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Lin L, Pinto A, Wang L, Fukatsu K, Yin Y, Bamforth SD, Bronner ME, Evans SM, Nie S, Anderson RH, Terskikh AV, Grossfeld PD. ETS1 loss in mice impairs cardiac outflow tract septation via a cell migration defect autonomous to the neural crest. Hum Mol Genet 2022; 31:4217-4227. [PMID: 35899771 PMCID: PMC10148727 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddac174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Ets1 deletion in some mouse strains causes septal defects and has been implicated in human congenital heart defects in Jacobsen syndrome, in which one copy of the Ets1 gene is missing. Here, we demonstrate that loss of Ets1 in mice results in a decrease in neural crest (NC) cells migrating into the proximal outflow tract cushions during early heart development, with subsequent malalignment of the cushions relative to the muscular ventricular septum, resembling double outlet right ventricle (DORV) defects in humans. Consistent with this, we find that cultured cardiac NC cells from Ets1 mutant mice or derived from iPS cells from Jacobsen patients exhibit decreased migration speed and impaired cell-to-cell interactions. Together, our studies demonstrate a critical role for ETS1 for cell migration in cardiac NC cells that are required for proper formation of the proximal outflow tracts. These data provide further insights into the molecular and cellular basis for development of the outflow tracts, and how perturbation of NC cells can lead to DORV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lizhu Lin
- Department of Pediatrics, UCSD School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Antonella Pinto
- Department of Biology, Sanford-Burnham-Prebys Institute of Medical Discovery, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Lu Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, UCSD School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Kazumi Fukatsu
- Department of Pediatrics, UCSD School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Yan Yin
- Department of Pediatrics, UCSD School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Simon D Bamforth
- Cardiovascular Research Centre, Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - Marianne E Bronner
- Department of Biology, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Sylvia M Evans
- Department of Pharmacology, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, UCSD, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Shuyi Nie
- Department of Biology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Robert H Anderson
- Cardiovascular Research Centre, Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - Alexey V Terskikh
- Department of Biology, Sanford-Burnham-Prebys Institute of Medical Discovery, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Paul D Grossfeld
- Department of Pediatrics, UCSD School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Division of Cardiology, Rady Children’s Hospital, San Diego, CA 92123, USA
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2
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Development and In Vitro Differentiation of Schwann Cells. Cells 2022; 11:cells11233753. [PMID: 36497014 PMCID: PMC9739763 DOI: 10.3390/cells11233753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Schwann cells are glial cells of the peripheral nervous system. They exist in several subtypes and perform a variety of functions in nerves. Their derivation and culture in vitro are interesting for applications ranging from disease modeling to tissue engineering. Since primary human Schwann cells are challenging to obtain in large quantities, in vitro differentiation from other cell types presents an alternative. Here, we first review the current knowledge on the developmental signaling mechanisms that determine neural crest and Schwann cell differentiation in vivo. Next, an overview of studies on the in vitro differentiation of Schwann cells from multipotent stem cell sources is provided. The molecules frequently used in those protocols and their involvement in the relevant signaling pathways are put into context and discussed. Focusing on hiPSC- and hESC-based studies, different protocols are described and compared, regarding cell sources, differentiation methods, characterization of cells, and protocol efficiency. A brief insight into developments regarding the culture and differentiation of Schwann cells in 3D is given. In summary, this contribution provides an overview of the current resources and methods for the differentiation of Schwann cells, it supports the comparison and refinement of protocols and aids the choice of suitable methods for specific applications.
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3
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Abstract
SUMMARY The advent of pluripotent stem cells following the discovery of Shinya Yamanaka (2012 Nobel prize in Medicine) brought about a regenerative medicine approach to virtually every human condition including hair loss. It is now possible to reprogram somatic cells (eg, blood or skin cells) from a person experiencing hair loss to generate autologous induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), which could be amplified and cryopreserved. Subsequently, these iPSCs could be differentiated into various cell types such as dermal papilla cells, epithelial cells, melanocytes, and other cell types constituting functional hair follicle. Transplantation of human iPSC-derived folliculogenic cells into the nude mice has successfully generated xenografts with hair outgrowth. Because iPSCs provide a virtually unlimited source of folliculogenic cells for de novo formation of hair follicles, this approach has major advantages over current surgical hair restoration procedures, which merely redistribute existing hair follicles from one part of the sculp to another. Combined with robotics and automation of the transplantation process, this novel regenerative medicine approach is well poised to make hair restoration a routine procedure affordable for everybody who can benefit from it.
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4
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Hulme AJ, McArthur JR, Maksour S, Miellet S, Ooi L, Adams DJ, Finol-Urdaneta RK, Dottori M. Molecular and Functional Characterization of Neurogenin-2 Induced Human Sensory Neurons. Front Cell Neurosci 2020; 14:600895. [PMID: 33362470 PMCID: PMC7761588 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.600895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Sensory perception is fundamental to everyday life, yet understanding of human sensory physiology at the molecular level is hindered due to constraints on tissue availability. Emerging strategies to study and characterize peripheral neuropathies in vitro involve the use of human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) differentiated into dorsal root ganglion (DRG) sensory neurons. However, neuronal functionality and maturity are limited and underexplored. A recent and promising approach for directing hPSC differentiation towards functionally mature neurons involves the exogenous expression of Neurogenin-2 (NGN2). The optimized protocol described here generates sensory neurons from hPSC-derived neural crest (NC) progenitors through virally induced NGN2 expression. NC cells were derived from hPSCs via a small molecule inhibitor approach and enriched for migrating NC cells (66% SOX10+ cells). At the protein and transcript level, the resulting NGN2 induced sensory neurons (NGN2iSNs) express sensory neuron markers such as BRN3A (82% BRN3A+ cells), ISLET1 (91% ISLET1+ cells), TRKA, TRKB, and TRKC. Importantly, NGN2iSNs repetitively fire action potentials (APs) supported by voltage-gated sodium, potassium, and calcium conductances. In-depth analysis of the molecular basis of NGN2iSN excitability revealed functional expression of ion channels associated with the excitability of primary afferent neurons, such as Nav1.7, Nav1.8, Kv1.2, Kv2.1, BK, Cav2.1, Cav2.2, Cav3.2, ASICs and HCN among other ion channels, for which we provide functional and transcriptional evidence. Our characterization of stem cell-derived sensory neurons sheds light on the molecular basis of human sensory physiology and highlights the suitability of using hPSC-derived sensory neurons for modeling human DRG development and their potential in the study of human peripheral neuropathies and drug therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy J Hulme
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW, Australia.,School of Medicine, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Jeffrey R McArthur
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW, Australia.,School of Medicine, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Simon Maksour
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW, Australia.,School of Medicine, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Sara Miellet
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW, Australia.,School of Medicine, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Lezanne Ooi
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW, Australia.,School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia.,Molecular Horizons, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - David J Adams
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW, Australia.,School of Medicine, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia.,Molecular Horizons, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Rocio K Finol-Urdaneta
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW, Australia.,School of Medicine, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Mirella Dottori
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW, Australia.,School of Medicine, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia.,Molecular Horizons, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
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5
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Hayes AJ, Melrose J. Aggrecan, the Primary Weight-Bearing Cartilage Proteoglycan, Has Context-Dependent, Cell-Directive Properties in Embryonic Development and Neurogenesis: Aggrecan Glycan Side Chain Modifications Convey Interactive Biodiversity. Biomolecules 2020; 10:E1244. [PMID: 32867198 PMCID: PMC7564073 DOI: 10.3390/biom10091244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
This review examines aggrecan's roles in developmental embryonic tissues, in tissues undergoing morphogenetic transition and in mature weight-bearing tissues. Aggrecan is a remarkably versatile and capable proteoglycan (PG) with diverse tissue context-dependent functional attributes beyond its established role as a weight-bearing PG. The aggrecan core protein provides a template which can be variably decorated with a number of glycosaminoglycan (GAG) side chains including keratan sulphate (KS), human natural killer trisaccharide (HNK-1) and chondroitin sulphate (CS). These convey unique tissue-specific functional properties in water imbibition, space-filling, matrix stabilisation or embryonic cellular regulation. Aggrecan also interacts with morphogens and growth factors directing tissue morphogenesis, remodelling and metaplasia. HNK-1 aggrecan glycoforms direct neural crest cell migration in embryonic development and is neuroprotective in perineuronal nets in the brain. The ability of the aggrecan core protein to assemble CS and KS chains at high density equips cartilage aggrecan with its well-known water-imbibing and weight-bearing properties. The importance of specific arrangements of GAG chains on aggrecan in all its forms is also a primary morphogenetic functional determinant providing aggrecan with unique tissue context dependent regulatory properties. The versatility displayed by aggrecan in biodiverse contexts is a function of its GAG side chains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony J Hayes
- Bioimaging Research Hub, Cardiff School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AX, Wales, UK
| | - James Melrose
- Raymond Purves Laboratory, Institute of Bone and Joint Research, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Northern Sydney Local Health District, Royal North Shore Hospital, St. Leonards 2065, NSW, Australia
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, NSW, Australia
- Sydney Medical School, Northern, The University of Sydney, Faculty of Medicine and Health at Royal North Shore Hospital, St. Leonards 2065, NSW, Australia
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6
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Babushkina A, Lwigale P. Periocular neural crest cell differentiation into corneal endothelium is influenced by signals in the nascent corneal environment. Dev Biol 2020; 465:119-129. [PMID: 32697973 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2020.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Revised: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
During ocular development, periocular neural crest cells (pNC) migrate into the region between the lens and presumptive corneal epithelium to form the corneal endothelium and stromal keratocytes. Although defects in neural crest cell development are associated with ocular dysgenesis, very little is known about the molecular mechanisms involved in this process. This study focuses on the corneal endothelium, a monolayer of specialized cells that are essential for maintaining normal hydration and transparency of the cornea. In avians, corneal endothelial cells are first to be specified from the pNC during their migration into the presumptive corneal region. To investigate the signals required for formation of the corneal endothelium, we utilized orthotopic and heterotopic injections of dissociated quail pNC into chick ocular regions. We find that pNC are multipotent and that the nascent cornea is competent to induce differentiation of ectopically injected pNC into corneal endothelium. Injected pNC downregulate expression of multipotency transcription factors and upregulate genes that are consistent with ontogenesis of the chick corneal endothelium. Importantly, we showed that TGFβ2 is expressed by the nascent lens and the corneal endothelium, and that TGFβ signaling plays a critical role in changing the molecular signature of pNC in vitro. Collectively, our results demonstrate the significance of the ocular environmental cues towards pNC differentiation, and have potential implications for clinical application of stem cells in the anterior segment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Babushkina
- BioSciences, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Peter Lwigale
- BioSciences, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, TX, USA.
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7
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Loffet E, Brossard L, Mahe MM. Pluripotent stem cell derived intestinal organoids with an enteric nervous system. Methods Cell Biol 2020; 159:175-199. [PMID: 32586442 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mcb.2020.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The use of human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) and differentiation techniques offer new ways to generate specific tissue. It is now possible to differentiate hPSC into human intestinal organoids that include an enteric nervous system. Using step-wise differentiation processes, we generate innervated intestinal organoids that form three-dimensional structures bearing an epithelium, neurons and glial cells embedded in a supporting mesenchyme. Innervated organoids further develop to a complex structure with similar organization and cellular differentiation as the developing intestine. These tools open up new fields of application in the study of the development and pathophysiology of enteric neuropathies. Herein, we describe the generation of both human intestinal organoids and vagal neural crest cells from hPSC and their combination into an innervated organoid. We also discuss technical considerations for these experiments, and highlight advantages and limitations of the system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise Loffet
- Université de Nantes, Inserm, TENS, The Enteric Nervous System in Gut and Brain Diseases, IMAD, Nantes, France
| | - Lisa Brossard
- Université de Nantes, Inserm, TENS, The Enteric Nervous System in Gut and Brain Diseases, IMAD, Nantes, France
| | - Maxime M Mahe
- Université de Nantes, Inserm, TENS, The Enteric Nervous System in Gut and Brain Diseases, IMAD, Nantes, France; Department of Pediatric General and Thoracic Surgery, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States; Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States.
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8
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Mehler VJ, Burns CJ, Stauss H, Francis RJ, Moore ML. Human iPSC-Derived Neural Crest Stem Cells Exhibit Low Immunogenicity. MOLECULAR THERAPY-METHODS & CLINICAL DEVELOPMENT 2020; 16:161-171. [PMID: 32055644 PMCID: PMC7005462 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2019.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Recent clinical trials are evaluating induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) as a cellular therapy in the field of regenerative medicine. The widespread clinical utility of iPSCs is expected to be realized using allogeneic cells that have undergone thorough safety evaluations, including assessment of their immunogenicity. IPSC-derived neural crest stem cells (NCSCs) have significant potential in regenerative medicine; however, their application in cellular therapy has not been widely studied to date, and no reports on their potential immunogenicity have been published so far. In this study, we have assessed the expression of immune-related antigens in iPSC-NCSCs, including human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class I and II and co-stimulatory molecules. To investigate functional immunogenicity, we used iPSC-NCSCs as stimulator cells in a one-way mixed lymphocyte reaction. In these experiments, iPSC-NCSCs did not stimulate detectable proliferation of CD3+ and CD3+CD8+ T cells or induce cytokine production. We show that this was not a result of any immunosuppressive features of iPSC-NCSCs, but rather more consistent with their non-immunogenic molecular phenotype. These results are encouraging for the potential future use of iPSC-NCSCs as a cellular therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera J Mehler
- Endocrinology Section, Biotherapeutics, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control (NIBSC), Blanche Lane, Potters Bar EN6 3QG, UK.,Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Chris J Burns
- Endocrinology Section, Biotherapeutics, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control (NIBSC), Blanche Lane, Potters Bar EN6 3QG, UK
| | - Hans Stauss
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Robert J Francis
- Biological Imaging Group, Analytical and Biological Sciences, NIBSC, Blanche Lane, Potters Bar EN6 3QG, UK
| | - Melanie L Moore
- Endocrinology Section, Biotherapeutics, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control (NIBSC), Blanche Lane, Potters Bar EN6 3QG, UK
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9
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Miron A, Spinozzi D, Ní Dhubhghaill S, Lie JT, Oellerich S, Melles GRJ. In vitro endothelial cell migration from limbal edge-modified Quarter-DMEK grafts. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0225462. [PMID: 31747441 PMCID: PMC6867638 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0225462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Endothelial cell migration plays a crucial role in achieving corneal clearance after corneal transplantation when using smaller-sized endothelial grafts to increase the donor pool. In this study we investigated how different strategies of Quarter-Descemet Membrane Endothelial Keratoplasty (Quarter-DMEK) limbal graft edge modification influence peripheral endothelial cell migration in an in vitro culture environment. For this study, 15 Quarter-DMEK grafts, prepared from 7 corneas deemed ineligible for transplantation but with intact and viable endothelial cells, were embedded in a cooled biocompatible, thermoresponsive matrix for culture. The limbal edge of ten Quarter-DMEK grafts were modified, either by using a small diameter punch or by peripheral radial cuts. All Quarter-DMEK grafts showed substantial collective endothelial cell migration from the radial cut graft edges, as observed by light microscopy at standardized time intervals. Grafts were retrieved from the polymer matrix after the two-week culture for immunohistochemistry analyses of the newly formed cell monolayers; this demonstrated the presence of tightly packed and viable cells that showed higher migratory ability at the leading edge. Peripheral endothelial cell migration, however, was not triggered by increasing cell exposure to free space through surgical modifications of the far periphery. Our data suggest that alterations in the far peripheral area of Quarter-DMEK grafts were insufficient to triggering cell migration from the limbal graft edge. This may be due to transient-amplifying cells that reside in the far periphery and which lack cytokinetic directional cues. Understanding the migration capacity of the peripheral endothelium could unlock cells' therapeutic potential which are, at present, routinely discarded from transplantation. Encouraging peripheral cell migration may also improve clinical outcomes from Quarter-DMEK, but a more effective solution is required prior to clinical implementation of modified grafts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alina Miron
- Netherlands Institute for Innovative Ocular Surgery, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Melles Cornea Clinic Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Daniele Spinozzi
- Netherlands Institute for Innovative Ocular Surgery, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sorcha Ní Dhubhghaill
- Netherlands Institute for Innovative Ocular Surgery, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Melles Cornea Clinic Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jessica T. Lie
- Netherlands Institute for Innovative Ocular Surgery, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Amnitrans EyeBank Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Silke Oellerich
- Netherlands Institute for Innovative Ocular Surgery, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Gerrit R. J. Melles
- Netherlands Institute for Innovative Ocular Surgery, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Melles Cornea Clinic Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Amnitrans EyeBank Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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10
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Vega FM, Colmenero-Repiso A, Gómez-Muñoz MA, Rodríguez-Prieto I, Aguilar-Morante D, Ramírez G, Márquez C, Cabello R, Pardal R. CD44-high neural crest stem-like cells are associated with tumour aggressiveness and poor survival in neuroblastoma tumours. EBioMedicine 2019; 49:82-95. [PMID: 31685444 PMCID: PMC6945283 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2019.10.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Revised: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Neuroblastoma is a paediatric tumour originated from sympathoadrenal precursors and characterized by its heterogeneity and poor outcome in advanced stages. Intra-tumoral cellular heterogeneity has emerged as an important feature in neuroblastoma, with a potential major impact on tumour aggressiveness and response to therapy. CD44 is an adhesion protein involved in tumour progression, metastasis and stemness in different cancers; however, there has been controversies about the significance of CD44 expression in neuroblastoma and its relationship with tumour progression. Methods We have performed transcriptomic analysis on patient tumour samples studying the outcome of patients with high CD44 expression. Adhesion, invasion and proliferation assays were performed in sorted CD44high neuroblastoma cells. Tumoursphere cultures have been used to enrich in undifferentiated stem-like cells and to asses self-renewal and differentiation potential. We have finally performed in vivo tumorigenic assays on cell line-derived or Patient-derived xenografts. Findings We show that high CD44 expression is associated with low survival in high-grade human neuroblastoma, independently of MYCN amplification. CD44 is expressed in a cell population with neural crest stem-like features, and with the capacity to generate multipotent, undifferentiated tumourspheres in culture. These cells are more invasive and proliferative in vitro. CD44 positive cells obtained from tumours are more tumorigenic and metastatic, giving rise to aggressive neuroblastic tumours at high frequency upon transplantation. Interpretation We describe an unexpected intra-tumoural heterogeneity within cellular entities expressing CD44 in neuroblastoma, and propose that CD44 has a role in neural crest stem-like undifferentiated cells, which can contribute to tumorigenesis and malignancy in this type of cancer. Funding Research supported by grants from the “Asociación Española contra el Cáncer” (AECC), the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation SAF program (SAF2016-80412-P), and the European Research Council (ERC Starting Grant to RP).
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco M Vega
- Dpto. de Biología Celular, Universidad de Sevilla and Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Seville, Spain.
| | - Ana Colmenero-Repiso
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla and Dpto. de Fisiología Médica y Biofísica, Universidad de Sevilla 41013 Seville, Spain
| | - María A Gómez-Muñoz
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla and Dpto. de Fisiología Médica y Biofísica, Universidad de Sevilla 41013 Seville, Spain
| | - Ismael Rodríguez-Prieto
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla and Dpto. de Fisiología Médica y Biofísica, Universidad de Sevilla 41013 Seville, Spain
| | - Diana Aguilar-Morante
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla and Dpto. de Fisiología Médica y Biofísica, Universidad de Sevilla 41013 Seville, Spain
| | - Gema Ramírez
- Unidad de Oncología Pediátrica, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Spain
| | - Catalina Márquez
- Unidad de Oncología Pediátrica, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Spain
| | - Rosa Cabello
- Unidad de Cirugía Pediátrica, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Spain
| | - Ricardo Pardal
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla and Dpto. de Fisiología Médica y Biofísica, Universidad de Sevilla 41013 Seville, Spain.
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11
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Gomez GA, Prasad MS, Wong M, Charney RM, Shelar PB, Sandhu N, Hackland JOS, Hernandez JC, Leung AW, García-Castro MI. WNT/β-catenin modulates the axial identity of embryonic stem cell-derived human neural crest. Development 2019; 146:dev.175604. [PMID: 31399472 DOI: 10.1242/dev.175604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
WNT/β-catenin signaling is crucial for neural crest (NC) formation, yet the effects of the magnitude of the WNT signal remain ill-defined. Using a robust model of human NC formation based on human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs), we expose that the WNT signal modulates the axial identity of NCs in a dose-dependent manner, with low WNT leading to anterior OTX+ HOX- NC and high WNT leading to posterior OTX- HOX+ NC. Differentiation tests of posterior NC confirm expected derivatives, including posterior-specific adrenal derivatives, and display partial capacity to generate anterior ectomesenchymal derivatives. Furthermore, unlike anterior NC, posterior NC exhibits a transient TBXT+/SOX2+ neuromesodermal precursor-like intermediate. Finally, we analyze the contributions of other signaling pathways in posterior NC formation, which suggest a crucial role for FGF in survival/proliferation, and a requirement of BMP for NC maturation. As expected retinoic acid (RA) and FGF are able to modulate HOX expression in the posterior NC. Surprisingly, early RA supplementation prohibits NC formation. This work reveals for the first time that the amplitude of WNT signaling can modulate the axial identity of NC cells in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo A Gomez
- School of Medicine Division of Biomedical Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Maneeshi S Prasad
- School of Medicine Division of Biomedical Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Man Wong
- School of Medicine Division of Biomedical Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Rebekah M Charney
- School of Medicine Division of Biomedical Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Patrick B Shelar
- School of Medicine Division of Biomedical Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Nabjot Sandhu
- School of Medicine Division of Biomedical Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - James O S Hackland
- School of Medicine Division of Biomedical Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Jacqueline C Hernandez
- School of Medicine Division of Biomedical Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Alan W Leung
- School of Medicine Division of Biomedical Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Martín I García-Castro
- School of Medicine Division of Biomedical Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
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12
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Mahe MM. Engineering a second brain in a dish. Brain Res 2019; 1693:165-168. [PMID: 29903618 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2018.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Revised: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The utilization of human pluripotent stem cells holds great promise in elucidating principles of developmental biology and applications in personalized and regenerative medicine. Breakthroughs from the last decade have allowed the scientific community to better understand and successfully manipulate human pluripotent stem cells using distinct differentiation strategies into a variety of target tissues. This manipulation relies solely on our understanding of developmental processes occurring in model organisms. The in vitro translation of our developmental knowledge upon stem cells provides a new means to generate specific tissue to understand developmental and disease mechanisms, as well as physiological processes. The generation of an integrated human intestinal tissue is one such example. In this review, we highlight the biological motivation behind the generation of human intestinal organoids. We further describe the integration of an enteric nervous system within the organoid to generate a functional intestine. Forthcoming strategies to add additional complexities to the intestinal tissue so as to better understand how our "second brain" functions within the gut are also discussed. The organoid system offers a promising avenue to understand how the enteric nervous system works and patterns the human intestine during both physiology and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxime M Mahe
- Department of Pediatric General and Thoracic Surgery, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, S6.609, Building, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH, USA; Inserm UMR 1235 - TENS, INSERM, University of Nantes, Rm427, Faculty of Medicine, 1 Rue Gaston Veil, Nantes, France.
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13
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Gomez GA, Prasad MS, Sandhu N, Shelar PB, Leung AW, García-Castro MI. Human neural crest induction by temporal modulation of WNT activation. Dev Biol 2019; 449:99-106. [PMID: 30826399 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2019.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Revised: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The developmental biology of neural crest cells in humans remains unexplored due to technical and ethical challenges. The use of pluripotent stem cells to model human neural crest development has gained momentum. We recently introduced a rapid chemically defined approach to induce robust neural crest by WNT/β-CATENIN activation. Here we investigate the temporal requirements of ectopic WNT activation needed to induce neural crest cells. By altering the temporal activation of canonical WNT/β-CATENIN with a GSK3 inhibitor we find that a 2 Day pulse of WNT/β-CATENIN activation via GSK3 inhibition is optimal to generate bona fide neural crest cells, as shown by their capacity to differentiate to neural crest specific fates including peripheral neurons, glia, melanoblasts and ectomesenchymal osteocytes, chondrocytes and adipocytes. Although a 2 Day pulse can impart neural crest character when GSK3 is inhibited days after seeding, optimal results are obtained when WNT is activated from the beginning, and we find that the window of competence to induce NCs from non-neural ectodermal/placodal precursors closes by day 3 of culture. The reduced requirement for exogenous WNT activation offers an approach that is cost-effective, and we show that this adherent 2-dimensional approach is efficient in a broad range of culture platforms ranging from 96-well vessels to 10 cm dishes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo A Gomez
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California Riverside, Riverside, California, USA
| | - Maneeshi S Prasad
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California Riverside, Riverside, California, USA
| | - Nabjot Sandhu
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California Riverside, Riverside, California, USA
| | - Patrick B Shelar
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California Riverside, Riverside, California, USA
| | - Alan W Leung
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California Riverside, Riverside, California, USA; Department of Genetics and Yale Stem Cell Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Martín I García-Castro
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California Riverside, Riverside, California, USA.
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14
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Mohlin S, Kunttas E, Persson CU, Abdel-Haq R, Castillo A, Murko C, Bronner ME, Kerosuo L. Maintaining multipotent trunk neural crest stem cells as self-renewing crestospheres. Dev Biol 2019; 447:137-146. [PMID: 30664880 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2019.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Revised: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Neural crest cells have broad migratory and differentiative ability that differs according to their axial level of origin. However, their transient nature has limited understanding of their stem cell and self-renewal properties. While an in vitro culture method has made it possible to maintain cranial neural crest cells as self-renewing multipotent crestospheres (Kerosuo et al., 2015), these same conditions failed to preserve trunk neural crest in a stem-like state. Here we optimize culture conditions for maintenance of avian trunk crestospheres, comprised of both neural crest stem and progenitor cells. Our trunk-derived crestospheres are multipotent and display self-renewal capacity over several weeks. Trunk crestospheres display elevated expression of neural crest cell markers as compared to those characteristic of ventrolateral neural tube or mesodermal fates. Moreover, trunk crestospheres express increased levels of trunk neural crest-enriched markers as compared to cranial crestospheres. Finally, we use lentiviral transduction as a tool to manipulate gene expression in trunk crestospheres. Taken together, this method enables long-term in vitro maintenance and manipulation of multipotent trunk neural crest cells in a premigratory stem or early progenitor state. Trunk crestospheres are a valuable resource for probing mechanisms underlying neural crest stemness and lineage decisions as well as accompanying diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofie Mohlin
- Department of Pediatrics, Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
| | - Ezgi Kunttas
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Camilla U Persson
- Translational Cancer Research, Lund University Cancer Center at Medicon Village, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Reem Abdel-Haq
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Aldo Castillo
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Christina Murko
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Marianne E Bronner
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Laura Kerosuo
- Neural Crest Development and Disease Unit, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Developmental Biology, Medicum, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
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15
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Abu-Bonsrah KD, Viventi S, Newgreen DF, Dottori M. Generation of Neural Crest Progenitors from Human Pluripotent Stem Cells. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 1976:37-47. [PMID: 30977063 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9412-0_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
There are a vast range of diseases and disorders that are neurocristopathic in origin, including Hirschsprung's disease, pheochromocytoma, familial dysautonomia, craniofacial disorders, and melanomas. Having a source of human neural crest cells is highly valuable for investigating potential treatments for such diseases. This chapter describes a robust and well-characterized protocol for deriving neural crest from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs), which can then be differentiated to neuronal and non-neuronal lineages. The protocol is adapted to suit hPSC maintenance as a monolayer bulk culture or as manual-passaged colonies, which makes it widely applicable to researchers that may use different systems for hPSC maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwaku Dad Abu-Bonsrah
- Department of Paedriatrics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Serena Viventi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Centre for Neural Engineering, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | | | - Mirella Dottori
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Centre for Neural Engineering, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia. .,Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia.
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16
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Méndez-Maldonado K, Vega-López G, Caballero-Chacón S, Aybar MJ, Velasco I. Activation of Hes1 and Msx1 in Transgenic Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells Increases Differentiation into Neural Crest Derivatives. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E4025. [PMID: 30551562 PMCID: PMC6321090 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19124025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Revised: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 12/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The neural crest (NC) comprises a multipotent cell population that produces peripheral neurons, cartilage, and smooth muscle cells, among other phenotypes. The participation of Hes1 and Msx1 when expressed in mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs) undergoing NC differentiation is unexplored. In this work, we generated stable mESCs transfected with constructs encoding chimeric proteins in which the ligand binding domain of glucocorticoid receptor (GR), which is translocated to the nucleus by dexamethasone addition, is fused to either Hes1 (HGR) or Msx1 (MGR), as well as double-transgenic cells (HGR+MGR). These lines continued to express pluripotency markers. Upon NC differentiation, all lines exhibited significantly decreased Sox2 expression and upregulated Sox9, Snai1, and Msx1 expression, indicating NC commitment. Dexamethasone was added to induce nuclear translocation of the chimeric proteins. We found that Collagen IIa transcripts were increased in MGR cells, whereas coactivation of HGR+MGR caused a significant increase in Smooth muscle actin (α-Sma) transcripts. Immunostaining showed that activation in HGR+MGR cells induced higher proportions of β-TUBULIN III⁺, α-SMA⁺ and COL2A1⁺ cells. These findings indicate that nuclear translocation of MSX-1, alone or in combination with HES-1, produce chondrocyte-like cells, and simultaneous activation of HES-1 and MSX-1 increases the generation of smooth muscle and neuronal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karla Méndez-Maldonado
- Instituto de Fisiología Celular-Neurociencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México 04510, México.
- Laboratorio de Reprogramación Celular del Instituto de Fisiología Celular, UNAM en el Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía "Manuel Velasco Suárez", Ciudad de México 14269, México.
- Posgrado en Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México 04510, México.
| | - Guillermo Vega-López
- Instituto Superior de Investigaciones Biológicas (INSIBIO, CONICET-UNT), San Miguel de Tucumán T4000ILI, Argentina.
- Instituto de Biología "Dr. Francisco D. Barbieri", Facultad de Bioquímica, Química y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, San Miguel de Tucumán T4000ILI, Argentina.
| | - Sara Caballero-Chacón
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México 04510, México.
| | - Manuel J Aybar
- Instituto Superior de Investigaciones Biológicas (INSIBIO, CONICET-UNT), San Miguel de Tucumán T4000ILI, Argentina.
- Instituto de Biología "Dr. Francisco D. Barbieri", Facultad de Bioquímica, Química y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, San Miguel de Tucumán T4000ILI, Argentina.
| | - Iván Velasco
- Instituto de Fisiología Celular-Neurociencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México 04510, México.
- Laboratorio de Reprogramación Celular del Instituto de Fisiología Celular, UNAM en el Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía "Manuel Velasco Suárez", Ciudad de México 14269, México.
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17
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Jones I, Novikova LN, Novikov LN, Renardy M, Ullrich A, Wiberg M, Carlsson L, Kingham PJ. Regenerative effects of human embryonic stem cell-derived neural crest cells for treatment of peripheral nerve injury. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2018; 12:e2099-e2109. [PMID: 29327452 PMCID: PMC5947619 DOI: 10.1002/term.2642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Revised: 12/02/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Surgical intervention is the current gold standard treatment following peripheral nerve injury. However, this approach has limitations, and full recovery of both motor and sensory modalities often remains incomplete. The development of artificial nerve grafts that either complement or replace current surgical procedures is therefore of paramount importance. An essential component of artificial grafts is biodegradable conduits and transplanted cells that provide trophic support during the regenerative process. Neural crest cells are promising support cell candidates because they are the parent population to many peripheral nervous system lineages. In this study, neural crest cells were differentiated from human embryonic stem cells. The differentiated cells exhibited typical stellate morphology and protein expression signatures that were comparable with native neural crest. Conditioned media harvested from the differentiated cells contained a range of biologically active trophic factors and was able to stimulate in vitro neurite outgrowth. Differentiated neural crest cells were seeded into a biodegradable nerve conduit, and their regeneration potential was assessed in a rat sciatic nerve injury model. A robust regeneration front was observed across the entire width of the conduit seeded with the differentiated neural crest cells. Moreover, the up-regulation of several regeneration-related genes was observed within the dorsal root ganglion and spinal cord segments harvested from transplanted animals. Our results demonstrate that the differentiated neural crest cells are biologically active and provide trophic support to stimulate peripheral nerve regeneration. Differentiated neural crest cells are therefore promising supporting cell candidates to aid in peripheral nerve repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iwan Jones
- Umeå Center for Molecular Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.,Laboratory of Neural Repair and Cellular Therapy, Department of Integrative Medical Biology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Liudmila N Novikova
- Laboratory of Neural Repair and Cellular Therapy, Department of Integrative Medical Biology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Lev N Novikov
- Laboratory of Neural Repair and Cellular Therapy, Department of Integrative Medical Biology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Monika Renardy
- ITV Denkendorf Product Service GmbH, Denkendorf, Germany
| | | | - Mikael Wiberg
- Laboratory of Neural Repair and Cellular Therapy, Department of Integrative Medical Biology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.,Hand and Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgical and Perioperative Sciences, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Leif Carlsson
- Umeå Center for Molecular Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Paul J Kingham
- Laboratory of Neural Repair and Cellular Therapy, Department of Integrative Medical Biology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
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18
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Arpornmaeklong P, Pressler MJ. Effects of ß-TCP scaffolds on neurogenic and osteogenic differentiation of human embryonic stem cells. Ann Anat 2018; 215:52-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2017.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Revised: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 09/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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19
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Luo H, Wu XQ, Zhao M, Wang Q, Jiang GP, Cai WJ, Luo MY. Expression of vimentin and glial fibrillary acidic protein in central nervous system development of rats. ASIAN PAC J TROP MED 2017; 10:1185-1189. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apjtm.2017.10.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Revised: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 10/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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20
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Münst S, Koch P, Kesavan J, Alexander-Mays M, Münst B, Blaess S, Brüstle O. In vitro segregation and isolation of human pluripotent stem cell-derived neural crest cells. Methods 2017; 133:65-80. [PMID: 29037816 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2017.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Revised: 09/24/2017] [Accepted: 09/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The neural crest (NC) is a transient embryonic cell population with remarkable characteristics. After delaminating from the neural tube, NC cells (NCCs) migrate extensively, populate nearly every tissue of the body and differentiate into highly diverse cell types such as peripheral neurons and glia, but also mesenchymal cells including chondrocytes, osteocytes, and adipocytes. While the NC has been extensively studied in several animal models, little is known about human NC development. A number of methods have been established to derive NCCs in vitro from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSC). Typically, these protocols comprise several cell culture steps to enrich for NCCs in the neural derivatives of the differentiating hPSCs. Here we report on a remarkable and hitherto unnoticed in vitro segregation phenomenon that enables direct extraction of virtually pure NCCs during the earliest stages of hPSC differentiation. Upon aggregation to embryoid bodies (EB) and replating, differentiating hPSCs give rise to a population of NCCs, which spontaneously segregate from the EB outgrowth to form conspicuous, macroscopically visible atoll-shaped clusters in the periphery of the EB outgrowth. Isolation of these NC clusters yields p75NTR(+)/SOXE(+) NCCs, which differentiate to peripheral neurons and glia as well as mesenchymal derivatives. Our data indicate that differentiating hPSC cultures recapitulate, in a simplified manner, the physical segregation of central nervous system (CNS) tissue and NCCs. This phenomenon may be exploited for NCC purification and for studying segregation and differentiation processes observed during early human NC development in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Münst
- Institute of Reconstructive Neurobiology, Life & Brain Center, University of Bonn Medical Faculty, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Philipp Koch
- Institute of Reconstructive Neurobiology, Life & Brain Center, University of Bonn Medical Faculty, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Jaideep Kesavan
- Institute of Reconstructive Neurobiology, Life & Brain Center, University of Bonn Medical Faculty, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Michael Alexander-Mays
- Institute of Human Genetics, Life & Brain Center, University of Bonn Medical Faculty, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Bernhard Münst
- Institute of Reconstructive Neurobiology, Life & Brain Center, University of Bonn Medical Faculty, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Sandra Blaess
- Institute of Reconstructive Neurobiology, Life & Brain Center, University of Bonn Medical Faculty, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Oliver Brüstle
- Institute of Reconstructive Neurobiology, Life & Brain Center, University of Bonn Medical Faculty, 53127 Bonn, Germany.
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21
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Ramírez-García L, Cevallos R, Gazarian K. Unveiling and initial characterization of neural crest-like cells in mesenchymal populations from the human periodontal ligament. J Periodontal Res 2017; 52:609-616. [DOI: 10.1111/jre.12429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- L. Ramírez-García
- Department of Genomic Medicine and Environmental Toxicology; Institute of Biomedical Research; Mexican National Autonomous University; Mexico City Mexico
| | - R. Cevallos
- Department of Genomic Medicine and Environmental Toxicology; Institute of Biomedical Research; Mexican National Autonomous University; Mexico City Mexico
| | - K. Gazarian
- Department of Genomic Medicine and Environmental Toxicology; Institute of Biomedical Research; Mexican National Autonomous University; Mexico City Mexico
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22
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Gazarian KG, Ramírez-García LR. Human Deciduous Teeth Stem Cells (SHED) Display Neural Crest Signature Characters. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0170321. [PMID: 28125654 PMCID: PMC5268458 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0170321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Human dental tissues are sources of neural crest origin multipotent stem cells whose regenerative potential is a focus of extensive studies. Rational programming of clinical applications requires a more detailed knowledge of the characters inherited from neural crest. Investigation of neural crest cells generated from human pluripotent stem cells provided opportunity for their comparison with the postnatal dental cells. The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of the culture conditions in the expression by dental cells of neural crest characters. The results of the study demonstrate that specific neural crest cells requirements, serum-free, active WNT signaling and inactive SMAD 2/3, are needed for the activity of the neural crest characters in dental cells. Specifically, the decreasing concentration of fetal bovine serum (FBS) from regularly used for dental cells 10% to 2% and below, or using serum-free medium, led to emergence of a subset of epithelial-like cells expressing the two key neural crest markers, p75 and HNK-1. Further, the serum-free medium supplemented with neural crest signaling requirements (WNT inducer BIO and TGF-β inhibitor REPSOX), induced epithelial-like phenotype, upregulated the p75, Sox10 and E-Cadherin and downregulated the mesenchymal genes (SNAIL1, ZEB1, TWIST). An expansion medium containing 2% FBS allowed to obtain an epithelial/mesenchymal SHED population showing high proliferation, clonogenic, multi-lineage differentiation capacities. Future experiments will be required to determine the effects of these features on regenerative potential of this novel SHED population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karlen G. Gazarian
- Department of Medicine Genomics and Environmental Toxicity, Institute of Biomedical Research, Mexican National Autonomous University, Mexico City, University Campus, Mexico
- * E-mail:
| | - Luis R. Ramírez-García
- Department of Medicine Genomics and Environmental Toxicity, Institute of Biomedical Research, Mexican National Autonomous University, Mexico City, University Campus, Mexico
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23
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KAWANO E, TORIUMI T, IGUCHI S, SUZUKI D, SATO S, HONDA M. Induction of neural crest cells from human dental pulp-derived induced pluripotent stem cells . Biomed Res 2017; 38:135-147. [DOI: 10.2220/biomedres.38.135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eisuke KAWANO
- Division of Applied Oral Sciences, Nihon University Graduate School of Dentistry
| | - Taku TORIUMI
- Department of Anatomy, Nihon University School of Dentistry
- Division of Functional Morphology, Dental Research Center, Nihon University School of Dentistry
| | - Shinya IGUCHI
- Division of Applied Oral Sciences, Nihon University Graduate School of Dentistry
| | - Daigo SUZUKI
- Division of Applied Oral Sciences, Nihon University Graduate School of Dentistry
| | - Shuichi SATO
- Department of Periodontology, Nihon University School of Dentistry
- Division of Advanced Dental Treatment, Dental Research Center, Nihon University School of Dentistry
| | - Masaki HONDA
- Department of Oral Anatomy, Aichi-Gakuin University School of Dentistry
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24
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Jaroonwitchawan T, Muangchan P, Noisa P. Inhibition of FGF signaling accelerates neural crest cell differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 481:176-181. [PMID: 27816457 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.10.147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Accepted: 10/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Neural crest (NC) is a transient population, arising during embryonic development and capable of differentiating into various somatic cells. The defects of neural crest development leads to neurocristopathy. Several signaling pathways were revealed their significance in NC cell specification. Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) is recognized as an important signaling during NC development, for instance Xenopus and avian; however, its contributions in human species are remained elusive. Here we used human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) to investigate the consequences of FGF inhibition during NC cell differentiation. The specific-FGF receptor inhibitor, SU5402, was used in this investigation. The inhibition of FGF did not found to affect the proliferation or death of hPSC-derived NC cells, but promoted hPSCs to commit NC cell fate. NC-specific genes, including PAX3, SLUG, and TWIST1, were highly upregulated, while hPSC genes, such as OCT4, and E-CAD, rapidly reduced upon FGF signaling blockage. Noteworthy, TFAP-2α, a marker of migratory NC cells, abundantly presented in SU5402-induced cells. This accelerated NC cell differentiation could be due to the activation of Notch signaling upon the blockage of ERK1/2 phosphorylation, since NICD was increased by SU5402. Altogether, this study proposed the contributions of FGF signaling in controlling human NC cell differentiation from hPSCs, the crosstalk between FGF and Notch, and might imply to the influences of FGF signaling in neurocristophatic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiranut Jaroonwitchawan
- School of Biotechnology, Institute of Agricultural Technology, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, 30000, Thailand
| | - Pattamon Muangchan
- School of Biotechnology, Institute of Agricultural Technology, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, 30000, Thailand
| | - Parinya Noisa
- School of Biotechnology, Institute of Agricultural Technology, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, 30000, Thailand.
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25
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Cai S, Han L, Ao Q, Chan Y, Shum DK. Human Induced Pluripotent Cell-Derived Sensory Neurons for Fate Commitment of Bone Marrow-Derived Schwann Cells: Implications for Remyelination Therapy. Stem Cells Transl Med 2016; 6:369-381. [PMID: 28191772 PMCID: PMC5442799 DOI: 10.5966/sctm.2015-0424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Strategies that exploit induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) to derive neurons have relied on cocktails of cytokines and growth factors to bias cell‐signaling events in the course of fate choice. These are often costly and inefficient, involving multiple steps. In this study, we took an alternative approach and selected 5 small‐molecule inhibitors of key signaling pathways in an 8‐day program to induce differentiation of human iPSCs into sensory neurons, reaching ≥80% yield in terms of marker proteins. Continuing culture in maintenance medium resulted in neuronal networks immunopositive for synaptic vesicle markers and vesicular glutamate transporters suggestive of excitatory neurotransmission. Subpopulations of the derived neurons were electrically excitable, showing tetrodotoxin‐sensitive action potentials in patch‐clamp experiments. Coculture of the derived neurons with rat Schwann cells under myelinating conditions resulted in upregulated levels of neuronal neuregulin 1 type III in conjunction with the phosphorylated receptors ErbB2 and ErbB3, consistent with amenability of the neuritic network to myelination. As surrogates of embryonic dorsal root ganglia neurons, the derived sensory neurons provided contact‐dependent cues to commit bone marrow‐derived Schwann cell‐like cells to the Schwann cell fate. Our rapid and efficient induction protocol promises not only controlled differentiation of human iPSCs into sensory neurons, but also utility in the translation to a protocol whereby human bone marrow‐derived Schwann cells become available for autologous transplantation and remyelination therapy. Stem Cells Translational Medicine2017;6:369–381
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Affiliation(s)
- Sa Cai
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
- Research Centre of Heart, Brain, Hormone, and Healthy Aging, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Han
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
- Research Centre of Heart, Brain, Hormone, and Healthy Aging, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiang Ao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yuquan Hospital, Tsinghua University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying‐Shing Chan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
- Research Centre of Heart, Brain, Hormone, and Healthy Aging, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
| | - Daisy Kwok‐Yan Shum
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
- Research Centre of Heart, Brain, Hormone, and Healthy Aging, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
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26
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Liu JA, Cheung M. Neural crest stem cells and their potential therapeutic applications. Dev Biol 2016; 419:199-216. [PMID: 27640086 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2016.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2016] [Revised: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The neural crest (NC) is a remarkable transient structure generated during early vertebrate development. The neural crest progenitors have extensive migratory capacity and multipotency, harboring stem cell-like characteristics such as self-renewal. They can differentiate into a variety of cell types from craniofacial skeletal tissues to the trunk peripheral nervous system (PNS). Multiple regulators such as signaling factors, transcription factors, and migration machinery components are expressed at different stages of NC development. Gain- and loss-of-function studies in various vertebrate species revealed epistatic relationships of these molecules that could be assembled into a gene regulatory network defining the processes of NC induction, specification, migration, and differentiation. These basic developmental studies led to the subsequent establishment and molecular validation of neural crest stem cells (NCSCs) derived by various strategies. We provide here an overview of the isolation and characterization of NCSCs from embryonic, fetal, and adult tissues; the experimental strategies for the derivation of NCSCs from embryonic stem cells, induced pluripotent stem cells, and skin fibroblasts; and recent developments in the use of patient-derived NCSCs for modeling and treating neurocristopathies. We discuss future research on further refinement of the culture conditions required for the differentiation of pluripotent stem cells into axial-specific NC progenitors and their derivatives, developing non-viral approaches for the generation of induced NC cells (NCCs), and using a genomic editing approach to correct genetic mutations in patient-derived NCSCs for transplantation therapy. These future endeavors should facilitate the therapeutic applications of NCSCs in the clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Aijia Liu
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Martin Cheung
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
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27
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Suga M, Hayashi Y, Furue MK. In vitromodels of cranial neural crest development toward toxicity tests: frog, mouse, and human. Oral Dis 2016; 23:559-565. [DOI: 10.1111/odi.12523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Revised: 06/08/2016] [Accepted: 06/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M Suga
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Cultures; National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition; Osaka Ibaraki Japan
| | - Y Hayashi
- Laboratory of Gene Regulation; Faculty of Medicine; University of Tsukuba; Tsukuba Ibaraki Japan
| | - MK Furue
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Cultures; National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition; Osaka Ibaraki Japan
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28
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Micheva KD, Wolman D, Mensh BD, Pax E, Buchanan J, Smith SJ, Bock DD. A large fraction of neocortical myelin ensheathes axons of local inhibitory neurons. eLife 2016; 5. [PMID: 27383052 PMCID: PMC4972537 DOI: 10.7554/elife.15784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Myelin is best known for its role in increasing the conduction velocity and metabolic efficiency of long-range excitatory axons. Accordingly, the myelin observed in neocortical gray matter is thought to mostly ensheath excitatory axons connecting to subcortical regions and distant cortical areas. Using independent analyses of light and electron microscopy data from mouse neocortex, we show that a surprisingly large fraction of cortical myelin (half the myelin in layer 2/3 and a quarter in layer 4) ensheathes axons of inhibitory neurons, specifically of parvalbumin-positive basket cells. This myelin differs significantly from that of excitatory axons in distribution and protein composition. Myelin on inhibitory axons is unlikely to meaningfully hasten the arrival of spikes at their pre-synaptic terminals, due to the patchy distribution and short path-lengths observed. Our results thus highlight the need for exploring alternative roles for myelin in neocortical circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina D Micheva
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University, Stanford, United States
| | - Dylan Wolman
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, United States
| | - Brett D Mensh
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, United States
| | - Elizabeth Pax
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, United States
| | - JoAnn Buchanan
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University, Stanford, United States
| | - Stephen J Smith
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University, Stanford, United States
| | - Davi D Bock
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, United States
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29
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Tomokiyo A, Hynes K, Ng J, Menicanin D, Camp E, Arthur A, Gronthos S, Mark Bartold P. Generation of Neural Crest-Like Cells From Human Periodontal Ligament Cell-Derived Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells. J Cell Physiol 2016; 232:402-416. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2016] [Accepted: 05/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Tomokiyo
- Colgate Australian Clinical Dental Research Centre; School of Dentistry; University of Adelaide; Adelaide Australia
| | - Kim Hynes
- Colgate Australian Clinical Dental Research Centre; School of Dentistry; University of Adelaide; Adelaide Australia
- South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute; Adelaide SA Australia
| | - Jia Ng
- Colgate Australian Clinical Dental Research Centre; School of Dentistry; University of Adelaide; Adelaide Australia
- South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute; Adelaide SA Australia
| | - Danijela Menicanin
- Colgate Australian Clinical Dental Research Centre; School of Dentistry; University of Adelaide; Adelaide Australia
| | - Esther Camp
- South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute; Adelaide SA Australia
- Mesenchymal Stem Cell Laboratory; School of Medicine; Faculty of Health Sciences; University of Adelaide; Adelaide SA Australia
| | - Agnes Arthur
- South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute; Adelaide SA Australia
- Mesenchymal Stem Cell Laboratory; School of Medicine; Faculty of Health Sciences; University of Adelaide; Adelaide SA Australia
- SA Pathology; Adelaide SA Australia
| | - Stan Gronthos
- South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute; Adelaide SA Australia
- Mesenchymal Stem Cell Laboratory; School of Medicine; Faculty of Health Sciences; University of Adelaide; Adelaide SA Australia
| | - Peter Mark Bartold
- Colgate Australian Clinical Dental Research Centre; School of Dentistry; University of Adelaide; Adelaide Australia
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30
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Kim K, Ossipova O, Sokol SY. Neural crest specification by inhibition of the ROCK/Myosin II pathway. Stem Cells 2015; 33:674-85. [PMID: 25346532 DOI: 10.1002/stem.1877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2014] [Revised: 08/13/2014] [Accepted: 09/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Neural crest is a population of multipotent progenitor cells that form at the border of neural and non-neural ectoderm in vertebrate embryos, and undergo epithelial-mesenchymal transition and migration. According to the traditional view, the neural crest is specified in early embryos by signaling molecules including BMP, FGF, and Wnt proteins. Here, we identify a novel signaling pathway leading to neural crest specification, which involves Rho-associated kinase (ROCK) and its downstream target nonmuscle Myosin II. We show that ROCK inhibitors promote differentiation of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) into neural crest-like progenitors (NCPs) that are characterized by specific molecular markers and ability to differentiate into multiple cell types, including neurons, chondrocytes, osteocytes, and smooth muscle cells. Moreover, inhibition of Myosin II was sufficient for generating NCPs at high efficiency. Whereas Myosin II has been previously implicated in the self-renewal and survival of hESCs, we demonstrate its role in neural crest development during ESC differentiation. Inhibition of this pathway in Xenopus embryos expanded neural crest in vivo, further indicating that neural crest specification is controlled by ROCK-dependent Myosin II activity. We propose that changes in cell morphology in response to ROCK and Myosin II inhibition initiate mechanical signaling leading to neural crest fates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyeongmi Kim
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
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31
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Kerosuo L, Nie S, Bajpai R, Bronner ME. Crestospheres: Long-Term Maintenance of Multipotent, Premigratory Neural Crest Stem Cells. Stem Cell Reports 2015; 5:499-507. [PMID: 26441305 PMCID: PMC4625028 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2015.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2014] [Revised: 08/27/2015] [Accepted: 08/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Premigratory neural crest cells comprise a transient, embryonic population that arises within the CNS, but subsequently migrates away and differentiates into many derivatives. Previously, premigratory neural crest could not be maintained in a multipotent, adhesive state without spontaneous differentiation. Here, we report conditions that enable maintenance of neuroepithelial “crestospheres” that self-renew and retain multipotency for weeks. Moreover, under differentiation conditions, these cells can form multiple derivatives in vitro and in vivo after transplantation into chick embryos. Similarly, human embryonic stem cells directed to a neural crest fate can be maintained as crestospheres and subsequently differentiated into several derivatives. By devising conditions that maintain the premigratory state in vitro, these results demonstrate that neuroepithelial neural crest precursors are capable of long-term self-renewal. This approach will help uncover mechanisms underlying their developmental potential, differentiation and, together with the induced pluripotent stem cell techniques, the pathology of human neurocristopathies. Long-term maintenance of premigratory chick neural crest cells as crestospheres A self-renewing population of multipotent neuroepithelial neural crest stem cells Crestospheres differentiate into neural crest derivatives in vitro and in vivo Long-term maintenance of human ESC-derived crestospheres for several weeks
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Kerosuo
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Shuyi Nie
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Ruchi Bajpai
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology and Department of Biochemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Marianne E Bronner
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA.
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32
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Acevedo LM, Lindquist JN, Walsh BM, Sia P, Cimadamore F, Chen C, Denzel M, Pernia CD, Ranscht B, Terskikh A, Snyder EY, Cheresh DA. hESC Differentiation toward an Autonomic Neuronal Cell Fate Depends on Distinct Cues from the Co-Patterning Vasculature. Stem Cell Reports 2015; 4:1075-88. [PMID: 26004631 PMCID: PMC4471822 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2015.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2014] [Revised: 04/22/2015] [Accepted: 04/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
To gain insight into the cellular and molecular cues that promote neurovascular co-patterning at the earliest stages of human embryogenesis, we developed a human embryonic stem cell model to mimic the developing epiblast. Contact of ectoderm-derived neural cells with mesoderm-derived vasculature is initiated via the neural crest (NC), not the neural tube (NT). Neurovascular co-patterning then ensues with specification of NC toward an autonomic fate requiring vascular endothelial cell (EC)-secreted nitric oxide (NO) and direct contact with vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) via T-cadherin-mediated homotypic interactions. Once a neurovascular template has been established, NT-derived central neurons then align themselves with the vasculature. Our findings reveal that, in early human development, the autonomic nervous system forms in response to distinct molecular cues from VSMCs and ECs, providing a model for how other developing lineages might coordinate their co-patterning. Neural crest (NC) cells drive neurovascular co-patterning, as modeled by hESC Autonomic differentiation of NC cells depends on contact with perivascular cells This requires endothelial-derived NO and T-cadherin-mediated interaction with VSMCs
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisette M Acevedo
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA; Sanford Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Jeffrey N Lindquist
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA; Sanford Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Breda M Walsh
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Peik Sia
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | | | - Connie Chen
- Sanford Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Martin Denzel
- Sanford Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Cameron D Pernia
- Sanford Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Barbara Ranscht
- Sanford Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Alexey Terskikh
- Sanford Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Evan Y Snyder
- Sanford Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
| | - David A Cheresh
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA; Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
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33
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Derivation of hair-inducing cell from human pluripotent stem cells. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0116892. [PMID: 25607935 PMCID: PMC4301813 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0116892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2012] [Accepted: 12/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Dermal Papillae (DP) is a unique population of mesenchymal cells that was shown to regulate hair follicle formation and growth cycle. During development most DP cells are derived from mesoderm, however, functionally equivalent DP cells of cephalic hairs originate from Neural Crest (NC). Here we directed human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) to generate first NC cells and then hair-inducing DP-like cells in culture. We showed that hESC-derived DP-like cells (hESC-DPs) express markers typically found in adult human DP cells (e.g. p-75, nestin, versican, SMA, alkaline phosphatase) and are able to induce hair follicle formation when transplanted under the skin of immunodeficient NUDE mice. Engineered to express GFP, hESC-derived DP-like cells incorporate into DP of newly formed hair follicles and express appropriate markers. We demonstrated that BMP signaling is critical for hESC-DP derivation since BMP inhibitor dorsomorphin completely eliminated hair-inducing activity from hESC-DP cultures. DP cells were proposed as the cell-based treatment for hair loss diseases. Unfortunately human DP cells are not suitable for this purpose because they cannot be obtained in necessary amounts and rapidly loose their ability to induce hair follicle formation when cultured. In this context derivation of functional hESC-DP cells capable of inducing a robust hair growth for the first time shown here can become an important finding for the biomedical science.
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34
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Minamino Y, Ohnishi Y, Kakudo K, Nozaki M. Isolation and Propagation of Neural Crest Stem Cells from Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells via Cranial Neurospheres. Stem Cells Dev 2015; 24:172-81. [DOI: 10.1089/scd.2014.0152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Minamino
- Second Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Osaka Dental University, Osaka, Japan
- Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yuichi Ohnishi
- Second Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Osaka Dental University, Osaka, Japan
- Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kenji Kakudo
- Second Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Osaka Dental University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masami Nozaki
- Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
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35
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The Use of Human Pluripotent Stem Cells for the In Vitro Derivation of Cranial Placodes and Neural Crest Cells. Curr Top Dev Biol 2015; 111:497-514. [PMID: 25662270 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2014.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
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36
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Engraftable neural crest stem cells derived from cynomolgus monkey embryonic stem cells. Biomaterials 2015; 39:75-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2014.10.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2014] [Accepted: 10/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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37
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Fukuta M, Nakai Y, Kirino K, Nakagawa M, Sekiguchi K, Nagata S, Matsumoto Y, Yamamoto T, Umeda K, Heike T, Okumura N, Koizumi N, Sato T, Nakahata T, Saito M, Otsuka T, Kinoshita S, Ueno M, Ikeya M, Toguchida J. Derivation of mesenchymal stromal cells from pluripotent stem cells through a neural crest lineage using small molecule compounds with defined media. PLoS One 2014; 9:e112291. [PMID: 25464501 PMCID: PMC4251837 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0112291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2014] [Accepted: 10/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Neural crest cells (NCCs) are an embryonic migratory cell population with the ability to differentiate into a wide variety of cell types that contribute to the craniofacial skeleton, cornea, peripheral nervous system, and skin pigmentation. This ability suggests the promising role of NCCs as a source for cell-based therapy. Although several methods have been used to induce human NCCs (hNCCs) from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs), such as embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), further modifications are required to improve the robustness, efficacy, and simplicity of these methods. Chemically defined medium (CDM) was used as the basal medium in the induction and maintenance steps. By optimizing the culture conditions, the combination of the GSK3β inhibitor and TGFβ inhibitor with a minimum growth factor (insulin) very efficiently induced hNCCs (70-80%) from hPSCs. The induced hNCCs expressed cranial NCC-related genes and stably proliferated in CDM supplemented with EGF and FGF2 up to at least 10 passages without changes being observed in the major gene expression profiles. Differentiation properties were confirmed for peripheral neurons, glia, melanocytes, and corneal endothelial cells. In addition, cells with differentiation characteristics similar to multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) were induced from hNCCs using CDM specific for human MSCs. Our simple and robust induction protocol using small molecule compounds with defined media enabled the generation of hNCCs as an intermediate material producing terminally differentiated cells for cell-based innovative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Fukuta
- Department of Tissue Regeneration, Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Department of Cell Growth and Differentiation, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Nakai
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kosuke Kirino
- Department of Clinical Application, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Masato Nakagawa
- Department of Reprogramming Science, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kazuya Sekiguchi
- Department of Tissue Regeneration, Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Department of Cell Growth and Differentiation, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Sanae Nagata
- Department of Cell Growth and Differentiation, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yoshihisa Matsumoto
- Department of Tissue Regeneration, Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Department of Cell Growth and Differentiation, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Takuya Yamamoto
- Department of Reprogramming Science, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (WPI-iCeMS), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Katsutsugu Umeda
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Toshio Heike
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Naoki Okumura
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Life and Medical Sciences, Doshisha University, Kyotanabe, Japan
| | - Noriko Koizumi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Life and Medical Sciences, Doshisha University, Kyotanabe, Japan
| | - Takahiko Sato
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tatsutoshi Nakahata
- Department of Clinical Application, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Megumu Saito
- Department of Clinical Application, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takanobu Otsuka
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Shigeru Kinoshita
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Morio Ueno
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
- * E-mail: (MU); (MI); (JT)
| | - Makoto Ikeya
- Department of Cell Growth and Differentiation, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- * E-mail: (MU); (MI); (JT)
| | - Junya Toguchida
- Department of Tissue Regeneration, Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Department of Cell Growth and Differentiation, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- * E-mail: (MU); (MI); (JT)
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38
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Delaney SP, Julian LM, Stanford WL. The neural crest lineage as a driver of disease heterogeneity in Tuberous Sclerosis Complex and Lymphangioleiomyomatosis. Front Cell Dev Biol 2014; 2:69. [PMID: 25505789 PMCID: PMC4243694 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2014.00069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2014] [Accepted: 11/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Lymphangioleiomyomatosis (LAM) is a rare neoplastic disease, best characterized by the formation of proliferative nodules that express smooth muscle and melanocytic antigens within the lung parenchyma, leading to progressive destruction of lung tissue and function. The pathological basis of LAM is associated with Tuberous Sclerosis Complex (TSC), a multi-system disorder marked by low-grade tumors in the brain, kidneys, heart, eyes, lung and skin, arising from inherited or spontaneous germ-line mutations in either of the TSC1 or TSC2 genes. LAM can develop either in a patient with TSC (TSC-LAM) or spontaneously (S-LAM), and it is clear that the majority of LAM lesions of both forms are characterized by an inactivating mutation in either TSC1 or TSC2, as in TSC. Despite this genetic commonality, there is considerable heterogeneity in the tumor spectrum of TSC and LAM patients, the basis for which is currently unknown. There is extensive clinical evidence to suggest that the cell of origin for LAM, as well as many of the TSC-associated tumors, is a neural crest cell, a highly migratory cell type with extensive multi-lineage potential. Here we explore the hypothesis that the types of tumors that develop and the tissues that are affected in TSC and LAM are dictated by the developmental timing of TSC gene mutations, which determines the identities of the affected cell types and the size of downstream populations that acquire a mutation. We further discuss the evidence to support a neural crest origin for LAM and TSC tumors, and propose approaches for generating humanized models of TSC and LAM that will allow cell of origin theories to be experimentally tested. Identifying the cell of origin and developing appropriate humanized models is necessary to truly understand LAM and TSC pathology and to establish effective and long-lasting therapeutic approaches for these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean P Delaney
- Sprott Centre for Stem Cell Research, Regenerative Medicine Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute Ottawa, ON, Canada ; Faculty of Graduate and Postdoctoral Studies, University of Ottawa Ottawa, ON, Canada ; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Lisa M Julian
- Sprott Centre for Stem Cell Research, Regenerative Medicine Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute Ottawa, ON, Canada ; Faculty of Graduate and Postdoctoral Studies, University of Ottawa Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - William L Stanford
- Sprott Centre for Stem Cell Research, Regenerative Medicine Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute Ottawa, ON, Canada ; Faculty of Graduate and Postdoctoral Studies, University of Ottawa Ottawa, ON, Canada ; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa Ottawa, ON, Canada ; Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Ottawa Ottawa, ON, Canada
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39
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Noisa P, Raivio T. Neural crest cells: From developmental biology to clinical interventions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 102:263-74. [DOI: 10.1002/bdrc.21074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2014] [Accepted: 08/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Parinya Noisa
- Institute of Biomedicine/Physiology; University of Helsinki; Finland
- School of Biotechnology, Institute of Agricultural Technology, Suranaree University of Technology; Nakhon Ratchasima Thailand
| | - Taneli Raivio
- Institute of Biomedicine/Physiology; University of Helsinki; Finland
- Children's Hospital, Helsinki University Central Hospital; Finland
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40
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Kunisada T, Tezulka KI, Aoki H, Motohashi T. The stemness of neural crest cells and their derivatives. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 102:251-62. [DOI: 10.1002/bdrc.21079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2014] [Accepted: 08/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Kunisada
- Department of Tissue and Organ Development, Regeneration, and Advanced Medical Science; Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1, Yanagido; Gifu 501-1194 Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Tezulka
- Department of Tissue and Organ Development, Regeneration, and Advanced Medical Science; Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1, Yanagido; Gifu 501-1194 Japan
| | - Hitomi Aoki
- Department of Tissue and Organ Development, Regeneration, and Advanced Medical Science; Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1, Yanagido; Gifu 501-1194 Japan
| | - Tsutomu Motohashi
- Department of Tissue and Organ Development, Regeneration, and Advanced Medical Science; Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1, Yanagido; Gifu 501-1194 Japan
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41
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Broccoli V, Giannelli SG, Mazzara PG. Modeling physiological and pathological human neurogenesis in the dish. Front Neurosci 2014; 8:183. [PMID: 25104921 PMCID: PMC4109586 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2014.00183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2014] [Accepted: 06/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
New advances in directing the neuronal differentiation of human embryonic and induced pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs, abbreviation intended to convey both categories of pluripotent stem cells) have promoted the development of culture systems capable of modeling early neurogenesis and neural specification at some of their critical milestones. The hPSC-derived neural rosette can be considered the in vitro counterpart of the developing neural tube, since both structures share a virtually equivalent architecture and related functional properties. Epigenetic stimulation methods can modulate the identity of the rosette neural progenitors in order to generate authentic neuronal subtypes, as well as a full spectrum of neural crest derivatives. The intrinsic capacity of induced pluripotent cell-derived neural tissue to self-organize has become fully apparent with the emergence of innovative in vitro systems that are able to shape the neuronal differentiation of hPSCs into organized tissues that develop in three dimensions. However, significant hurdles remain that must be completely solved in order to facilitate the use of hPSCs in modeling (e.g., late-onset disorders) or in building therapeutic strategies for cell replacement. In this direction, new procedures have been established to promote the maturation and functionality of hPSC-derived neurons. Meanwhile, new methods to accelerate the aging of in vitro differentiating cells are still in development. hPSC-based technology has matured enough to offer a significant and reliable model system for early and late neurogenesis that could be extremely informative for the study of the physiological and pathological events that occur during this process. Thus, full exploitation of this cellular system can provide a better understanding of the physiological events that shape human brain structures, as well as a solid platform to investigate the pathological mechanisms at the root of human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vania Broccoli
- Stem Cells and Neurogenesis Unit, Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute Milan, Italy
| | - Serena G Giannelli
- Stem Cells and Neurogenesis Unit, Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute Milan, Italy
| | - Pietro G Mazzara
- Stem Cells and Neurogenesis Unit, Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute Milan, Italy
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42
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Liu Q, Swistowski A, Zeng X. Human neural crest stem cells derived from human pluripotent stem cells. Methods Mol Biol 2014; 1210:79-90. [PMID: 25173162 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-1435-7_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The neural crest cells give rise to neurons and glia in the peripheral nervous system, which is an important component of the nervous system. Here we developed a scalable process of inducing neural crest stem cells (NCSCs) from hESCs/iPSCs by a combination of growth factors in medium conditioned on stromal cells, and showed that NCSCs could be purified by p75 using FACS. In vitro-expanded NCSCs were able to differentiate into neurons and glia (Schwann cells) of the peripheral nervous system (PNS) as well as mesenchymal derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuyue Liu
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, 8001 Redwood Blvd., Novato, CA, 94945, USA
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43
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Simões-Costa M, Bronner ME. Insights into neural crest development and evolution from genomic analysis. Genome Res 2013; 23:1069-80. [PMID: 23817048 PMCID: PMC3698500 DOI: 10.1101/gr.157586.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The neural crest is an excellent model system for the study of cell type diversification during embryonic development due to its multipotency, motility, and ability to form a broad array of derivatives ranging from neurons and glia, to cartilage, bone, and melanocytes. As a uniquely vertebrate cell population, it also offers important clues regarding vertebrate origins. In the past 30 yr, introduction of recombinant DNA technology has facilitated the dissection of the genetic program controlling neural crest development and has provided important insights into gene regulatory mechanisms underlying cell migration and differentiation. More recently, new genomic approaches have provided a platform and tools that are changing the depth and breadth of our understanding of neural crest development at a “systems” level. Such advances provide an insightful view of the regulatory landscape of neural crest cells and offer a new perspective on developmental as well as stem cell and cancer biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos Simões-Costa
- Division of Biology, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
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44
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SOX2-LIN28/let-7 pathway regulates proliferation and neurogenesis in neural precursors. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:E3017-26. [PMID: 23884650 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1220176110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor SRY (sex-determining region)-box 2 (SOX2) is an important functional marker of neural precursor cells (NPCs) and plays a critical role in self-renewal and neuronal differentiation; however, the molecular mechanisms underlying its functions are poorly understood. Using human embryonic stem cell-derived NPCs to model neurogenesis, we found that SOX2 is required to maintain optimal levels of LIN28, a well-characterized suppressor of let-7 microRNA biogenesis. Exogenous LIN28 expression rescued the NPC proliferation deficit, as well as the early but not the late stages of the neurogenic deficit associated with the loss of SOX2. We found that SOX2 binds to a proximal site in the LIN28 promoter region and regulates LIN28 promoter acetylation, likely through interactions with the histone acetyltransferase complex. Misexpression of let-7 microRNAs in NPCs reduced proliferation and inhibited neuronal differentiation, phenocopying the loss of SOX2. In particular, we identified let-7i as a novel and potent inhibitor of neuronal differentiation that targets MASH1 and NGN1, two well-characterized proneural genes. In conclusion, we discovered the SOX2-LIN28/let-7 pathway as a unique molecular mechanism governing NPC proliferation and neurogenic potential.
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45
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Qiu Z, Farnsworth SL, Mishra A, Hornsby PJ. Patient-specific induced pluripotent stem cells in neurological disease modeling: the importance of nonhuman primate models. Stem Cells Cloning 2013; 6:19-29. [PMID: 24426786 PMCID: PMC3850364 DOI: 10.2147/sccaa.s34798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of the technology for derivation of induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells from human patients and animal models has opened up new pathways to the better understanding of many human diseases, and has created new opportunities for therapeutic approaches. Here, we consider one important neurological disease, Parkinson's, the development of relevant neural cell lines for studying this disease, and the animal models that are available for testing the survival and function of the cells, following transplantation into the central nervous system. Rapid progress has been made recently in the application of protocols for neuroectoderm differentiation and neural patterning of pluripotent stem cells. These developments have resulted in the ability to produce large numbers of dopaminergic neurons with midbrain characteristics for further study. These cells have been shown to be functional in both rodent and nonhuman primate (NHP) models of Parkinson's disease. Patient-specific iPS cells and derived dopaminergic neurons have been developed, in particular from patients with genetic causes of Parkinson's disease. For complete modeling of the disease, it is proposed that the introduction of genetic changes into NHP iPS cells, followed by studying the phenotype of the genetic change in cells transplanted into the NHP as host animal, will yield new insights into disease processes not possible with rodent models alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhifang Qiu
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, TX, USA
- Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Steven L Farnsworth
- Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Anuja Mishra
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, TX, USA
- Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Peter J Hornsby
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, TX, USA
- Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
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Polarized neural stem cells derived from adult bone marrow stromal cells develop a rosette-like structure. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2013; 49:638-52. [DOI: 10.1007/s11626-013-9628-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2012] [Accepted: 04/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Differential BMP signaling controls formation and differentiation of multipotent preplacodal ectoderm progenitors from human embryonic stem cells. Dev Biol 2013; 379:208-20. [PMID: 23643939 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2013.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2012] [Revised: 04/05/2013] [Accepted: 04/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Sensory and endoneurocrine tissues as diverse as the lens, the olfactory epithelium, the inner ear, the cranial sensory ganglia, and the anterior pituitary arise from a common pool of progenitors in the preplacodal ectoderm (PPE). Around late gastrulation, the PPE forms at the border surrounding the anterior neural plate, and expresses a unique set of evolutionarily conserved transcription regulators including Six1, Eya 1 and Eya2. Here, we describe the first report to generate and characterize the SIX1(+) PPE cells from human embryonic stem (ES) cells by adherent differentiation. Before forming PPE cells, differentiating cultures first expressed the non-neural ectoderm specific transcriptional factors TFAP2A, GATA2, GATA3, DLX3, and DLX5, which are crucial in establishing the PPE competence. We demonstrated that bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) activity plays a transient but essential role in inducing expression of these PPE competence factors and eventually the PPE cells. Interestingly, we found that attenuating BMP signaling after establishing the competence state induces anterior placode precursors. By manipulating BMP and hedgehog signaling pathways, we further differentiate these precursors into restricted lineages including the lens placode and the oral ectoderm (pituitary precursor) cells. Finally, we also show that sensory neurons can be generated from human PPE cells, demonstrating the multipotency of the human ES-derived PPE cells.
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Ngamjariyawat A, Turpaev K, Vasylovska S, Kozlova EN, Welsh N. Co-culture of neural crest stem cells (NCSC) and insulin producing beta-TC6 cells results in cadherin junctions and protection against cytokine-induced beta-cell death. PLoS One 2013; 8:e61828. [PMID: 23613946 PMCID: PMC3629122 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0061828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2012] [Accepted: 03/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Transplantation of pancreatic islets to Type 1 diabetes patients is hampered by inflammatory reactions at the transplantation site leading to dysfunction and death of insulin producing beta-cells. Recently we have shown that co-transplantation of neural crest stem cells (NCSCs) together with the islet cells improves transplantation outcome. The aim of the present investigation was to describe in vitro interactions between NCSCs and insulin producing beta-TC6 cells that may mediate protection against cytokine-induced beta-cell death. Procedures Beta-TC6 and NCSC cells were cultured either alone or together, and either with or without cell culture inserts. The cultures were then exposed to the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and IFN-γ for 48 hours followed by analysis of cell death rates (flow cytometry), nitrite production (Griess reagent), protein localization (immunofluorescence) and protein phosphorylation (flow cytometry). Results We observed that beta-TC6 cells co-cultured with NCSCs were protected against cytokine-induced cell death, but not when separated by cell culture inserts. This occurred in parallel with (i) augmented production of nitrite from beta-TC6 cells, indicating that increased cell survival allows a sustained production of nitric oxide; (ii) NCSC-derived laminin production; (iii) decreased phospho-FAK staining in beta-TC6 cell focal adhesions, and (iv) decreased beta-TC6 cell phosphorylation of ERK(T202/Y204), FAK(Y397) and FAK(Y576). Furthermore, co-culture also resulted in cadherin and beta-catenin accumulations at the NCSC/beta-TC6 cell junctions. Finally, the gap junction inhibitor carbenoxolone did not affect cytokine-induced beta-cell death during co-culture with NCSCs. Conclusion In summary, direct contacts, but not soluble factors, promote improved beta-TC6 viability when co-cultured with NCSCs. We hypothesize that cadherin junctions between NCSC and beta-TC6 cells promote powerful signals that maintain beta-cell survival even though ERK and FAK signaling are suppressed. It may be that future strategies to improve islet transplantation outcome may benefit from attempts to increase beta-cell cadherin junctions to neighboring cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kyril Turpaev
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden, and Science For Life Laboratory (SciLifeLab), Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Center for Theoretical Problems of Physicochemical Pharmacology Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Elena N. Kozlova
- Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- * E-mail: (NW); (ENK)
| | - Nils Welsh
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden, and Science For Life Laboratory (SciLifeLab), Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- * E-mail: (NW); (ENK)
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Cimadamore F, Shah M, Amador-Arjona A, Navarro-Peran E, Chen C, Huang CT, Terskikh AV. SOX2 modulates levels of MITF in normal human melanocytes, and melanoma lines in vitro. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2012; 25:533-6. [PMID: 22571403 DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-148x.2012.01012.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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50
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Dupin E, Coelho-Aguiar JM. Isolation and differentiation properties of neural crest stem cells. Cytometry A 2012; 83:38-47. [PMID: 22837061 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.22098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2012] [Revised: 06/07/2012] [Accepted: 06/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
A wide array of neural and non-neural cell types arises from the neural crest during vertebrate embryogenesis. The neural crest forms transiently in the dorsal neural primordium to yield migratory cells that will invade nearly all tissues and later, differentiate into bones and cartilages, vascular smooth muscle cells, connective tissues, neurons and glial cells of the peripheral nervous system, endocrine cells, and melanocytes. Due to the amazingly diversified array of cell types they generate, the neural crest cells represent an attractive model in the stem cell field. We review here in vivo and in vitro studies of individual cells, which led to the discovery and characterization of neural crest progenitors endowed with multipotency and stem cell properties. We also present an overview of the diverse types, marker expression, and locations of the neural crest-derived stem cells identified in the vertebrate body, with emphasis on those evidenced recently in mammalian adult tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Dupin
- Department of Developmental Biology, Institut de la Vision, Research Center UMR INSERM S968/CNRS 7210, 17 Rue Moreau, 75012 Paris, France.
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