1
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Hernansanz-Agustín P, Enríquez JA. Alternative respiratory oxidases to study the animal electron transport chain. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. BIOENERGETICS 2023; 1864:148936. [PMID: 36395975 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2022.148936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative phosphorylation is a common process to most organisms in which the main function is to generate an electrochemical gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane (IMM) and to make energy available to the cell. However, plants, many fungi and some animals maintain non-energy conserving oxidases which serve as a bypass to coupled respiration. Namely, the alternative NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase NDI1, present in the complex I (CI)-lacking Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and the alternative oxidase, ubiquinol:oxygen oxidoreductase AOX, present in many organisms across different kingdoms. In the last few years, these alternative oxidases have been used to dissect previously indivisible processes in bioenergetics and have helped to discover, understand, and corroborate important processes in mitochondria. Here, we review how the use of alternative oxidases have contributed to the knowledge in CI stability, bioenergetics, redox biology, and the implications of their use in current and future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Hernansanz-Agustín
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), 28029 Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Red en Fragilidad y Envejecimiento saludable (CIBERFES), 28029 Madrid, Spain.
| | - José Antonio Enríquez
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), 28029 Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Red en Fragilidad y Envejecimiento saludable (CIBERFES), 28029 Madrid, Spain.
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2
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Korotkov SM, Sobol KV, Shemarova IV, Nesterov VP. Effect of Sodium Ions on Calcium-Loaded Rat Heart Mitochondria and Frog Myocardium. J EVOL BIOCHEM PHYS+ 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s0022093021060041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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3
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TAT for Enzyme/Protein Delivery to Restore or Destroy Cell Activity in Human Diseases. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:life11090924. [PMID: 34575072 PMCID: PMC8466028 DOI: 10.3390/life11090924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Much effort has been dedicated in the recent decades to find novel protein/enzyme-based therapies for human diseases, the major challenge of such therapies being the intracellular delivery and reaching sub-cellular organelles. One promising approach is the use of cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) for delivering enzymes/proteins into cells. In this review, we describe the potential therapeutic usages of CPPs (mainly trans-activator of transcription protein, TAT) in enabling the uptake of biologically active proteins/enzymes needed in cases of protein/enzyme deficiency, concentrating on mitochondrial diseases and on the import of enzymes or peptides in order to destroy pathogenic cells, focusing on cancer cells.
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4
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Human Mitochondrial Pathologies of the Respiratory Chain and ATP Synthase: Contributions from Studies of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Life (Basel) 2020; 10:life10110304. [PMID: 33238568 PMCID: PMC7700678 DOI: 10.3390/life10110304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The ease with which the unicellular yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae can be manipulated genetically and biochemically has established this organism as a good model for the study of human mitochondrial diseases. The combined use of biochemical and molecular genetic tools has been instrumental in elucidating the functions of numerous yeast nuclear gene products with human homologs that affect a large number of metabolic and biological processes, including those housed in mitochondria. These include structural and catalytic subunits of enzymes and protein factors that impinge on the biogenesis of the respiratory chain. This article will review what is currently known about the genetics and clinical phenotypes of mitochondrial diseases of the respiratory chain and ATP synthase, with special emphasis on the contribution of information gained from pet mutants with mutations in nuclear genes that impair mitochondrial respiration. Our intent is to provide the yeast mitochondrial specialist with basic knowledge of human mitochondrial pathologies and the human specialist with information on how genes that directly and indirectly affect respiration were identified and characterized in yeast.
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5
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Szibor M, Schreckenberg R, Gizatullina Z, Dufour E, Wiesnet M, Dhandapani PK, Debska-Vielhaber G, Heidler J, Wittig I, Nyman TA, Gärtner U, Hall AR, Pell V, Viscomi C, Krieg T, Murphy MP, Braun T, Gellerich FN, Schlüter KD, Jacobs HT. Respiratory chain signalling is essential for adaptive remodelling following cardiac ischaemia. J Cell Mol Med 2020; 24:3534-3548. [PMID: 32040259 PMCID: PMC7131948 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.15043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2019] [Revised: 01/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiac ischaemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury has been attributed to stress signals arising from an impaired mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC), which include redox imbalance, metabolic stalling and excessive production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The alternative oxidase (AOX) is a respiratory enzyme, absent in mammals, that accepts electrons from a reduced quinone pool to reduce oxygen to water, thereby restoring electron flux when impaired and, in the process, blunting ROS production. Hence, AOX represents a natural rescue mechanism from respiratory stress. This study aimed to determine how respiratory restoration through xenotopically expressed AOX affects the re-perfused post-ischaemic mouse heart. As expected, AOX supports ETC function and attenuates the ROS load in post-anoxic heart mitochondria. However, post-ischaemic cardiac remodelling over 3 and 9 weeks was not improved. AOX blunted transcript levels of factors known to be up-regulated upon I/R such as the atrial natriuretic peptide (Anp) whilst expression of pro-fibrotic and pro-apoptotic transcripts were increased. Ex vivo analysis revealed contractile failure at nine but not 3 weeks after ischaemia whilst label-free quantitative proteomics identified an increase in proteins promoting adverse extracellular matrix remodelling. Together, this indicates an essential role for ETC-derived signals during cardiac adaptive remodelling and identified ROS as a possible effector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marten Szibor
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland.,Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Rolf Schreckenberg
- Department of Physiology, Justus-Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | | | - Eric Dufour
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Marion Wiesnet
- Department Cardiac Development and Remodelling, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Praveen K Dhandapani
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland.,Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Juliana Heidler
- Functional Proteomics, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Ilka Wittig
- Functional Proteomics, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Tuula A Nyman
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ulrich Gärtner
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Andrew R Hall
- Medical Research Council Mitochondrial Biology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Victoria Pell
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Carlo Viscomi
- Medical Research Council Mitochondrial Biology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Thomas Krieg
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Michael P Murphy
- Medical Research Council Mitochondrial Biology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Thomas Braun
- Department Cardiac Development and Remodelling, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Frank N Gellerich
- Department of Neurology, Otto-von-Guericke-University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | | | - Howard T Jacobs
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland.,Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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6
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Mitochondrial complex I deficiency and cardiovascular diseases: current evidence and future directions. J Mol Med (Berl) 2019; 97:579-591. [PMID: 30863992 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-019-01771-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Revised: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Compelling evidence demonstrates the emerging role of mitochondrial complex I deficiency in the onset and development of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). In particular, defects in single subunits of mitochondrial complex I have been associated with cardiac hypertrophy, ischemia/reperfusion injury, as well as diabetic complications and stroke in pre-clinical studies. Moreover, data obtained in humans revealed that genes coding for complex I proteins were associated with different CVDs. In this review, we discuss recent experimental studies that underline the contributory role of mitochondrial complex I deficiency in the etiopathogenesis of several CVDs, with a particular focus on those involving loss of function models of mitochondrial complex I. We also discuss human studies and potential therapeutic strategies able to rescue mitochondrial function in CVDs.
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7
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Gottlieb RA. Delivering Instant Heat: Shocking the Heart. J Am Coll Cardiol 2017; 70:1493-1495. [PMID: 28911513 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2017.07.772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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8
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Queliconi BB, Kowaltowski AJ, Gottlieb RA. Bicarbonate Increases Ischemia-Reperfusion Damage by Inhibiting Mitophagy. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0167678. [PMID: 27973540 PMCID: PMC5156406 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0167678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Accepted: 11/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
During an ischemic event, bicarbonate and CO2 concentration increase as a consequence of O2 consumption and lack of blood flow. This event is important as bicarbonate/CO2 is determinant for several redox and enzymatic reactions, in addition to pH regulation. Until now, most work done on the role of bicarbonate in ischemia-reperfusion injury focused on pH changes; although reperfusion solutions have a fixed pH, cardiac resuscitation protocols commonly employ bicarbonate to correct the profound acidosis associated with respiratory arrest. However, we previously showed that bicarbonate can increase tissue damage and protein oxidative damage independent of pH. Here we show the molecular basis of bicarbonate-induced reperfusion damage: the presence of bicarbonate selectively impairs mitophagy, with no detectable effect on autophagy, proteasome activity, reactive oxygen species production or protein oxidation. We also show that inhibition of autophagy reproduces the effects of bicarbonate in reperfusion injury, providing additional evidence in support of this mechanism. This phenomenon is especially important because bicarbonate is widely used in resuscitation protocols after cardiac arrest, and while effective as a buffer, may also contribute to myocardial injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno B. Queliconi
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Cedars-Sinai Heart Institute, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Alicia J. Kowaltowski
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Roberta A. Gottlieb
- Cedars-Sinai Heart Institute, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
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9
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Nallar SC, Kalvakolanu DV. GRIM-19: A master regulator of cytokine induced tumor suppression, metastasis and energy metabolism. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2016; 33:1-18. [PMID: 27659873 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2016.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Cytokines induce cell proliferation or growth suppression depending on the context. It is increasingly becoming clear that success of standard radiotherapy and/or chemotherapeutics to eradicate solid tumors is dependent on IFN signaling. In this review we discuss the molecular mechanisms of tumor growth suppression by a gene product isolated in our laboratory using a genome-wide expression knock-down strategy. Gene associated with retinoid-IFN-induced mortality -19 (GRIM-19) functions as non-canonical tumor suppressor by antagonizing oncoproteins. As a component of mitochondrial respiratory chain, GRIM-19 influences the degree of "Warburg effect" in cancer cells as many advanced and/or aggressive tumors show severely down-regulated GRIM-19 levels. In addition, GRIM-19 appears to regulate innate and acquired immune responses in mouse models. Thus, GRIM-19 is positioned at nodes that favor cell protection and/or prevent aberrant cell growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shreeram C Nallar
- Department of Microbiology and Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Dhan V Kalvakolanu
- Department of Microbiology and Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
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10
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Dinca A, Chien WM, Chin MT. Intracellular Delivery of Proteins with Cell-Penetrating Peptides for Therapeutic Uses in Human Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:263. [PMID: 26907261 PMCID: PMC4783992 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17020263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2016] [Revised: 02/04/2016] [Accepted: 02/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein therapy exhibits several advantages over small molecule drugs and is increasingly being developed for the treatment of disorders ranging from single enzyme deficiencies to cancer. Cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs), a group of small peptides capable of promoting transport of molecular cargo across the plasma membrane, have become important tools in promoting the cellular uptake of exogenously delivered proteins. Although the molecular mechanisms of uptake are not firmly established, CPPs have been empirically shown to promote uptake of various molecules, including large proteins over 100 kiloDaltons (kDa). Recombinant proteins that include a CPP tag to promote intracellular delivery show promise as therapeutic agents with encouraging success rates in both animal and human trials. This review highlights recent advances in protein-CPP therapy and discusses optimization strategies and potential detrimental effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Dinca
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.
| | - Wei-Ming Chien
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.
| | - Michael T Chin
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.
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11
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Lin BY, Kao MC. Therapeutic applications of the TAT-mediated protein transduction system for complex I deficiency and other mitochondrial diseases. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2015; 1350:17-28. [PMID: 26273800 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.12858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Among the five enzyme complexes in the oxidative phosphorylation system, NADH-coenzyme Q oxidoreductase (also called complex I) is the largest, most intricate, and least understood. This enzyme complex spans the inner mitochondrial membrane and catalyzes the first step of electron transfer by the oxidation of NADH, and thereby provides two electrons for the reduction of quinone to quinol. Complex I deficiency is associated with many severe mitochondrial diseases, including Leber hereditary optic neuropathy and Leigh syndrome. However, to date, conventional treatments for the majority of genetic mitochondrial diseases are only palliative. Developing a reliable and convenient therapeutic approach is therefore considered to be an urgent need. Targeted proteins fused with the protein transduction domain of human immunodeficiency virus 1 transactivator of transcription (TAT) have been shown to enter cells by crossing plasma membranes while retaining their biological activities. Recent developments show that, in fusion with mitochondrial targeting sequences (MTSs), TAT-MTS-bound cargo can be correctly transported into mitochondria and restore the missing function of the cargo protein in patients' cells. The available evidence suggests that the TAT-mediated protein transduction system holds great promise as a potential therapeutic approach to treat complex I deficiency, as well as other mitochondrial diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo-Yu Lin
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Mou-Chieh Kao
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan.,Department of Life Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
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12
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Pepe S, Mentzer RM, Gottlieb RA. Cell-permeable protein therapy for complex I dysfunction. J Bioenerg Biomembr 2014; 46:337-45. [PMID: 25005682 DOI: 10.1007/s10863-014-9559-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2014] [Accepted: 06/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Complex I deficiency is difficult to treat because of the size and complexity of the multi-subunit enzyme complex. Mutations or deletions in the mitochondrial genome are not amenable to gene therapy. However, animal studies have shown that yeast-derived internal NADH quinone oxidoreductase (Ndi1) can be delivered as a cell-permeable recombinant protein (Tat-Ndi1) that can functionally replace complex I damaged by ischemia/reperfusion. Current and future treatment of disorders affecting complex I are discussed, including the use of Tat-Ndi1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore Pepe
- Heart Research, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
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13
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Queliconi BB, Kowaltowski AJ, Nehrke K. An anoxia-starvation model for ischemia/reperfusion in C. elegans. J Vis Exp 2014. [PMID: 24637332 PMCID: PMC4089474 DOI: 10.3791/51231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Protocols for anoxia/starvation in the genetic model organism C.elegans simulate ischemia/reperfusion. Worms are separated from bacterial food and placed under anoxia for 20 hr (simulated ischemia), and subsequently moved to a normal atmosphere with food (simulated reperfusion). This experimental paradigm results in increased death and neuronal damage, and techniques are presented to assess organism viability, alterations to the morphology of touch neuron processes, as well as touch sensitivity, which represents the behavioral output of neuronal function. Finally, a method for constructing hypoxic incubators using common kitchen storage containers is described. The addition of a mass flow control unit allows for alterations to be made to the gas mixture in the custom incubators, and a circulating water bath allows for both temperature control and makes it easy to identify leaks. This method provides a low cost alternative to commercially available units.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno B Queliconi
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo;
| | | | - Keith Nehrke
- Department of Medicine, Nephrology Division, University of Rochester Medical Center, School of Medicine and Dentistry
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14
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Mentzer RM, Wider J, Perry CN, Gottlieb RA. Reduction of infarct size by the therapeutic protein TAT-Ndi1 in vivo. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol Ther 2013; 19:315-20. [PMID: 24367006 DOI: 10.1177/1074248413515750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Lethal myocardial ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury has been attributed in part to mitochondrial respiratory dysfunction (including damage to complex I) and the resultant excessive production of reactive oxygen species. Recent evidence has shown that reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide-quinone internal oxidoreductase (Ndi1; the single-subunit protein that in yeast serves the analogous function as complex I), transduced by addition of the TAT-conjugated protein to culture media and perfusion buffer, can preserve mitochondrial function and attenuate I/R injury in neonatal rat cardiomyocytes and Langendorff-perfused rat hearts. However, this novel metabolic strategy to salvage ischemic-reperfused myocardium has not been tested in vivo. In this study, TAT-conjugated Ndi1 and placebo-control protein were synthesized using a cell-free system. Mitochondrial uptake and functionality of TAT-Ndi1 were demonstrated in mitochondrial preparations from rat hearts after intraperitoneal administration of the protein. Rats were randomized to receive either TAT-Ndi1 or placebo protein, and 2 hours later all animals underwent 45-minute coronary artery occlusion followed by 2 hours of reperfusion. Infarct size was delineated by tetrazolium staining and normalized to the volume of at-risk myocardium, with all analysis conducted in a blinded manner. Risk region was comparable in the 2 cohorts. Preischemic administration of TAT-Ndi1 was profoundly cardioprotective. These results demonstrate that it is possible to target therapeutic proteins to the mitochondrial matrix and that yeast Ndi1 can substitute for complex I to ameliorate I/R injury in the heart. Moreover, these data suggest that cell-permeable delivery of mitochondrial proteins may provide a novel molecular strategy to treat mitochondrial dysfunction in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert M Mentzer
- 1Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
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15
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Figueira TR, Barros MH, Camargo AA, Castilho RF, Ferreira JCB, Kowaltowski AJ, Sluse FE, Souza-Pinto NC, Vercesi AE. Mitochondria as a source of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species: from molecular mechanisms to human health. Antioxid Redox Signal 2013; 18:2029-74. [PMID: 23244576 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2012.4729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 304] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrially generated reactive oxygen species are involved in a myriad of signaling and damaging pathways in different tissues. In addition, mitochondria are an important target of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species. Here, we discuss basic mechanisms of mitochondrial oxidant generation and removal and the main factors affecting mitochondrial redox balance. We also discuss the interaction between mitochondrial reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, and the involvement of these oxidants in mitochondrial diseases, cancer, neurological, and cardiovascular disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiago R Figueira
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
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16
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Santidrian AF, Matsuno-Yagi A, Ritland M, Seo BB, LeBoeuf SE, Gay LJ, Yagi T, Felding-Habermann B. Mitochondrial complex I activity and NAD+/NADH balance regulate breast cancer progression. J Clin Invest 2013; 123:1068-81. [PMID: 23426180 DOI: 10.1172/jci64264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 286] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2012] [Accepted: 01/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite advances in clinical therapy, metastasis remains the leading cause of death in breast cancer patients. Mutations in mitochondrial DNA, including those affecting complex I and oxidative phosphorylation, are found in breast tumors and could facilitate metastasis. This study identifies mitochondrial complex I as critical for defining an aggressive phenotype in breast cancer cells. Specific enhancement of mitochondrial complex I activity inhibited tumor growth and metastasis through regulation of the tumor cell NAD+/NADH redox balance, mTORC1 activity, and autophagy. Conversely, nonlethal reduction of NAD+ levels by interfering with nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase expression rendered tumor cells more aggressive and increased metastasis. The results translate into a new therapeutic strategy: enhancement of the NAD+/NADH balance through treatment with NAD+ precursors inhibited metastasis in xenograft models, increased animal survival, and strongly interfered with oncogene-driven breast cancer progression in the MMTV-PyMT mouse model. Thus, aberration in mitochondrial complex I NADH dehydrogenase activity can profoundly enhance the aggressiveness of human breast cancer cells, while therapeutic normalization of the NAD+/NADH balance can inhibit metastasis and prevent disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio F Santidrian
- Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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17
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Cho J, Hur JH, Graniel J, Benzer S, Walker DW. Expression of yeast NDI1 rescues a Drosophila complex I assembly defect. PLoS One 2012; 7:e50644. [PMID: 23226344 PMCID: PMC3511326 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0050644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2012] [Accepted: 10/23/2012] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Defects in mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC) function have been implicated in a number of neurodegenerative disorders, cancer, and aging. Mitochondrial complex I (NADH dehydrogenase) is the largest and most complicated enzyme of the ETC with 45 subunits originating from two separate genomes. The biogenesis of complex I is an intricate process that requires multiple steps, subassemblies, and assembly factors. Here, we report the generation and characterization of a Drosophila model of complex I assembly factor deficiency. We show that CG7598 (dCIA30), the Drosophila homolog of human complex I assembly factor Ndufaf1, is necessary for proper complex I assembly. Reduced expression of dCIA30 results in the loss of the complex I holoenzyme band in blue-native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and loss of NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase activity in isolated mitochondria. The complex I assembly defect, caused by mutation or RNAi of dCIA30, has repercussions both during development and adulthood in Drosophila, including developmental arrest at the pupal stage and reduced stress resistance during adulthood. Expression of the single-subunit yeast alternative NADH dehydrogenase, Ndi1, can partially or wholly rescue phenotypes associated with the complex I assembly defect. Our work shows that CG7598/dCIA30 is a functional homolog of Ndufaf1 and adds to the accumulating evidence that transgenic NDI1 expression is a viable therapy for disorders arising from complex I deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaehyoung Cho
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Division of Biology, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, United States of America
| | - Jae H. Hur
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Jacqueline Graniel
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Seymour Benzer
- Division of Biology, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, United States of America
| | - David W. Walker
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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18
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Abstract
The consequence of myocardial ischemia is energetic stress, while reperfusion is accompanied by abrupt ionic shifts and considerable oxidative stress. Cells die by apoptotic and necrotic pathways. After the acute injury, the healing myocardium is subject to biomechanical stress and inflammation, which can trigger a smaller but more sustained wave of cell death, as well as changes in the metabolic and functional characteristics of surviving cells. The goal of cardioprotection is to prevent cell death during the acute injury as well as to modulate the detrimental processes that ensue during remodeling. This review will focus on acute injury, and the central premise is that mitochondria are the key determinant of cardiomyocyte fate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta A Gottlieb
- SDSU BioScience Center, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182-4650, USA.
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Hacioglu E, Demir AB, Koc A. Identification of respiratory chain gene mutations that shorten replicative life span in yeast. Exp Gerontol 2011; 47:149-53. [PMID: 22137892 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2011.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2011] [Revised: 11/14/2011] [Accepted: 11/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Aging is the progressive accumulation of alterations in cells that elevates the risk of death. The mitochondrial theory of aging postulates that free radicals produced by the mitochondrial respiratory system contribute to the aging process. However, the roles of individual electron transfer chain (ETC) components in cellular aging have not been elucidated. In this study, we analyzed the replicative life span of 73 yeast deletion mutants lacking the genes of the mitochondrial electron transfer chain system, and found that nine of these mutants (Δnde1, Δtcm62, Δrip1, Δcyt1, Δqrc8, Δpet117, Δcox11, Δatp11, Δfmc1) had significantly shorter life spans. These mutants had lower rates of respiration and were slightly sensitive to exogenous administration of hydrogen peroxide. However, only two of them, Δnde1 and Δfmc1, produced higher amounts of intrinsic superoxide radicals in the presence of glucose compared to that of wild type cells. Interestingly, there were no significant alterations in the mitochondrial membrane potentials of these mutants. We speculate that the shorter life spans of ETC mutants result from multiple mechanisms including the low respiration rate and low energy production rather than just a ROS-dependent path.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise Hacioglu
- Izmir Institute of Technology, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, 35430 Urla, Izmir, Turkey
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Marella M, Seo BB, Flotte TR, Matsuno-Yagi A, Yagi T. No immune responses by the expression of the yeast Ndi1 protein in rats. PLoS One 2011; 6:e25910. [PMID: 21991386 PMCID: PMC3185062 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0025910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2011] [Accepted: 09/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The rotenone-insensitive internal NADH-quinone oxidoreductase from yeast, Ndi1, has been shown to work as a replacement molecule for complex I in the respiratory chain of mammalian mitochondria. In the so-called transkingdom gene therapy, one major concern is the fact that the yeast protein is foreign in mammals. Long term expression of Ndi1 observed in rodents with no apparent damage to the target tissue was indicative of no action by the host's immune system. Methodology/Principal Findings In the present study, we examined rat skeletal muscles expressing Ndi1 for possible signs of inflammatory or immune response. In parallel, we carried out delivery of the GFP gene using the same viral vector that was used for the NDI1 gene. The tissues were subjected to H&E staining and immunohistochemical analyses using antibodies specific for markers, CD11b, CD3, CD4, and CD8. The data showed no detectable signs of an immune response with the tissues expressing Ndi1. In contrast, mild but distinctive positive reactions were observed in the tissues expressing GFP. This clear difference most likely comes from the difference in the location of the expressed protein. Ndi1 was localized to the mitochondria whereas GFP was in the cytosol. Conclusions/Significance We demonstrated that Ndi1 expression did not trigger any inflammatory or immune response in rats. These results push forward the Ndi1-based molecular therapy and also expand the possibility of using foreign proteins that are directed to subcellular organelle such as mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Marella
- Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Byoung Boo Seo
- Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Terence R. Flotte
- Gene Therapy Center and Department of Pediatrics, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Akemi Matsuno-Yagi
- Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Takao Yagi
- Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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