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Kim AY, Al Jerdi S, MacDonald R, Triggle CR. Alzheimer's disease and its treatment-yesterday, today, and tomorrow. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1399121. [PMID: 38868666 PMCID: PMC11167451 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1399121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Alois Alzheimer described the first patient with Alzheimer's disease (AD) in 1907 and today AD is the most frequently diagnosed of dementias. AD is a multi-factorial neurodegenerative disorder with familial, life style and comorbidity influences impacting a global population of more than 47 million with a projected escalation by 2050 to exceed 130 million. In the USA the AD demographic encompasses approximately six million individuals, expected to increase to surpass 13 million by 2050, and the antecedent phase of AD, recognized as mild cognitive impairment (MCI), involves nearly 12 million individuals. The economic outlay for the management of AD and AD-related cognitive decline is estimated at approximately 355 billion USD. In addition, the intensifying prevalence of AD cases in countries with modest to intermediate income countries further enhances the urgency for more therapeutically and cost-effective treatments and for improving the quality of life for patients and their families. This narrative review evaluates the pathophysiological basis of AD with an initial focus on the therapeutic efficacy and limitations of the existing drugs that provide symptomatic relief: acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (AChEI) donepezil, galantamine, rivastigmine, and the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDA) receptor allosteric modulator, memantine. The hypothesis that amyloid-β (Aβ) and tau are appropriate targets for drugs and have the potential to halt the progress of AD is critically analyzed with a particular focus on clinical trial data with anti-Aβ monoclonal antibodies (MABs), namely, aducanumab, lecanemab and donanemab. This review challenges the dogma that targeting Aβ will benefit the majority of subjects with AD that the anti-Aβ MABs are unlikely to be the "magic bullet". A comparison of the benefits and disadvantages of the different classes of drugs forms the basis for determining new directions for research and alternative drug targets that are undergoing pre-clinical and clinical assessments. In addition, we discuss and stress the importance of the treatment of the co-morbidities, including hypertension, diabetes, obesity and depression that are known to increase the risk of developing AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Y. Kim
- Medical Education, Weill Cornell Medicine—Qatar, Doha, Qatar
| | | | - R. MacDonald
- Health Sciences Library, Weill Cornell Medicine—Qatar, Doha, Qatar
| | - C. R. Triggle
- Department of Pharmacology and Medical Education, Weill Cornell Medicine—Qatar, Doha, Qatar
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Wongchitrat P, Chanmee T, Govitrapong P. Molecular Mechanisms Associated with Neurodegeneration of Neurotropic Viral Infection. Mol Neurobiol 2024; 61:2881-2903. [PMID: 37946006 PMCID: PMC11043213 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03761-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Viral infections of the central nervous system (CNS) cause variable outcomes from acute to severe neurological sequelae with increased morbidity and mortality. Viral neuroinvasion directly or indirectly induces encephalitis via dysregulation of the immune response and contributes to the alteration of neuronal function and the degeneration of neuronal cells. This review provides an overview of the cellular and molecular mechanisms of virus-induced neurodegeneration. Neurotropic viral infections influence many aspects of neuronal dysfunction, including promoting chronic inflammation, inducing cellular oxidative stress, impairing mitophagy, encountering mitochondrial dynamics, enhancing metabolic rewiring, altering neurotransmitter systems, and inducing misfolded and aggregated pathological proteins associated with neurodegenerative diseases. These pathogenetic mechanisms create a multidimensional injury of the brain that leads to specific neuronal and brain dysfunction. The understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying the neurophathogenesis associated with neurodegeneration of viral infection may emphasize the strategies for prevention, protection, and treatment of virus infection of the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prapimpun Wongchitrat
- Center for Research Innovation and Biomedical Informatics, Faculty of Medical Technology, Mahidol University, 999 Phutthamonthon 4 Road, Salaya, Phutthamonthon, Nakhon Pathom, 73170, Thailand.
| | - Theerawut Chanmee
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Medical Technology, Mahidol University, Salaya, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
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3
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Li Z, Wang H, Yin Y. Peripheral inflammation is a potential etiological factor in Alzheimer's disease. Rev Neurosci 2024; 35:99-120. [PMID: 37602685 DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2023-0049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
Peripheral inflammation could constitute a risk factor for AD. This review summarizes the research related to peripheral inflammation that appears to have a relationship with Alzheimer's disease. We find there are significant associations between AD and peripheral infection induced by various pathogens, including herpes simplex virus type 1, cytomegalovirus, Epstein-Barr virus, human immunodeficiency virus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Helicobacter pylori, and Toxoplasma gondii. Chronic inflammatory diseases are also reported to contribute to the pathophysiology of AD. The mechanisms by which peripheral inflammation affects the pathophysiology of AD are complex. Pathogen-derived neurotoxic molecule composition, disrupted BBB, and dysfunctional neurogenesis may all play a role in peripheral inflammation, promoting the development of AD. Anti-pathogenic medications and anti-inflammatory treatments are reported to decrease the risk of AD. Studies that could improve understanding the associations between AD and peripheral inflammation are needed. If our assumption is correct, early intervention against inflammation may be a potential method of preventing and treating AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyuan Li
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Kongjiang Road 1665, Yangpu District, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Kongjiang Road 1665, Yangpu District, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Yafu Yin
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Kongjiang Road 1665, Yangpu District, Shanghai 200092, China
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Nam E, Lin Y, Park J, Do H, Han J, Jeong B, Park S, Lee DY, Kim M, Han J, Baik M, Lee Y, Lim MH. APP-C31: An Intracellular Promoter of Both Metal-Free and Metal-Bound Amyloid-β 40 Aggregation and Toxicity in Alzheimer's Disease. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2307182. [PMID: 37949680 PMCID: PMC10811509 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202307182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Intracellular C-terminal cleavage of the amyloid precursor protein (APP) is elevated in the brains of Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients and produces a peptide labeled APP-C31 that is suspected to be involved in the pathology of AD. But details about the role of APP-C31 in the development of the disease are not known. Here, this work reports that APP-C31 directly interacts with the N-terminal and self-recognition regions of amyloid-β40 (Aβ40 ) to form transient adducts, which facilitates the aggregation of both metal-free and metal-bound Aβ40 peptides and aggravates their toxicity. Specifically, APP-C31 increases the perinuclear and intranuclear generation of large Aβ40 deposits and, consequently, damages the nucleus leading to apoptosis. The Aβ40 -induced degeneration of neurites and inflammation are also intensified by APP-C31 in human neurons and murine brains. This study demonstrates a new function of APP-C31 as an intracellular promoter of Aβ40 amyloidogenesis in both metal-free and metal-present environments, and may offer an interesting alternative target for developing treatments for AD that have not been considered thus far.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunju Nam
- Department of ChemistryKorea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST)Daejeon34141Republic of Korea
| | - Yuxi Lin
- Research Center for Bioconvergence AnalysisKorea Basic Science Institute (KBSI)OchangChungbuk28119Republic of Korea
| | - Jiyong Park
- Department of ChemistryKorea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST)Daejeon34141Republic of Korea
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon FunctionalizationsInstitute for Basic Science (IBS)Daejeon34141Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunsu Do
- Graduate School of Medical Science and EngineeringKAISTDaejeon34141Republic of Korea
| | - Jiyeon Han
- Department of ChemistryKorea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST)Daejeon34141Republic of Korea
| | - Bohyeon Jeong
- Rare Disease Research CenterKorea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB)Daejeon34141Republic of Korea
| | - Subin Park
- Rare Disease Research CenterKorea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB)Daejeon34141Republic of Korea
- Department of BiochemistryDepartment of Medical ScienceChungnam National University School of MedicineDaejeon35015Republic of Korea
| | - Da Yong Lee
- Rare Disease Research CenterKorea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB)Daejeon34141Republic of Korea
| | - Mingeun Kim
- Department of ChemistryKorea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST)Daejeon34141Republic of Korea
| | - Jinju Han
- Graduate School of Medical Science and EngineeringKAISTDaejeon34141Republic of Korea
| | - Mu‐Hyun Baik
- Department of ChemistryKorea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST)Daejeon34141Republic of Korea
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon FunctionalizationsInstitute for Basic Science (IBS)Daejeon34141Republic of Korea
| | - Young‐Ho Lee
- Research Center for Bioconvergence AnalysisKorea Basic Science Institute (KBSI)OchangChungbuk28119Republic of Korea
- Bio‐Analytical ScienceUniversity of Science and Technology (UST)Daejeon34113Republic of Korea
- Graduate School of Analytical Science and TechnologyChungnam National UniversityDaejeon34134Republic of Korea
- Department of Systems BiotechnologyChung‐Ang UniversityGyeonggi17546Republic of Korea
- Frontier Research Institute for Interdisciplinary SciencesTohoku UniversityMiyagi980‐8578Japan
| | - Mi Hee Lim
- Department of ChemistryKorea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST)Daejeon34141Republic of Korea
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Phuna ZX, Madhavan P. A reappraisal on amyloid cascade hypothesis: the role of chronic infection in Alzheimer's disease. Int J Neurosci 2023; 133:1071-1089. [PMID: 35282779 DOI: 10.1080/00207454.2022.2045290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer disease (AD) is a progressive neurological disorder that accounted for the most common cause of dementia in the elderly population. Lately, 'infection hypothesis' has been proposed where the infection of microbes can lead to the pathogenesis of AD. Among different types of microbes, human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1), herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV-1), Chlamydia pneumonia, Spirochetes and Candida albicans are frequently detected in the brain of AD patients. Amyloid-beta protein has demonstrated to exhibit antimicrobial properties upon encountering these pathogens. It can bind to microglial cells and astrocytes to activate immune response and neuroinflammation. Nevertheless, HIV-1 and HSV-1 can develop into latency whereas Chlamydia pneumonia, Spirochetes and Candida albicans can cause chronic infections. At this stage, the DNA of microbes remains undetectable yet active. This can act as the prolonged pathogenic stimulus that over-triggers the expression of Aβ-related genes, which subsequently lead to overproduction and deposition of Aβ plaque. This review will highlight the pathogenesis of each of the stated microbial infection, their association in AD pathogenesis as well as the effect of chronic infection in AD progression. Potential therapies for AD by modulating the microbiome have also been suggested. This review will aid in understanding the infectious manifestations of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Xin Phuna
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Taylor's University, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Priya Madhavan
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Taylor's University, Selangor, Malaysia
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Feng S, Liu Y, Zhou Y, Shu Z, Cheng Z, Brenner C, Feng P. Mechanistic insights into the role of herpes simplex virus 1 in Alzheimer's disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2023; 15:1245904. [PMID: 37744399 PMCID: PMC10512732 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2023.1245904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is an aging-associated neurodegenerative disorder, threatening millions of people worldwide. The onset and progression of AD can be accelerated by environmental risk factors, such as bacterial and viral infections. Human herpesviruses are ubiquitous infectious agents that underpin numerous inflammatory disorders including neurodegenerative diseases. Published studies concerning human herpesviruses in AD imply an active role HSV-1 in the pathogenesis of AD. This review will summarize the current understanding of HSV-1 infection in AD and highlight some barriers to advance this emerging field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu Feng
- Department of Diabetes and Cancer Metabolism, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA, United States
| | - Yongzhen Liu
- Section of Infection and Immunity, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Yu Zhou
- Section of Infection and Immunity, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Zhenfeng Shu
- Section of Infection and Immunity, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Zhuxi Cheng
- Section of Infection and Immunity, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- International Department, Beijing Bayi School, Beijing, China
| | - Charles Brenner
- Department of Diabetes and Cancer Metabolism, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA, United States
| | - Pinghui Feng
- Section of Infection and Immunity, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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Boukhvalova MS, Kastrukoff L, Blanco JCG. Alzheimer's disease and multiple sclerosis: a possible connection through the viral demyelinating neurodegenerative trigger (vDENT). Front Aging Neurosci 2023; 15:1204852. [PMID: 37396655 PMCID: PMC10310923 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2023.1204852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) and multiple sclerosis (MS) are two CNS disorders affecting millions of people, for which no cure is available. AD is usually diagnosed in individuals age 65 and older and manifests with accumulation of beta amyloid in the brain. MS, a demyelinating disorder, is most commonly diagnosed in its relapsing-remitting (RRMS) form in young adults (age 20-40). The lack of success in a number of recent clinical trials of immune- or amyloid-targeting therapeutics emphasizes our incomplete understanding of their etiology and pathogenesis. Evidence is accumulating that infectious agents such as viruses may contribute either directly or indirectly. With the emerging recognition that demyelination plays a role in risk and progression of AD, we propose that MS and AD are connected by sharing a common environmental factor (a viral infection such as HSV-1) and pathology (demyelination). In the viral DEmyelinating Neurodegenerative Trigger (vDENT) model of AD and MS, the initial demyelinating viral (e.g., HSV-1) infection provokes the first episode of demyelination that occurs early in life, with subsequent virus reactivations/demyelination and associated immune/inflammatory attacks resulting in RRMS. The accumulating damage and/or virus progression deeper into CNS leads to amyloid dysfunction, which, combined with the inherent age-related defects in remyelination, propensity for autoimmunity, and increased blood-brain barrier permeability, leads to the development of AD dementia later in life. Preventing or diminishing vDENT event(s) early in life, thus, may have a dual benefit of slowing down the progression of MS and reducing incidence of AD at an older age.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lorne Kastrukoff
- Department of Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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Masi M, Biundo F, Fiou A, Racchi M, Pascale A, Buoso E. The Labyrinthine Landscape of APP Processing: State of the Art and Possible Novel Soluble APP-Related Molecular Players in Traumatic Brain Injury and Neurodegeneration. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24076639. [PMID: 37047617 PMCID: PMC10095589 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Amyloid Precursor Protein (APP) and its cleavage processes have been widely investigated in the past, in particular in the context of Alzheimer’s Disease (AD). Evidence of an increased expression of APP and its amyloidogenic-related cleavage enzymes, β-secretase 1 (BACE1) and γ-secretase, at the hit axon terminals following Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI), firstly suggested a correlation between TBI and AD. Indeed, mild and severe TBI have been recognised as influential risk factors for different neurodegenerative diseases, including AD. In the present work, we describe the state of the art of APP proteolytic processing, underlining the different roles of its cleavage fragments in both physiological and pathological contexts. Considering the neuroprotective role of the soluble APP alpha (sAPPα) fragment, we hypothesised that sAPPα could modulate the expression of genes of interest for AD and TBI. Hence, we present preliminary experiments addressing sAPPα-mediated regulation of BACE1, Isthmin 2 (ISM2), Tetraspanin-3 (TSPAN3) and the Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGFA), each discussed from a biological and pharmacological point of view in AD and TBI. We finally propose a neuroprotective interaction network, in which the Receptor for Activated C Kinase 1 (RACK1) and the signalling cascade of PKCβII/nELAV/VEGF play hub roles, suggesting that vasculogenic-targeting therapies could be a feasible approach for vascular-related brain injuries typical of AD and TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirco Masi
- Computational and Chemical Biology, Italian Institute of Technology, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Biundo
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Ave, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - André Fiou
- Department of Drug Sciences, Pharmacology Section, University of Pavia, Via Taramelli 12/14, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Marco Racchi
- Department of Drug Sciences, Pharmacology Section, University of Pavia, Via Taramelli 12/14, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Alessia Pascale
- Department of Drug Sciences, Pharmacology Section, University of Pavia, Via Taramelli 12/14, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Erica Buoso
- Department of Drug Sciences, Pharmacology Section, University of Pavia, Via Taramelli 12/14, 27100 Pavia, Italy
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
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HSV-1 cellular model reveals links between aggresome formation and early step of Alzheimer's disease. Transl Psychiatry 2023; 13:86. [PMID: 36898995 PMCID: PMC10006237 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-023-02376-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Many studies highlight the potential link between the chronic degenerative Alzheimer's disease and the infection by the herpes simplex virus type-1 (HSV-1). However, the molecular mechanisms making possible this HSV-1-dependent process remain to be understood. Using neuronal cells expressing the wild type form of amyloid precursor protein (APP) infected by HSV-1, we characterized a representative cellular model of the early stage of the sporadic form of the disease and unraveled a molecular mechanism sustaining this HSV-1- Alzheimer's disease interplay. Here, we show that HSV-1 induces caspase-dependent production of the 42 amino-acid long amyloid peptide (Aβ42) oligomers followed by their accumulation in neuronal cells. Aβ42 oligomers and activated caspase 3 (casp3A) concentrate into intracytoplasmic structures observed in Alzheimer's disease neuronal cells called aggresomes. This casp3A accumulation in aggresomes during HSV-1 infection limits the execution of apoptosis until its term, similarly to an abortosis-like event occurring in Alzheimer's disease neuronal cells patients. Indeed, this particular HSV-1 driven cellular context, representative of early stages of the disease, sustains a failed apoptosis mechanism that could explain the chronic amplification of Aβ42 production characteristic of Alzheimer's disease patients. Finally, we show that combination of flurbiprofen, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), with caspase inhibitor reduced drastically HSV-1-induced Aβ42 oligomers production. This provided mechanistic insights supporting the conclusion of clinical trials showing that NSAIDs reduced Alzheimer's disease incidence in early stage of the disease. Therefore, from our study we propose that caspase-dependent production of Aβ42 oligomers together with the abortosis-like event represents a vicious circle in early Alzheimer's disease stages leading to a chronic amplification of Aβ42 oligomers that contributes to the establishment of degenerative disorder like Alzheimer's disease in patients infected by HSV-1. Interestingly this process could be targeted by an association of NSAID with caspase inhibitors.
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Ye X, Chen J, Pan J, Wu Q, Wang Y, Lu M, Zhang C, Zhang Z, Ma M, Zhu J, Vella AT, Wan J, Wang K. Interleukin-17 Promotes the Infiltration of CD8+ T Cells into the Brain in a Mouse Model for Alzheimer's Disease. Immunol Invest 2023; 52:135-153. [PMID: 36394561 DOI: 10.1080/08820139.2022.2136525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Interleukin-17 (IL-17) family cytokines play critical roles in inflammation and pathogen resistance. Inflammation in the central nervous system, denoted as neuroinflammation, promotes the onset and progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Previous studies showed that IL-17A neutralizing antibody treatment alleviated Amyloid β (Aβ) burden in rodent models of AD, while overexpression of IL-17A in mouse lateral ventricles rescued part of the AD pathology. However, the involvement of IL-17 in AD and its mechanism of action remain largely unknown. METHODS To investigate the role of IL-17 in AD, we crossed mice lacking the common receptor of IL-17 signaling (IL-17RA knockout mice) to the APP/PS1 mouse model of AD. We then analyzed the composition of immune cells and cytokines/chemokines during different phases of AD pathology, and interrogated the underlying mechanism by which IL-17 may regulate immune cell infiltration into AD brains. RESULTS Ablation of IL-17RA in APP/PS1 mice decreased infiltration of CD8+ T cells and myeloid cells to mouse brain. IL-17 was able to promote the production of myeloid- and T cell-attracting chemokines CXCL1 and CXCL9/10 in primary glial cells. We also observed that IL-17 is upregulated in the late stage of AD development, and ectopic expression of IL-17 via adenoviral infection to the cortex trended towards worsened cognition in APP/PS1 mice, suggesting a pathogenic role of excessive IL-17 in AD. CONCLUSION Our data show that IL-17 signaling promotes neuroinflammation in AD by accelerating the infiltration of CD8+ T lymphocytes and Gr1+ CD11b+ myeloid cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyang Ye
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut, USA.,Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Neuronal Structural Biology, Biomedical Research Institute, Shenzhen Peking University - The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Medical Center, Shenzhen, China
| | - Ju Chen
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
| | - Jie Pan
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Neuronal Structural Biology, Biomedical Research Institute, Shenzhen Peking University - The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Medical Center, Shenzhen, China
| | - Qi Wu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Neuronal Structural Biology, Biomedical Research Institute, Shenzhen Peking University - The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Medical Center, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yue Wang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Neuronal Structural Biology, Biomedical Research Institute, Shenzhen Peking University - The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Medical Center, Shenzhen, China
| | - Mengqian Lu
- School of Acupuncture-moxibustion and Tuina, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Chengrong Zhang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Neuronal Structural Biology, Biomedical Research Institute, Shenzhen Peking University - The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Medical Center, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhenzhen Zhang
- Guangxi Neurological Diseases Clinical Research Center, Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi, China
| | - Muyan Ma
- Greater Bay Biomedical Innocenter, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jinyong Zhu
- Greater Bay Biomedical Innocenter, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, China
| | - Anthony T Vella
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
| | - Jun Wan
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Neuronal Structural Biology, Biomedical Research Institute, Shenzhen Peking University - The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Medical Center, Shenzhen, China.,MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Bioinformatics Division and Center for Synthetic & Systems Biology, TNLIST, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Kepeng Wang
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
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Goldhardt O, Freiberger R, Dreyer T, Wilner L, Yakushev I, Ortner M, Förstl H, Diehl‐Schmid J, Milz E, Priller J, Ramirez A, Magdolen V, Thaler M, Grimmer T. Herpes simplex virus alters Alzheimer's disease biomarkers ‐ A hypothesis paper. Alzheimers Dement 2022; 19:2117-2134. [PMID: 36396609 DOI: 10.1002/alz.12834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Human herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV1) is discussed to induce amyloid-β (Aβ) accumulation and neurofibrillary tangles of hyperphosphorylated tau (pTau) in Alzheimer's disease (AD) in cell culture and animal models. Aβ appears to be virostatic. We investigated the association between intrathecal antibodies against HSV or cytomegalovirus (CMV) and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) AD biomarkers. METHODS Aβ42 /Aβ40 ratio, pTau, and tTau were measured in CSF of 117 patients with early AD positive for amyloid pathology (A+) and 30 healthy controls (A-). CSF-to-serum anti-HSV1/2-IgG antibody indices (AI-IgGHSV1/2 ) and CMV (AI-IgGCMV ) were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). RESULTS Exclusively in HSV1-seropositive AD, pTau was positively and significantly predicted by AI-IgGHSV1/2 and negatively by the Aβ42 /Aβ40 ratio in both univariate and multivariate regression analyses. Furthermore, a significant and negative interaction between the AI-IgGHSV1/2 and Aβ42 /Aβ40 ratio on pTau was found. DISCUSSION The results support the hypothesis that HSV infection contributes to AD. HIGHLIGHTS HSV antibody index is positively associated with tau pathology in patients with AD. HSV antibody index is negatively associated with cerebral FDG metabolism. Amyloid modulates the association of HSV antibody index with CSF-pTau. HSV in AD offers a pathophysiological model connecting tau and amyloid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Goldhardt
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy School of Medicine Klinikum rechts der Isar Technical University of Munich Munich Germany
| | - Robert Freiberger
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy School of Medicine Klinikum rechts der Isar Technical University of Munich Munich Germany
| | - Tobias Dreyer
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology School of Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich Munich Germany
| | - Luisa Wilner
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy School of Medicine Klinikum rechts der Isar Technical University of Munich Munich Germany
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, School of Medicine Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich Munich Germany
| | - Igor Yakushev
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, School of Medicine Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich Munich Germany
| | - Marion Ortner
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy School of Medicine Klinikum rechts der Isar Technical University of Munich Munich Germany
| | - Hans Förstl
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy School of Medicine Klinikum rechts der Isar Technical University of Munich Munich Germany
| | - Janine Diehl‐Schmid
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy School of Medicine Klinikum rechts der Isar Technical University of Munich Munich Germany
| | - Esther Milz
- Division of Neurogenetics and Molecular Psychiatry Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne Cologne Germany
| | - Josef Priller
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy School of Medicine Klinikum rechts der Isar Technical University of Munich Munich Germany
| | - Alfredo Ramirez
- Division of Neurogenetics and Molecular Psychiatry Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne Cologne Germany
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases and Geriatric Psychiatry Medical Faculty University Hospital Bonn Bonn Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Bonn Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's and Neurodegenerative Diseases San Antonio Texas USA
- Cluster of Excellence Cellular Stress Responses in Aging‐associated Diseases (CECAD) University of Cologne Cologne Germany
| | - Viktor Magdolen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology School of Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich Munich Germany
| | - Markus Thaler
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry School of Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich Munich Germany
| | - Timo Grimmer
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy School of Medicine Klinikum rechts der Isar Technical University of Munich Munich Germany
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12
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De Vlieger L, Vandenbroucke RE, Van Hoecke L. Recent insights into viral infections as a trigger and accelerator in alzheimer's disease. Drug Discov Today 2022; 27:103340. [PMID: 35987492 PMCID: PMC9385395 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2022.103340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder for which only symptomatic medication is available, except for the recently FDA-approved aducanumab. This lack of effective treatment urges us to investigate alternative paths that might contribute to disease development. In light of the recent SARS-CoV-2 pandemic and the disturbing neurological complications seen in some patients, it is desirable to (re)investigate the viability of the viral infection theory claiming that a microbe could affect AD initiation and/or progression. Here, we review the most important evidence for this theory with a special focus on two viruses, namely HSV-1 and SARS-CoV-2. Moreover, we discuss the possible involvement of extracellular vesicles (EVs). This overview will contribute to a more rational approach of potential treatment strategies for AD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lize De Vlieger
- Barriers in Inflammation Lab, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Roosmarijn E Vandenbroucke
- Barriers in Inflammation Lab, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Lien Van Hoecke
- Barriers in Inflammation Lab, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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13
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Bocharova OV, Fisher A, Pandit NP, Molesworth K, Mychko O, Scott AJ, Makarava N, Ritzel R, Baskakov IV. Aβ plaques do not protect against HSV-1 infection in a mouse model of familial Alzheimer's disease, and HSV-1 does not induce Aβ pathology in a model of late onset Alzheimer's disease. Brain Pathol 2022; 33:e13116. [PMID: 36064300 PMCID: PMC9836376 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.13116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The possibility that the etiology of late onset Alzheimer's disease is linked to viral infections of the CNS has been actively debated in recent years. According to the antiviral protection hypothesis, viral pathogens trigger aggregation of Aβ peptides that are produced as a defense mechanism in response to infection to entrap and neutralize pathogens. To test the causative relationship between viral infection and Aβ aggregation, the current study examined whether Aβ plaques protect the mouse brain against Herpes Simplex Virus 1 (HSV-1) infection introduced via a physiological route and whether HSV-1 infection triggers formation of Aβ plaques in a mouse model of late-onset AD that does not develop Aβ pathology spontaneously. In aged 5XFAD mice infected via eye scarification, high density of Aβ aggregates did not improve survival time or rate when compared with wild type controls. In 5XFADs, viral replication sites were found in brain areas with a high density of extracellular Aβ deposits, however, no association between HSV-1 and Aβ aggregates could be found. To test whether HSV-1 triggers Aβ aggregation in a mouse model that lacks spontaneous Aβ pathology, 13-month-old hAβ/APOE4/Trem2*R47H mice were infected with HSV-1 via eye scarification with the McKrae HSV-1 strain, intracranial inoculation with McKrae, intracranial inoculation after priming with LPS for 6 weeks, or intracranial inoculation with high doses of McKrae or 17syn + strains that represent different degrees of neurovirulence. No signs of Aβ aggregation were found in any of the experimental groups. Instead, extensive infiltration of peripheral leukocytes was observed during the acute stage of HSV-1 infection, and phagocytic activity of myeloid cells was identified as the primary defense mechanism against HSV-1. The current results argue against a direct causative relationship between HSV-1 infection and Aβ pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga V. Bocharova
- Center for Biomedical Engineering and TechnologyUniversity of Maryland School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA,Department of Anatomy and NeurobiologyUniversity of Maryland School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Aidan Fisher
- Center for Biomedical Engineering and TechnologyUniversity of Maryland School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA,Department of Anatomy and NeurobiologyUniversity of Maryland School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Narayan P. Pandit
- Center for Biomedical Engineering and TechnologyUniversity of Maryland School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA,Department of Anatomy and NeurobiologyUniversity of Maryland School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Kara Molesworth
- Center for Biomedical Engineering and TechnologyUniversity of Maryland School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA,Department of Anatomy and NeurobiologyUniversity of Maryland School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Olga Mychko
- Center for Biomedical Engineering and TechnologyUniversity of Maryland School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA,Department of Anatomy and NeurobiologyUniversity of Maryland School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Alison J. Scott
- Department of Microbial PathogenesisUniversity of Maryland School of DentistryBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Natallia Makarava
- Center for Biomedical Engineering and TechnologyUniversity of Maryland School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA,Department of Anatomy and NeurobiologyUniversity of Maryland School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Rodney Ritzel
- Department of Anesthesiology and Center for Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR)University of Maryland School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Ilia V. Baskakov
- Center for Biomedical Engineering and TechnologyUniversity of Maryland School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA,Department of Anatomy and NeurobiologyUniversity of Maryland School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA
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14
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Li J, Sun M, Cui X, Li C. Protective Effects of Flavonoids against Alzheimer's Disease: Pathological Hypothesis, Potential Targets, and Structure-Activity Relationship. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231710020. [PMID: 36077418 PMCID: PMC9456554 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231710020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease with high morbidity and mortality, for which there is no available cure. Currently, it is generally believed that AD is a disease caused by multiple factors, such as amyloid-beta accumulation, tau protein hyperphosphorylation, oxidative stress, and inflammation. Multitarget prevention and treatment strategies for AD are recommended. Interestingly, naturally occurring dietary flavonoids, a class of polyphenols, have been reported to have multiple biological activities and anti-AD effects in several AD models owing to their antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, and anti-amyloidogenic properties. In this review, we summarize and discuss the existing multiple pathogenic factors of AD. Moreover, we further elaborate on the biological activities of natural flavonoids and their potential mode of action and targets in managing AD by presenting a wide range of experimental evidence. The gathered data indicate that flavonoids can be regarded as prophylactics to slow the advancement of AD or avert its onset. Different flavonoids have different activities and varying levels of activity. Further, this review summarizes the structure–activity relationship of flavonoids based on the existing literature and can provide guidance on the design and selection of flavonoids as anti-AD drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Li
- School of Life Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
- Correspondence: (J.L.); (C.L.); Tel.: +86-351-701-9371 (J.L.); Fax: +86-351-701-1499 (J.L. & C.L.)
| | - Min Sun
- School of Life Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Xiaodong Cui
- Institute of Biotechnology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Chen Li
- School of Life Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
- Correspondence: (J.L.); (C.L.); Tel.: +86-351-701-9371 (J.L.); Fax: +86-351-701-1499 (J.L. & C.L.)
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15
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Ge T, Yuan Y. Herpes Simplex Virus Infection Increases Beta-Amyloid Production and Induces the Development of Alzheimer's Disease. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 2022:8804925. [PMID: 36093396 PMCID: PMC9453006 DOI: 10.1155/2022/8804925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Background Alzheimer's disease, a neurodegenerative memory disease, primarily results from the formation of amyloid plaques (Aβ) that gradually inhibit neuron communications. The entire mechanism of Aβ production remains unclear to date, and it is of particular interest among scientists to find out the exact mechanism that leads to amyloid precursor protein (APP) cleavage through the amyloidogenic pathway so that effective treatments can be developed. Method 2 sets of experiments with the use of human H4-N cell lines are proposed to fully investigate the validity of the hypothesis. All of the experiments would involve immunoblotting of Aβ using an anti-Aβ antibody, and the results would be analyzed with the assistance of an image analyzer. A significant amount of Aβ would be expected to be present in the cytoplasm of cells with herpes simplex virus (HSV-1) applied, as APP endocytosis would be induced by HSV-1, which leads to higher Aβ levels inside the cell. Results In this paper, a new hypothesis is presented on how HSV-1 infection initiates APP endocytosis and causes an increase in APP cleavage and Aβ production inside the cells. It is also hypothesized that increased Aβ peptides exit the cell via exocytosis, therefore, leading to the development of Alzheimer's disease. The findings will support the hypothesis if intracellular Aβ concentration is significantly higher after the introduction of dHSV-1 and subsequently if extracellular Aβ concentration becomes higher without TeNT exocytosis inhibition. Conclusion The results of this study would provide valuable insights into the mechanisms underlying Alzheimer's disease and open new scopes of research for its potential treatments. Further studies on virus infection and the development of memory diseases should be conducted to investigate possible correlations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianfang Ge
- Canadian International School, Singapore, Singapore 649414
| | - Yufei Yuan
- Department of Systems Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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16
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New Insights into the Molecular Interplay between Human Herpesviruses and Alzheimer’s Disease—A Narrative Review. Brain Sci 2022; 12:brainsci12081010. [PMID: 36009073 PMCID: PMC9406069 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12081010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 07/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Human herpesviruses (HHVs) have been implicated as possible risk factors in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) pathogenesis. Persistent lifelong HHVs infections may directly or indirectly contribute to the generation of AD hallmarks: amyloid beta (Aβ) plaques, neurofibrillary tangles composed of hyperphosphorylated tau proteins, and synaptic loss. The present review focuses on summarizing current knowledge on the molecular mechanistic links between HHVs and AD that include processes involved in Aβ accumulation, tau protein hyperphosphorylation, autophagy, oxidative stress, and neuroinflammation. A PubMed search was performed to collect all the available research data regarding the above mentioned mechanistic links between HHVs and AD pathology. The vast majority of research articles referred to the different pathways exploited by Herpes Simplex Virus 1 that could lead to AD pathology, while a few studies highlighted the emerging role of HHV 6, cytomegalovirus, and Epstein–Barr Virus. The elucidation of such potential links may guide the development of novel diagnostics and therapeutics to counter this devastating neurological disorder that until now remains incurable.
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17
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Patrycy M, Chodkowski M, Krzyzowska M. Role of Microglia in Herpesvirus-Related Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11070809. [PMID: 35890053 PMCID: PMC9324537 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11070809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is defined as an inflammatory state within the central nervous system (CNS). Microglia conprise the resident tissue macrophages of the neuronal tissue. Upon viral infection of the CNS, microglia become activated and start to produce inflammatory mediators important for clearance of the virus, but an excessive neuroinflammation can harm nearby neuronal cells. Herpesviruses express several molecular mechanisms, which can modulate apoptosis of infected neurons, astrocytes and microglia but also divert immune response initiated by the infected cells. In this review we also describe the link between virus-related neuroinflammation, and development of neurodegenerative diseases.
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18
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Tsamou M, Roggen EL. Building a Network of Adverse Outcome Pathways (AOPs) Incorporating the Tau-Driven AOP Toward Memory Loss (AOP429). J Alzheimers Dis Rep 2022; 6:271-296. [PMID: 35891639 PMCID: PMC9277675 DOI: 10.3233/adr-220015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The adverse outcome pathway (AOP) concept was first proposed as a tool for chemical hazard assessment facilitating the regulatory decision-making in toxicology and was more recently recommended during the BioMed21 workshops as a tool for the characterization of crucial endpoints in the human disease development. This AOP framework represents mechanistically based approaches using existing data, more realistic and relevant to human biological systems. In principle, AOPs are described by molecular initiating events (MIEs) which induce key events (KEs) leading to adverse outcomes (AOs). In addition to the individual AOPs, the network of AOPs has been also suggested to beneficially support the understanding and prediction of adverse effects in risk assessment. The AOP-based networks can capture the complexity of biological systems described by different AOPs, in which multiple AOs diverge from a single MIE or multiple MIEs trigger a cascade of KEs that converge to a single AO. Here, an AOP network incorporating a recently proposed tau-driven AOP toward memory loss (AOP429) related to sporadic (late-onset) Alzheimer’s disease is constructed. This proposed AOP network is an attempt to extract useful information for better comprehending the interactions among existing mechanistic data linked to memory loss as an early phase of sporadic Alzheimer’s disease pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Tsamou
- ToxGenSolutions (TGS), Maastricht, The Netherlands
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19
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Role of HSV-1 in Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis: A challenge for novel preventive/therapeutic strategies. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2022; 63:102200. [PMID: 35276497 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2022.102200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV-1) is a ubiquitous DNA virus able to establish a life-long latent infection in host sensory ganglia. Following periodic reactivations, the neovirions usually target the site of primary infection causing recurrent diseases in susceptible individuals. However, reactivated HSV-1 may also reach the brain resulting in severe herpetic encephalitis or in asymptomatic infections. These have been reportedly linked to neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), suggesting antiviral preventive or/therapeutic treatments as possible strategies to counteract AD onset and progression. Here, we provide an overview of the AD-like mechanisms driven by HSV-1-infection in neurons and discuss the ongoing trials repurposing anti-herpetic drugs to treat AD as well as preventive strategies aimed at blocking virus infection.
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20
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Zhang S, Zeng J, Zhou Y, Gao R, Rice S, Guo X, Liu Y, Feng P, Zhao Z. Simultaneous Detection of Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 Latent and Lytic Transcripts in Brain Tissue. ASN Neuro 2022; 14:17590914211053505. [PMID: 35164537 PMCID: PMC9171132 DOI: 10.1177/17590914211053505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurotrophic herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) establishes lifelong latent infection in humans. Accumulating studies indicate that HSV-1, a risk factor of neurodegenerative diseases, exacerbates the sporadic Alzheimer's disease (AD). The analysis of viral genetic materials via genomic sequencing and quantitative PCR (qPCR) is the current approach used for the detection of HSV-1; however, this approach is limited because of its difficulty in detecting both latent and lytic phases of the HSV-1 life cycle in infected hosts. RNAscope, a novel in situ RNA hybridization assay, enables visualized detection of multiple RNA targets on tissue sections. Here, we developed a fluorescent multiplex RNAscope assay in combination with immunofluorescence to detect neuronal HSV-1 transcripts in various types of mouse brain samples and human brain tissues. Specifically, the RNA probes were designed to separately recognize two transcripts in the same brain section: (1) the HSV-1 latency-associated transcript (LAT) and (2) the lytic-associated transcript, the tegument protein gene of the unique long region 37 (UL37). As a result, both LAT and UL37 signals were detectable in neurons in the hippocampus and trigeminal ganglia (TG). The quantifications of HSV-1 transcripts in the TG and CNS neurons are correlated with the viral loads during lytic and latent infection. Collectively, the development of combinational detection of neuronal HSV-1 transcripts in mouse brains can serve as a valuable tool to visualize HSV-1 infection phases in various types of samples from AD patients and facilitate our understanding of the infectious origin of neurodegeneration and dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu Zhang
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jianxiong Zeng
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Yuzheng Zhou
- Section of Infection and Immunity, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ruoyun Gao
- Section of Infection and Immunity, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Stephanie Rice
- Section of Infection and Immunity, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Xinying Guo
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Yongzhen Liu
- Section of Infection and Immunity, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Pinghui Feng
- Section of Infection and Immunity, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Zhen Zhao
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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21
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Mielcarska MB, Skowrońska K, Wyżewski Z, Toka FN. Disrupting Neurons and Glial Cells Oneness in the Brain-The Possible Causal Role of Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 (HSV-1) in Alzheimer's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 23:ijms23010242. [PMID: 35008671 PMCID: PMC8745046 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23010242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Current data strongly suggest herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) infection in the brain as a contributing factor to Alzheimer's disease (AD). The consequences of HSV-1 brain infection are multilateral, not only are neurons and glial cells damaged, but modifications also occur in their environment, preventing the transmission of signals and fulfillment of homeostatic and immune functions, which can greatly contribute to the development of disease. In this review, we discuss the pathological alterations in the central nervous system (CNS) cells that occur, following HSV-1 infection. We describe the changes in neurons, astrocytes, microglia, and oligodendrocytes related to the production of inflammatory factors, transition of glial cells into a reactive state, oxidative damage, Aβ secretion, tau hyperphosphorylation, apoptosis, and autophagy. Further, HSV-1 infection can affect processes observed during brain aging, and advanced age favors HSV-1 reactivation as well as the entry of the virus into the brain. The host activates pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) for an effective antiviral response during HSV-1 brain infection, which primarily engages type I interferons (IFNs). Future studies regarding the influence of innate immune deficits on AD development, as well as supporting the neuroprotective properties of glial cells, would reveal valuable information on how to harness cytotoxic inflammatory milieu to counter AD initiation and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matylda Barbara Mielcarska
- Department of Preclinical Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences–SGGW, Jana Ciszewskiego 8, 02-786 Warsaw, Poland;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-22-59-36063
| | - Katarzyna Skowrońska
- Department of Neurotoxicology, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Adolfa Pawińskiego 5, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Zbigniew Wyżewski
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński University in Warsaw, Dewajtis 5, 01-815 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Felix Ngosa Toka
- Department of Preclinical Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences–SGGW, Jana Ciszewskiego 8, 02-786 Warsaw, Poland;
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre 42123, Saint Kitts and Nevis
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22
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Polansky H, Goral B. How an increase in the copy number of HSV-1 during latency can cause Alzheimer's disease: the viral and cellular dynamics according to the microcompetition model. J Neurovirol 2021; 27:895-916. [PMID: 34635992 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-021-01012-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Numerous studies observed a link between the herpes smplex virus-1 (HSV-1) and Alzheimer's disease. However, the exact viral and cellular dynamics that lead from an HSV-1 infection to Alzheimer's disease are unknown. In this paper, we use the microcompetition model to formulate these dynamics by connecting seemingly unconnected observations reported in the literature. We concentrate on four pathologies characteristic of Alzheimer's disease. First, we explain how an increase in the copy number of HSV-1 during latency can decrease the expression of BECN1/Beclin1, the degradative trafficking protein, which, in turn, can cause a dysregulation of autophagy and Alzheimer's disease. Second, we show how an increase in the copy number of the latent HSV-1 can decrease the expression of many genes important for mitochondrial genome metabolism, respiratory chain, and homeostasis, which can lead to oxidative stress and neuronal damage, resulting in Alzheimer's disease. Third, we describe how an increase in this copy number can reduce the concentration of the NMDA receptor subunits NR1 and NR2b (Grin1 and Grin2b genes), and brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), which can cause an impaired synaptic plasticity, Aβ accumulation and eventually Alzheimer's disease. Finally, we show how an increase in the copy number of HSV-1 in neural stem/progenitor cells in the hippocampus during the latent phase can lead to an abnormal quantity and quality of neurogenesis, and the clinical presentation of Alzheimer's disease. Since the current understanding of the dynamics and homeostasis of the HSV-1 reservoir during latency is limited, the proposed model represents only a first step towards a complete understanding of the relationship between the copy number of HSV-1 during latency and Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanan Polansky
- The Center for the Biology of Chronic Disease (CBCD), 3 Germay Dr, Wilmington, DE, 19804, USA.
| | - Benjamin Goral
- The Center for the Biology of Chronic Disease (CBCD), 3 Germay Dr, Wilmington, DE, 19804, USA
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23
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION The syndromes of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) or mild neurocognitive disorder (MiND), often prodromal to dementia (Major Neurocognitive Disorder), are characterized by acquired clinically significant changes in one or more cognitive domains despite preserved independence. Mild impairment has significant medicolegal consequences for an affected person and their care system. We review the more common etiologies of MiND and provide a systematic review of its medicolegal implications. METHODS We conducted a systematic review of the peer-reviewed English literature on medicolegal aspects of MCI or MiND using comprehensive search terms and expanding our review to include sources cited by these reports. RESULTS Impairment of memory, executive function, social cognition, judgment, insight or abstraction can alter an individual's abilities in a variety of areas that include decision making, informed consent, designation of a surrogate decision-maker such as a health care proxy, understanding and management of financial affairs, execution of a will, or safe driving. CONCLUSION Even mild cognitive impairment can have significant behavioral consequences. Clinicians can assist care partners and persons with MCI or MiND by alerting them to the medicolegal concerns that often accompany cognitive decline. Early recognition and discussion can help a care system manage medicolegal risk more effectively and promote thoughtful advance planning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anca Bejenaru
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, Christiana Care, Wilmington, DE, USA
| | - James M Ellison
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, Christiana Care, Wilmington, DE, USA.,Department of Family and Community Medicine, Christiana Care, Wilmington, DE, USA.,Department of Psychiatry & Human Behavior, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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24
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Duggan MR, Torkzaban B, Ahooyi TM, Khalili K. Potential Role for Herpesviruses in Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 78:855-869. [PMID: 33074235 DOI: 10.3233/jad-200814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Across the fields of virology and neuroscience, the role of neurotropic viruses in Alzheimer's disease (AD) has received renewed enthusiasm, with a particular focus on human herpesviruses (HHVs). Recent genomic analyses of brain tissue collections and investigations of the antimicrobial responses of amyloid-β do not exclude a role of HHVs in contributing to or accelerating AD pathogenesis. Due to continued expansion in our aging cohort and the lack of effective treatments for AD, this composition examines a potential neuroviral theory of AD in light of these recent data. Consideration reveals a possible viral "Hit-and-Run" scenario of AD, as well as neurobiological mechanisms (i.e., neuroinflammation, protein quality control, oxidative stress) that may increase risk for AD following neurotropic infection. Although limitations exist, this theoretical framework reveals several novel therapeutic targets that may prove efficacious in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Duggan
- Department of Neuroscience and Center for Neurovirology, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Bahareh Torkzaban
- Department of Neuroscience and Center for Neurovirology, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Taha Mohseni Ahooyi
- Department of Neuroscience and Center for Neurovirology, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Kamel Khalili
- Department of Neuroscience and Center for Neurovirology, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Yong SJ, Yong MH, Teoh SL, Soga T, Parhar I, Chew J, Lim WL. The Hippocampal Vulnerability to Herpes Simplex Virus Type I Infection: Relevance to Alzheimer's Disease and Memory Impairment. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:695738. [PMID: 34483839 PMCID: PMC8414573 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.695738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) as a possible infectious etiology in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) has been proposed since the 1980s. The accumulating research thus far continues to support the association and a possible causal role of HSV-1 in the development of AD. HSV-1 has been shown to induce neuropathological and behavioral changes of AD, such as amyloid-beta accumulation, tau hyperphosphorylation, as well as memory and learning impairments in experimental settings. However, a neuroanatomical standpoint of HSV-1 tropism in the brain has not been emphasized in detail. In this review, we propose that the hippocampal vulnerability to HSV-1 infection plays a part in the development of AD and amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI). Henceforth, this review draws on human studies to bridge HSV-1 to hippocampal-related brain disorders, namely AD and aMCI/MCI. Next, experimental models and clinical observations supporting the neurotropism or predilection of HSV-1 to infect the hippocampus are examined. Following this, factors and mechanisms predisposing the hippocampus to HSV-1 infection are discussed. In brief, the hippocampus has high levels of viral cellular receptors, neural stem or progenitor cells (NSCs/NPCs), glucocorticoid receptors (GRs) and amyloid precursor protein (APP) that support HSV-1 infectivity, as well as inadequate antiviral immunity against HSV-1. Currently, the established diseases HSV-1 causes are mucocutaneous lesions and encephalitis; however, this review revises that HSV-1 may also induce and/or contribute to hippocampal-related brain disorders, especially AD and aMCI/MCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin Jie Yong
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Medical and Life Sciences, Sunway University, Petaling Jaya, Malaysia
| | - Min Hooi Yong
- Department of Psychology, School of Medical and Life Sciences, Sunway University, Petaling Jaya, Malaysia.,Aging Health and Well-being Research Centre, School of Medical and Life Sciences, Sunway University, Petaling Jaya, Malaysia
| | - Seong Lin Teoh
- Department of Anatomy, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Tomoko Soga
- Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Brain Research Institute Monash Sunway, Monash University Malaysia, Subang Jaya, Malaysia
| | - Ishwar Parhar
- Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Brain Research Institute Monash Sunway, Monash University Malaysia, Subang Jaya, Malaysia
| | - Jactty Chew
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Medical and Life Sciences, Sunway University, Petaling Jaya, Malaysia
| | - Wei Ling Lim
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Medical and Life Sciences, Sunway University, Petaling Jaya, Malaysia.,Aging Health and Well-being Research Centre, School of Medical and Life Sciences, Sunway University, Petaling Jaya, Malaysia
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26
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Laval K, Enquist LW. The Potential Role of Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 and Neuroinflammation in the Pathogenesis of Alzheimer's Disease. Front Neurol 2021; 12:658695. [PMID: 33889129 PMCID: PMC8055853 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.658695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease affecting ~50 million people worldwide. To date, there is no cure and current therapies have not been effective in delaying disease progression. Therefore, there is an urgent need for better understanding of the pathogenesis of AD and to rethink possible therapies. Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV1) has recently received growing attention for its potential role in sporadic AD. The virus is a ubiquitous human pathogen that infects mucosal epithelia and invades the peripheral nervous system (PNS) of its host to establish a reactivable, latent infection. Upon reactivation, HSV1 spreads back to the epithelium and initiates a new infection, causing epithelial lesions. Occasionally, the virus spreads from the PNS to the brain after reactivation. In this review, we discuss current work on the pathogenesis of AD and summarize research results that support a potential role for HSV1 in the infectious hypothesis of AD. We also highlight recent findings on the neuroinflammatory response, which has been proposed to be the main driving force of AD, starting early in the course of the disease. Relevant rodent models to study neuroinflammation in AD and novel therapeutic approaches are also discussed. Throughout this review, we focus on several aspects of HSV1 pathogenesis, including its primary role as an invader of the PNS, that should be considered in the etiology of AD. We also point out some of the contradictory data and remaining knowledge gaps that require further research to finally fully understand the cause of AD in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathlyn Laval
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, United States
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27
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Michiels E, Rousseau F, Schymkowitz J. Mechanisms and therapeutic potential of interactions between human amyloids and viruses. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 78:2485-2501. [PMID: 33244624 PMCID: PMC7690653 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-020-03711-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The aggregation of specific proteins and their amyloid deposition in affected tissue in disease has been studied for decades assuming a sole pathogenic role of amyloids. It is now clear that amyloids can also encode important cellular functions, one of which involves the interaction potential of amyloids with microbial pathogens, including viruses. Human expressed amyloids have been shown to act both as innate restriction molecules against viruses as well as promoting agents for viral infectivity. The underlying molecular driving forces of such amyloid-virus interactions are not completely understood. Starting from the well-described molecular mechanisms underlying amyloid formation, we here summarize three non-mutually exclusive hypotheses that have been proposed to drive amyloid-virus interactions. Viruses can indirectly drive amyloid depositions by affecting upstream molecular pathways or induce amyloid formation by a direct interaction with the viral surface or specific viral proteins. Finally, we highlight the potential of therapeutic interventions using the sequence specificity of amyloid interactions to drive viral interference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emiel Michiels
- VIB Center for Brain and Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium
- Switch Laboratory, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Frederic Rousseau
- VIB Center for Brain and Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium.
- Switch Laboratory, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Joost Schymkowitz
- VIB Center for Brain and Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium.
- Switch Laboratory, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
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28
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Acuña-Hinrichsen F, Covarrubias-Pinto A, Ishizuka Y, Stolzenbach MF, Martin C, Salazar P, Castro MA, Bramham CR, Otth C. Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 Neuronal Infection Triggers the Disassembly of Key Structural Components of Dendritic Spines. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:580717. [PMID: 33708072 PMCID: PMC7940845 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.580717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) is a widespread neurotropic virus. Primary infection of HSV-1 in facial epithelium leads to retrograde axonal transport to the central nervous system (CNS) where it establishes latency. Under stressful conditions, the virus reactivates, and new progeny are transported anterogradely to the primary site of infection. During the late stages of neuronal infection, axonal damage can occur, however, the impact of HSV-1 infection on the morphology and functional integrity of neuronal dendrites during the early stages of infection is unknown. We previously demonstrated that acute HSV-1 infection in neuronal cell lines selectively enhances Arc protein expression - a major regulator of long-term synaptic plasticity and memory consolidation, known for being a protein-interaction hub in the postsynaptic dendritic compartment. Thus, HSV-1 induced Arc expression may alter the functionality of infected neurons and negatively impact dendritic spine dynamics. In this study we demonstrated that HSV-1 infection induces structural disassembly and functional deregulation in cultured cortical neurons, an altered glutamate response, Arc accumulation within the somata, and decreased expression of spine scaffolding-like proteins such as PSD-95, Drebrin and CaMKIIβ. However, whether these alterations are specific to the HSV-1 infection mechanism or reflect a secondary neurodegenerative process remains to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisca Acuña-Hinrichsen
- Institute of Clinical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
- Center for Interdisciplinary Studies on the Nervous System (CISNe), Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
- Post-graduate Program, Science Faculty, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Adriana Covarrubias-Pinto
- Center for Interdisciplinary Studies on the Nervous System (CISNe), Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
- Post-graduate Program, Science Faculty, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
- Institute of Biochemistry II, Goethe University School of Medicine, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Institute of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Yuta Ishizuka
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | | | - Carolina Martin
- School of Medical Technology, Austral University of Chile, Puerto Montt, Chile
| | - Paula Salazar
- Institute of Clinical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Maite A. Castro
- Center for Interdisciplinary Studies on the Nervous System (CISNe), Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
- Institute of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
- Janelia Research Campus, HHMI, VA, United States
| | | | - Carola Otth
- Institute of Clinical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
- Center for Interdisciplinary Studies on the Nervous System (CISNe), Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
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29
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Ghose J, Dona A, Murtadha M, Gunes EG, Caserta E, Yoo JY, Russell L, Jaime-Ramirez AC, Barwick BG, Gupta VA, Sanchez JF, Sborov DW, Rosen ST, Krishnan A, Boise LH, Kaur B, Hofmeister CC, Pichiorri F. Oncolytic herpes simplex virus infects myeloma cells in vitro and in vivo. MOLECULAR THERAPY-ONCOLYTICS 2021; 20:519-531. [PMID: 33738338 PMCID: PMC7940704 DOI: 10.1016/j.omto.2021.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Because most patients with multiple myeloma (MM) develop resistance to current regimens, novel approaches are needed. Genetically modified, replication-competent oncolytic viruses exhibit high tropism for tumor cells regardless of cancer stage and prior treatment. Receptors of oncolytic herpes simplex virus 1 (oHSV-1), NECTIN-1, and HVEM are expressed on MM cells, prompting us to investigate the use of oHSV-1 against MM. Using oHSV-1-expressing GFP, we found a dose-dependent increase in the GFP+ signal in MM cell lines and primary MM cells. Whereas NECTIN-1 expression is variable among MM cells, we discovered that HVEM is ubiquitously and highly expressed on all samples tested. Expression of HVEM was consistently higher on CD138+/CD38+ plasma cells than in non-plasma cells. HVEM blocking demonstrated the requirement of this receptor for infection. However, we observed that, although oHSV-1 could efficiently infect and kill all MM cell lines tested, no viral replication occurred. Instead, we identified that oHSV-1 induced MM cell apoptosis via caspase-3 cleavage. We further noted that oHSV-1 yielded a significant decrease in tumor volume in two mouse xenograft models. Therefore, oHSV-1 warrants exploration as a novel potentially effective treatment option in MM, and HVEM should be investigated as a possible therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayeeta Ghose
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Ada Dona
- Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, Judy and Bernard Briskin Center for Multiple Myeloma Research, City of Hope, Monrovia, CA 91016, USA
| | - Mariam Murtadha
- Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, Judy and Bernard Briskin Center for Multiple Myeloma Research, City of Hope, Monrovia, CA 91016, USA
| | - Emine Gulsen Gunes
- Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, Judy and Bernard Briskin Center for Multiple Myeloma Research, City of Hope, Monrovia, CA 91016, USA
| | - Enrico Caserta
- Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, Judy and Bernard Briskin Center for Multiple Myeloma Research, City of Hope, Monrovia, CA 91016, USA
| | - Ji Young Yoo
- Department of Neurosurgery, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Luke Russell
- Department of Neurological Surgery, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | | | - Benjamin G Barwick
- Department of Hematology & Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30307, USA
| | - Vikas A Gupta
- Department of Hematology & Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30307, USA
| | - James F Sanchez
- Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, Judy and Bernard Briskin Center for Multiple Myeloma Research, City of Hope, Monrovia, CA 91016, USA
| | - Douglas W Sborov
- Division of Hematology & Hematologic Malignancies, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Huntsman Cancer Institute, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Steven T Rosen
- Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, Judy and Bernard Briskin Center for Multiple Myeloma Research, City of Hope, Monrovia, CA 91016, USA
| | - Amrita Krishnan
- Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, Judy and Bernard Briskin Center for Multiple Myeloma Research, City of Hope, Monrovia, CA 91016, USA
| | - Lawrence H Boise
- Department of Hematology & Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30307, USA
| | - Balveen Kaur
- Department of Neurosurgery, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Craig C Hofmeister
- Department of Hematology & Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30307, USA
| | - Flavia Pichiorri
- Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, Judy and Bernard Briskin Center for Multiple Myeloma Research, City of Hope, Monrovia, CA 91016, USA
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30
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Li Puma DD, Piacentini R, Grassi C. Does Impairment of Adult Neurogenesis Contribute to Pathophysiology of Alzheimer's Disease? A Still Open Question. Front Mol Neurosci 2021; 13:578211. [PMID: 33551741 PMCID: PMC7862134 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2020.578211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Adult hippocampal neurogenesis is a physiological mechanism contributing to hippocampal memory formation. Several studies associated altered hippocampal neurogenesis with aging and Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, whether amyloid-β protein (Aβ)/tau accumulation impairs adult hippocampal neurogenesis and, consequently, the hippocampal circuitry, involved in memory formation, or altered neurogenesis is an epiphenomenon of AD neuropathology contributing negligibly to the AD phenotype, is, especially in humans, still debated. The detrimental effects of Aβ/tau on synaptic function and neuronal viability have been clearly addressed both in in vitro and in vivo experimental models. Until some years ago, studies carried out on in vitro models investigating the action of Aβ/tau on proliferation and differentiation of hippocampal neural stem cells led to contrasting results, mainly due to discrepancies arising from different experimental conditions (e.g., different cellular/animal models, different Aβ and/or tau isoforms, concentrations, and/or aggregation profiles). To date, studies investigating in situ adult hippocampal neurogenesis indicate severe impairment in most of transgenic AD mice; this impairment precedes by several months cognitive dysfunction. Using experimental tools, which only became available in the last few years, research in humans indicated that hippocampal neurogenesis is altered in cognitive declined individuals affected by either mild cognitive impairment or AD as well as in normal cognitive elderly with a significant inverse relationship between the number of newly formed neurons and cognitive impairment. However, despite that such information is available, the question whether impaired neurogenesis contributes to AD pathogenesis or is a mere consequence of Aβ/pTau accumulation is not definitively answered. Herein, we attempted to shed light on this complex and very intriguing topic by reviewing relevant literature on impairment of adult neurogenesis in mouse models of AD and in AD patients analyzing the temporal relationship between the occurrence of altered neurogenesis and the appearance of AD hallmarks and cognitive dysfunctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domenica Donatella Li Puma
- Department of Neuroscience, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy.,Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Roberto Piacentini
- Department of Neuroscience, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy.,Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Claudio Grassi
- Department of Neuroscience, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy.,Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
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31
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Role of Melatonin on Virus-Induced Neuropathogenesis-A Concomitant Therapeutic Strategy to Understand SARS-CoV-2 Infection. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10010047. [PMID: 33401749 PMCID: PMC7823793 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10010047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral infections may cause neurological disorders by directly inducing oxidative stress and interrupting immune system function, both of which contribute to neuronal death. Several reports have described the neurological manifestations in Covid-19 patients where, in severe cases of the infection, brain inflammation and encephalitis are common. Recently, extensive research-based studies have revealed and acknowledged the clinical and preventive roles of melatonin in some viral diseases. Melatonin has been shown to have antiviral properties against several viral infections which are accompanied by neurological symptoms. The beneficial properties of melatonin relate to its properties as a potent antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and immunoregulatory molecule and its neuroprotective effects. In this review, what is known about the therapeutic role of melatonin in virus-induced neuropathogenesis is summarized and discussed.
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Songaksorn N, Petsophonsakul W, Pringproa K, Lampang KN, Sthitmatee N, Srifawattana N, Piyarungsri K, Thongkorn K. Prevalence of autoantibodies that bind to kidney tissues in cats and association risk with antibodies to feline viral rhinotracheitis, calicivirus, and panleukopenia. J Vet Sci 2021; 22:e38. [PMID: 34056879 PMCID: PMC8170220 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2021.22.e38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The feline viral rhinotracheitis, calicivirus, and panleukopenia (FVRCP) vaccine, prepared from viruses grown in the Crandell-Rees feline kidney cell line, can induce antibodies to cross-react with feline kidney tissues. OBJECTIVES This study surveyed the prevalence of autoantibodies to feline kidney tissues and their association with the frequency of FVRCP vaccination. METHODS Serum samples and kidneys were collected from 156 live and 26 cadaveric cats. Antibodies that bind to kidney tissues and antibodies to the FVRCP antigen were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and kidney-bound antibody patterns were investigated by examining immunofluorescence. Proteins recognized by antibodies were identified by Western blot analysis. RESULTS The prevalences of autoantibodies that bind to kidney tissues in cats were 41% and 13% by ELISA and immunofluorescence, respectively. Kidney-bound antibodies were observed at interstitial cells, apical border, and cytoplasm of proximal and distal tubules; the antibodies were bound to proteins with molecular weights of 40, 47, 38, and 20 kDa. There was no direct link between vaccination and anti-kidney antibodies, but positive antibodies to kidney tissues were significantly associated with the anti-FVRCP antibody. The odds ratio or association in finding the autoantibody in cats with the antibody to FVRCP was 2.8 times higher than that in cats without the antibody to FVRCP. CONCLUSIONS These preliminary results demonstrate an association between anti-FVRCP and anti-cat kidney tissues. However, an increase in the risk of inducing kidney-bound antibodies by repeat vaccinations could not be shown directly. It will be interesting to expand the sample size and follow-up on whether these autoantibodies can lead to kidney function impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nisakorn Songaksorn
- Department of Companion Animal and Wildlife Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand
| | - Wilaiwan Petsophonsakul
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand
| | - Kidsadagon Pringproa
- Department of Veterinary Bioscience and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand
| | - Kannika Na Lampang
- Department of Veterinary Bioscience and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand
| | - Nattawooti Sthitmatee
- Department of Veterinary Bioscience and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand
| | - Nuttawan Srifawattana
- Small Animal Hospital, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand
| | - Kakanang Piyarungsri
- Department of Companion Animal and Wildlife Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand
| | - Kriangkrai Thongkorn
- Department of Companion Animal and Wildlife Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand.,Integrative Research Center for Veterinary Circulatory Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand.
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33
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Choi HG, Park BJ, Lim JS, Sim SY, Jung YJ, Lee SW. Herpes Zoster Does Not Increase the Risk of Neurodegenerative Dementia: A Case-Control Study. Am J Alzheimers Dis Other Demen 2021; 36:15333175211006504. [PMID: 33882722 PMCID: PMC11005322 DOI: 10.1177/15333175211006504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study was conducted to evaluate the association between neurodegenerative dementia and herpes zoster infection (HZI) using a national sample cohort. METHODS From the national cohort study conducted by the Korean National Health Insurance Service, we extracted data for patients with neurodegenerative dementia and for 1:4 matched control participants and searched the patient histories for HZI. RESULTS The adjusted odds ratio (OR) for HZI was 0.90 (95% CI = 0.84-0.97) in the dementia group. According to the subgroup analysis, the adjusted OR for HZI was 0.91 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.83 -1.00) in the < 80 years old group, 0.88 (95% CI = 0.78 -1.00) in the ≥ 80 years old group, 0.77 (95% CI = 0.66-0.89) in men and 0.96 (95% CI = 0.88 -1.05) in women. CONCLUSIONS We concluded that HZI does not increase the risk of neurodegenerative dementia in individuals of any age or of either sex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyo Geun Choi
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Hallym University College of Medicine, Anyang, Republic of Korea
- Hallym Data Science Laboratory, Hallym University College of Medicine, Anyang, Republic of Korea
| | - Bum Jung Park
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Hallym University College of Medicine, Anyang, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Sung Lim
- Department of Neurology, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Anyang, Republic of Korea
| | - Song Yong Sim
- Department of Statistics and Institute of Statistics, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon Jung Jung
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Anyang, Republic of Korea
| | - Suk Woo Lee
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Anyang, Republic of Korea
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34
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Khokale R, Kang A, Buchanan-Peart KAR, Nelson ML, Awolumate OJ, Cancarevic I. Alzheimer's Gone Viral: Could Herpes Simplex Virus Type-1 Be Stealing Your Memories? Cureus 2020; 12:e11726. [PMID: 33403161 PMCID: PMC7772174 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.11726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is one of the principal causes of disability and morbidity. It is one of the most expensive illnesses. Despite this, there are no significant data regarding its etiology and optimal treatment. This review concentrates on the viral hypothesis of AD. After a comprehensive PubMed literature search, we analyzed the studies associating herpes simplex virus type-1 (HSV1) infection to AD from the previous 10 years. Molecular mechanisms whereby HSV1 induces AD-related pathophysiology, including neuronal production and accumulation of amyloid-beta (amyloid-β), abnormal phosphorylation of tau proteins, impaired calcium homeostasis, and autophagy, are addressed. The virus also imitates the disease in other ways, showing increased neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, synaptic dysfunction, and neuronal apoptosis. Serological studies correlate HSV1 infection with AD and cognitive impairment. A causal link between HSV1 and AD raises the concept of a simple, efficient, and preventive treatment alternative. Anti-viral agents impede brain degeneration by preventing HSV1 spread and its replication, decreasing hyperphosphorylated tau and amyloid-β; thus providing an efficacious treatment for AD. We also mention brown algae, intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG), and a synthetic drug, BAY57-1293, with anti-viral properties, as options for treating AD. We want to recommend future researchers to look for more affordable, non-invasive, and swifter techniques to identify HSV1 in the brain and assist in the early detection and prevention of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhutuja Khokale
- Neurology, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences & Psychology, Fairfield, USA
| | - Ayesha Kang
- Internal Medicine, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences & Psychology, Fairfield, USA
| | | | - Maxine L Nelson
- Internal Medicine, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences & Psychology, Fairfield, USA
| | - Oluwatayo J Awolumate
- Internal Medicine, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences & Psychology, Fairfield, USA
| | - Ivan Cancarevic
- Internal Medicine, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences & Psychology, Fairfield, USA
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35
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Vasefi M, Ghaboolian-Zare E, Abedelwahab H, Osu A. Environmental toxins and Alzheimer's disease progression. Neurochem Int 2020; 141:104852. [PMID: 33010393 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2020.104852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 09/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia, which causes progressive memory loss and cognitive decline. Effective strategies to treat or prevent remains one of the most challenging undertakings in the medical field. AD is a complex and multifactorial disease that involves several risk factors. Aging and genetic factors both play important roles in the onset of the AD, however; certain environmental factors have been reported to increase the risk of AD. Chronic exposure to toxins has been seen as an environmental factor that may increase the risk of developing a neurodegenerative disease such as AD. Exposure to metals and biotoxins produced by bacteria, molds, and viruses may contribute to the cognitive decline and pathophysiology associated with AD. Toxins may contribute to the pathology of the disease through various mechanisms such as deposition of amyloid-beta (Aβ) plaques and tangles in the brain, induction of apoptosis, inflammation, or oxidative damage. Here, we will review how toxins affect brain physiology with a focus on mechanisms by which toxins may contribute to the development and progression of AD. A better understanding of these mechanisms may help contribute towards the development of an effective strategy to slow the progression of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Vasefi
- Department Biology, Lamar University, Beaumont, TX, United States.
| | | | | | - Anthony Osu
- Department Biology, Lamar University, Beaumont, TX, United States
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36
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Li Puma DD, Marcocci ME, Lazzarino G, De Chiara G, Tavazzi B, Palamara AT, Piacentini R, Grassi C. Ca 2+ -dependent release of ATP from astrocytes affects herpes simplex virus type 1 infection of neurons. Glia 2020; 69:201-215. [PMID: 32818313 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Astrocytes provide metabolic support for neurons and modulate their functions by releasing a plethora of neuroactive molecules diffusing to neighboring cells. Here we report that astrocytes also play a role in cortical neurons' vulnerability to Herpes simplex virus type-1 (HSV-1) infection through the release of extracellular ATP. We found that the interaction of HSV-1 with heparan sulfate proteoglycans expressed on the plasma membrane of astrocytes triggered phospholipase C-mediated IP3 -dependent intracellular Ca2+ transients causing extracellular release of ATP. ATP binds membrane purinergic P2 receptors (P2Rs) of both neurons and astrocytes causing an increase in intracellular Ca2+ concentration that activates the Glycogen Synthase Kinase (GSK)-3β, whose action is necessary for HSV-1 entry/replication in these cells. Indeed, in co-cultures of neurons and astrocytes HSV-1-infected neurons were only found in proximity of infected astrocytes releasing ATP, whereas in the presence of fluorocitrate, an inhibitor of astrocyte metabolism, switching-off the HSV-1-induced ATP release, very few neurons were infected. The addition of exogenous ATP, mimicking that released by astrocytes after HSV-1 challenge, restored the ability of HSV-1 to infect neurons co-cultured with metabolically-inhibited astrocytes. The ATP-activated, P2R-mediated, and GSK-3-dependent molecular pathway underlying HSV-1 infection is likely shared by neurons and astrocytes, given that the blockade of either P2Rs or GSK-3 activation inhibited infection of both cell types. These results add a new layer of information to our understanding of the critical role played by astrocytes in regulating neuronal functions and their response to noxious stimuli including microbial agents via Ca2+ -dependent release of neuroactive molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domenica Donatella Li Puma
- Department of Neuroscience, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy.,Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Elena Marcocci
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Laboratory affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia, Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Rome, Italy
| | - Giacomo Lazzarino
- UniCamillus - Saint Camillus International University of Health Sciences, Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanna De Chiara
- Institute of Translational Pharmacology, National Research Council, Rome, Italy
| | - Barbara Tavazzi
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy.,Department of Basic biotechnological sciences, intensivological and perioperative clinics, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Anna Teresa Palamara
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Laboratory affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia, Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Rome, Italy.,San Raffaele Pisana, IRCCS, Telematic University, Rome, Italy
| | - Roberto Piacentini
- Department of Neuroscience, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy.,Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Claudio Grassi
- Department of Neuroscience, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy.,Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
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Bubak AN, Beseler C, Como CN, Coughlan CM, Johnson NR, Hassell JE, Burnet AM, Mescher T, Schmid DS, Coleman C, Mahalingam R, Cohrs RJ, Boyd TD, Potter H, Shilleh AH, Russ HA, Nagel MA. Amylin, Aβ42, and Amyloid in Varicella Zoster Virus Vasculopathy Cerebrospinal Fluid and Infected Vascular Cells. J Infect Dis 2020; 223:1284-1294. [PMID: 32809013 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiaa513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Varicella zoster virus (VZV) vasculopathy is characterized by persistent arterial inflammation leading to stroke. Studies show that VZV induces amyloid formation that may aggravate vasculitis. Thus, we determined if VZV central nervous system infection produces amyloid. METHODS Aβ peptides, amylin, and amyloid were measured in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from 16 VZV vasculopathy subjects and 36 stroke controls. To determine if infection induced amyloid deposition, mock- and VZV-infected quiescent primary human perineurial cells (qHPNCs), present in vasculature, were analyzed for intracellular amyloidogenic transcripts/proteins and amyloid. Supernatants were assayed for amyloidogenic peptides and ability to induce amyloid formation. To determine amylin's function during infection, amylin was knocked down with small interfering RNA and viral complementary DNA (cDNA) was quantitated. RESULTS Compared to controls, VZV vasculopathy CSF had increased amyloid that positively correlated with amylin and anti-VZV antibody levels; Aβ40 was reduced and Aβ42 unchanged. Intracellular amylin, Aβ42, and amyloid were seen only in VZV-infected qHPNCs. VZV-infected supernatant formed amyloid fibrils following addition of amyloidogenic peptides. Amylin knockdown decreased viral cDNA. CONCLUSIONS VZV infection increased levels of amyloidogenic peptides and amyloid in CSF and qHPNCs, indicating that VZV-induced amyloid deposition may contribute to persistent arterial inflammation in VZV vasculopathy. In addition, we identified a novel proviral function of amylin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew N Bubak
- Department of Neurology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Cheryl Beseler
- Department of Psychology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Christina N Como
- Department of Neurology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Christina M Coughlan
- Department of Neurology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Noah R Johnson
- Department of Neurology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - James E Hassell
- Department of Neurology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Anna M Burnet
- Department of Neurology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Teresa Mescher
- Department of Neurology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - D Scott Schmid
- Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Colin Coleman
- Department of Neurology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Ravi Mahalingam
- Department of Neurology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Randall J Cohrs
- Department of Neurology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA.,Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Timothy D Boyd
- Department of Neurology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Huntington Potter
- Department of Neurology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Ali H Shilleh
- Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Holger A Russ
- Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Maria A Nagel
- Department of Neurology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
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38
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Baggiani M, Dell’Anno MT, Pistello M, Conti L, Onorati M. Human Neural Stem Cell Systems to Explore Pathogen-Related Neurodevelopmental and Neurodegenerative Disorders. Cells 2020; 9:E1893. [PMID: 32806773 PMCID: PMC7464299 DOI: 10.3390/cells9081893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Building and functioning of the human brain requires the precise orchestration and execution of myriad molecular and cellular processes, across a multitude of cell types and over an extended period of time. Dysregulation of these processes affects structure and function of the brain and can lead to neurodevelopmental, neurological, or psychiatric disorders. Multiple environmental stimuli affect neural stem cells (NSCs) at several levels, thus impairing the normal human neurodevelopmental program. In this review article, we will delineate the main mechanisms of infection adopted by several neurotropic pathogens, and the selective NSC vulnerability. In particular, TORCH agents, i.e., Toxoplasma gondii, others (including Zika virus and Coxsackie virus), Rubella virus, Cytomegalovirus, and Herpes simplex virus, will be considered for their devastating effects on NSC self-renewal with the consequent neural progenitor depletion, the cellular substrate of microcephaly. Moreover, new evidence suggests that some of these agents may also affect the NSC progeny, producing long-term effects in the neuronal lineage. This is evident in the paradigmatic example of the neurodegeneration occurring in Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Baggiani
- Unit of Cell and Developmental Biology, Department of Biology, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy;
| | - Maria Teresa Dell’Anno
- Cellular Engineering Laboratory, Fondazione Pisana per la Scienza ONLUS, 56017 Pisa, Italy;
| | - Mauro Pistello
- Retrovirus Center and Virology Section, Department of Translational Research, University of Pisa and Virology Division, Pisa University Hospital, 56100 Pisa, Italy;
| | - Luciano Conti
- Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology—CIBIO, University of Trento, 38122 Trento, Italy;
| | - Marco Onorati
- Unit of Cell and Developmental Biology, Department of Biology, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy;
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39
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Iqbal UH, Zeng E, Pasinetti GM. The Use of Antimicrobial and Antiviral Drugs in Alzheimer's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E4920. [PMID: 32664669 PMCID: PMC7404195 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21144920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The aggregation and accumulation of amyloid-β plaques and tau proteins in the brain have been central characteristics in the pathophysiology of Alzheimer's disease (AD), making them the focus of most of the research exploring potential therapeutics for this neurodegenerative disease. With success in interventions aimed at depleting amyloid-β peptides being limited at best, a greater understanding of the physiological role of amyloid-β peptides is needed. The development of amyloid-β plaques has been determined to occur 10-20 years prior to AD symptom manifestation, hence earlier interventions might be necessary to address presymptomatic AD. Furthermore, recent studies have suggested that amyloid-β peptides may play a role in innate immunity as an antimicrobial peptide. These findings, coupled with the evidence of pathogens such as viruses and bacteria in AD brains, suggests that the buildup of amyloid-β plaques could be a response to the presence of viruses and bacteria. This has led to the foundation of the antimicrobial hypothesis for AD. The present review will highlight the current understanding of amyloid-β, and the role of bacteria and viruses in AD, and will also explore the therapeutic potential of antimicrobial and antiviral drugs in Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Giulio M. Pasinetti
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; (U.H.I.); (E.Z.)
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40
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Multiple Herpes Simplex Virus-1 (HSV-1) Reactivations Induce Protein Oxidative Damage in Mouse Brain: Novel Mechanisms for Alzheimer's Disease Progression. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8070972. [PMID: 32610629 PMCID: PMC7409037 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8070972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Compelling evidence supports the role of oxidative stress in Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathophysiology. Interestingly, Herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV-1), a neurotropic virus that establishes a lifelong latent infection in the trigeminal ganglion followed by periodic reactivations, has been reportedly linked both to AD and to oxidative stress conditions. Herein, we analyzed, through biochemical and redox proteomic approaches, the mouse model of recurrent HSV-1 infection we previously set up, to investigate whether multiple virus reactivations induced oxidative stress in the mouse brain and affected protein function and related intracellular pathways. Following multiple HSV-1 reactivations, we found in mouse brains increased levels of oxidative stress hallmarks, including 4-hydroxynonenal (HNE), and 13 HNE-modified proteins whose levels were found significantly altered in the cortex of HSV-1-infected mice compared to controls. We focused on two proteins previously linked to AD pathogenesis, i.e., glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78) and collapsin response-mediated protein 2 (CRMP2), which are involved in the unfolded protein response (UPR) and in microtubule stabilization, respectively. We found that recurrent HSV-1 infection disables GRP78 function and activates the UPR, whereas it prevents CRMP2 function in mouse brains. Overall, these data suggest that repeated HSV-1 reactivation into the brain may contribute to neurodegeneration also through oxidative damage.
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41
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Dhanavade MJ, Sonawane KD. Amyloid beta peptide-degrading microbial enzymes and its implication in drug design. 3 Biotech 2020; 10:247. [PMID: 32411571 PMCID: PMC7214582 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-020-02240-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a chronic and progressive neurological brain disorder. AD pathophysiology is mainly represented by formation of neuritic plaques and neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs). Neuritic plaques are made up of amyloid beta (Aβ) peptides, which play a central role in AD pathogenesis. In AD brain, Aβ peptide accumulates due to overproduction, insufficient clearance and defective proteolytic degradation. The degradation and cleavage mechanism of Aβ peptides by several human enzymes have been discussed previously. In the mean time, numerous experimental and bioinformatics reports indicated the significance of microbial enzymes having potential to degrade Aβ peptides. Thus, there is a need to shift the focus toward the substrate specificity and structure-function relationship of Aβ peptide-degrading microbial enzymes. Hence, in this review, we discussed in vitro and in silico studies of microbial enzymes viz. cysteine protease and zinc metallopeptidases having ability to degrade Aβ peptides. In silico study showed that cysteine protease can cleave Aβ peptide between Lys16-Cys17; similarly, several other enzymes also showed capability to degrade Aβ peptide at different sites. Thus, this review paves the way to explore the role of microbial enzymes in Aβ peptide degradation and to design new lead compounds for AD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maruti J. Dhanavade
- Department of Microbiology, Shivaji University, Kolhapur, Maharashtra 416004 India
| | - Kailas D. Sonawane
- Structural Bioinformatics Unit, Department of Biochemistry, Shivaji University, Kolhapur, Maharashtra 416004 India
- Department of Microbiology, Shivaji University, Kolhapur, Maharashtra 416004 India
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42
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Rizzo R, Bortolotti D, Gentili V, Rotola A, Bolzani S, Caselli E, Tola MR, Di Luca D. KIR2DS2/KIR2DL2/HLA-C1 Haplotype Is Associated with Alzheimer's Disease: Implication for the Role of Herpesvirus Infections. J Alzheimers Dis 2020; 67:1379-1389. [PMID: 30689576 DOI: 10.3233/jad-180777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder, where neuroinflammation and immune cells are key pathological factors. Recently, it was suggested a possible association between AD and human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6) infection. Since we recently observed that multiple sclerosis patients with KIR2DL2 expression on natural killer (NK) cells are more susceptible to herpesvirus infection, we tested the possible implication of KIR/HLA genetic for HHV-6A infection. We identified, for the first time, a possible implication of a specific KIR/HLA subset in AD. The combination KIR2DS2/KIR2DL2/C1 correlated with a lower MMSEDi score, representative of a severe AD status and an increased susceptibility to HHV-6A infection. Therefore, the results seem to converge on the hypothesis that herpesvirus infection might play a role in AD. If this hypothesis finds experimental confirmation, a new therapeutic strategy, modulating KIR2DL2 expression on NK cells, for AD might be envisaged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Rizzo
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Daria Bortolotti
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Valentina Gentili
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Antonella Rotola
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Silvia Bolzani
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | | | - Maria Rosaria Tola
- Department of Neurosciences and Rehabilitation, University Hospital, Arcispedale S. Anna, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Dario Di Luca
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
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43
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Epstein AL. [Alzheimer's disease, neuro-inflammation, and herpes viruses, a path that traces its way]. Med Sci (Paris) 2020; 36:479-486. [PMID: 32452370 DOI: 10.1051/medsci/2020090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection of the brain with various types of pathogens, and the resulting inflammatory response, is becoming increasingly important in our understanding of the etiology of Alzheimer's disease (AD). The fact that several genes identified as risk factors are actually involved in the modulation of the immune response, as well as the very diversity of the infectious agents identified as possible actors in the evolution of this disease, argue in favor of the neuro-inflammatory hypothesis, as does the demonstration that the protein Aβ, one of the most important markers of AD, is an antimicrobial peptide. Among others, herpes viruses (mainly, but not only, HSV-1), which can establish latent infections in brain neurons, especially in the elder population, punctuated by episodes of reactivation following stress or immunosuppression, appear as very strong candidates to play an etiological role, if only as cofactors, of AD. Recent results show that, in human and rat neurons, infection with HSV-1 increases the formation of Aβ along the amyloidogenic pathway, as well as the phosphorylation of Tau proteins, another essential marker of AD. The growing evidence that chronic infections and defense mechanisms, including inflammatory processes, are at the heart of AD, warrants reviewing antiviral drugs such as acyclovir, and possibly vaccination, as potential avenues for AD control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto L Epstein
- UMR Inserm U1179 - UVSQ - UFR des sciences de la santé Simone Veil, Université de Versailles-Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, 2 avenue de la source de la Bièvre, 78180 Montigny-le-Bretonneux, France
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44
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Marcocci ME, Napoletani G, Protto V, Kolesova O, Piacentini R, Li Puma DD, Lomonte P, Grassi C, Palamara AT, De Chiara G. Herpes Simplex Virus-1 in the Brain: The Dark Side of a Sneaky Infection. Trends Microbiol 2020; 28:808-820. [PMID: 32386801 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2020.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Revised: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV-1) establishes latency preferentially in sensory neurons of peripheral ganglia. A variety of stresses can induce recurrent reactivations of the virus, which spreads and then actively replicates to the site of primary infection (usually the lips or eyes). Viral particles produced following reactivation can also reach the brain, causing a rare but severe form of diffuse acute infection, namely herpes simplex encephalitis. Most of the time, this infection is clinically asymptomatic. However, it was recently correlated with the production and accumulation of neuropathological biomarkers of Alzheimer's disease. In this review we discuss the different cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying the acute and long-term damage caused by HSV-1 infection in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Elena Marcocci
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Laboratory affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia - Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Rome, Italy
| | - Giorgia Napoletani
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Laboratory affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia - Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Rome, Italy
| | - Virginia Protto
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Laboratory affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia - Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Rome, Italy
| | - Olga Kolesova
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Laboratory affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia - Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Rome, Italy
| | - Roberto Piacentini
- Department of Neuroscience, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy; Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Domenica Donatella Li Puma
- Department of Neuroscience, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy; Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Patrick Lomonte
- Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS UMR 5310, INSERM U 1217, Institut NeuroMyoGène (INMG), Lyon, France
| | - Claudio Grassi
- Department of Neuroscience, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy; Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Anna Teresa Palamara
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Laboratory affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia - Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Rome, Italy; San Raffaele Pisana, IRCCS, Telematic University, Rome, Italy.
| | - Giovanna De Chiara
- Institute of Translational Pharmacology, National Research Council, Rome, Italy
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Cairns DM, Rouleau N, Parker RN, Walsh KG, Gehrke L, Kaplan DL. A 3D human brain-like tissue model of herpes-induced Alzheimer's disease. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:eaay8828. [PMID: 32494701 PMCID: PMC7202879 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aay8828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder that causes cognitive decline, memory loss, and inability to perform everyday functions. Hallmark features of AD-including generation of amyloid plaques, neurofibrillary tangles, gliosis, and inflammation in the brain-are well defined; however, the cause of the disease remains elusive. Growing evidence implicates pathogens in AD development, with herpes simplex virus type I (HSV-1) gaining increasing attention as a potential causative agent. Here, we describe a multidisciplinary approach to produce physiologically relevant human tissues to study AD using human-induced neural stem cells (hiNSCs) and HSV-1 infection in a 3D bioengineered brain model. We report a herpes-induced tissue model of AD that mimics human disease with multicellular amyloid plaque-like formations, gliosis, neuroinflammation, and decreased functionality, completely in the absence of any exogenous mediators of AD. This model will allow for future studies to identify potential downstream drug targets for treating this devastating disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana M. Cairns
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA
- Allen Discovery Center, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA
| | - Nicolas Rouleau
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA
- Allen Discovery Center, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA
| | - Rachael N. Parker
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA
| | | | - Lee Gehrke
- Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - David L. Kaplan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA
- Allen Discovery Center, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA
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46
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Powell-Doherty RD, Abbott ARN, Nelson LA, Bertke AS. Amyloid-β and p-Tau Anti-Threat Response to Herpes Simplex Virus 1 Infection in Primary Adult Murine Hippocampal Neurons. J Virol 2020; 94:e01874-19. [PMID: 32075924 PMCID: PMC7163132 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01874-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is the sixth leading cause of death in the United States. Recent studies have established a potential link between herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) infection and the development of AD. HSV-1 DNA has been detected in AD amyloid plaques in human brains, and treatment with the antiviral acyclovir (ACV) was reported to block the accumulation of the AD-associated proteins beta-amyloid (Aβ) and hyper-phosphorylated tau (p-tau) in Vero and glioblastoma cells. Our goal was to determine whether the accumulation of AD-related proteins is attributable to acute and/or latent HSV-1 infection in mature hippocampal neurons, a region of the brain severely impacted by AD. Primary adult murine hippocampal neuronal cultures infected with HSV-1, with or without antivirals, were assessed for Aβ and p-tau expression over 7 days postinfection. P-tau expression was transiently elevated in HSV-1-infected neurons, as well as in the presence of antivirals alone. Infected neurons, as well as uninfected neurons treated with antivirals, had a greater accumulation of Aβ42 than uninfected untreated neurons. Furthermore, Aβ42 colocalized with HSV-1 latency-associated transcript (LAT) expression. These studies suggest that p-tau potentially acts as an acute response to any perceived danger-associated molecular pattern (DAMP) in primary adult hippocampal neurons, while Aβ aggregation is a long-term response to persistent threats, including HSV-1 infection.IMPORTANCE Growing evidence supports a link between HSV-1 infection and Alzheimer's disease (AD). Although AD is clearly a complex multifactorial disorder, an infectious disease etiology provides alternative therapy opportunities for this devastating disease. Understanding the impact that HSV-1 has on mature neurons and the proteins most strongly associated with AD pathology may identify specific mechanisms that could be manipulated to prevent progression of neurodegeneration and dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca D Powell-Doherty
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Amber R N Abbott
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Laura A Nelson
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Andrea S Bertke
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
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47
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Ghanem KZ, Mahran MZ, Ramadan MM, Ghanem HZ, Fadel M, Mahmoud MH. A comparative study on flavour components and therapeutic properties of unfermented and fermented defatted soybean meal extract. Sci Rep 2020; 10:5998. [PMID: 32265465 PMCID: PMC7138831 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-62907-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Microbial fermentation of plant material alters the composition of volatile and non-volatile plant natural products. We investigated the antioxidant, anticancer, and antiviral properties of extracts of defatted soybean meal fermented with Aspergillus fumigatus F-993 or A. awamori FB-133 using in vitro methods. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis of soybean meal fermented with A. awamori FB-133 and A. fumigatus F-993 identified 26 compounds with 11,14-octadecadienoic acid and methyl ester (63.63%) and 31 compounds with butylated hydroxytoluene (66.83%) and δ-myrcene (11.43%) as main constituents, respectively. The antioxidant activities of DSM extract were 3.362 ± 0.05 and 2.11 ± 0.02 mmol TE/mL, FDSM treated with A. awamori FB-133 were 4.763 ± 0.05 and 3.795 ± 0.03 mmol TE/mL and FDSM treated with A. fumigatus F-993 were 4.331 ± 0.04 and 3.971 ± 0.02 mmol TE/mL as determined by ABTS and FRAP assays, respectively. Both fermented extracts had better antioxidant activity than the unfermented extract as shown by multiple antioxidant activity assays. The concentration of fermented extracts required for 50% inhibition of cell viability was significantly lower than that of the unfermented extract when tested against the human liver cancer cell line HepG2 as shown by cell viability assays, indicating strong anticancer activity. The IC50 values for DSM, FDSM with A. fumigatusF-993 and FDSM with A. awamori FB-133 were27, 16.88 and 8.60 μg/mL, respectively. The extract of FDSM with A. awamori FB-133 showed the strongest anticancer activity, compared to DSM and FDSM with A. FumigatusF-993 extracts. Fermented extracts also reduced hepatitis A virus titres to a greater extent than unfermented extracts, thus showing strong antiviral property. Hepatitis A virus titres were reduced by 2.66 and 3 log10/0.1 mL by FDSM with A. fumigatusF-993 and FDSM by A.awamori FB-133, respectively, compared to DSM (5.50 log10/0.1 mL). Thus, the fermentation of soybean meal with A. fumigatusF-993 or A. awamori FB-133 improves the therapeutic effect of soybean extracts, which can be used in traditional medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kadry Z Ghanem
- Nutrition and Food Science Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
- Clinical Nutrition Department, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed Z Mahran
- Nutrition and Food Sciences Department, Faculty of Home Economics, Menufyia University, Menufyia, Egypt
- Clinical Nutrition Department, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Manal M Ramadan
- Chemistry of Flavour and Aroma Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | - Hassan Z Ghanem
- Therapeutical Chemistry Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Fadel
- Microbial Chemistry Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | - Mohamed H Mahmoud
- Nutrition and Food Science Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, Egypt.
- Deanship of Scientific Research, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
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Persistent Infection with Herpes Simplex Virus 1 and Alzheimer's Disease-A Call to Study How Variability in Both Virus and Host may Impact Disease. Viruses 2019; 11:v11100966. [PMID: 31635156 PMCID: PMC6833100 DOI: 10.3390/v11100966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Revised: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Increasing attention has focused on the contributions of persistent microbial infections with the manifestation of disease later in life, including neurodegenerative conditions such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Current data has shown the presence of herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) in regions of the brain that are impacted by AD in elderly individuals. Additionally, neuronal infection with HSV-1 triggers the accumulation of amyloid beta deposits and hyperphosphorylated tau, and results in oxidative stress and synaptic dysfunction. All of these factors are implicated in the development of AD. These data highlight the fact that persistent viral infection is likely a contributing factor, rather than a sole cause of disease. Details of the correlations between HSV-1 infection and AD development are still just beginning to emerge. Future research should investigate the relative impacts of virus strain- and host-specific factors on the induction of neurodegenerative processes over time, using models such as infected neurons in vitro, and animal models in vivo, to begin to understand their relationship with cognitive dysfunction.
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La Rosa F, Agostini S, Bianchi A, Nemni R, Piancone F, Marventano I, Mancuso R, Saresella M, Clerici M. Herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV-1) infection induces a potent but ineffective IFN-λ production in immune cells of AD and PD patients. J Transl Med 2019; 17:286. [PMID: 31455413 PMCID: PMC6712644 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-019-2034-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 08/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The sequential activation of immediate early (IE), early (E) and late (L) genes is required to allow productive herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) infection. Several evidences suggest that, together with inflammation, an immunological response incapable to counteract HSV-1 reactivation plays a role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s (AD) and Parkinson’s (PD) diseases. IFN-lambda (IFN-λ), a cytokine endowed with a robust antiviral activity, contains HSV-1 reactivation. HSV-1-induced IFN-λ, IL-10 and IL-1β as well as the expression of viral IE, E and L genes were analyzed in vitro in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) of AD and PD patients as well as of healthy controls (HC). Methods PBMC of AD, PD and HC were in vitro infected with one multiplicity of infection (1 MOI) HSV-1. IE, E, and L viral genes transcription as well as IFN-λ, IL-10 and IL-1β production were analyzed. Results In HSV-1-infected cells of AD and PD patients compared to HC: (1) transcription of IE (ICP0, ICP27) genes was reduced whereas that of E (UL41, UL29) and L (UL48, LAT) genes was increased; (2) IFN-λ mRNA expression was increased. IL-1β was augmented and IL-10 was reduced in unstimulated cells of AD and PD compared to HC; HSV-1 infection significantly increased IL-10 production in HC alone. Conclusions Data herein show that a proinflammatory condition is present in AD and PD, in whom attempts to obstacle viral replication via an initial, possibly more potent IFN-λ-mediated control of IE viral genes is unsuccessful.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca La Rosa
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotechnology, IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, via Capecelatro, 66, 20148, Milan, Italy.
| | - Simone Agostini
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotechnology, IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, via Capecelatro, 66, 20148, Milan, Italy
| | - Anna Bianchi
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotechnology, IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, via Capecelatro, 66, 20148, Milan, Italy
| | - Raffaello Nemni
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotechnology, IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, via Capecelatro, 66, 20148, Milan, Italy
| | - Federica Piancone
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotechnology, IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, via Capecelatro, 66, 20148, Milan, Italy
| | - Ivana Marventano
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotechnology, IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, via Capecelatro, 66, 20148, Milan, Italy
| | - Roberta Mancuso
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotechnology, IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, via Capecelatro, 66, 20148, Milan, Italy
| | - Marina Saresella
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotechnology, IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, via Capecelatro, 66, 20148, Milan, Italy
| | - Mario Clerici
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotechnology, IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, via Capecelatro, 66, 20148, Milan, Italy.,Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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50
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Agostini S, Mancuso R, Hernis A, Costa AS, Nemni R, Clerici M. HSV-1-Specific IgG Subclasses Distribution and Serum Neutralizing Activity in Alzheimer's Disease and in Mild Cognitive Impairment. J Alzheimers Dis 2019; 63:131-138. [PMID: 29578484 DOI: 10.3233/jad-170966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Human Herpes Simplex Virus type 1 (HSV-1) infection is suggested to play a role in the development of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Immunoglobulin G (IgG) neutralize HSV-1 activity, but the virus can evade IgG-mediated immune responses by expressing receptor that efficiently binds the Fc portion of all IgG subclasses with the exception of IgG3. We analyzed HSV-1-specific IgG subclasses and IgG-mediated serum neutralization activity against HSV-1 in individuals with a diagnosis of either AD or mild cognitive impairment (MCI), comparing the results with those obtained in age-matched healthy controls (HC). 186 individuals were enrolled in the study: 67 AD, 58 MCI, and 61 HC. HSV-1 IgG titers and subclasses, neutralizing antibody (NAb) titers, and complement C3 concentration-critical component of antibody-mediated effector activity-were measured in sera by ELISA; IgG neutralizing activity was performed on HSV-1 infected Vero cells. Results showed that, whereas HSV-1-specific IgG1, IgG2, and IgG4 titers as well as complement C3 serum concentration were comparable in all groups of individuals, IgG3 were more frequently detected in MCI (89%) compared to AD (75%; p < 0.05) and HC (68%; p = 0.003), whereas the titer is similar among the three groups (AD: 0.66±0.21 OD; MCI: 0.68±0.24 OD; HC: 0.72±0.28 OD). Notably, HSV-1 specific neutralizing ability of AD sera was reduced even in the presence of high quantity of IgG3. As IgG3 plays a key role in counteracting the ability of HSV-1 to evade immune responses, these data reinforce the hypothesis of a pathogenetic role of HSV-1 in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ambra Hernis
- Don Carlo Gnocchi Foundation IRCCS - ONLUS, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Raffaello Nemni
- Don Carlo Gnocchi Foundation IRCCS - ONLUS, Milan, Italy.,Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Mario Clerici
- Don Carlo Gnocchi Foundation IRCCS - ONLUS, Milan, Italy.,Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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