1
|
Khan MZ, Huang B, Kou X, Chen Y, Liang H, Ullah Q, Khan IM, Khan A, Chai W, Wang C. Enhancing bovine immune, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory responses with vitamins, rumen-protected amino acids, and trace minerals to prevent periparturient mastitis. Front Immunol 2024; 14:1290044. [PMID: 38259482 PMCID: PMC10800369 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1290044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Mastitis, the inflammatory condition of mammary glands, has been closely associated with immune suppression and imbalances between antioxidants and free radicals in cattle. During the periparturient period, dairy cows experience negative energy balance (NEB) due to metabolic stress, leading to elevated oxidative stress and compromised immunity. The resulting abnormal regulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS), along with increased non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) and β-hydroxybutyric acid (BHBA) are the key factors associated with suppressed immunity thereby increases susceptibility of dairy cattle to infections, including mastitis. Metabolic diseases such as ketosis and hypocalcemia indirectly contribute to mastitis vulnerability, exacerbated by compromised immune function and exposure to physical injuries. Oxidative stress, arising from disrupted balance between ROS generation and antioxidant availability during pregnancy and calving, further contributes to mastitis susceptibility. Metabolic stress, marked by excessive lipid mobilization, exacerbates immune depression and oxidative stress. These factors collectively compromise animal health, productive efficiency, and udder health during periparturient phases. Numerous studies have investigated nutrition-based strategies to counter these challenges. Specifically, amino acids, trace minerals, and vitamins have emerged as crucial contributors to udder health. This review comprehensively examines their roles in promoting udder health during the periparturient phase. Trace minerals like copper, selenium, and calcium, as well as vitamins; have demonstrated significant impacts on immune regulation and antioxidant defense. Vitamin B12 and vitamin E have shown promise in improving metabolic function and reducing oxidative stress followed by enhanced immunity. Additionally, amino acids play a pivotal role in maintaining cellular oxidative balance through their involvement in vital biosynthesis pathways. In conclusion, addressing periparturient mastitis requires a holistic understanding of the interplay between metabolic stress, immune regulation, and oxidative balance. The supplementation of essential amino acids, trace minerals, and vitamins emerges as a promising avenue to enhance udder health and overall productivity during this critical phase. This comprehensive review underscores the potential of nutritional interventions in mitigating periparturient bovine mastitis and lays the foundation for future research in this domain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Zahoor Khan
- Liaocheng Research Institute of Donkey High-efficiency Breeding and Ecological Feeding, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, China
| | - Bingjian Huang
- Liaocheng Research Institute of Donkey High-efficiency Breeding and Ecological Feeding, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, China
- College of Life Sciences, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, China
| | - Xiyan Kou
- Liaocheng Research Institute of Donkey High-efficiency Breeding and Ecological Feeding, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, China
| | - Yinghui Chen
- Liaocheng Research Institute of Donkey High-efficiency Breeding and Ecological Feeding, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, China
| | - Huili Liang
- Liaocheng Research Institute of Donkey High-efficiency Breeding and Ecological Feeding, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, China
| | - Qudrat Ullah
- Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Agriculture, Dera Ismail Khan, Pakistan
| | | | - Adnan Khan
- Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Wenqiong Chai
- Liaocheng Research Institute of Donkey High-efficiency Breeding and Ecological Feeding, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, China
| | - Changfa Wang
- Liaocheng Research Institute of Donkey High-efficiency Breeding and Ecological Feeding, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Wells TL, Poindexter MB, Kweh MF, Gandy J, Nelson CD. Intramammary calcitriol treatment of mastitis alters profile of milk somatic cells and indicators of redox activity in milk. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2023; 266:110679. [PMID: 38039842 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2023.110679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this experiment was to determine the effect of intramammary calcitriol treatment on indicators of inflammation during an intramammary bacterial infection. Lactating Holstein cows were challenged with intramammary Streptococcus uberis. At the onset of mild or moderate mastitis, cows were randomly assigned to receive 10 µg of intramammary calcitriol (CAL, n = 7) or placebo control (CON; n = 6) after every milking for 5 days. Data were analyzed by ANOVA with mixed models using the MIXED procedure of SAS with significance declared at P ≤ 0.05. Milk somatic cells, mastitis severity scores, rectal temperatures, and milk bacterial counts did not differ between treatments. Calcitriol decreased the percentage of CD11b+CD14- cells in milk compared with CON (CON = 81 vs. CAL = 61 ± 5%). Antioxidant potential and concentrations of 15-F2t- isoprostanes in milk of infected quarters also were lower in CAL compared with CON. Transcripts for the 25-hydroxyvitamin D 24-hydroxylase and inducible nitric oxide synthase were greater in milk somatic cells of CAL compared with CON, but those for β-defensin 7, metallothionein 1 A and 2 A, thioredoxin and thioredoxin reductase did not differ between treatments. Although clinical signs of severity did not differ, CAL influenced the composition of milk somatic cells and redox activity in milk of infected quarters.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Teri L Wells
- Department of Animal Sciences, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Michael B Poindexter
- Department of Animal Sciences, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Mercedes F Kweh
- Department of Animal Sciences, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Jeff Gandy
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Corwin D Nelson
- Department of Animal Sciences, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Sinha R, Sinha B, Kumari R, M R V, Sharma N, Verma A, Gupta ID. Association of udder type traits with single nucleotide polymorphisms in Sahiwal (Bos indicus) and Karan Fries ( Bos taurus × Bos indicus) cattle. Anim Biotechnol 2023; 34:2745-2756. [PMID: 36001402 DOI: 10.1080/10495398.2022.2114083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Udder structure of milking cows is not merely vital to display the visual characteristics, but also important for high milk output and low mastitis risk incidence as well. The present study measured different udder type traits in Sahiwal (Bos indicus) and Karan Fries (Bos taurus × Bos indicus) and investigated their association with single nucleotide polymorphisms in Vitamin D Receptor and Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase, Receptor Type, R genes. GG genotype of SNP rs454303072 was found to have wider rear udder, larger udder circumference, longer distance between fore-rear teats and left-right teats in Karan Fries cattle. Whereas, in Sahiwal cattle, AA genotype of this SNP was found to be associated with the higher and wider rear udder, larger udder circumference and wider udder. AA genotype of SNP rs382671389 was found to be associated with longer fore teat in Karan Fries cattle. The TT and CC genotype of SNP rs435289107 was associated with udder type traits in Karan Fries and Sahiwal cattle respectively. These results suggest that BTA 5 harbors genomic regions associated with udder traits in Bos indicus and Bos indicus x Bos taurus cattle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rebeka Sinha
- ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana, India
| | - Beena Sinha
- ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana, India
| | - Ragini Kumari
- ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana, India
| | - Vineeth M R
- Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Nisha Sharma
- ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana, India
| | - Archana Verma
- ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana, India
| | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Wherry TLT, Heggen M, Shircliff AL, Mooyottu S, Stabel JR. Stage of infection with Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis impacts expression of Rab5, Rab7, and CYP27B1 in macrophages within the ileum of naturally infected cows. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1117591. [PMID: 36816182 PMCID: PMC9937430 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1117591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Macrophages are the preferential target of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP), the etiologic agent of ruminant paratuberculosis. Uptake of pathogens by intestinal macrophages results in their trafficking through endosomal compartments, ultimately leading to fusion with an acidic lysosome to destroy the pathogen. MAP possesses virulence factors which disrupt these endosomal pathways. Additionally, levels of serum vitamin D3 have proven relevant to host immunity. Dynamics of endosomal trafficking and vitamin D3 metabolism have been largely unexplored in bovine paratuberculosis. Methods This study aimed to characterize expression of early and late endosomal markers Rab5 and Rab7, respectively, within CD68+ macrophages in frozen mid-ileum sections harvested from cows at different stages of natural paratuberculosis infection. Additionally, factors of vitamin D3 signaling and metabolism were characterized through expression of vitamin D3 activating enzyme 1α-hydroxylase (CYP27B1), vitamin D3 inactivating enzyme 24-hydroxylase (CYP24A1), and vitamin D3 receptor (VDR) within CD68+ ileal macrophages. Results and discussion Cows with clinical paratuberculosis had significantly greater macrophage and MAP burden overall, as well as intracellular MAP. Total expression of Rab5 within macrophages was reduced in clinical cows; however, Rab5 and MAP colocalization was significantly greater in this group. Intracellular Rab7 colocalization with MAP was not detected in subclinical or Johne's Disease negative (JD-) control cows but was present in clinical cows. Additionally, macrophage CYP27B1 expression was significantly reduced in clinical cows. Taken together, the results from this study show disparate patterns of expression for key mediators in intracellular MAP trafficking and vitamin D metabolism for cows at different stages of paratuberculosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Taylor L. T. Wherry
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States,United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), National Animal Disease Center, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Mark Heggen
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, College of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Adrienne L. Shircliff
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), National Animal Disease Center, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Shankumar Mooyottu
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Judith R. Stabel
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), National Animal Disease Center, Ames, IA, United States,*Correspondence: Judith R. Stabel ✉
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Wells T, Poindexter M, Kweh M, Blakely L, Nelson C. Intramammary 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 treatments differentially increase serum calcium and milk cell gene expression. JDS COMMUNICATIONS 2022; 4:91-96. [PMID: 36974222 PMCID: PMC10039239 DOI: 10.3168/jdsc.2022-0336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Intramammary 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (25D) and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25D) treatments stimulate immune defenses of the mammary gland. We hypothesized 25D treatment, in contrast to 1,25D, would exert activity in the mammary gland without affecting serum calcium. The objective was to determine the effect of dose and source of intramammary vitamin D treatments on milk somatic cell gene expression and serum calcium. Twenty lactating Holstein cows with somatic cell count <200,000 cells/mL of milk were used for the experiment. Cows were blocked by somatic cell count and randomly assigned to 1 of 5 intramammary treatments (n = 4 cows/treatment): placebo control (CNTRL; 0.4% Tween 20 in phosphate-buffered saline), 100 μg of 25D, 500 μg of 25D, 10 μg of 1,25D, or 50 μg of 1,25D. Treatments were administered in 2 ipsilateral quarters after milking. Blood samples were collected at 0, 12, 24, and 48 h for measurement of Ca and 1,25D. Milk samples were collected from each quarter at 0, 6, 12, 24, and 48 h relative to the start of treatments for measurement of gene expression in milk somatic cells. The 1,25D treatments increased serum concentrations of 1,25D and Ca in a dose-dependent manner with maximum 1,25D and Ca concentrations of 199 ± 6 pg/mL and 2.73 ± 0.04 mM, respectively, observed for 50 μg of 1,25D cows compared with 59 ± 6 pg/mL and 2.54 mM, respectively, for CNTRL cows. The 25D treatments did not affect serum 1,25D and Ca compared with CNTRL. The 25D and 1,25D treatments increased mRNA transcripts for vitamin D 24-hydroxylase (CYP24A1), inducible nitric oxide synthase (NOS2A), and chemokine C-C motif ligand 5 (CCL5) in a dose-dependent manner. The 50 μg of 1,25D treatment resulted in the greatest CYP24A1 expression (303-fold relative to CNTRL) at 6 h but was not different from CNTRL at 24 h. In contrast, CYP24A1 was 57-fold greater for cows that received 500 μg of 25D compared with CNTRL at 24 h. In conclusion, intramammary 25D treatment is effective at regulating gene expression in the mammary gland without systemic effects on serum 1,25D and Ca that occur with intramammary 1,25D treatment.
Collapse
|
6
|
Wherry TLT, Dassanayake RP, Bannantine JP, Mooyottu S, Stabel JR. Vitamin D3 alters macrophage phenotype and endosomal trafficking markers in dairy cattle naturally infected with Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:1021657. [PMID: 36275033 PMCID: PMC9579537 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.1021657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are important host defense cells in ruminant paratuberculosis (Johne’s Disease; JD), a chronic enteritis caused by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP). Classical macrophage functions of pathogen trafficking, degradation, and antigen presentation are interrupted in mycobacterial infection. Immunologic stimulation by 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (25(OH)D3) and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2D3) enhances bovine macrophage function. The present study aimed to investigate the role of vitamin D3 on macrophage phenotype and endosomal trafficking of MAP in monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs) cultured from JD-, JD+ subclinical, and JD+ clinically infected cattle. MDMs were pre-treated 100 ng/ml 25(OH)D3 or 4 ng/ml 1,25(OH)2D3 and incubated 24 hrs with MAP at 10:1 multiplicity of infection (MOI). In vitro MAP infection upregulated pro-inflammatory (M1) CD80 and downregulated resolution/repair (M2) CD163. Vitamin D3 generally decreased CD80 and increased CD163 expression. Furthermore, early endosomal marker Rab5 was upregulated 140× across all stages of paratuberculosis infection following in vitro MAP infection; however, Rab5 was reduced in MAP-activated MDMs from JD+ subclinical and JD+ clinical cows compared to healthy controls. Rab7 expression decreased in control and clinical cows following MDM infection with MAP. Both forms of vitamin D3 reduced Rab5 expression in infected MDMs from JD- control cows, while 1,25(OH)2D3 decreased Rab7 expression in JD- and JD+ subclinical animals regardless of MAP infection in vitro. Vitamin D3 promoted phagocytosis in MDMs from JD- and JD+ clinical cows treated with either vitamin D3 analog. Results from this study show exogenous vitamin D3 influences macrophage M1/M2 polarization and Rab GTPase expression within MDM culture.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Taylor L. T. Wherry
- Infectious Bacterial Diseases, National Animal Disease Center, United States Department of Agriculture - Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), Ames, IA, United States
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Rohana P. Dassanayake
- Ruminant Diseases and Immunology, National Animal Disease Center, United States Department of Agriculture - Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), Ames, IA, United States
| | - John P. Bannantine
- Infectious Bacterial Diseases, National Animal Disease Center, United States Department of Agriculture - Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), Ames, IA, United States
| | - Shankumar Mooyottu
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Judith R. Stabel
- Infectious Bacterial Diseases, National Animal Disease Center, United States Department of Agriculture - Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), Ames, IA, United States
- *Correspondence: Judith R. Stabel,
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Wherry TLT, Stabel JR. Bovine Immunity and Vitamin D 3: An Emerging Association in Johne's Disease. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10091865. [PMID: 36144467 PMCID: PMC9500906 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10091865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) is an environmentally hardy pathogen of ruminants that plagues the dairy industry. Hallmark clinical symptoms include granulomatous enteritis, watery diarrhea, and significant loss of body condition. Transition from subclinical to clinical infection is a dynamic process led by MAP which resides in host macrophages. Clinical stage disease is accompanied by dysfunctional immune responses and a reduction in circulating vitamin D3. The immunomodulatory role of vitamin D3 in infectious disease has been well established in humans, particularly in Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. However, significant species differences exist between the immune system of humans and bovines, including effects induced by vitamin D3. This fact highlights the need for continued study of the relationship between vitamin D3 and bovine immunity, especially during different stages of paratuberculosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Taylor L. T. Wherry
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
- Infectious Bacterial Diseases Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), National Animal Disease Center, Ames, IA 50010, USA
| | - Judith R. Stabel
- Infectious Bacterial Diseases Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), National Animal Disease Center, Ames, IA 50010, USA
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Eder K, Grundmann SM. Vitamin D in dairy cows: metabolism, status and functions in the immune system. Arch Anim Nutr 2022; 76:1-33. [PMID: 35249422 DOI: 10.1080/1745039x.2021.2017747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The function of vitamin D in calcium homoeostasis in dairy cows, such as in other vertebrates, is known for many years. In recent years, new and interesting, non-classical functions of vitamin D have been elucidated, including effects on the immune system. The major aim of this review is to provide an overview of effects of vitamin D or its metabolites on the immune system in dairy cows. The first part of the review provides an overview of vitamin D metabolism, with particular reference to the role of various proteins (25- and 1-hydroxylases, vitamin D binding protein, vitamin D receptor) in vitamin D signalling. The second part deals with the role of the concentration of 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] in plasma as an indicator of the vitamin D status in dairy cows, and its dependence on sunlight exposure and dietary vitamin D supplementation. In this part also the "free hormone hypothesis" is discussed, indicating that the concentration of free 25(OH)D might be a more valid indicator of the vitamin D status than the concentration of total 25(OH)D. The third part deals with classical and the non-classical functions of vitamin D. Among the non-classical functions which are based on an autocrine vitamin D signalling, particular reference is given to the effects of vitamin D and vitamin D metabolites on the immune system in bovine immune cells and in dairy cows. Recent findings provide some indication that vitamin D or its metabolite 25(OH)D could enhance the immune function in dairy cows and be useful for the prevention and therapy of mastitis. However, the number of studies reported so far in this respect is very limited. Thus, much more research is required to yield clear concepts for an optimised usage of vitamin D to improve the immune system and prevent infectious diseases in dairy cows.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Klaus Eder
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Nutrition Physiology, Justus-Liebig-Universität Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Sarah M Grundmann
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Nutrition Physiology, Justus-Liebig-Universität Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Wherry TLT, Dassanayake RP, Casas E, Mooyottu S, Bannantine JP, Stabel JR. Exogenous Vitamin D3 Modulates Response of Bovine Macrophages to Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis Infection and Is Dependent Upon Stage of Johne’s Disease. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 11:773938. [PMID: 35111692 PMCID: PMC8801714 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.773938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP), the causative agent of ruminant enteritis, targets intestinal macrophages. During infection, macrophages contribute to mucosal inflammation and development of granulomas in the small intestine which worsens as disease progression occurs. Vitamin D3 is an immunomodulatory steroid hormone with beneficial roles in host-pathogen interactions. Few studies have investigated immunologic roles of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (25(OH)D3) and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2D3) in cattle, particularly cattle infected with MAP. This study examined the effects of exogenous vitamin D3 on immune responses of monocyte derived macrophages (MDMs) isolated from dairy cattle naturally infected with MAP. MDMs were pre-treated with ± 100 ng/ml 25(OH)D3 or ± 4 ng/ml 1,25(OH)2D3, then incubated 24 hrs with live MAP in the presence of their respective pre-treatment concentrations. Following treatment with either vitamin D3 analog, phagocytosis of MAP by MDMs was significantly greater in clinically infected animals, with a greater amount of live and dead bacteria. Clinical cows had significantly less CD40 surface expression on MDMs compared to subclinical cows and noninfected controls. 1,25(OH)2D3 also significantly increased nitrite production in MAP infected cows. 1,25(OH)2D3 treatment played a key role in upregulating secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and IL-12 while downregulating IL-10, IL-6, and IFN-γ. 1,25(OH)2D3 also negatively regulated transcripts of CYP24A1, CYP27B1, DEFB7, NOS2, and IL10. Results from this study demonstrate that vitamin D3 compounds, but mainly 1,25(OH)2D3, modulate both pro- and anti-inflammatory immune responses in dairy cattle infected with MAP, impacting the bacterial viability within the macrophage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Taylor L. T. Wherry
- Infectious Bacterial Diseases, National Animal Disease Center, United States Department of Agriculture - Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), Ames, IA, United States
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Rohana P. Dassanayake
- Ruminant Diseases and Immunology, National Animal Disease Center, United States Department of Agriculture - Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), Ames, IA, United States
| | - Eduardo Casas
- Ruminant Diseases and Immunology, National Animal Disease Center, United States Department of Agriculture - Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), Ames, IA, United States
| | - Shankumar Mooyottu
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - John P. Bannantine
- Infectious Bacterial Diseases, National Animal Disease Center, United States Department of Agriculture - Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), Ames, IA, United States
| | - Judith R. Stabel
- Infectious Bacterial Diseases, National Animal Disease Center, United States Department of Agriculture - Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), Ames, IA, United States
- *Correspondence: Judith R. Stabel,
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Chen NC, Hsu CY, Mao PCM, Dreyer G, Wu FZ, Chen CL. The effects of correction of vitamin D deficiency on arterial stiffness: A systematic review and updated meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2020; 198:105561. [PMID: 31809869 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2019.105561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2019] [Revised: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
It is unclear whether nutritional vitamin D supplementation in vitamin d-deficient persons improves arterial stiffness. To conduct a meta-analysis of the effects of the nutritional vitamin D therapy on arterial stiffness in adults with vitamin D deficiency, the Scopus, PUBMED, EMBASE, and Cochrane databases were searched for systematic reviews conducted up to October 5, 2018. Randomized clinical trials that compared nutritional vitamin D therapy with placebo in adults with vitamin D deficiency were eligible. Two reviewers independently evaluated eligibility of all retrieved studies based on titles and abstracts. Meta-analysis was performed using random effect or fixed effects model and inverse variance method was used to calculate the effect using standardized mean difference (SMD) and weighted mean difference. A leave-one-out method was used for sensitivity analysis. The main outcome was arterial stiffness, indicated by the carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (PWV). We identified 237 records, of which 9 satisfied the inclusion criteria of the study. Our meta-analysis included relatively high-quality placebo-controlled randomized trials. In a random-effects model, nutritional vitamin D was associated with significant reductions in the pooled difference of PWV [(SMD: -0.29; 95 % CI: -0.51 to -0.06), p = 0.01; Cochran's Q test: chi2 = 21.85; df = 9; p = 0.009; I2 = 59 %; n = 909 from 9 studies]. All sensitivity analyses yielded similar results. Nutritional vitamin D supplementation significantly improved arterial stiffness (PWV) in several subgroups by correcting vitamin D deficiency, for a study duration of ≥4 months and a daily dose of vitamin D3 ≥ 2000 IU. The study indicated that the correction of vitamin D deficiency by nutritional vitamin D supplementation may improve arterial stiffness in vitamin d-deficient persons, especially by the correction of vitamin D deficiency with a daily dose of vitamin D3 ≥ 2000 IU. However, further studies are required to confirm this.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nai-Ching Chen
- Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Yang Hsu
- Division of Nephrology, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University School of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Pili Chi-Ming Mao
- Department of Pharmacology, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Taiwan
| | - Gavin Dreyer
- Department of Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, Queen Mary University of London, United Kingdom
| | - Fu-Zong Wu
- Department of Radiology, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Taiwan; Department of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University School of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Liang Chen
- Division of Nephrology, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University School of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Wen G, Eder K, Ringseis R. 1,25-hydroxyvitamin D3 decreases endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced inflammatory response in mammary epithelial cells. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0228945. [PMID: 32040528 PMCID: PMC7010291 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0228945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies indicated that intramammary administration of active vitamin D3 hormone (1,25D3) inhibits the inflammatory process associated with mastitis. We hypothesized that attenuation of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress by 1,25D3 in mammary epithelial cells (MECs) is an important cellular mechanism contributing to this beneficial effect of intramammary treatment with 1,25D3. To test this hypothesis, the effect of 1,25D3 was studied on induction of ER stress in a transformed human MEC line, MCF-7 cells. Treatment with two different ER stress inducers, thapsigargin (TG) and tunicamycin (TM), caused a dose-dependent induction of ER stress as evident from up-regulation of protein kinase RNA-like ER kinase (PERK), heat shock protein family A (Hsp70) member 5 (HSPA5), activating transcription factor (ATF4), ATF6, DNA damage inducible transcript 3 (DDIT3) and spliced X-box binding protein 1 (sXBP1) and impaired cell viability and decreased expression of vitamin D receptor (VDR) in MCF-7 cells (P < 0.05). Treatment with 1,25D3 (100 nM) inhibited TG (10 nM)- and TM (1 μg/mL)-induced mRNA and/or protein levels of ATF4, ATF6, DDIT3 and HSPA5 in MCF-7 cells (P < 0.05). In addition, 1,25D3 (100 nM) antagonized the effect of TG (10 nM) and TM (1 μg/mL) on mRNA and protein levels of VDR and mRNA levels of genes involved in production and degradation of 1,25D3 in MCF-7 cells (P < 0.05). Moreover, 1,25D3 (100 nM) inhibited nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) activation in response to TM (10 nM) and TG (1 μg/mL) in MCF-7 cells. In conclusion, the present findings show that 1,25D3 is effective in attenuating ER stress and the NF-κB-driven inflammatory response in MCF-7 cells. This indicates that attenuation of ER stress by 1,25D3 in MECs may contribute to the recently observed inhibitory effect of intramammary treatment of dairy cows with 1,25D3 on the inflammatory process associated with mastitis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gaiping Wen
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Nutrition Physiology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Klaus Eder
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Nutrition Physiology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Robert Ringseis
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Nutrition Physiology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Ghoreishifar SM, Moradi-Shahrbabak H, Fallahi MH, Jalil Sarghale A, Moradi-Shahrbabak M, Abdollahi-Arpanahi R, Khansefid M. Genomic measures of inbreeding coefficients and genome-wide scan for runs of homozygosity islands in Iranian river buffalo, Bubalus bubalis. BMC Genet 2020; 21:16. [PMID: 32041535 PMCID: PMC7011551 DOI: 10.1186/s12863-020-0824-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Consecutive homozygous fragments of a genome inherited by offspring from a common ancestor are known as runs of homozygosity (ROH). ROH can be used to calculate genomic inbreeding and to identify genomic regions that are potentially under historical selection pressure. The dataset of our study consisted of 254 Azeri (AZ) and 115 Khuzestani (KHZ) river buffalo genotyped for ~ 65,000 SNPs for the following two purposes: 1) to estimate and compare inbreeding calculated using ROH (FROH), excess of homozygosity (FHOM), correlation between uniting gametes (FUNI), and diagonal elements of the genomic relationship matrix (FGRM); 2) to identify frequently occurring ROH (i.e. ROH islands) for our selection signature and gene enrichment studies. Results In this study, 9102 ROH were identified, with an average number of 21.2 ± 13.1 and 33.2 ± 15.9 segments per animal in AZ and KHZ breeds, respectively. On average in AZ, 4.35% (108.8 ± 120.3 Mb), and in KHZ, 5.96% (149.1 ± 107.7 Mb) of the genome was autozygous. The estimated inbreeding values based on FHOM, FUNI and FGRM were higher in AZ than they were in KHZ, which was in contrast to the FROH estimates. We identified 11 ROH islands (four in AZ and seven in KHZ). In the KHZ breed, the genes located in ROH islands were enriched for multiple Gene Ontology (GO) terms (P ≤ 0.05). The genes located in ROH islands were associated with diverse biological functions and traits such as body size and muscle development (BMP2), immune response (CYP27B1), milk production and components (MARS, ADRA1A, and KCTD16), coat colour and pigmentation (PMEL and MYO1A), reproductive traits (INHBC, INHBE, STAT6 and PCNA), and bone development (SUOX). Conclusion The calculated FROH was in line with expected higher inbreeding in KHZ than in AZ because of the smaller effective population size of KHZ. Thus, we find that FROH can be used as a robust estimate of genomic inbreeding. Further, the majority of ROH peaks were overlapped with or in close proximity to the previously reported genomic regions with signatures of selection. This tells us that it is likely that the genes in the ROH islands have been subject to artificial or natural selection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Mohammad Ghoreishifar
- Department of Animal Science, University College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, 31587-11167, Iran
| | - Hossein Moradi-Shahrbabak
- Department of Animal Science, University College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, 31587-11167, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Hossein Fallahi
- Department of Animal Science, University College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, 31587-11167, Iran
| | - Ali Jalil Sarghale
- Department of Animal Science, University College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, 31587-11167, Iran
| | - Mohammad Moradi-Shahrbabak
- Department of Animal Science, University College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, 31587-11167, Iran
| | - Rostam Abdollahi-Arpanahi
- Departments of Animal and Poultry Science, College of Aburaihan, University of Tehran, Pakdasht, 33916-53755, Iran
| | - Majid Khansefid
- AgriBio Centre for AgriBioscience, Agriculture Victoria, Bundoora, VIC, 3083, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Wisnieski L, Brown JL, Holcombe SJ, Gandy JC, Sordillo LM. Serum vitamin D concentrations at dry-off and close-up predict increased postpartum urine ketone concentrations in dairy cattle. J Dairy Sci 2019; 103:1795-1806. [PMID: 31759612 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2019-16599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin D is commonly supplemented to dairy cows as vitamin D3 to support calcium homeostasis and in times of low sunlight exposure. Vitamin D has beneficial immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory properties. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] concentrations fluctuated during lactation, with the lowest concentrations measured in healthy cows within 7 d of calving. However, it is unknown if serum 25(OH)D concentrations measured during the previous lactation are associated with transition diseases or health risk factors in dairy cattle. We collected serum samples from 279 dairy cattle from 5 commercial dairy herds in Michigan at dry-off, close-up, and 2-10 d in milk (DIM). Vitamin D concentrations were determined by measuring serum 25(OH)D by radioimmunoassay. Total serum calcium was measured by colorimetric methods. Body condition scores (BCS) were assigned at the time of blood collection. Clinical disease incidence was monitored until 30 d postparturition. Separate bivariable logistic regression analyses were used to determine if serum 25(OH)D at dry-off, close-up, and 2-10 DIM was associated with various clinical diseases including mastitis, lameness, and uterine disorders (classified as metritis, retained placenta, or both) and increased urine ketone concentrations at P < 0.05. Among all significant bivariable analyses, multivariable logistic regression analyses were built to adjust for potential confounding variables including parity, BCS, season, and calcium. Receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curve analyses were used to determine optimal concentrations of serum 25(OH)D. We found that higher serum 25(OH)D concentrations at dry-off and close-up predicted increased urine ketone concentrations in early lactation, even after adjustment for confounders. Alternatively, we found that lower serum 25(OH)D at 2-10 DIM was associated with uterine diseases. Optimal concentrations for serum 25(OH)D at dry-off and close-up for lower risk of increased urine ketone concentrations were below 103.4 and 91.1 ng/mL, respectively. The optimal concentration for serum 25(OH)D at 2-10 DIM for uterine diseases was above 71.4 ng/mL. These results indicate that serum 25(OH)D at dry-off and close-up may be a novel predictive biomarker for increased urine ketone concentrations during early lactation. Increased urine ketone concentrations are not necessarily harmful or diagnostic for ketosis but do indicate development of negative energy balance, metabolic stress, and increased risk of early lactation diseases. Predicting that dairy cattle are at increased risk of disease facilitates implementation of intervention strategies that may lower disease incidence. Future studies should confirm these findings and determine the utility of serum 25(OH)D concentrations as a predictive biomarker for clinical and subclinical ketosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L Wisnieski
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824
| | - J L Brown
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824
| | - S J Holcombe
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824
| | - J C Gandy
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824
| | - L M Sordillo
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Kuhn MJ, Putman AK, Sordillo LM. Widespread basal cytochrome P450 expression in extrahepatic bovine tissues and isolated cells. J Dairy Sci 2019; 103:625-637. [PMID: 31677841 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2019-17071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Periparturient cattle face increased risk of both metabolic and infectious diseases. Factors contributing to this predisposition include oxidized polyunsaturated fatty acids, also known as oxylipids, whose production is altered during the periparturient period and in diseased cattle. Alterations in the production of oxylipids derived from cytochrome P450 (CYP450) enzymes are over-represented during times of increased disease risk and clinical disease, such as mastitis. Many of these same CYP450 enzymes additionally regulate metabolism of fat-soluble vitamins, such as A, D, and E. These vitamins are essential to maintaining immune health, yet circulating concentrations are diminished near calving. Despite this, a relatively small amount of research has focused on the roles of CYP450 enzymes outside of the liver. The aim of this paper is to describe the relative gene expression of 11 CYP450 in bovine tissues and common in vitro bovine cell models. Eight tissue samples were collected from 3 healthy dairy cows after euthanasia. In vitro samples included primary bovine aortic and mammary endothelial cells and immortalized bovine kidney and mammary epithelial cells. Quantitative real-time-PCR was carried out to assess basal transcript expression of CYP450 enzymes. Surprisingly, CYP450 mRNA was widely expressed in all tissue samples, with predominance in the liver. In vitro CYP450 expression was less robust, with several cell types lacking expression of specific CYP450 enzymes altogether. Overall, cell culture models did not reflect expression of tissue CYP450. However, when CYP450 were organized by activity, certain cell types consistently expressed specific functional groups. These data reveal the widespread expression of CYP450 in individual organs of healthy dairy cows. Widespread expression helps to explain previous evidence of significant changes in CYP450-mediated oxylipid production and fat-soluble vitamin metabolism in organ microenvironments during periods of oxidative stress or disease. As such, these data provide a foundation for targeted functional experiments aimed at understanding the activities of specific CYP450 and associated therapeutic potential during times of increased disease risk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M J Kuhn
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824
| | - A K Putman
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824
| | - L M Sordillo
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Poindexter MB, Kweh MF, Zimpel R, Zuniga J, Lopera C, Zenobi MG, Jiang Y, Engstrom M, Celi P, Santos JEP, Nelson CD. Feeding supplemental 25-hydroxyvitamin D 3 increases serum mineral concentrations and alters mammary immunity of lactating dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2019; 103:805-822. [PMID: 31668442 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2019-16999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Objectives were to determine the effects of feeding supplemental 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 [25(OH)D3] on concentrations of vitamin D metabolites and minerals in serum, mammary immune status, and responses to intramammary bacterial infection in dairy cows. Sixty multiparous, pregnant lactating Holstein cows with somatic cell count <200,000/mL were blocked by days in milk and milk yield and randomly assigned to receive a daily top-dressed dietary supplement containing 1 or 3 mg of vitamin D3 (1mgD or 3mgD), or 1 or 3 mg 25(OH)D3 (1mg25D or 3mg25D) for 28 d (n = 15/treatment). Cows were kept in a freestall barn and fed a total mixed ration in individual feeding gates. Individual dry matter intake (DMI) and milk yield were recorded daily, and milk and blood samples were collected at 0, 7, 14, and 21 d relative to the start of treatment. At 21 d, cows fed 1mgD and 3mg25D received an intramammary challenge with Streptococcus uberis. Cows were observed for severity of mastitis, and blood and milk samples were collected every 12 h to measure inflammation. The 1mg25D and 3mg25D cows had greater serum 25(OH)D3 concentrations at 21 d compared with 1mgD and 3mgD cows (62 ± 7, 66 ± 8, 135 ± 15, and 232 ± 26 ng/mL for 1mgD, 3mgD, 1mg25D, and 3mg25D, respectively). The 3mg25D cows had greater concentrations of Ca and P in serum at 21 d compared with other treatments (Ca = 2.38, 2.4, 2.37, and 2.48 ± 0.02 mM, 1.87, 1.88, and 2.10 ± 0.08 mM for 1mgD, 3mgD, 1mg25D, and 3mg25D, respectively). Yields of milk and milk components, DMI, body weight, and concentrations of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D and Mg in serum did not differ among treatments. Abundance of mRNA transcripts for interleukin-1β (IL1B) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in milk somatic cells before S. uberis challenge were increased in cows fed 25(OH)D3 compared with cows fed vitamin D3. Furthermore, IL1B, iNOS, β-defensin 7, and β-defensin 10 in milk somatic cells increased as concentrations of 25(OH)D3 increased in serum. Cows fed 3mg25D had less severe mastitis at 60 and 72 h after challenge with S. uberis compared with cows fed 1mgD. Concentrations of bacteria, somatic cells, and serum albumin in milk after challenge did not differ between treatments; however, an interaction between treatment and day was detected for lactate dehydrogenase in milk. Expression of adhesion protein CD11b on milk neutrophils after the S. uberis challenge was greater among 3mg25D cows compared with 1mgD cows. Transcripts of CYP24A1 and iNOS in milk somatic cells during mastitis also were greater in 3mg25D cows compared with 1mgD cows. Feeding 25(OH)D3 increased serum 25(OH)D3 more effectively than supplemental vitamin D3, resulting in increased serum mineral concentrations, increased expression of vitamin D-responsive genes, and altered immune responses to intramammary bacterial challenge.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael B Poindexter
- Animal Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611
| | - Mercedes F Kweh
- Animal Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611
| | - Roney Zimpel
- Animal Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611
| | - Jorge Zuniga
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611
| | - Camilo Lopera
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611
| | - Marcos G Zenobi
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611
| | - Yun Jiang
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611
| | | | - Pietro Celi
- DSM Nutritional Products, Parsipanny, NJ 07054
| | - José E P Santos
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611
| | - Corwin D Nelson
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
García-Barragán Á, Gutiérrez-Pabello JA, Alfonseca-Silva E. Calcitriol increases nitric oxide production and modulates microbicidal capacity against Mycobacterium bovis in bovine macrophages. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2018; 59:17-23. [PMID: 30290883 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2018.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2018] [Revised: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Bovine tuberculosis, a re-emerging infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium bovis, can be transmitted to humans. Global prevalence of M. bovis in humans is underestimated and represents a serious public health risk in developing countries. In light of this situation, it is important to note that our understanding of the immunopathogenesis of human tuberculosis can be improved by studying this disease in the bovine model. Stimulation of the bovine innate immune system with calcitriol (1,25(OH)2D3) leads to an increase in bactericidal molecules involved in macrophage antimicrobial activity. It is unknown, however, if calcitriol´s effect on bovine macrophages impacts intracellular bacterial replication. With these considerations in mind, this study sought to investigate the specific role of calcitriol in tuberculosis control in bovine macrophages, in the hopes of uncovering information applicable to human tuberculosis. As such, infection with M. bovis was shown to induce expression of CYP27B1 and VDR genes in macrophages. Moreover, addition of 1,25(OH)2D3 to cultures of macrophages previously infected with mycobacteria and/or activated by LPS triggered cellular expression of nitric oxide synthase (NOS2) and increased nitrite concentrations, both indicators of nitric oxide (NO) production. By means of a microbicidal assay, addition of 1,25(OH)2D3 was seen to increase macrophage phagocytosis and to decrease mycobacterial intracellular replication. Thus, taken together, our results show that calcitriol can help stimulate the innate immune system of bovines by increasing phagocytosis and decreasing intracellular replication of microorganisms, such as M. bovis, in macrophages, through the VDR pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ángel García-Barragán
- Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - José A Gutiérrez-Pabello
- Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Edgar Alfonseca-Silva
- Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510, Ciudad de México, Mexico.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Merriman KE, Powell JL, Santos JE, Nelson CD. Intramammary 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 treatment modulates innate immune responses to endotoxin-induced mastitis. J Dairy Sci 2018; 101:7593-7607. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-14143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
18
|
Tolleson MW, Gill CA, Herring AD, Riggs PK, Sawyer JE, Sanders JO, Riley DG. Association of udder traits with single nucleotide polymorphisms in crossbred Bos indicus- Bos taurus cows. J Anim Sci 2018; 95:2399-2407. [PMID: 28727049 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2017.1475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The size, support, and health of udders limit the productive life of beef cows, especially those with background, because, in general, such cows have a reputation for problems with udders. Genomic association studies of bovine udder traits have been conducted in dairy cattle and recently in Continental European beef breeds but not in cows with background. The objective of this study was to determine associations of SNP and udder support scores, teat length, and teat diameter in half (Nellore), half (Angus) cows. Udders of cows ( = 295) born from 2003 to 2007 were evaluated for udder support and teat length and diameter ( = 1,746 records) from 2005 through 2014. These included a subjective score representing udder support (values of 1 indicated poorly supported, pendulous udders and values of 9 indicated very well-supported udders) and lengths and diameters of individual teats in the 4 udder quarters as well as the average. Cows were in full-sibling or half-sibling families. Residuals for each trait were produced from repeated records models with cow age category nested within birth year of cows. Those residuals were averaged to become the dependent variables for genomewide association analyses. Regression analyses of those dependent variables included genotypic values as explanatory variables for 34,980 SNP from a commercially available array and included the genomic relationship matrix. Fifteen SNP loci on BTA 5 were associated (false discovery rate controlled at 0.05) with udder support score. One of those was also detected as associated with average teat diameter. Three of those 15 SNP were located within genes, including one each in (), (), and (). These are notable for their functional role in some aspect of mammary gland formation or health. Other candidate genes for these traits in the vicinity of the SNP loci include () and (). Because these were detected in Nellore-Angus crossbred cows, which typically have very well-formed udders with excellent support across their productive lives, similar efforts in other breeds should be completed, because that may facilitate further refinement of genomic regions responsible for variation in udder traits important in multiple breeds.
Collapse
|
19
|
Nelson CD, Merriman KE, Poindexter MB, Kweh MF, Blakely LP. Symposium review: Targeting antimicrobial defenses of the udder through an intrinsic cellular pathway. J Dairy Sci 2017; 101:2753-2761. [PMID: 29290431 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-13426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 11/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The bovine innate immune system has a strong repertoire of antimicrobial defenses to rapidly attack infectious pathogens that evade physical barriers of the udder. Exploration of the intracrine vitamin D pathway of bovine macrophages has improved understanding of the signals that initiate antimicrobial defenses that protect the udder. In the intracrine vitamin D pathway, pathogen recognition receptors upregulate CYP27B1 mRNA that encodes for the enzyme that converts 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D3] to the active vitamin D hormone, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25(OH)2D3]. The 1,25(OH)2D3, in turn, is generally known to increase antimicrobial activity and decrease inflammatory responses of immune cells. In cattle specifically, 1,25(OH)2D3 increases nitric oxide and β-defensin antimicrobial responses of bovine monocytes. Immune activation of the intracrine vitamin D pathway, including induction of inducible nitric oxide synthase and β-defensin gene expression by 1,25(OH)2D3, has been documented in the mammary glands of lactating dairy cows. Furthermore, intramammary 25(OH)D3 treatment decreased bacteria counts and indicators of mastitis severity in cows experimentally infected with Streptococcus uberis. We propose that vitamin D signaling in the udder contributes to containment of bacterial pathogens and inflammatory responses of the udder. Verification of vitamin D-mediated defenses of the mammary gland potentially provides a path for development of alternative solutions (i.e., nutritional, genetic, therapeutic) to increase mastitis resistance of dairy cows. Continued exploration of the intrinsic cellular pathways that specifically promote antimicrobial defenses of the udder, such as the vitamin D pathway, is needed to support mastitis control efforts for dairy cows.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Corwin D Nelson
- Department of Animal Sciences, Cellular Biology Graduate Program, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611.
| | - Kathryn E Merriman
- Animal Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611
| | - Michael B Poindexter
- Animal Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611
| | - Mercedes F Kweh
- Animal Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611
| | - Leslie P Blakely
- Department of Animal Sciences, Cellular Biology Graduate Program, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 modulates the phenotype and function of Monocyte derived dendritic cells in cattle. BMC Vet Res 2017; 13:390. [PMID: 29237505 PMCID: PMC5729451 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-017-1309-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The active form of the vitamin D3, 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25-(OH)2D3) has been shown to have major effects not only on physiological processes but also on the regulation of the immune system of vertebrates. Dendritic cells are specialised antigen presenting cells which are in charge of the initiation of T-cell dependant immune responses and as such are key regulators of responses towards pathogens. In this study we set out to evaluate the effects of 1,25-(OH)2D3 on the phenotype of cattle monocyte-derived dendritic cells (MoDCs) and how the conditioning with this vitamin affects the function of these myeloid cells. Results MoDCs were generated from CD14+ monocytes with bovine IL-4 and GM-CSF with or without 1,25-(OH)2D3 supplementation for 10 days. Vitamin D conditioned MoDCs showed a reduced expression of co-stimulatory and antigen presenting molecules, as well as a reduced capability of endocytose ovalbumin. Furthermore, the capacity of MoDCs to induce proliferation in an allogeneic mixed leukocyte reaction was abolished when MoDCs were generated in presence of 1,25-(OH)2D3. LPS induced maturation of 1,25-(OH)2D3conditioned MoDCs resulted in lower secretion of IL-12 and higher IL-10 than that observed in MoDCs. Conclusions The typical immunotolerant phenotype observed in cattle DCs after exposure to 1,25-(OH)2D3 has a significant effect on the functionality of these immune cells, inhibiting the T-cell stimulatory capacity of MoDCs. This could have profound implications on how the bovine immune system deals with pathogens, particularly in diseases such as tuberculosis or paratuberculosis.
Collapse
|
21
|
Merriman KE, Poindexter MB, Kweh MF, Santos JEP, Nelson CD. Intramammary 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D 3 treatment increases expression of host-defense genes in mammary immune cells of lactating dairy cattle. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2017; 173:33-41. [PMID: 28229929 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2017.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Revised: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial infection of the mammary gland activates an intracrine vitamin D pathway in macrophages of dairy cows. The active hormone of the vitamin D pathway, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25D), stimulates nitric oxide and β-defensin responses in bovine monocyte cultures, but the effect of 1,25D on innate immune genes in the mammary gland remained unknown. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine the effects intramammary 1,25D treatment on expression of vitamin D associated host-defenses of the bovine mammary gland. Intramammary treatment of normal, healthy mammary glands of lactating dairy cows (n=14) with 10μg 1,25D increased inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and β-defensin 7 (DEFB7) gene expression in total milk somatic cells more than two-fold relative to placebo-treated glands within 8h after treatment. The vitamin D 24-hydroxylase gene (CYP24A1) also was increased nearly 100-fold in 1,25D-treated glands within 4h after treatment but was not affected in placebo-treated glands. Both macrophages and neutrophils isolated from milk had increased CYP24A1 expression in response to 1,25D treatment but only macrophages had increased iNOS expression. Repeated intramammary 1,25D treatment, every 12h for 48h, of infected mammary glands of cows diagnosed with subclinical mastitis resulted in increased expression of CYP24A1, DEFB4, DEFB7 and iNOS genes compared to placebo-treated glands. The 1,25D treatment resulted in elevated serum 1,25D concentrations (55 vs 33pg/mL) compared to placebo but it did not change serum calcium concentrations or bacteria counts in milk of infected mammary glands. In conclusion, 1,25D upregulates iNOS and β-defensin genes in vivo in cattle and affirms earlier reports that vitamin D supports innate immune functions of cattle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn E Merriman
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Michael B Poindexter
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Mercedes F Kweh
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Jose E P Santos
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Corwin D Nelson
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Alva-Murillo N, Ochoa-Zarzosa A, López-Meza JE. Sodium Octanoate Modulates the Innate Immune Response of Bovine Mammary Epithelial Cells through the TLR2/P38/JNK/ERK1/2 Pathway: Implications during Staphylococcus aureus Internalization. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2017; 7:78. [PMID: 28361042 PMCID: PMC5350129 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2017.00078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2016] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine mammary epithelial cells (bMECs) contribute to mammary gland defense against invading pathogens, such as Staphylococcus aureus (intracellular facultative), which is recognized by TLR2. In a previous report, we showed that sodium octanoate [NaO, a medium chain fatty acid (C8)] induces (0.25 mM) or inhibits (1 mM) S. aureus internalization into bMECs and differentially regulates the innate immune response (IIR). However, the molecular mechanisms have not been described, which was the aim of this study. The results showed that α5β1 integrin membrane abundance (MA) was increased in 0.25 mM NaO-treated cells, but TLR2 or CD36 MA was not modified. When these receptors were blocked individually, 0.25 mM NaO-increased S. aureus internalization was notably reduced. Interestingly, in this condition, the IIR of the bMECs was impaired because MAPK (p38, JNK, and ERK1/2) phosphorylation and the activation of transcription factors related to these pathways were decreased. In addition, the 1 mM NaO treatment induced TLR2 MA, but neither the integrin nor CD36 MA was modified. The reduction in S. aureus internalization induced by 1 mM NaO was increased further when TLR2 was blocked. In addition, the phosphorylation levels of the MAPKs increased, and 13 transcriptional factors related to the IIR were slightly activated (CBF, CDP, c-Myb, AP-1, Ets-1/Pea-3, FAST-1, GAS/ISRE, AP-2, NFAT-1, OCT-1, RAR/DR-5, RXR/DR-1, and Stat-3). Moreover, the 1 mM NaO treatment up-regulated gene expression of IL-8 and RANTES and secretion of IL-1β. Notably, when 1 mM NaO-treated bMECs were challenged with S. aureus, the gene expression of IL-8 and IL-10 increased, while IL-1β secretion was reduced. In conclusion, our results showed that α5β1 integrin, TLR2 and CD36 are involved in 0.25 mM NaO-increased S. aureus internalization in bMECs. In addition, 1 mM NaO activates bMECs via the TLR2 signaling pathways (p38, JNK, and ERK1/2), which improves IIR before S. aureus invasion. Additionally, NaO (1 mM) might exert anti-inflammatory effects after bacterial internalization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nayeli Alva-Murillo
- Licenciatura en Genómica Alimentaria, Universidad de La Ciénega del Estado de Michoacán de OcampoSahuayo, Mexico
| | - Alejandra Ochoa-Zarzosa
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Centro Multidisciplinario de Estudios en Biotecnología, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de HidalgoMorelia, Mexico
| | - Joel E. López-Meza
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Centro Multidisciplinario de Estudios en Biotecnología, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de HidalgoMorelia, Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Bellan M, Sainaghi PP, Pirisi M. Role of Vitamin D in Rheumatoid Arthritis. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 996:155-168. [PMID: 29124698 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-56017-5_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin D is a fat soluble hormone, with a well described role in bone health and calcium/phosphate metabolism. Recent evidences have related vitamin D to other physiological functions and pathological conditions. Specifically, vitamin D has widely proven activities on immune system and evidences suggest that it may be implicated in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). The relationship between vitamin D and RA is complex, also because a deficitary vitamin D status, which is very common in RA patients, can contribute to the increased risk of osteoporosis typical of RA. In this chapter, will be described and discussed the main aspects of the relationship between RA and vitamin D.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mattia Bellan
- Department of Translational Medicine, Università del Piemonte Orientale UPO, via Solaroli 17, 28100, Novara, Italy. .,Immunorheumatology Unit, Internal Medicine Division, AOU Maggiore della Carità, Novara, Italy.
| | - Pier Paolo Sainaghi
- Immunorheumatology Unit, Internal Medicine Division, AOU Maggiore della Carità, Novara, Italy
| | - Mario Pirisi
- Department of Translational Medicine, Università del Piemonte Orientale UPO, via Solaroli 17, 28100, Novara, Italy.,Immunorheumatology Unit, Internal Medicine Division, AOU Maggiore della Carità, Novara, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Olsen HG, Knutsen TM, Lewandowska-Sabat AM, Grove H, Nome T, Svendsen M, Arnyasi M, Sodeland M, Sundsaasen KK, Dahl SR, Heringstad B, Hansen HH, Olsaker I, Kent MP, Lien S. Fine mapping of a QTL on bovine chromosome 6 using imputed full sequence data suggests a key role for the group-specific component (GC) gene in clinical mastitis and milk production. Genet Sel Evol 2016; 48:79. [PMID: 27760518 PMCID: PMC5072345 DOI: 10.1186/s12711-016-0257-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clinical mastitis is an inflammation of the mammary gland and causes significant costs to dairy production. It is unfavourably genetically correlated to milk production, and, thus, knowledge of the mechanisms that underlie these traits would be valuable to improve both of them simultaneously through breeding. A quantitative trait locus (QTL) that affects both clinical mastitis and milk production has recently been fine-mapped to around 89 Mb on bovine chromosome 6 (BTA6), but identification of the gene that underlies this QTL was not possible due to the strong linkage disequilibrium between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within this region. Our aim was to identify the gene and, if possible, the causal polymorphism(s) responsible for this QTL through association analysis of high-density SNPs and imputed full sequence data in combination with analyses of transcript and protein levels of the identified candidate gene. RESULTS Associations between SNPs and the studied traits were strongest for SNPs that were located within and immediately upstream of the group-specific component (GC) gene. This gene encodes the vitamin D-binding protein (DBP) and has multiple roles in immune defense and milk production. A 12-kb duplication that was identified downstream of this gene covered its last exon and segregated with the QTL allele that is associated with increased mastitis susceptibility and milk production. However, analyses of GC mRNA levels on the available samples revealed no differences in expression between animals having or lacking this duplication. Moreover, we detected no differences in the concentrations of DBP and its ligand vitamin D between the animals with different GC genotypes that were available for this study. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest GC as the gene that underlies the QTL for clinical mastitis and milk production. However, since only healthy animals were sampled for transcription and expression analyses, we could not draw any final conclusion on the absence of quantitative differences between animals with different genotypes. Future studies should investigate GC RNA expression and protein levels in cows with different genotypes during an infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hanne Gro Olsen
- Centre for Integrative Genetics (CIGENE), Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, PO Box 5003, 1432, Ås, Norway.
| | - Tim Martin Knutsen
- Centre for Integrative Genetics (CIGENE), Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, PO Box 5003, 1432, Ås, Norway
| | - Anna M Lewandowska-Sabat
- Department of Basic Sciences and Aquatic Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Harald Grove
- Centre for Integrative Genetics (CIGENE), Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, PO Box 5003, 1432, Ås, Norway
| | - Torfinn Nome
- Centre for Integrative Genetics (CIGENE), Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, PO Box 5003, 1432, Ås, Norway
| | | | - Mariann Arnyasi
- Centre for Integrative Genetics (CIGENE), Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, PO Box 5003, 1432, Ås, Norway
| | - Marte Sodeland
- Institute of Marine Research, Flødevigen, 4817, His, Norway.,Department of Natural Sciences, Faculty of Engineering and Science, University of Agder, PO Box 422, 4604, Kristiansand, Norway
| | - Kristil K Sundsaasen
- Centre for Integrative Genetics (CIGENE), Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, PO Box 5003, 1432, Ås, Norway
| | - Sandra Rinne Dahl
- Hormone Laboratory, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Hanne H Hansen
- Centre for Integrative Genetics (CIGENE), Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, PO Box 5003, 1432, Ås, Norway
| | - Ingrid Olsaker
- Department of Basic Sciences and Aquatic Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Matthew Peter Kent
- Centre for Integrative Genetics (CIGENE), Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, PO Box 5003, 1432, Ås, Norway
| | - Sigbjørn Lien
- Centre for Integrative Genetics (CIGENE), Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, PO Box 5003, 1432, Ås, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Nelson CD, Powell JL, Price DM, Hersom MJ, Yelich JV, Drewnoski ME, Bird SL, Bridges GA. Assessment of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations of beef cows and calves across seasons and geographical locations1. J Anim Sci 2016; 94:3958-3965. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2016-0611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
|
26
|
Nouari W, Ysmail-Dahlouk L, Aribi M. Vitamin D3 enhances bactericidal activity of macrophage against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Int Immunopharmacol 2015; 30:94-101. [PMID: 26655879 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2015.11.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2015] [Revised: 11/07/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The bioactive form of vitamin D3, i.e.1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2D3) vitamin D has been shown to modulate monocytes/macrophages physiology and its response against bacterial infections. Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) is an opportunistic bacterial pathogen that can most frequently be fatal in immunocompromised infected people. METHODS We investigated the ex vivo effect of 1,25(OH)2D3 on monocyte-derived macrophages function against P. aeruginosa infection. RESULTS Relative vitamin D receptor (VDR) mRNA expression was significantly increased in infected and 1,25(OH)2D3-treated macrophages compared to controls (p<0.01). Treatment with 1,25(OH)2D3 markedly resulted in up-regulation of nitric oxide (NO) and IL-1β production and down-regulation of IL-10 levels (respectively, p=0.029, p=0.048 and p=0.008). Additionally, 1,25(OH)2D3 significantly increased M1/M2 macrophage ratio (p<0.05) and slightly reduced intracellular bacterial development. Furthermore, the arginase activity, P. aeruginosa phagocytosis and killing were significantly increased in cells that were both infected and 1,25(OH)2D3-treated compared to the infected, but not 1,25(OH)2D3-treated macrophages (respectively, p<0.001, p<0.01 and p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS We show in this study that bioactive from of vitamin D [1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25D3)] can enhance M1 macrophage polarization and their bactericidal protective activity against P. aeruginosa. Future works would involve improving the treatment response through dose-dependent effect studies, both in ex vivo and in vivo models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wafa Nouari
- Laboratory of Applied Molecular Biology and Immunology, University of Tlemcen, 13000, Tlemcen, Algeria
| | - Lamia Ysmail-Dahlouk
- Laboratory of Applied Molecular Biology and Immunology, University of Tlemcen, 13000, Tlemcen, Algeria
| | - Mourad Aribi
- Laboratory of Applied Molecular Biology and Immunology, University of Tlemcen, 13000, Tlemcen, Algeria.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Merriman KE, Kweh MF, Powell JL, Lippolis JD, Nelson CD. Multiple β-defensin genes are upregulated by the vitamin D pathway in cattle. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2015; 154:120-9. [PMID: 26255277 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2015.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2015] [Revised: 07/31/2015] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Experimental models of bacterial and viral infections in cattle have suggested vitamin D has a role in innate immunity of cattle. The intracrine vitamin D pathway of bovine macrophages, however, has only been shown to activate a nitric oxide-mediated defense mechanism, as opposed to cathelicidin and β-defensin antimicrobial peptides in human macrophages. In this study we have investigated the actions of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25D) on a cluster of eleven bovine β-defensin genes on the basis of RNAseq data indicating they were targets of 1,25D in cattle. Treatment of bovine monocyte cultures with 1,25D (10 nM, 18 h) in the absence and presence of LPS stimulation increased the expression of bovine β-defensin 3 (BNBD3), BNBD4, BNBD6, BNBD7, and BNBD10 genes 5 to 10-fold compared to control (P<0.05). Treatment of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated monocytes with 0-100 ng/mL 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 also increased BNBD3, BNBD4, BNBD7, and BNBD10 in a dose-dependent manner. Treatment of monocytes with the protein translation inhibitor, cycloheximide, however, blocked upregulation of the β-defensins in response to 1,25D suggesting the β-defensins in cattle are not direct targets of the vitamin D receptor. Furthermore, preliminary investigation of vitamin D's contribution to β-defensin expression in vivo revealed that intramammary 1,25D treatment of lactating cows increased BNBD7 expression in mammary macrophages. In conclusion, our data demonstrate that multiple β-defensin genes are upregulated by 1,25D in cattle, providing further indication that vitamin D contributes to bovine innate immunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn E Merriman
- Animal Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Mercedes F Kweh
- Animal Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Jessica L Powell
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, PO Box 110910, 2250 Shealy Drive, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - John D Lippolis
- Ruminant Diseases and Immunology Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, National Animal Disease Center, Ames IA, USA
| | - Corwin D Nelson
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, PO Box 110910, 2250 Shealy Drive, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Casas E, Lippolis JD, Kuehn LA, Reinhardt TA. Seasonal variation in vitamin D status of beef cattle reared in the central United States. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2015; 52:71-4. [PMID: 25917139 DOI: 10.1016/j.domaniend.2015.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2014] [Revised: 03/13/2015] [Accepted: 03/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The objective was to retrospectively measure seasonal sunlight-associated variation in serum concentrations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD) in beef cattle. The concentration of 25OHD was measured in crossbred animals born from March to May in 2011 and 2012. Vitamin D status 2 to 3 mo after birth (period 1) was only available for 2012 calves and was measured in June 2012. Period 1 animals had serum 25OHD concentrations of 26.3 ± 1.5 ng/mL. The 25OHD concentrations for late summer (period 2) were 46.6 ± 1.4 and 51.0 ± 1.5 ng/mL for 2011 and 2012, respectively. Serum concentration of 25OHD in early fall (period 3) were 63.8 ± 1.4 and 55.2 ± 1.5 ng/mL for calves in 2011 and 2012, respectively. Values observed for both late summer and early fall indicated vitamin D sufficiency (P < 0.001) compared with period 1. With diminishing exposure to ultraviolet B and consuming ∼800 IU or 1800 IU (2011 and 2012, respectively) of supplemental vitamin D, the calves' midwinter (period 4) 25OHD concentrations fell to 15.2 ± 1.6 and 16.7 ± 1.5 ng/mL for 2011 and 2012, respectively, after 4 to 5 mo on a finishing diet (P < 0.0001). This is considered vitamin D insufficiency in most species. Results indicate that calves are marginally sufficient to insufficient for vitamin D based on serum 25OHD concentrations soon after birth and during winter. Some individual animals would be classified vitamin D deficient. In the absence of sufficient UVB exposure, the dietary vitamin D requirements for rapidly growing beef cattle may need to be increased.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Casas
- USDA, ARS, National Animal Disease Center, Ames, IA 50010, USA
| | - J D Lippolis
- USDA, ARS, National Animal Disease Center, Ames, IA 50010, USA
| | - L A Kuehn
- USDA, ARS, U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, NE 68933, USA
| | - T A Reinhardt
- USDA, ARS, National Animal Disease Center, Ames, IA 50010, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Modulation of the inflammatory response of bovine mammary epithelial cells by cholecalciferol (vitamin D) during Staphylococcus aureus internalization. Microb Pathog 2014; 77:24-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2014.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2014] [Revised: 10/10/2014] [Accepted: 10/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
30
|
Nonnecke BJ, McGill JL, Ridpath JF, Sacco RE, Lippolis JD, Reinhardt TA. Acute phase response elicited by experimental bovine diarrhea virus (BVDV) infection is associated with decreased vitamin D and E status of vitamin-replete preruminant calves. J Dairy Sci 2014; 97:5566-79. [PMID: 25022687 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2014-8293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2014] [Accepted: 05/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Studies in young animals have shown an association between vitamin deficiencies and increased risk of infectious disease; however, there is a paucity of information regarding the effect of acute infection on the vitamin status of the vitamin-replete neonate. To characterize the effects of acute infection on vitamin D and E status of the neonate, 6 vitamin-replete preruminant Holstein bull calves were experimentally infected with bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV; strain BVDV2-1373). Six mock-inoculated calves served as controls. Sustained pyrexia, leukopenia, and asynchronous increases in serum haptoglobin and serum amyloid A characterized the response of calves to infection with BVDV. Infection was also associated with increased serum IFN-γ, IL-2, and IL-6 concentrations. During the last 8 d of the 14-d postinoculation period, serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D and α-tocopherol concentrations in infected calves decreased by 51 and 82%, respectively. The observed inverse association between vitamin D and E status and serum amyloid A in infected calves suggests that the infection-induced acute phase response contributed to the reduced vitamin status of these animals. Additional studies are necessary to determine if the negative effect of infection on status are unique to this specific infection model or is representative of preruminant calf's response to acute infection. Studies are also needed to characterize mechanisms underlying infection-related changes in vitamin D and E status and to determine whether additional vitamin D or E supplementation during an acute infection diminishes disease severity and duration in the young animal.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B J Nonnecke
- Ruminant Diseases and Immunology Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Ames, IA 50010.
| | - J L McGill
- Ruminant Diseases and Immunology Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Ames, IA 50010
| | - J F Ridpath
- Ruminant Diseases and Immunology Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Ames, IA 50010
| | - R E Sacco
- Ruminant Diseases and Immunology Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Ames, IA 50010
| | - J D Lippolis
- Ruminant Diseases and Immunology Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Ames, IA 50010
| | - T A Reinhardt
- Ruminant Diseases and Immunology Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Ames, IA 50010
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Delvin E, Souberbielle JC, Viard JP, Salle B. Role of vitamin D in acquired immune and autoimmune diseases. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 2014; 51:232-47. [DOI: 10.3109/10408363.2014.901291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
|
32
|
Ellam T, Hameed A, ul Haque R, Muthana M, Wilkie M, Francis SE, Chico TJA. Vitamin D deficiency and exogenous vitamin D excess similarly increase diffuse atherosclerotic calcification in apolipoprotein E knockout mice. PLoS One 2014; 9:e88767. [PMID: 24586387 PMCID: PMC3929524 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0088767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2013] [Accepted: 01/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Observational data associate lower levels of serum vitamin D with coronary artery calcification, cardiovascular events and mortality. However, there is little interventional evidence demonstrating that moderate vitamin D deficiency plays a causative role in cardiovascular disease. This study examined the cardiovascular effects of dietary vitamin D deficiency and of vitamin D receptor agonist (paricalcitol) administration in apolipoprotein E knockout mice. Methods Mice were fed atherogenic diets with normal vitamin D content (1.5IU/kg) or without vitamin D. Paricalcitol, or matched vehicle, was administered 3× weekly by intraperitoneal injection. Following 20 weeks of these interventions cardiovascular phenotype was characterized by histological assessment of aortic sinus atheroma, soluble markers, blood pressure and echocardiography. To place the cardiovascular assessments in the context of intervention effects on bone, structural changes at the tibia were assessed by microtomography. Results Vitamin D deficient diet induced significant reductions in plasma vitamin D (p<0.001), trabecular bone volume (p<0.01) and bone mineral density (p<0.005). These changes were accompanied by an increase in calcification density (number of calcifications per mm2) of von Kossa-stained aortic sinus atheroma (461 versus 200, p<0.01). Paricalcitol administration suppressed parathyroid hormone (p<0.001), elevated plasma calcium phosphate product (p<0.005) and induced an increase in calcification density (472 versus 200, p<0.005) similar to that seen with vitamin D deficiency. Atheroma burden, blood pressure, metabolic profile and measures of left ventricular hypertrophy were unaffected by the interventions. Conclusion Vitamin D deficiency, as well as excess, increases atherosclerotic calcification. This phenotype is induced before other measures of cardiovascular pathology associated clinically with vitamin D deficiency. Thus, maintenance of an optimal range of vitamin D signalling may be important for prevention of atherosclerotic calcification.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Timothy Ellam
- Department of Cardiovascular Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
- Sheffield Kidney Institute, Northern General Hospital, Sheffield, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Abdul Hameed
- Department of Cardiovascular Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Risat ul Haque
- Department of Infection and Immunity, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Munitta Muthana
- Department of Infection and Immunity, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Martin Wilkie
- Sheffield Kidney Institute, Northern General Hospital, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Sheila E. Francis
- Department of Cardiovascular Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Timothy J. A. Chico
- Department of Cardiovascular Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Casas E, Leach RJ, Reinhardt TA, Thallman RM, Lippolis JD, Bennett GL, Kuehn LA. A genomewide association study identified CYP2J2 as a gene controlling serum vitamin D status in beef cattle1,2. J Anim Sci 2013; 91:3549-56. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2012-6020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- E. Casas
- USDA, ARS, National Animal Disease Center, Ames, IA 50010
| | - R. J. Leach
- USDA, ARS, U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, NE 68933
| | | | - R. M. Thallman
- USDA, ARS, U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, NE 68933
| | - J. D. Lippolis
- USDA, ARS, National Animal Disease Center, Ames, IA 50010
| | - G. L. Bennett
- USDA, ARS, U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, NE 68933
| | - L. A. Kuehn
- USDA, ARS, U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, NE 68933
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
McGill JL, Nonnecke BJ, Lippolis JD, Reinhardt TA, Sacco RE. Differential chemokine and cytokine production by neonatal bovine γδ T-cell subsets in response to viral toll-like receptor agonists and in vivo respiratory syncytial virus infection. Immunology 2013; 139:227-44. [PMID: 23368631 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2012] [Revised: 01/14/2013] [Accepted: 01/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
γδ T cells respond to stimulation via toll-like receptors (TLR). Bovine γδ T cells express TLR3 and TLR7, receptors that are key for the recognition of viruses such as bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV); however, responses of γδ T cells to stimulation via these receptors, and their role during viral infections, remains unclear. Here, we demonstrate that neonatal bovine γδ T cells exhibit robust chemokine and cytokine production in response to the TLR3 agonist, Poly(I:C), and the TLR7 agonist, Imiquimod. Importantly, we observe a similar phenotype in γδ T-cell subsets purified from calves infected with BRSV. Bovine γδ T cells are divided into subsets based upon their expression of WC1, and the response to TLR stimulation and viral infection differs between these subsets, with WC1.1(+) and WC1(neg) γδ T cells producing macrophage inflammatory protein-1α and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, and WC1.2(+) γδ T cells preferentially producing the regulatory cytokines interleukin-10 and transforming growth factor-β. We further report that the active vitamin D metabolite 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 does not alter γδ T-cell responses to TLR agonists or BRSV. To our knowledge, this is the first characterization of the γδ T-cell response during in vivo BRSV infection and the first suggestion that WC1.1(+) and WC1(neg) γδ T cells contribute to the recruitment of inflammatory populations during viral infection. Based on our results, we propose that circulating γδ T cells are poised to rapidly respond to viral infection and suggest an important role for γδ T cells in the innate immune response of the bovine neonate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jodi L McGill
- Ruminant Diseases and Immunology Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, Ames, IA 50010, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Neonatal calf infection with respiratory syncytial virus: drawing parallels to the disease in human infants. Viruses 2013; 4:3731-53. [PMID: 23342375 PMCID: PMC3528288 DOI: 10.3390/v4123731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the most common viral cause of childhood acute lower respiratory tract infections. It is estimated that RSV infections result in more than 100,000 deaths annually worldwide. Bovine RSV is a cause of enzootic pneumonia in young dairy calves and summer pneumonia in nursing beef calves. Furthermore, bovine RSV plays a significant role in bovine respiratory disease complex, the most prevalent cause of morbidity and mortality among feedlot cattle. Infection of calves with bovine RSV shares features in common with RSV infection in children, such as an age-dependent susceptibility. In addition, comparable microscopic lesions consisting of bronchiolar neutrophilic infiltrates, epithelial cell necrosis, and syncytial cell formation are observed. Further, our studies have shown an upregulation of pro-inflammatory mediators in RSV-infected calves, including IL-12p40 and CXCL8 (IL-8). This finding is consistent with increased levels of IL-8 observed in children with RSV bronchiolitis. Since rodents lack IL-8, neonatal calves can be useful for studies of IL-8 regulation in response to RSV infection. We have recently found that vitamin D in milk replacer diets can be manipulated to produce calves differing in circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D3. The results to date indicate that although the vitamin D intracrine pathway is activated during RSV infection, pro-inflammatory mediators frequently inhibited by the vitamin D intacrine pathway in vitro are, in fact, upregulated or unaffected in lungs of infected calves. This review will summarize available data that provide parallels between bovine RSV infection in neonatal calves and human RSV in infants.
Collapse
|
36
|
Kempker JA, Han JE, Tangpricha V, Ziegler TR, Martin GS. Vitamin D and sepsis: An emerging relationship. DERMATO-ENDOCRINOLOGY 2012; 4:101-8. [PMID: 22928065 PMCID: PMC3427188 DOI: 10.4161/derm.19859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin D insufficiency and sepsis are both highly prevalent worldwide problems and this article reviews the emerging science that is defining the intersections of these conditions. The importance of vitamin D’s role in skeletal health has long been understood but recent evidence is beginning to highlight its role in the functioning of other physiologic systems of the body. Basic science data reveal its integral role in local immune responses to pathogens and the systemic inflammatory pathways of sepsis. Furthermore, clinical scientists have found associations with respiratory infections, critical illness and sepsis but the causal relationship and its clinical impact have yet to be clearly defined. The article ends with speculations on the connections between racial disparities and seasonal differences in sepsis and vitamin D insufficiency.
Collapse
|
37
|
Chun RF, Adams JS, Hewison M. Immunomodulation by vitamin D: implications for TB. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol 2012; 4:583-91. [PMID: 22046197 DOI: 10.1586/ecp.11.41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
TB remains a major cause of mortality throughout the world. Low vitamin D status has been linked to increased risk of TB and other immune disorders. These observations suggest a role for vitamin D as a modulator of normal human immune function. This article will detail the cellular and molecular mechanisms by which vitamin D regulates the immune system and how vitamin D insufficiency may lead to immune dysregulation. The importance of vitamin D bioavailability as a mechanism for defining the immunomodulatory actions of vitamin D and its impact on TB will also be discussed. The overall aim will be to provide a fresh perspective on the potential benefits of vitamin D supplementation in the prevention and treatment of TB.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rene F Chun
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 615 Charles E. Young Drive South, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Kempker JA, Tangpricha V, Ziegler TR, Martin GS. Vitamin D in sepsis: from basic science to clinical impact. CRITICAL CARE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE CRITICAL CARE FORUM 2012; 16:316. [PMID: 22809263 PMCID: PMC3580673 DOI: 10.1186/cc11252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The growing basic and clinical investigations into the extraskeletal effects of vitamin D have revealed roles in the functioning of the immune system, generating interesting questions about this nutrient's connections to sepsis. This article briefly reviews the current science of the function of vitamin D in the immune system as well as the emerging clinical literature regarding its associations with respiratory infections, sepsis, and critical illness. Finally, we offer views on the potential future directions for research in the field by outlining potential relevant scenarios and outcomes.
Collapse
|
39
|
Téllez-Pérez AD, Alva-Murillo N, Ochoa-Zarzosa A, López-Meza JE. Cholecalciferol (vitamin D) differentially regulates antimicrobial peptide expression in bovine mammary epithelial cells: implications during Staphylococcus aureus internalization. Vet Microbiol 2012; 160:91-8. [PMID: 22655972 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2012.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2012] [Revised: 05/03/2012] [Accepted: 05/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin D has immunomodulatory functions regulating the expression of host defense genes. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of cholecalciferol (vitamin D3) on S. aureus internalization into bovine mammary epithelial cells (bMEC) and antimicrobial peptide (AP) mRNA expression. Cholecalciferol (1-200 nM) did not affect S. aureus growth and bMEC viability; but it reduced bacterial internalization into bMEC (15-74%). Also, bMEC showed a basal expression of all AP genes evaluated, which were induced by S. aureus. Cholecalciferol alone or together with bacteria diminished tracheal antimicrobial peptide (TAP) and bovine neutrophil β-defensin (BNBD) 5 mRNA expression; while alone induced the expression of lingual antimicrobial peptide (LAP), bovine β-defensin 1 (DEFB1) and bovine psoriasin (S100A7), which was inhibited in the presence of S. aureus. This compound (50 nM) increased BNBD10 mRNA expression coinciding with the greatest reduction in S. aureus internalization. Genes of vitamin D pathway (25-hydroxylase and 1 α-hydroxylase) show basal expression, which was induced by cholecalciferol or bacteria. S. aureus induced vitamin D receptor (VDR) mRNA expression, but not in the presence of cholecalciferol. In conclusion, cholecalciferol can reduce S. aureus internalization and differentially regulates AP expression in bMEC. Thus, vitamin D could be an effective innate immunity modulator in mammary gland, which leads to a better defense against bacterial infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Dolores Téllez-Pérez
- Centro Multidisciplinario de Estudios en Biotecnología, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Km 9.5 Carretera Morelia-Zinapécuaro. Posta Veterinaria. CP 58893, Morelia, Michoacán, Mexico
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Vitamin D signaling in the bovine immune system: a model for understanding human vitamin D requirements. Nutrients 2012; 4:181-96. [PMID: 22666545 PMCID: PMC3347026 DOI: 10.3390/nu4030181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2011] [Revised: 02/29/2012] [Accepted: 03/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The endocrine physiology of vitamin D in cattle has been rigorously investigated and has yielded information on vitamin D requirements, endocrine function in health and disease, general metabolism, and maintenance of calcium homeostasis in cattle. These results are relevant to human vitamin D endocrinology. The current debate regarding vitamin D requirements is centered on the requirements for proper intracrine and paracrine vitamin D signaling. Studies in adult and young cattle can provide valuable insight for understanding vitamin D requirements as they relate to innate and adaptive immune responses during infectious disease. In cattle, toll-like receptor recognition activates intracrine and paracrine vitamin D signaling mechanism in the immune system that regulates innate and adaptive immune responses in the presence of adequate 25-hydroxyvitamin D. Furthermore, experiments with mastitis in dairy cattle have provided in vivo evidence for the intracrine vitamin D signaling mechanism in macrophages as well as vitamin D mediated suppression of infection. Epidemiological evidence indicates that circulating concentrations above 32 ng/mL of 25-hydroxyvitamin D are necessary for optimal vitamin D signaling in the immune system, but experimental evidence is lacking for that value. Experiments in cattle can provide that evidence as circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations can be experimentally manipulated within ranges that are normal for humans and cattle. Additionally, young and adult cattle can be experimentally infected with bacteria and viruses associated with significant diseases in both cattle and humans. Utilizing the bovine model to further delineate the immunomodulatory role of vitamin D will provide potentially valuable insights into the vitamin D requirements of both humans and cattle, especially as they relate to immune response capacity and infectious disease resistance.
Collapse
|
41
|
Sacco RE, Nonnecke BJ, Palmer MV, Waters WR, Lippolis JD, Reinhardt TA. Differential expression of cytokines in response to respiratory syncytial virus infection of calves with high or low circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D3. PLoS One 2012; 7:e33074. [PMID: 22412984 PMCID: PMC3297628 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0033074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2012] [Accepted: 02/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Deficiency of serum levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 has been related to increased risk of lower respiratory tract infections in children. Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a leading cause of low respiratory tract infections in infants and young children. The neonatal calf model of RSV infection shares many features in common with RSV infection in infants and children. In the present study, we hypothesized that calves with low circulating levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (25(OH)D3) would be more susceptible to RSV infection than calves with high circulating levels of 25(OH)D3. Calves were fed milk replacer diets with different levels of vitamin D for a 10 wk period to establish two treatment groups, one with high (177 ng/ml) and one with low (32.5 ng/ml) circulating 25(OH)D3. Animals were experimentally infected via aerosol challenge with RSV. Data on circulating 25(OH)D3 levels showed that high and low concentrations of 25(OH)D3 were maintained during infection. At necropsy, lung lesions due to RSV were similar in the two vitamin D treatment groups. We show for the first time that RSV infection activates the vitamin D intracrine pathway in the inflamed lung. Importantly, however, we observed that cytokines frequently inhibited by this pathway in vitro are, in fact, either significantly upregulated (IL-12p40) or unaffected (IFN-γ) in the lungs of RSV-infected calves with high circulating levels of 25(OH)D3. Our data indicate that while vitamin D does have an immunomodulatory role during RSV infection, there was no significant impact on pathogenesis during the early phases of RSV infection. Further examination of the potential effects of vitamin D status on RSV disease resolution will require longer-term studies with immunologically sufficient and deficient vitamin D levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Randy E Sacco
- Ruminant Diseases and Immunology Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Ames, Iowa, United States of America.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Chun RF, Peercy BE, Adams JS, Hewison M. Vitamin D binding protein and monocyte response to 25-hydroxyvitamin D and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D: analysis by mathematical modeling. PLoS One 2012; 7:e30773. [PMID: 22292037 PMCID: PMC3265504 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0030773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2011] [Accepted: 12/21/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitamin D binding protein (DBP) plays a key role in the bioavailability of active 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25(OH)2D) and its precursor 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD), but accurate analysis of DBP-bound and free 25OHD and 1,25(OH)2D is difficult. To address this, two new mathematical models were developed to estimate: 1) serum levels of free 25OHD/1,25(OH)2D based on DBP concentration and genotype; 2) the impact of DBP on the biological activity of 25OHD/1,25(OH)2D in vivo. The initial extracellular steady state (eSS) model predicted that 50 nM 25OHD and 100 pM 1,25(OH)2D), <0.1% 25OHD and <1.5% 1,25(OH)2D are ‘free’ in vivo. However, for any given concentration of total 25OHD, levels of free 25OHD are higher for low affinity versus high affinity forms of DBP. The eSS model was then combined with an intracellular (iSS) model that incorporated conversion of 25OHD to 1,25(OH)2D via the enzyme CYP27B1, as well as binding of 1,25(OH)2D to the vitamin D receptor (VDR). The iSS model was optimized to 25OHD/1,25(OH)2D-mediated in vitro dose-responsive induction of the vitamin D target gene cathelicidin (CAMP) in human monocytes. The iSS model was then used to predict vitamin D activity in vivo (100% serum). The predicted induction of CAMP in vivo was minimal at basal settings but increased with enhanced expression of VDR (5-fold) and CYP27B1 (10-fold). Consistent with the eSS model, the iSS model predicted stronger responses to 25OHD for low affinity forms of DBP. Finally, the iSS model was used to compare the efficiency of endogenously synthesized versus exogenously added 1,25(OH)2D. Data strongly support the endogenous model as the most viable mode for CAMP induction by vitamin D in vivo. These novel mathematical models underline the importance of DBP as a determinant of vitamin D ‘status’ in vivo, with future implications for clinical studies of vitamin D status and supplementation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rene F Chun
- UCLA and Orthopaedic Hospital, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Orthopaedic Hospital Research Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Lippolis JD, Reinhardt TA, Sacco RA, Nonnecke BJ, Nelson CD. Treatment of an intramammary bacterial infection with 25-hydroxyvitamin D(3). PLoS One 2011; 6:e25479. [PMID: 21991312 PMCID: PMC3184989 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0025479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2011] [Accepted: 09/05/2011] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Deficiency of serum levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D(3) has been correlated with increased risk of infectious diseases such as tuberculosis and influenza. A plausible reason for this association is that expression of genes encoding important antimicrobial proteins depends on concentrations of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) produced by activated immune cells at sites of infection, and that synthesis of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) is dependent on the availability of 25-hydroxyvitamin D(3). Thus, increasing the availability of 25(OH)D(3) for immune cell synthesis of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) at sites of infection has been hypothesized to aid in clearance of the infection. This report details the treatment of an acute intramammary infection with infusion of 25-hydroxyvitamin D(3) to the site of infection. Ten lactating cows were infected with in one quarter of their mammary glands. Half of the animals were treated intramammary with 25-hydroxyvitamin D(3). The 25-hydroxyvitamin D(3) treated animal showed significantly lower bacterial counts in milk and showed reduced symptomatic affects of the mastitis. It is significant that treatment with 25-hydroxyvitamin D(3) reduced the severity of an acute bacterial infection. This finding suggested a significant non-antibiotic complimentary role for 25-hydroxyvitamin D(3) in the treatment of infections in compartments naturally low in 25-hydroxyvitamin D(3) such as the mammary gland and by extension, possibly upper respiratory tract infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John D Lippolis
- Ruminant Diseases and Immunology Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, Iowa, United States of America.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Regulation of Mycobacterium-specific mononuclear cell responses by 25-hydroxyvitamin D3. PLoS One 2011; 6:e21674. [PMID: 21738762 PMCID: PMC3125300 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0021674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2010] [Accepted: 06/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The active vitamin D metabolite, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) (1,25(OH)(2)D(3)), has been shown to be an important regulator of innate and adaptive immune function. In addition, synthesis of 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) from 25-hydroxyvitamin D(3) (25(OH)D(3)) by the enzyme 1α-hydroxylase in monocytes upon activation by TLR signaling has been found to regulate innate immune responses of monocytes in an intracrine fashion. In this study we wanted to determine what cells expressed 1α-hydroxylase in stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) cultures and if conversion of 25(OH)D(3) to 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) in PBMC cultures regulated antigen-specific immune responses. Initially, we found that stimulation of PBMCs from animals vaccinated with Mycobacterium bovis (M. bovis) BCG with purified protein derivative of M. bovis (M. bovis PPD) induced 1α-hydroxylase gene expression and that treatment with a physiological concentration of 25(OH)D(3) down-regulated IFN-γ and IL-17F gene expression. Next, we stimulated PBMCs from M. bovis BCG-vaccinated and non-vaccinated cattle with M. bovis PPD and sorted them by FACS according to surface markers for monocytes/macrophages (CD14), B cells (IgM), and T cells (CD3). Sorting the PBMCs revealed that 1α-hydroxylase expression was induced in the monocytes and B cells, but not in the T cells. Furthermore, treatment of stimulated PBMCs with 25(OH)D(3) down-regulated antigen-specific IFN-γ and IL-17F responses in the T cells, even though 1α-hydroxylase expression was not induced in the T cells. Based on evidence of no T cell 1α-hydroxylase we hypothesize that activated monocytes and B cells synthesize 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) and that 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) down-regulates antigen-specific expression of IFN-γ and IL-17F in T cells in a paracrine fashion.
Collapse
|