cancer stem cell marker CD44 and TG2 inhibition/knockdown reduced the spheroid forming potential of SW620 cells. Our data suggests that TG2 could hold both prognostic and therapeutic significance in colon cancer.
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44
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Kerr C, Szmacinski H, Fisher ML, Nance B, Lakowicz JR, Akbar A, Keillor JW, Wong TL, Godoy-Ruiz R, Toth EA, Weber DJ, Eckert RL. Transamidase site-targeted agents alter the conformation of the transglutaminase cancer stem cell survival protein to reduce GTP binding activity and cancer stem cell survival. Oncogene 2017; 36:2981-2990. [PMID: 27941875 PMCID: PMC5444990 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2016.452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Revised: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Type 2 transglutaminase (TG2) is an important cancer stem cell survival protein that exists in open and closed conformations. The major intracellular form is the closed conformation that functions as a GTP-binding GTPase and is required for cancer stem cell survival. However, at a finite rate, TG2 transitions to an open conformation that exposes the transamidase catalytic site involved in protein-protein crosslinking. The activities are mutually exclusive, as the closed conformation has GTP binding/GTPase activity, and the open conformation transamidase activity. We recently showed that GTP binding, but not transamidase activity, is required for TG2-dependent cancer stem cell invasion, migration and tumour formation. However, we were surprised that transamidase site-specific inhibitors reduce cancer stem cell survival. We now show that compounds NC9, VA4 and VA5, which react exclusively at the TG2 transamidase site, inhibit both transamidase and GTP-binding activities. Transamidase activity is inhibited by direct inhibitor binding at the transamidase site, and GTP binding is blocked because inhibitor interaction at the transamidase site locks the protein in the extended/open conformation to disorganize/inactivate the GTP binding/GTPase site. These findings suggest that transamidase site-specific inhibitors can inhibit GTP binding/signalling by driving a conformation change that disorganizes the TG2 GTP binding to reduce TG2-dependent signalling, and that drugs designed to target this site may be potent anti-cancer agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Candace Kerr
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, 21201
| | - Henryk Szmacinski
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, 21201
| | - Matthew L. Fisher
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, 21201
| | - Bailey Nance
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, 21201
| | - Joseph R. Lakowicz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, 21201
| | - Abdullah Akbar
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario
| | - Jeffrey W. Keillor
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario
| | - Tin Lok Wong
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, and Center for Biomolecular Therapeutics, Rockville, Maryland
| | - Raquel Godoy-Ruiz
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, and Center for Biomolecular Therapeutics, Rockville, Maryland
| | - Eric A. Toth
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, 21201
- Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Cancer Center, The University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, 21201
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, and Center for Biomolecular Therapeutics, Rockville, Maryland
| | - David J. Weber
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, 21201
- Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Cancer Center, The University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, 21201
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, and Center for Biomolecular Therapeutics, Rockville, Maryland
| | - Richard L. Eckert
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, 21201
- Department of Dermatology, The University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, 21201
- Department of Reproductive Biology, The University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, 21201
- Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Cancer Center, The University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, 21201
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Sinha A, Paul BT, Sullivan LM, Sims H, Bastawisy AE, Yousef HF, Zekri ARN, Bahnassy AA, ElShamy WM. BRCA1-IRIS overexpression promotes and maintains the tumor initiating phenotype: implications for triple negative breast cancer early lesions. Oncotarget 2017; 8:10114-10135. [PMID: 28052035 PMCID: PMC5354646 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.14357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor-initiating cells (TICs) are cancer cells endowed with self-renewal, multi-lineage differentiation, increased chemo-resistance, and in breast cancers the CD44+/CD24-/ALDH1+ phenotype. Triple negative breast cancers show lack of BRCA1 expression in addition to enhanced basal, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), and TIC phenotypes. BRCA1-IRIS (hereafter IRIS) is an oncogene produced by the alternative usage of the BRCA1 locus. IRIS is involved in induction of replication, transcription of selected oncogenes, and promoting breast cancer cells aggressiveness. Here, we demonstrate that IRIS overexpression (IRISOE) promotes TNBCs through suppressing BRCA1 expression, enhancing basal-biomarkers, EMT-inducers, and stemness-enforcers expression. IRISOE also activates the TIC phenotype in TNBC cells through elevating CD44 and ALDH1 expression/activity and preventing CD24 surface presentation by activating the internalization pathway EGFR→c-Src→cortactin. We show that the intrinsic sensitivity to an anti-CD24 cross-linking antibody-induced cell death in membranous CD24 expressing/luminal A cells could be acquired in cytoplasmic CD24 expressing IRISOE TNBC/TIC cells through IRIS silencing or inactivation. We show that fewer IRISOE TNBC/TICs cells form large tumors composed of TICs, resembling TNBCs early lesions in patients that contain metastatic precursors capable of disseminating and metastasizing at an early stage of the disease. IRIS-inhibitory peptide killed these IRISOE TNBC/TICs, in vivo and prevented their dissemination and metastasis. We propose IRIS inactivation could be pursued to prevent dissemination and metastasis from early TNBC tumor lesions in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhilasha Sinha
- Cancer Institute, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - Bibbin T. Paul
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Lisa M. Sullivan
- Department of Pathology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - Hillary Sims
- Department of Pathology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - Ahmed El Bastawisy
- Medical Oncology, National Cancer Institute, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Hend F. Yousef
- Cytogenetics and Molecular Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | | | - Abeer A. Bahnassy
- Molecular Pathology and Cytogenetics, National Cancer Institute, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Wael M. ElShamy
- Cancer Institute, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
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46
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Liu F, Zhang H, Song H. Upregulation of MEK5 by Stat3 promotes breast cancer cell invasion and metastasis. Oncol Rep 2017; 37:83-90. [PMID: 27878304 DOI: 10.3892/or.2016.5256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitogen extracellular-signal-regulated kinase kinase 5 (MEK5) plays an important role in promoting cell proliferation and tumorigenesis. The aberrant expression of MEK5 has been reported in various malignant diseases including cancers of breast, prostate, lung, colorectal and brain. However, the function and regulation of MEK5 signaling pathway are ambiguous and remain elusive with respect to its oncogenic roles in various cancers, especially in the regulation of the initiation and progression of cancer invasion and metastasis. Ectopic expression of MEK5 or knockdown of MEK5 by shRNA with in vitro cell based models demonstrated the role of MEK5 in regulation of epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) and breast cancer invasion and metastasis. Here, we show that MEK5 upregulated by Stat3 promotes breast cancer cell invasion through EMT. Further study demonstrated that Stat3 could bind to promoter region of MEK5 and enhanced MEK5 transcription and expression. In addition, the phosphorylation of MEK5 significantly increased in breast cancer cells corresponding to metastatic capability of breast cancer cells. The depletion of MEK5 by shRNA significantly decreased breast cancer invasion. Ectopic expression of MEK5 could confer non-invasive breast cancer cells to become invasion capable cells. Moreover, the phosphorylation of Erk5, a MEK5-regulated downstream kinase, was also upregulated consistent with the increased level of active MEK5. Our studies provide insights into a molecular mechanism by which MEK5 transcriptionally upregulated by Stat3 augments breast cancer cell EMT, which subsequently enhances cancer cell invasion and metastasis. This finding may suggest that Stat3 and MEK5/Erk5 pathways could be an effective therapeutic target for inhibition of breast cancer invasion and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Liu
- Xi'an Jiaotong University Suzhou Academy, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, P.R. China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Shantou University Medical College Cancer Research Center, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, P.R. China
| | - Hui Song
- Xi'an Jiaotong University Suzhou Academy, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, P.R. China
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47
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Prognostic role of tissue transglutaminase 2 in colon carcinoma. Virchows Arch 2016; 469:611-619. [PMID: 27620315 DOI: 10.1007/s00428-016-2020-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Revised: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Tissue transglutaminase 2 (TG2) is involved in many biological processes, from wound healing to neurodegeneration. Recently, there has been an increasing interest in this enzyme as a potential prognostic marker or therapy target in human neoplasms. The aim of this study was to analyze expression of TG2 messenger RNA (mRNA) and protein in colon cancer samples and to evaluate the potential value of TG2 as prognostic marker. We investigated not only expression level but also location of the protein in a series of human tumors. In silico analysis using the GSE39582 dataset showed that TG2 mRNA expression is associated with earlier relapse. The results of qPCR in our cohort showed TG2 mRNA to be up-regulated in 25 out of 70 samples (34 %). Kaplan-Meier plots and log-rank test showed that patients with high TG2 mRNA expression have significantly worse prognosis in terms of overall survival (OS) and a trend to earlier recurrence. Immunohistochemical staining of tumor sections for TG2 revealed stromal staining in 152 cases (88 %) and epithelial cell staining in 105 cases (62 %). In stage II patients, stromal expression showed a significant association with disease-free survival (DFS). In patients with metastatic disease, TG2 expression was also associated with poor prognosis. Cox multivariate analysis showed that TG2 expression in epithelial cells is significantly and independently associated with OS, together with node involvement and presence of metastasis. Stromal TG2 expression was associated with DFS. In summary, in non-metastatic colorectal cancer patients, stromal TG2 expression is significantly associated with DFS and epithelial TG2 expression with OS, independently of node involvement and metastasis.
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48
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Agnihotri N, Mehta K. Transglutaminase-2: evolution from pedestrian protein to a promising therapeutic target. Amino Acids 2016; 49:425-439. [PMID: 27562794 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-016-2320-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The ability of cancer cells to metastasize represents the most devastating feature of cancer. Currently, there are no specific biomarkers or therapeutic targets that can be used to predict the risk or to treat metastatic cancer. Many recent reports have demonstrated elevated expression of transglutaminase 2 (TG2) in multiple drug-resistant and metastatic cancer cells. TG2 is a multifunctional protein mostly known for catalyzing Ca2+-dependent -acyl transferase reaction to form protein crosslinks. Besides this transamidase activity, many Ca2+-independent and non-enzymatic activities of TG2 have been identified. Both, the enzymatic and non-enzymatic activities of TG2 have been implicated in diverse pathophysiological processes such as wound healing, cell growth, cell survival, extracellular matrix modification, apoptosis, and autophagy. Tumors have been frequently referred to as 'wounds that never heal'. Based on the observation that TG2 plays an important role in wound healing and inflammation is known to facilitate cancer growth and progression, we discuss the evidence that TG2 can reprogram inflammatory signaling networks that play fundamental roles in cancer progression. TG2-regulated signaling bestows on cancer cells the ability to proliferate, to resist cell death, to invade, to reprogram glucose metabolism and to metastasize, the attributes that are considered important hallmarks of cancer. Therefore, inhibiting TG2 may offer a novel therapeutic approach for managing and treatment of metastatic cancer. Strategies to inhibit TG2-regulated pathways will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navneet Agnihotri
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, Unit 1950, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1901 East Road, Houston, TX, 77054, USA. .,Department of Biochemistry, Panjab University, Sector 14, Chandigarh, 110 014, India.
| | - Kapil Mehta
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, Unit 1950, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1901 East Road, Houston, TX, 77054, USA. .,MolQ Personalized Medicine, 4505 Maple Street, Bellaire, TX, 77401, USA.
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49
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Fisher ML, Adhikary G, Xu W, Kerr C, Keillor JW, Eckert RL. Type II transglutaminase stimulates epidermal cancer stem cell epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Oncotarget 2016; 6:20525-39. [PMID: 25971211 PMCID: PMC4653023 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.3890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2015] [Accepted: 04/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Type II transglutaminase (TG2) is a multifunctional protein that has recently been implicated as having a role in ECS cell survival. In the present study we investigate the role of TG2 in regulating epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) in ECS cells. Our studies show that TG2 knockdown or treatment with TG2 inhibitor, results in a reduced EMT marker expression, and reduced cell migration and invasion. TG2 has several activities, but the most prominent are its transamidase and GTP binding activity. Analysis of a series of TG2 mutants reveals that TG2 GTP binding activity, but not the transamidase activity, is required for expression of EMT markers (Twist, Snail, Slug, vimentin, fibronectin, N-cadherin and HIF-1α), and increased ECS cell invasion and migration. This coupled with reduced expression of E-cadherin. Additional studies indicate that NF&#ξ03BA;B signaling, which has been implicated as mediating TG2 impact on EMT in breast cancer cells, is not involved in TG2 regulation of EMT in skin cancer. These studies suggest that TG2 is required for maintenance of ECS cell EMT, invasion and migration, and suggests that inhibiting TG2 GTP binding/G-protein related activity may reduce skin cancer tumor survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew L Fisher
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Gautam Adhikary
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Wen Xu
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Candace Kerr
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Jeffrey W Keillor
- Department of Chemistry, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Richard L Eckert
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Dermatology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Reproductive Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Cancer, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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50
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van der Wildt B, Lammertsma AA, Drukarch B, Windhorst AD. Strategies towards in vivo imaging of active transglutaminase type 2 using positron emission tomography. Amino Acids 2016; 49:585-595. [PMID: 27380031 PMCID: PMC5332496 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-016-2288-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Transglutaminase type 2 (TG2) is increasingly linked to the pathogenesis of several diseases, such as celiac disease, cancer, and fibrotic and neurodegenerative diseases. In parallel with becoming an attractive target for therapy, interest in the development of compounds for in vivo imaging of TG2 is rising. Such imaging biomarkers might assist in clarifying the role of TG2 in pathology and in monitoring TG2 inhibition in vivo and thus assist in drug development. In this review, the latest results together with various strategies in TG2 PET tracer development are discussed, including radiolabelling of irreversible and reversible active-site inhibitors, as well as allosteric inhibitors, acyl-donor and acyl-acceptor substrates, and anti-TG2 monoclonal antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berend van der Wildt
- Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- Departments of Anatomy and Neurosciences, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Adriaan A Lammertsma
- Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Benjamin Drukarch
- Departments of Anatomy and Neurosciences, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Albert D Windhorst
- Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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