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Moran J, Sandercock G, Shaw BS, Freeman P, Kerr C, Shaw I. The relationship between modifiable lifestyle behaviours and self-reported health in children and adolescents in the United Kingdom. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0303575. [PMID: 38753648 PMCID: PMC11098376 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0303575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Obesity, along with its associated health issues, is closely tied to lifestyle habits. While certain elements affecting childhood health, such as genetics and ethnicity, are beyond individuals' control, there exists modifiable lifestyle behaviours that can facilitate healthier living. This study employed multiple regression analysis to investigate the relationship between specific modifiable lifestyle behaviours and self-reported health. The independent variables considered included days of moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA), fruit and vegetable consumption, breakfast frequency, school night sleep duration, and non-school night sleep duration. These variables were chosen for their practical modifiability within participants' daily lives. The analysis revealed a highly significant overall model (F(13,11363) = 191.117, p < .001), explaining 17.9% of the variance in self-reported health. Notably, higher MVPA levels were associated with improved self-reported health (B = 0.136 to 0.730, p < .001). Additionally, regular breakfast consumption and increased fruit and vegetable intake exhibited positive associations with self-reported health (B = 0.113 to 0.377, p < .001), while girls reported lower self-reported health (B = -0.079, p < .001). School night sleep duration was positively linked to self-reported health (B = 0.071, p < .001). Furthermore, a dose-response relationship between MVPA, dietary habits, and health was identified. These findings hold substantial potential for public health campaigns to promote healthy behaviours and prevent chronic diseases in young individuals. It is imperative to emphasise that all the variables considered in this study are readily modifiable aspects of individuals' lives, offering a promising avenue for personal health and well-being enhancement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Moran
- School of Sport, Rehabilitation, and Exercise Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester, United Kingdom
| | - Gavin Sandercock
- School of Sport, Rehabilitation, and Exercise Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester, United Kingdom
| | - Brandon S. Shaw
- School of Sport, Rehabilitation, and Exercise Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Freeman
- School of Sport, Rehabilitation, and Exercise Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester, United Kingdom
| | - Catherine Kerr
- School of Sport, Rehabilitation, and Exercise Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester, United Kingdom
| | - Ina Shaw
- School of Sport, Rehabilitation, and Exercise Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester, United Kingdom
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Dowda M, Saunders RP, Dishman RK, Pate RR. Association of physical activity, sedentary behavior, diet quality with adiposity: a longitudinal analysis in children categorized by baseline weight status. Int J Obes (Lond) 2024; 48:240-246. [PMID: 37932409 DOI: 10.1038/s41366-023-01405-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Childhood obesity rates have increased in recent years. The effectiveness of future public health interventions to reduce childhood obesity will be enhanced by a better understanding of behavioral factors that influence adiposity in children as they transition from childhood to adolescence. The purpose of this study was to examine whether initial weight status modifies the longitudinal associations of physical activity, sedentary behavior, and diet quality with changes in adiposity over time. SUBJECTS/METHODS A total of 658 children (45% boys) were stratified into 3 groups based on 5th grade BMI percentiles ( < 85th, 85-95th, > 95th) and followed from 5th grade to 6th and/or 7th grade. Study variables, including fat-mass-index (FMI), moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA), diet quality, and sedentary behavior, were measured at 5th, 6th, and/or 7th grades. Separate growth curve models were conducted within each weight status group to examine the associations between MVPA, sedentary behavior, diet quality and adiposity, operationalized as FMI. All models controlled for sex, maturity offset, race, and parent education. RESULTS Of the 658 children, 53% were classified with normal weight at baseline, 18% with overweight, and 29% with obesity. Associations between MVPA, sedentary behavior, diet quality and FMI varied within each weight status group. MVPA was negatively associated with adiposity (FMI) for all weight status groups. Diet quality and sedentary behavior were associated with adiposity only in children with obesity at baseline; neither diet quality nor sedentary behavior was associated with FMI for those with overweight. CONCLUSIONS MVPA was negatively associated with adiposity (FMI) in all weight status groups, suggesting that MVPA may protect against higher adiposity. Sedentary behavior and diet quality were associated with adiposity only in children with obesity at baseline; neither sedentary behavior nor diet quality was associated with FMI for children with overweight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marsha Dowda
- Department of Exercise Science, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, 921 Assembly Street, Suite 212, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA.
| | - Ruth P Saunders
- Department of Health Promotion, Education, and Behavior, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, 921 Assembly Street, Suite 212, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
| | - Rod K Dishman
- Department of Kinesiology, The University of Georgia, Ramsey Student Center, 330 River Road, Athens, GA, 30602-6554, USA
| | - Russell R Pate
- Department of Exercise Science, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, 921 Assembly Street, Suite 212, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
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Tosi M, Matelloni IA, Mancini M, Andreassi A, Scopari A, Rossi A, Verduci E, Berra C, Manfrini R, Banderali G, Pecori Giraldi F, Folli F. Multiple beneficial effects of 1-year nutritional-behavioral intervention on anthropometric and metabolic parameters in overweight and obese boys. J Endocrinol Invest 2023; 46:2331-2342. [PMID: 37069323 DOI: 10.1007/s40618-023-02088-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2023] [Indexed: 04/19/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Childhood obesity is on the rise worldwide increasing the risk for metabolic, cardiovascular and liver diseases in children. Eating habits and lifestyle changes are currently the standard of care for treating pediatric obesity. Our study aimed to determine the impact of a dietary intervention based on the Mediterranean Diet (MD) and the Health Eating Plate, on anthropometric and metabolic parameters in obese and overweight boys. METHODS We studied 126 overweight/obese boys with anthropometric measurements, blood biochemistry and nutrient intakes evaluation by means of Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ) at baseline, at 6 and 12 months after a nutritional-behavioral intervention. RESULTS We observed a significant reduction in energy, macronutrients and micronutrients intakes. BMI-SDS significantly decreased after 1 year with the proportion of obese boys decreasing by 33% and of overweight boys by 41%, while also all fat mass measures decreased both in obese and overweight individuals. In obese boys, ALT decreased significantly after 1-year nutritional intervention and these changes correlated with BMI-SDS reduction. Insulin-resistance and secretion indexes correlated with fat mass and BMI-SDS. In obese boys, significant changes were observed at 6 months for insulin concentrations, 1/HOMA-IR and QUICKI. With regard to the lipid profile, significant decreases were observed for total and LDL cholesterol in obese boys. CONCLUSION Metabolic and anthropometric risk factors in overweight and obese boys can be improved by a nutritional-behavioral intervention of 1-year duration.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Tosi
- Department of Health Science, University of Milan, 20142, Milan, Italy
- Department of Paediatrics, Vittore Buzzi Children's Hospital, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - I A Matelloni
- Department of Health Science, University of Milan, 20142, Milan, Italy
| | - M Mancini
- Pediatric and Adolescent Andrological Unit, Department of Pediatrics, San Paolo Hospital, ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo, University of Milan, 20142, Milan, Italy
| | - A Andreassi
- Pediatric and Adolescent Andrological Unit, Department of Pediatrics, San Paolo Hospital, ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo, University of Milan, 20142, Milan, Italy
| | - A Scopari
- Pediatric and Adolescent Andrological Unit, Department of Pediatrics, San Paolo Hospital, ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo, University of Milan, 20142, Milan, Italy
| | - A Rossi
- Department of Health Science, University of Milan, 20142, Milan, Italy
| | - E Verduci
- Department of Health Science, University of Milan, 20142, Milan, Italy
- Department of Paediatrics, Vittore Buzzi Children's Hospital, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - C Berra
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, IRCCS MultiMedica, 20142, Milan, Italy
| | - R Manfrini
- Department of Health Science, University of Milan, 20142, Milan, Italy
- Departmental Unit of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, San Paolo Hospital, ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo, 20142, Milan, Italy
| | - G Banderali
- Department of Pediatrics, San Paolo Hospital, ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo, University of Milan, 20142, Milan, Italy
| | - F Pecori Giraldi
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, 20142, Milan, Italy
| | - F Folli
- Department of Health Science, University of Milan, 20142, Milan, Italy.
- Departmental Unit of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, San Paolo Hospital, ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo, 20142, Milan, Italy.
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Godoy-Cumillaf A, Fuentes-Merino P, Farías-Valenzuela C, Duclos-Bastías D, Giakoni-Ramírez F, Bruneau-Chávez J, Merellano-Navarro E. The Association between Sedentary Behavior, Physical Activity, and Physical Fitness with Body Mass Index and Sleep Time in Chilean Girls and Boys: A Cross-Sectional Study. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 10:981. [PMID: 37371213 DOI: 10.3390/children10060981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In recent decades, the school population has undergone behavioral changes that have affected their health and adult life. The current educational scenario presents high levels of sedentary behavior, physical inactivity, low physical fitness, high levels of obesity, and non-compliance with sleep recommendations. In Chile, the scientific evidence on associations between these behaviors is incipient. OBJECTIVE To analyze the association between sedentary behavior, physical activity, and physical fitness with BMI and minutes of sleep in Chilean children aged 10 to 11 years. METHODS A non-probabilistic convenience sample of 222 schoolchildren aged 10 to 11 years. The variables measured were body composition (BMI), cardiorespiratory fitness (20 m shuttle run test), lower and upper muscular strength (long jump test and handgrip dynamometry), speed (4 × 10 m running), and flexibility (sit and reach test). Physical activity and sleep were measured by accelerometers. RESULTS Of the participants, 60.4% and 90.6% did not comply with sleep and physical activity recommendations, respectively. Physical fitness was higher in boys in all components. The results of the linear regression show that in girls, moderate-vigorous-intensity physical activity, lower- and upper-body muscular strength, and cardiorespiratory endurance were associated with BMI and sleep. In boys, light-intensity physical activity and upper-body muscular strength were associated with both variables. CONCLUSIONS Physical activity intensity, strength, and cardiorespiratory fitness were associated with BMI and sleep; however, physical activity intensity and associated physical fitness components differed by gender.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés Godoy-Cumillaf
- Grupo de Investigación en Educación Física, Salud y Calidad de Vida (EFISAL), Facultad de Educación, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Temuco 4780000, Chile
| | - Paola Fuentes-Merino
- Grupo de Investigación en Educación Física, Salud y Calidad de Vida (EFISAL), Facultad de Educación, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Temuco 4780000, Chile
| | | | - Daniel Duclos-Bastías
- School of Physical Education, Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso 2340000, Chile
- IGOID Research Group, Physical Activity and Sport Science Department, University of Castilla-La Mancha, 45071 Toledo, Spain
| | - Frano Giakoni-Ramírez
- Facultad de Educación y Ciencias Sociales, Instituto del Deporte y Bienestar, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago 7550000, Chile
| | - José Bruneau-Chávez
- Departamento de Educación Física, Deportes y Recreación, Universidad de la Frontera, Temuco 4811230, Chile
| | - Eugenio Merellano-Navarro
- Department of Physical Activity Sciences, Faculty of Education Sciences, Universidad Católica del Maule, Talca 3530000, Chile
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5
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Zorrilla-Revilla G, Rodrigues D, Machado-Rodrigues AM, Mateos A, Rodríguez J, Padez C. Sex-specific differences in somatic investment and strategies of physical activity among Portuguese schoolchildren. Am J Hum Biol 2021; 34:e23626. [PMID: 34076323 DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.23626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Physical activity (PA) is required for healthy growth, development, and maturation and plays an important role in the prevention of overweight and obesity in childhood and adolescence. Sex-differences in PA levels are well documented, with boys spending more time in PA, especially in moderate-to-vigorous activities. Following the Life History Theory, our aim is to study if PA affects the fat tissues increases during childhood and juvenile phases in both sexes. METHODS Time spent in sedentary, light, and moderate-to-vigorous PA levels were measured in a sample of 415 Portuguese children and juveniles (207 females/208 males; aged 6-11 years), using an accelerometer for 7 days. Skinfolds related with body fat were objectively collected and socioeconomic status factors were reported using a parental questionnaire. RESULTS The outcomes show that girls' and boys' fat variables increased during the end of the childhood and the juvenile phase. However, these variables were differently affected by PA. Girls increased fat variables with the sedentary activity while boys decreased fat variables with moderate-to-vigorous PA. Alike, active boys but not girls reduced the fat increase tendency with age. CONCLUSIONS Although both sexes displayed a general fat increment with age, moderate-to-vigorous PA dampens the increase only in boys. In fact, active girls increased body fat in the same manner as non-active girls. From an evolutionary perspective, it could explain sex-specific somatic strategies related to future reproduction or, with future mating and intrasexual competition.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniela Rodrigues
- CIAS - Research Centre for Anthropology and Health, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Aristides M Machado-Rodrigues
- CIAS - Research Centre for Anthropology and Health, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,High School of Education, Polytechnic Institute of Viseu, Viseu, Portugal
| | - Ana Mateos
- National Research Center on Human Evolution, CENIEH, Burgos, Spain
| | - Jesús Rodríguez
- National Research Center on Human Evolution, CENIEH, Burgos, Spain
| | - Cristina Padez
- CIAS - Research Centre for Anthropology and Health, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
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Dumuid D, Simm P, Wake M, Burgner D, Juonala M, Wu F, Magnussen CG, Olds T. The "Goldilocks Day" for Children's Skeletal Health: Compositional Data Analysis of 24-Hour Activity Behaviors. J Bone Miner Res 2020; 35:2393-2403. [PMID: 32730680 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.4143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Optimization of children's activity behaviors for skeletal health is a key public health priority, yet it is unknown how many hours of moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA), light physical activity (LPA), sedentary behavior, or sleep constitute the best day-the "Goldilocks Day"-for children's bone structure and function. To describe the best day for children's skeletal health, we used data from the cross-sectional Child Health CheckPoint. Included participants (n = 804, aged 10.7 to 12.9 years, 50% male) underwent tibial peripheral quantitative CT to assesses cross-sectional area, trabecular and cortical density, periosteal and endosteal circumference, polar moment of inertia, and polar stress-strain index. Average daily time-use composition (MVPA, LPA, sedentary time, and sleep) was assessed through 8-day, 24-hour accelerometry. Skeletal outcomes were regressed against time-use compositions expressed as isometric log-ratios (with quadratic terms where indicated), adjusted for sex, age, pubertal status, and socioeconomic position. The models were used to estimate optimal time-use compositions (associated with best 5% of each skeletal outcome), which were plotted in three-dimensional quaternary figures. The center of the overlapping area was considered the Goldilocks Day for skeletal health. Children's time-use composition was associated with all skeletal measures (all p ≤ 0.001) except cross-sectional area (p = 0.72). Days with more sleep and MVPA, less sedentary time, and moderate LPA were beneficially associated with skeletal measures, except cortical density, which was adversely associated. The Goldilocks daily time-use composition for overall skeletal health was center (range): 10.9 (10.5 to 11.5) hours sleep; 8.2 (7.8 to 8.8) hours sedentary time; 3.4 (2.8 to 4.2) hours LPA, and 1.5 (1.3 to 1.5) hours MVPA. Estimated optimal sleep duration is consistent with current international guidelines (9 to 11 hours), while estimated optimal MVPA exceeds recommendations of at least 60 min/d. This first study to describe optimal durations of daily activities for children's skeletal health provides evidence to underpin guidelines. © 2020 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research (ASBMR).
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorothea Dumuid
- Allied Health & Human Performance, Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity (ARENA), University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Peter Simm
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Australia
| | - Melissa Wake
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
- Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Grafton, New Zealand
| | - David Burgner
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Markus Juonala
- Department of Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Division of Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Feitong Wu
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
| | - Costan G Magnussen
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
- Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Centre for Population Health Research, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Timothy Olds
- Allied Health & Human Performance, Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity (ARENA), University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
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Play as a Method to Reduce Overweight and Obesity in Children: An RCT. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17010346. [PMID: 31947884 PMCID: PMC6981949 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17010346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Revised: 12/24/2019] [Accepted: 12/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Background: Overweight and obesity are the result of a complex interaction between genetic and environmental factors, which begins prenatally. Aim: To analyse an intervention based on play as a means of improving the body composition of children who are overweight or obese. Methods: The Kids-Play study is a randomized clinical trial (RCT) consisting of 49 children aged 8–12 years on a nine-month intervention programme based on physical activity, play and nutritional advice. Controls had another 49 children, who received only nutritional advice. Results: The play-based intervention achieved a moderate-vigorous level of physical activity in the study group of 81.18 min per day, while the corresponding level for the control group was only 37.34 min. At the start of the intervention, the children in the study group had an average body fat content of 41.66%, a level that decreased to 38.85% by the end of the programme. Among the control group, body fat increased from 38.83% to 41.4% during the same period. Conclusions: The intervention programme considered, based on both play and nutritional recommendations, produced a decrease in body fat among children aged 8–12 years. However, the control group, which received only nutritional recommendations, experienced an increase in body weight.
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Skrede T, Steene-Johannessen J, Anderssen SA, Resaland GK, Ekelund U. The prospective association between objectively measured sedentary time, moderate-to-vigorous physical activity and cardiometabolic risk factors in youth: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Obes Rev 2019; 20:55-74. [PMID: 30270500 DOI: 10.1111/obr.12758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Revised: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Sedentary time and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) may be uniquely related to cardiometabolic health. Excessive sedentary time is suggested as an independent cardiometabolic risk factor, while MVPA is favourably associated with cardiometabolic health. This systematic review and meta-analysis summarizes the evidence on a prospective relationship between objectively measured sedentary time, MVPA and cardiometabolic health indicators in youth. PubMed, Embase, CINAHL, PhyscINFO and SPORTDiscus were systematically searched from January 2000 until April 2018. Studies were included if sedentary time and physical activity were measured objectively and examined associations with body mass index, waist circumference, triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein, insulin, blood pressure or the clustering of these cardiometabolic risk factors. We identified 30 studies, of which 21 were of high quality. No evidence was found for an association between sedentary time and cardiometabolic outcomes. The association between MVPA and individual cardiometabolic risk factors was inconsistent. The meta-analysis for prospective studies found a small but significant effect size between MVPA at baseline and clustered cardiometabolic risk at follow-up (ES -0.014 [95% CI, -0.024 to -0.004]). We conclude that there is no prospective association between sedentary time and cardiometabolic health, while MVPA is beneficially associated with cardiometabolic health in youth.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Skrede
- Faculty of Education, Arts and Sports, Western Norway University of Applied Sciences, Sogndal, Norway.,Department of Sports Medicine, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - S A Anderssen
- Faculty of Education, Arts and Sports, Western Norway University of Applied Sciences, Sogndal, Norway.,Department of Sports Medicine, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - G K Resaland
- Faculty of Education, Arts and Sports, Western Norway University of Applied Sciences, Sogndal, Norway
| | - U Ekelund
- Department of Sports Medicine, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
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Park J, Ishikawa-Takata K, Lee S, Kim E, Lim K, Kim H, Lee IS, Tanaka S. Comparison of daily physical activity parameters using objective methods between overweight and normal-weight children. JOURNAL OF SPORT AND HEALTH SCIENCE 2018; 7:210-217. [PMID: 30356488 PMCID: PMC6180554 DOI: 10.1016/j.jshs.2017.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Revised: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of the present study was to determine if there were any differences in various aspects of physical activity such as energy expenditure, intensity, and type of activity between normal-weight and overweight boys. METHODS Children aged 9-12 years were recruited from 2 elementary schools located in different urban districts in Republic of Korea. The present study included 45 Korean boys, of which 19 were normal-weight and 26 were overweight. Daily physical activity was estimated over the same 1-week study period under free-living conditions using the doubly labeled water (DLW) method and a tri-axial accelerometer. Resting metabolic rate (RMR) was measured using the Douglas bag method and open-circuit indirect calorimetry. We calculated the physical activity level (PAL) as the total energy expenditure (TEE)/RMR. RESULTS PAL was not significantly different between the groups. In the accelerometer data, time spent in locomotive moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) was significantly lower in overweight boys than in normal-weight subjects, whereas other variables including non-locomotive activity did not differ between groups. In addition, among all participants, time spent in total locomotive activity was significantly associated with PAL. Time spent in locomotive MVPA was significantly associated with PAL. CONCLUSION Overweight boys may be less physically active based on locomotive MVPA, which was positively related with PAL. Our findings suggest that the contribution of locomotive MVPA to the increase in PAL was relatively significant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonghoon Park
- Department of Physical Education, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Kazuko Ishikawa-Takata
- Department of Nutritional Education, National Institute of Health and Nutrition, Tokyo 162-8636, Japan
| | - Sangjik Lee
- Division of Physical Education, Uiduk University, Gyeongju 38004, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunkyung Kim
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung 25457, Republic of Korea
| | - Kiwon Lim
- Department of Physical Education, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyungryul Kim
- Division of Physical Education, Uiduk University, Gyeongju 38004, Republic of Korea
| | - In-Sook Lee
- Division of Food Service Industry, Uiduk University, Gyeongju 38004, Republic of Korea
| | - Shigeho Tanaka
- Department of Nutritional Science, National Institute of Health and Nutrition, Tokyo 162-8636, Japan
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10
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Kerr JA, Long C, Clifford SA, Muller J, Gillespie AN, Donath S, Wake M. Early-life exposures predicting onset and resolution of childhood overweight or obesity. Arch Dis Child 2017; 102:915-922. [PMID: 28235833 DOI: 10.1136/archdischild-2016-311568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Revised: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine which of multiple early-life exposures predict onset or resolution of overweight/obesity during a 9-year period. METHODS Design: longitudinal cohort from three harmonised community-based cohorts enriched for overweight and obesity. Early-life exposures: child-gestational age; delivery; birth weight; breast feeding; solids introduction; baseline body mass index (BMI); waist circumference; diet; activity; global, physical and psychosocial health. Mother-baseline BMI; education; age; neighbourhood disadvantage; concern for child's weight. Outcome: change in BMI category. Analyses: adjusted logistic regression. RESULTS On average, the 363 children (57% retention) were 6 and 15 years old at baseline and follow-up. Children were classified as 'never' overweight/obese (38%), 'resolving' overweight/obese (15%), 'becoming' overweight/obese (8%) or 'always' overweight/obese (39%). Compared with 'never overweight/obese' children, odds of 'becoming overweight/obese' were greater with higher child (OR 2.33, 95% CI 1.02 to 5.29) and maternal BMI (OR 1.18, CI 1.07 to 1.31), and lower with higher maternal education (OR 0.09, CI 0.02 to 0.34). Compared with 'always overweight/obese' children, odds of 'resolving overweight/obese' were lower with higher maternal BMI (OR 0.87, CI 0.78 to 0.97), and higher with better child physical health (OR 1.06, CI 1.02 to 1.10) and higher maternal age (OR 1.11, CI 1.01 to 1.22) and education (OR 4.07, CI 1.02 to 16.19). CONCLUSIONS Readily available baseline information (child/maternal BMI, maternal age, education and child health) were the strongest predictors of both onset and resolution of overweight/obesity between the primary school and adolescent years. Perinatal, breastfeeding and lifestyle exposures were not strongly predictive. Results could stimulate development of algorithms identifying children most in need of targeted prevention or treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica A Kerr
- Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Catherine Long
- Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Susan A Clifford
- Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Joshua Muller
- Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Alanna N Gillespie
- Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Susan Donath
- Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Melissa Wake
- Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Paediatrics & Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Grafton, Auckland, New Zealand
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11
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Devís-Devís J, Lizandra J, Valencia-Peris A, Pérez-Gimeno E, García-Massò X, Peiró-Velert C. Longitudinal changes in physical activity, sedentary behavior and body mass index in adolescence: Migrations towards different weight cluster. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0179502. [PMID: 28636644 PMCID: PMC5479538 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0179502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
This study examined longitudinal changes in physical activity, sedentary behavior and body mass index in adolescents, specifically their migrations towards a different weight cluster. A cohort of 755 adolescents participated in a three-year study. A clustering Self-Organized Maps Analysis was performed to visualize changes in subjects' characteristics between the first and second assessment, and how adolescents were grouped. Also a classification tree was used to identify the behavioral characteristics of the groups that changed their weight cluster. Results indicated that boys were more active and less sedentary than girls. Boys were especially keen to technological-based activities while girls preferred social-based activities. A moderate competing effect between sedentary behaviors and physical activities was observed, especially in girls. Overweight and obesity were negatively associated with physical activity, although a small group of overweight/obese adolescents showed a positive relationship with vigorous physical activity. Cluster migrations indicated that 22.66% of adolescents changed their weight cluster to a lower category and none of them moved in the opposite direction. The behavioral characteristics of these adolescents did not support the hypothesis that the change to a lower weight cluster was a consequence of an increase in time devoted to physical activity or a decrease in time spent on sedentary behavior. Physical activity and sedentary behavior does not exert a substantial effect on overweight and obesity. Therefore, there are other ways of changing to a lower-weight status in adolescents apart from those in which physical activity and sedentary behavior are involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Devís-Devís
- Departament d’Educació Física i Esportiva, Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - Jorge Lizandra
- Departament de Didàctica de l’Expressió Musical, Plàstica i Corporal, Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - Alexandra Valencia-Peris
- Departament de Didàctica de l’Expressió Musical, Plàstica i Corporal, Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - Esther Pérez-Gimeno
- Departament de Didàctica de l’Expressió Musical, Plàstica i Corporal, Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - Xavier García-Massò
- Departament de Didàctica de l’Expressió Musical, Plàstica i Corporal, Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - Carmen Peiró-Velert
- Departament de Didàctica de l’Expressió Musical, Plàstica i Corporal, Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain
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12
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Dowda M, Taverno Ross SE, McIver KL, Dishman RK, Pate RR. Physical Activity and Changes in Adiposity in the Transition from Elementary to Middle School. Child Obes 2017; 13:53-62. [PMID: 27929670 PMCID: PMC5278816 DOI: 10.1089/chi.2016.0103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study examined the longitudinal associations of objectively measured physical activity, sedentary behavior, and diet quality with two measures of adiposity and a measure of weight status. METHODS A total of 658 children from 21 elementary schools (45.1% boys; 40% white, 33% black, 9% Hispanic, and 18% other race/ethnicity) were assessed at least twice in fifth, sixth, and/or seventh grade. Fat mass index (FMI), percent body fat (PBF), and BMI were calculated from body weight, standing and seated heights, and bioelectrical impedance (BIA) measured each year. RESULTS At follow-up, both FMI and PBF decreased among boys and increased among girls, while BMI increased in both boys and girls. After controlling for race/ethnicity, parent education, and maturity offset at baseline, growth curve analyses showed that moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) was significantly and negatively associated with FMI, PBF, and BMI for both boys and girls. After forming tertiles of fifth grade MVPA, least-square means for FMI, PBF, and BMI were examined by grade and gender. For both boys and girls, higher MVPA was associated with lower FMI, PBF, and BMI at all three grade levels. The relationships between sedentary behavior and diet quality and FMI, PBF, and BMI were not consistent for boys or girls. CONCLUSIONS As boys and girls transitioned from elementary to middle school, children who participated in higher levels of MVPA maintained more favorable levels of two indicators of adiposity and a measure of weight status. These findings support the need for interventions to help children meet current public health guidelines for physical activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marsha Dowda
- Department of Exercise Science, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC
| | | | - Kerry L. McIver
- Department of Exercise Science, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC
| | | | - Russell R. Pate
- Department of Exercise Science, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC
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13
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van Ekris E, Altenburg TM, Singh AS, Proper KI, Heymans MW, Chinapaw MJM. An evidence-update on the prospective relationship between childhood sedentary behaviour and biomedical health indicators: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Obes Rev 2016; 17:833-49. [PMID: 27256486 DOI: 10.1111/obr.12426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Revised: 04/06/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Evidence for adverse health effects of excessive sedentary behaviour in children is predominantly based on cross-sectional studies, measuring TV viewing as proxy for sedentary behaviour. This systematic review and meta-analysis summarizes the evidence on the prospective relationship between childhood sedentary behaviour and biomedical health indicators, overall and stratified by type of sedentary behaviour (TV viewing, computer use/games, screen time and objective sedentary time). PubMed, EMBASE, PsycINFO and Cochrane were systematically searched till January 2015. Methodological quality of all included studies was scored, and a best evidence synthesis was applied. We included 109 studies of which 19 were of high quality. We found moderate-to-strong evidence for a relationship of overall sedentary time with some anthropometrics (overweight/obesity, weight-for-height), one cardiometabolic biomarker (HDL-cholesterol) and some fitness indicators (fitness, being unfit). For other health indicators, we found no convincing evidence because of inconsistent or non-significant findings. The evidence varied by type of sedentary behaviour. The meta-analysis indicated that each additional baseline hour of TV viewing (β = 0.01, 95%CI = [-0.002; 0.02]) or computer use (β = 0.00, 95%CI = [-0.004; 0.01]) per day was not significantly related with BMI at follow-up. We conclude that the evidence for a prospective relationship between childhood sedentary behaviour and biomedical health is in general unconvincing.
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Affiliation(s)
- E van Ekris
- Department of Public and Occupational Health, VU University Medical Center, EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - T M Altenburg
- Department of Public and Occupational Health, VU University Medical Center, EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - A S Singh
- Department of Public and Occupational Health, VU University Medical Center, EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - K I Proper
- Department of Public and Occupational Health, VU University Medical Center, EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - M W Heymans
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, VU University Medical Center, EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - M J M Chinapaw
- Department of Public and Occupational Health, VU University Medical Center, EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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14
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Heshmat R, Qorbani M, Shahr Babaki AE, Djalalinia S, Ataei-Jafari A, Motlagh ME, Ardalan G, Arefirad T, Rezaei F, Asayesh H, Kelishadi R. Joint Association of Screen Time and Physical Activity with Cardiometabolic Risk Factors in a National Sample of Iranian Adolescents: The CASPIANIII Study. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0154502. [PMID: 27167372 PMCID: PMC4864273 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0154502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2015] [Accepted: 04/14/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome (MetS) and its contributing factors are considered important health problems in the pediatric age group. This study was designed to assess the joint association of ST and PA with cardiometabolic risk factors among Iranian adolescents. A representative sample of 5625 (50.2% boys) school students with a mean age of 14.73 (SD: 2.41) were selected through multistage random cluster sampling method from urban and rural areas of 27 provinces in Iran. ST and PA were assessed by self-administered validated questionnaires. Anthropometric measures (height, weight and waist circumference (WC)) and MetS components (abdominal obesity, elevated blood pressure (BP), low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), elevated triglycerides (TG) and high fasting blood sugar (FBG)) were measured according to standardized protocols. MetS was defined according to the Adult Treatment Panel III criteria modified for the pediatric age group. Moreover, elevated total cholesterol (TC), elevated low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and generalized obesity were considered as other cardiometabolic risk factors. Students with high ST levels had significantly higher body mass index z-score (BMI z-score), WC, TG, LDL-C, and BP as well as lower HDL-C level; whereas those with high PA levels had significantly higher HDL-C levels as well as lower BMI z-score, TC, and BP. Adolescents with low PA/ high ST levels had significantly higher BMI, WC, LDL-C levels, as well as higher SBP and DBP compared to their other counterparts. In Multivariate model, joint effect of low PA/ high ST (compared to the high PA/low ST group) increased the odds of overweight, abdominal obesity and low HDL-C and decreased the odds of elevated TC. The findings of this study showed that joint association of high ST and low PA have direct association with abdominal obesity, overweight and low HDL-C and indirect association with elevated TC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramin Heshmat
- Chronic Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mostafa Qorbani
- Department of Community Medicine, School of Medicine, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- * E-mail: (MQ); (RK)
| | - Amir Eslami Shahr Babaki
- Chronic Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shirin Djalalinia
- Non-communicable Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Development of Research & Technology Center, Deputy of Research and Technology, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran
| | - Asal Ataei-Jafari
- Department of Nutrition, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Gelayol Ardalan
- Chronic Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Tahereh Arefirad
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Rezaei
- Department of Social Medicine, Medical School, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, Jahrom, Iran
| | - Hamid Asayesh
- Department of Medical Emergencies, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran
| | - Roya Kelishadi
- Pediatrics Department, Child Growth and Development Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non Communicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
- * E-mail: (MQ); (RK)
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15
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Griffiths LJ, Sera F, Cortina-Borja M, Law C, Ness A, Dezateux C. Objectively measured physical activity and sedentary time: cross-sectional and prospective associations with adiposity in the Millennium Cohort Study. BMJ Open 2016; 6:e010366. [PMID: 27067891 PMCID: PMC4838720 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2015-010366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine whether physical activity (PA) and sedentary time (ST) in primary school-aged children are associated with adiposity at the start of secondary school, and whether these associations differ by sex or ethnic group. DESIGN Nationally representative prospective cohort study. SETTING Children born across the UK, between 2000 and 2002. PARTICIPANTS 6497 singleton children. OUTCOME MEASURES Measures of adiposity (body mass index (BMI), fat mass index (FMI) and fat free mass index (FFMI))--obtained at 7 and 11 years. EXPLANATORY MEASURES Total daily PA (mean counts per minute (cpm)); minutes of moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA); and ST. All assessed at 7 years using accelerometers. RESULTS In cross-sectional analyses, total PA was inversely associated with FMI (3.7% (95% CI 2.7% to 4.7%) reduction per 150 cpm increase), as was MVPA (4.2% (CI 3.2% to 5.2%) reduction per 20 min/day increase). Associations were stronger in black and South Asian ethnic groups. Total PA and MVPA were not associated with FFMI. ST was positively associated with FMI (1.3% (CI 0.2% to 2.3%) increase per 50 min/day increase) and inversely associated with FFMI (0.5% (CI 0.2% to 0.7%) reduction per 50 min/day increase). Longitudinally, MVPA at age 7 years remained inversely associated with FMI at age 11 years (1.5% (CI 0.4% to 2.6%) reduction per 20 min/day increase). No association was found between total PA and ST and any of the later adiposity measures. CONCLUSIONS 7-year-old children who are more physically active are less likely to be obese at that age and at age 11 years. These associations were particularly evident in children from black or South Asian ethnicity at age 7 years and in boys at age 11 years. Measurements of fat mass provide valuable insights into ethnic differences in associations between adiposity and activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy J Griffiths
- Life Course Epidemiology and Biostatistics, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Francesco Sera
- Life Course Epidemiology and Biostatistics, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Mario Cortina-Borja
- Clinical Epidemiology, Nutrition and Biostatistics, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Catherine Law
- Life Course Epidemiology and Biostatistics, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Andrew Ness
- Department of Oral and Dental Science, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Carol Dezateux
- Life Course Epidemiology and Biostatistics, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, UK
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16
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Cliff DP, Hesketh KD, Vella SA, Hinkley T, Tsiros MD, Ridgers ND, Carver A, Veitch J, Parrish AM, Hardy LL, Plotnikoff RC, Okely AD, Salmon J, Lubans DR. Objectively measured sedentary behaviour and health and development in children and adolescents: systematic review and meta-analysis. Obes Rev 2016; 17:330-44. [PMID: 26914664 DOI: 10.1111/obr.12371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2015] [Revised: 11/27/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Sedentary behaviour has emerged as a unique determinant of health in adults. Studies in children and adolescents have been less consistent. We reviewed the evidence to determine if the total volume and patterns (i.e. breaks and bouts) of objectively measured sedentary behaviour were associated with adverse health outcomes in young people, independent of moderate-intensity to vigorous-intensity physical activity. Four electronic databases (EMBASE MEDLINE, Ovid EMBASE, PubMed and Scopus) were searched (up to 12 November 2015) to retrieve studies among 2- to 18-year-olds, which used cross-sectional, longitudinal or experimental designs, and examined associations with health outcomes (adiposity, cardio-metabolic, fitness, respiratory, bone/musculoskeletal, psychosocial, cognition/academic achievement, gross motor development and other outcomes). Based on 88 eligible observational studies, level of evidence grading and quantitative meta-analyses indicated that there is limited available evidence that the total volume or patterns of sedentary behaviour are associated with health in children and adolescents when accounting for moderate-intensity to vigorous-intensity physical activity or focusing on studies with low risk of bias. Quality evidence from studies with robust designs and methods, objective measures of sitting, examining associations for various health outcomes, is needed to better understand if the overall volume or patterns of sedentary behaviour are independent determinants of health in children and adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- D P Cliff
- Early Start Research Institute, Faculty of Social Sciences, School of Education, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia.,Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - K D Hesketh
- Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition Research (C-PAN), Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria, Australia
| | - S A Vella
- Early Start Research Institute, Faculty of Social Sciences, School of Education, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia.,Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - T Hinkley
- Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition Research (C-PAN), Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria, Australia
| | - M D Tsiros
- Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity, Sansom Institute for Health Research, School of Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - N D Ridgers
- Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition Research (C-PAN), Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria, Australia
| | - A Carver
- Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition Research (C-PAN), Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria, Australia.,School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria, Australia
| | - J Veitch
- Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition Research (C-PAN), Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria, Australia
| | - A-M Parrish
- Early Start Research Institute, Faculty of Social Sciences, School of Education, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia.,Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - L L Hardy
- Prevention Research Collaboration, School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - R C Plotnikoff
- Priority Research Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Faculty of Education and Arts, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia
| | - A D Okely
- Early Start Research Institute, Faculty of Social Sciences, School of Education, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia.,Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - J Salmon
- Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition Research (C-PAN), Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria, Australia
| | - D R Lubans
- Priority Research Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Faculty of Education and Arts, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia
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17
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Collings PJ, Wijndaele K, Corder K, Westgate K, Ridgway CL, Sharp SJ, Atkin AJ, Stephen AM, Bamber D, Goodyer I, Brage S, Ekelund U. Objectively measured physical activity and longitudinal changes in adolescent body fatness: an observational cohort study. Pediatr Obes 2016; 11:107-14. [PMID: 25919340 PMCID: PMC4780592 DOI: 10.1111/ijpo.12031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2014] [Accepted: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The data regarding prospective associations between physical activity (PA) and adiposity in youth are inconsistent. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to investigate associations between baseline levels of objectively measured PA and changes in adiposity over 2.5 years from mid-to-late adolescence. METHODS This was an observational cohort study in 728 school students (43% boys) from Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom. Fat mass index (FMI, kg m(-2) ) was estimated at baseline (mean ± standard deviation age: 15 ± 0.3 years) and follow-up (17.5 ± 0.3 years) by anthropometry and bioelectrical impedance. Habitual PA was assessed at baseline by ≥3 d combined heart rate and movement sensing. Average daily PA energy expenditure (PAEE) and the time (min d(-1) ) spent in light, moderate and vigorous intensity PA (LPA, MPA and VPA, respectively) was estimated. Multilevel models were used to investigate associations between baseline PA and change in FMI (ΔFMI). Adjustment for baseline age, sex, follow-up duration, area-level socioeconomic status, season of PA assessment, sedentary time, energy intake and sleep duration was made; baseline FMI was also added in a second model. RESULTS FMI increased significantly over follow-up (0.6 ± 1.2 kg m(-2) , P < 0.001). Baseline PAEE and LPA positively predicted ΔFMI in overfat participants (P ≤ 0.030), as did VPA in initially normal fat participants (P ≤ 0.044). There were further positive associations between PAEE and ΔFMI in normal fat participants, and between MPA and ΔFMI in both fat groups, when adjusted for baseline FMI (P ≤ 0.024). CONCLUSIONS Baseline PAEE and its subcomponents were positively associated with small and unlikely clinically relevant increases in ΔFMI. These counter-intuitive findings may be explained by behavioural changes during the course of study follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- P. J. Collings
- MRC Epidemiology UnitUniversity of Cambridge School of Clinical MedicineCambridgeUK
| | - K. Wijndaele
- MRC Epidemiology UnitUniversity of Cambridge School of Clinical MedicineCambridgeUK
| | - K. Corder
- MRC Epidemiology UnitUniversity of Cambridge School of Clinical MedicineCambridgeUK
| | - K. Westgate
- MRC Epidemiology UnitUniversity of Cambridge School of Clinical MedicineCambridgeUK
| | - C. L. Ridgway
- MRC Epidemiology UnitUniversity of Cambridge School of Clinical MedicineCambridgeUK
| | - S. J. Sharp
- MRC Epidemiology UnitUniversity of Cambridge School of Clinical MedicineCambridgeUK
| | - A. J. Atkin
- UKCRC Centre for Diet and Activity Research (CEDAR)MRC Epidemiology UnitUniversity of Cambridge School of Clinical MedicineCambridgeUK
| | - A. M. Stephen
- MRC Human Nutrition ResearchUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - D. Bamber
- Developmental Lifecourse Research GroupDepartment of PsychiatryUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - I. Goodyer
- Developmental Lifecourse Research GroupDepartment of PsychiatryUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - S. Brage
- MRC Epidemiology UnitUniversity of Cambridge School of Clinical MedicineCambridgeUK
| | - U. Ekelund
- MRC Epidemiology UnitUniversity of Cambridge School of Clinical MedicineCambridgeUK,Department of Sport MedicineNorwegian School of Sports ScienceOsloNorway
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18
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Budd EL, Aaron Hipp J, Geary N, Dodson EA. Racial differences in parental perceptions of the neighborhood as predictors of children's physical activity and sedentary behavior. Prev Med Rep 2016; 2:397-402. [PMID: 26844096 PMCID: PMC4721463 DOI: 10.1016/j.pmedr.2015.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Most U.S. children engage in insufficient physical activity (PA) and spend too much time in sedentary behaviors (SBs), leading to increased risk of obesity and chronic disease. Evidence remains inconsistent on relationships between parental perceptions of the neighborhood and children's PA and SB. This study examines parental neighborhood perceptions, stratified by race, as predictors of children's PA and SB. Methods Relationships were tested with regressions stratified by parental race. The sample included 196 parents, residing in St. Louis, Missouri with a child at home. Participants responded to a mailed survey in 2012. Parental neighborhood perceptions were examined by mean composite scores and individual items. Results For parents of all races, perceived barriers negatively predicted the number of days in a week children engaged in ≥ 60 min of PA. Examining parental neighborhood perceptions by individual item, the perception that drivers exceed neighborhood speed limits was a positive predictor of their children's SB only among white parents. Only among minority-race parents was perceived neighborhood crime rate a positive predictor of their children's SB. Conclusions While predictors of children's PA did not differ widely, several distinct predictors of children's SB by parental race lend support toward further examination of this topic. We examine parental neighborhood perceptions by race and children's behaviors. For all parents, perceived barriers negatively predict children's activity. For white parents, speeding cars positively predict children's sedentary behavior. For minority-race parents, crime positively predicts children's sedentary behavior. Results could inform tailored strategies for reducing children's sedentary behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth L Budd
- Prevention Research Center in St. Louis, Brown School, Washington University in St. Louis, One Brookings Drive, Campus Box 1196, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - J Aaron Hipp
- Prevention Research Center in St. Louis, Brown School, Washington University in St. Louis, One Brookings Drive, Campus Box 1196, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - Nora Geary
- Prevention Research Center in St. Louis, Brown School, Washington University in St. Louis, One Brookings Drive, Campus Box 1196, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Dodson
- Prevention Research Center in St. Louis, Brown School, Washington University in St. Louis, One Brookings Drive, Campus Box 1196, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
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19
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Cost Effectiveness of an Elementary School Active Physical Education Policy. Am J Prev Med 2015; 49:148-59. [PMID: 26094235 DOI: 10.1016/j.amepre.2015.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2014] [Revised: 01/14/2015] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Many American children do not meet recommendations for moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA). Although school-based physical education (PE) provides children with opportunities for MVPA, less than half of PE minutes are typically active. The purpose of this study is to estimate the cost effectiveness of a state "active PE" policy implemented nationally requiring that at least 50% of elementary school PE time is spent in MVPA. METHODS A cohort model was used to simulate the impact of an active PE policy on physical activity, BMI, and healthcare costs over 10 years for a simulated cohort of the 2015 U.S. population aged 6-11 years. Data were analyzed in 2014. RESULTS An elementary school active PE policy would increase MVPA per 30-minute PE class by 1.87 minutes (95% uncertainty interval [UI]=1.23, 2.51) and cost $70.7 million (95% UI=$51.1, $95.9 million) in the first year to implement nationally. Physical activity gains would cost $0.34 per MET-hour/day (95% UI=$0.15, $2.15), and BMI could be reduced after 2 years at a cost of $401 per BMI unit (95% UI=$148, $3,100). From 2015 to 2025, the policy would cost $235 million (95% UI=$170 million, $319 million) and reduce healthcare costs by $60.5 million (95% UI=$7.93 million, $153 million). CONCLUSIONS Implementing an active PE policy at the elementary school level could have a small impact on physical activity levels in the population and potentially lead to reductions in BMI and obesity-related healthcare expenditures over 10 years.
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20
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Fenton SAM, Duda JL, Barrett T. Inter-participant variability in daily physical activity and sedentary time among male youth sport footballers: independent associations with indicators of adiposity and cardiorespiratory fitness. J Sports Sci 2015; 34:239-51. [DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2015.1048273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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21
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Tanaka C, Reilly JJ, Huang WY. Longitudinal changes in objectively measured sedentary behaviour and their relationship with adiposity in children and adolescents: systematic review and evidence appraisal. Obes Rev 2014; 15:791-803. [PMID: 24899125 DOI: 10.1111/obr.12195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2014] [Revised: 04/29/2014] [Accepted: 04/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This review aimed to determine longitudinal changes in objectively measured overall sedentary behaviour, and to examine their associations with adiposity in children and adolescents. A search for longitudinal studies was performed using several electronic databases. Of 161 potentially eligible papers, 10 for change in sedentary behaviour and 3 for longitudinal associations with change in adiposity were included. Weighted mean increase in daily sedentary behaviour per year was 5.7% for boys and 5.8% for girls. Only one paper included preschool children, and it showed a decrease in sedentary behaviour. Nine studies were from Western countries. Null associations were reported between sedentary behaviour and adiposity in two studies, the other found that increases in sedentary behaviour were associated with increases in adiposity, but only in those with body mass index above the 50th percentile. There was consistent evidence that sedentary behaviour increases with age in school-age children and adolescents, by approximately 30 min extra daily sedentary behaviour per year. There was little evidence on the influence of changes in sedentary behaviour on changes in adiposity. There is a need for more longitudinal research, for more evidence from outside the Western world, and for more studies that examine 'dose-response' associations between changes in sedentary behaviour and changes in adiposity.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Tanaka
- Division of Integrated Sciences, J. F. Oberlin University, Tokyo, Japan; Physical Activity for Health Group, School of Psychological Sciences and Health, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, Scotland
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Butte NF, Gregorich SE, Tschann JM, Penilla C, Pasch LA, De Groat CL, Flores E, Deardorff J, Greenspan LC, Martinez SM. Longitudinal effects of parental, child and neighborhood factors on moderate-vigorous physical activity and sedentary time in Latino children. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 2014; 11:108. [PMID: 25186810 PMCID: PMC4174285 DOI: 10.1186/s12966-014-0108-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2014] [Accepted: 08/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Moderate-vigorous physical activity (%MVPA) confers beneficial effects on child musculoskeletal health, cardiovascular fitness, and psychosocial well-being; in contrast, sedentary time (%SED) is emerging as a risk factor for health. This study aimed to identify parental, child and neighborhood factors influencing longitudinal assessments of body mass index (BMI) and activity patterns among Latino children, and to estimate lagged and cross-lagged effects between child BMI, %MVPA and %SED. Methods A longitudinal design with assessments at baseline, 1 and 2 years follow-up (FU) was used to evaluate the effects of maternal and paternal factors (BMI, age, education level, acculturation, household income and household size), child factors (gender, age, BMI, pubertal status) and neighborhood factors (disorder, victimization) on child BMI, %MVPA and %SED, expressed as a percent of awake time, in 282 Latino children ages 8–10 y and their parents. This study was restricted to families with a mother and biological father or father figure in the child’s life. Results Across time, total daily accelerometer counts (p = 0.04) and steps decreased (p = 0.0001), %SED increased (p = 0.0001), and %MVPA decreased (p = 0.02). Moderate lagged effects or tracking was seen for %MVPA and %SED (p = 0.001). %MVPA varied by gender (5.5% higher in boys than girls, p = 0.0001); child age (−0.4% per year, p = 0.03), and child BMI in boys only (−0.22%, p = 0.0002). Negative effects of paternal age, maternal education and maternal changes in BMI on %MVPA also were seen. %SED increased with child age (2.5% higher per year, p = 0.0001). Positive effects of paternal acculturation, maternal change in BMI, paternal age, and negative effects of household size on %SED were observed. A cross-lagged positive effect of BMI at FU1 on %SED at FU2 was observed for boys and girls (p = 0.03). Neighborhood disorder and victimization were not significant predictors of child BMI, %MVPA or %SED. Conclusion The major child determinants of physical activity (age, gender and BMI) and minor parental influences (maternal BMI and education, paternal age and acculturation) should be considered in designing interventions to promote %MVPA and reduce %SED among Latino children as they approach adolescence.
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Fröberg A, Raustorp A. Objectively measured sedentary behaviour and cardio-metabolic risk in youth: a review of evidence. Eur J Pediatr 2014; 173:845-60. [PMID: 24844351 DOI: 10.1007/s00431-014-2333-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2014] [Revised: 04/24/2014] [Accepted: 05/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The aim of this paper was to review studies that examine the association between volume and pattern of objectively measured sedentary behaviour and markers of cardio-metabolic risk in youth. A search for relevant articles was conducted in PubMed and SportDiscus, and the following inclusion criteria were applied: (i) youth participants (age range 6-19); (ii) accelerometer-measured volume and/or pattern of sedentary behaviour and its association with ≥1 cardio-metabolic outcome; and (iii) published, in press or accepted in an English language peer-reviewed journal between January 2000 and October 2013. A total of 45 articles met the a priori criteria and, thus, were considered eligible for inclusion. Although youth accumulate approximately 6 to 8 h of daily sedentary behaviour, little evidence supports an association with individual and clustered cardio-metabolic risk when adjusted for moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA). CONCLUSION We suggest that youth should be encouraged to engage in recommended levels of MVPA and reduce excessive time spent in screen-based sedentary behaviour. Future studies should examine the association between volume and pattern of objectively measured sedentary behaviour and cardio-metabolic risk independent of time spent in MVPA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Fröberg
- Department of Food and Nutrition, and Sport Science, University of Gothenburg, Sweden, Läroverksgatan 5, PO Box 300,, SE-405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden,
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McVeigh J, Meiring R. Physical activity and sedentary behavior in an ethnically diverse group of South african school children. J Sports Sci Med 2014; 13:371-8. [PMID: 24790492 PMCID: PMC3990892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2013] [Accepted: 01/14/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Few studies have examined physical activity and inactivity levels in an urban South African setting across 12 years of formal schooling. This information is important for implementing strategies to curb increasing trends of physical inactivity and related negative consequences, especially in low to middle income countries facing multiple challenges on overburdened health care systems. We examined levels of physical activity and sedentary behaviour cross-sectionally over 12 school years from childhood to adolescence in Black, White and Indian boys and girls. The aim of our study was to describe gender and race related patterns of physical and sedentary activity levels in a sample of South African children and to determine whether there were associations between these variables and body mass status. Physical activity questionnaires, previously validated in a South African setting, were used to gather information about activity and sedentary behaviours among 767 Black, White and Indian children (5-18 years of age) across the 12 grades of formal schooling. Body mass and height were also measured. Time spent in moderate-vigorous physical activity declined over the school years for all race groups and was consistently lower for girls than boys (p = 0.03), while time spent in sedentary activity increased with increasing grade (p < 0.001) for boys and girls and across all race groups. Associations between physical activity and body mass were observed for White children (r = -0.22, p < 0.001), but not for Black and Indian children (p > 0.05) whereas time spent in sedentary activities was significantly and positively correlated with body mass across all race groups: Indian (r = 0.25, p < 0.001), White (r = 0.22, p < 0.001) and Black (r = 0.37, p = 0.001). The strength of the associations was similar for boys and girls. Black and Indian children were less physically active than their white peers (p < 0.05), and Black children also spent more time in sedentary activity (p < 0.05). Additionally, Black children had the highest proportion of overweight participants (30%), and Indian children the most number of underweight children (13%). Regardless of ethnicity, children who spent more than 4 hours per day in front of a screen were approximately twice as likely to be overweight (OR, 1.96 [95%CI: 1.06-3.64, p = 0.03]). Regardless of race, inactivity levels are related to body mass. Ethnic and gender disparities exist in physical activity and sedentary activity levels and this may echo a mix of biological and cultural reasons. Key pointsRegardless of race, inactivity levels are related to body mass.In an ethnically diverse urban group of South African school children, there exists an age related decline in physical activity and increase in time spent in front of a screen.Ethnic and gender disparities exist in physical activity and sedentary activity levels and this may echo a mix of biological and cultural reasons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne McVeigh
- Exercise Laboratory, School of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand , Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Rebecca Meiring
- Exercise Laboratory, School of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand , Johannesburg, South Africa
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Abstract
High amounts of time spent sedentary and low levels of physical activity have been implicated in the process of excessive adiposity gains in youth. The aim of this review is to discuss the role of physical activity, sedentary time and behaviour (i.e. television (TV)-viewing) in relation to adiposity during the first two decades of life with a specific focus on whether the association between sedentary time, and behaviour and adiposity is independent of physical activity. We identified nine cohort studies (three prospective) whether sedentary time was associated with adiposity independent of physical activity. Eight of these studies suggested that sedentary time was unrelated to adiposity when physical activity was taken into account. Results from studies (n 8) examining the independent association between TV-viewing and adiposity independent of physical activity were mixed. Those that observed a positive association between TV-viewing and adiposity independent of physical activity discussed that the association may be due to residual confounding. A few additional studies have also challenged the general notion that low levels of physical activity leads to fatness and suggested that higher baseline fatness may be predictive of a decline in physical activity. It appears unlikely that higher levels of sedentary time are associated with or predictive of, higher levels of adiposity when physical activity is controlled for in youth. Specific sedentary behaviours such as TV-viewing may be associated with adiposity independent of physical activity but the results may be explained by residual confounding.
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Mitchell JA, Byun W. Sedentary Behavior and Health Outcomes in Children and Adolescents. Am J Lifestyle Med 2013. [DOI: 10.1177/1559827613498700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this review was to summarize findings from epidemiological studies that determined if sedentary behavior was associated with obesity, metabolic risk factors, and cardiorespiratory fitness in children and adolescents. We noted if studies adjusted for moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA), dietary intakes, and/or sleep duration. Articles were identified through PubMed using the search terms: (sedentary OR sitting OR television) AND (adiposity OR blood pressure OR body mass index OR cardiometabolic OR metabolic risk OR waist circumference). The search was limited to ages 6 to 18 years, humans, and published between January 1, 2008 and September 26, 2012. Cross-sectional and longitudinal studies observed associations between more sedentary behavior, especially screen-based sedentary behavior, and measures of obesity; and most associations were independent of MVPA and dietary intake. Cross-sectional and longitudinal studies reported associations between screen-based sedentary behavior and lower cardiorespiratory fitness, and most associations were independent of MVPA and obesity. Cross-sectional studies observed associations between more screen-based and objectively measured sedentary behavior and lower insulin sensitivity; and most associations were independent of MVPA and obesity. There was little-to-no evidence that sedentary behavior was associated with increased blood pressure and increased blood lipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan A. Mitchell
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (JAM)
- Clinical Exercise Physiology, Human Performance Laboratory, Ball State University, Muncie, Indiana (WB)
| | - Wonwoo Byun
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (JAM)
- Clinical Exercise Physiology, Human Performance Laboratory, Ball State University, Muncie, Indiana (WB)
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Pate RR, O'Neill JR, Liese AD, Janz KF, Granberg EM, Colabianchi N, Harsha DW, Condrasky MM, O'Neil PM, Lau EY, Taverno Ross SE. Factors associated with development of excessive fatness in children and adolescents: a review of prospective studies. Obes Rev 2013; 14:645-58. [PMID: 23601571 DOI: 10.1111/obr.12035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2012] [Revised: 02/26/2013] [Accepted: 02/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this review was to examine the factors that predict the development of excessive fatness in children and adolescents. Medline, Web of Science and PubMed were searched to identify prospective cohort studies that evaluated the association between several variables (e.g. physical activity, sedentary behaviour, dietary intake and genetic, physiological, social cognitive, family and peer, school and community factors) and the development of excessive fatness in children and adolescents (5-18 years). Sixty-one studies met the eligibility criteria and were included. There is evidence to support the association between genetic factors and low physical activity with excessive fatness in children and adolescents. Current studies yielded mixed evidence for the contribution of sedentary behaviour, dietary intake, physiological biomarkers, family factors and the community physical activity environment. No conclusions could be drawn about social cognitive factors, peer factors, school nutrition and physical activity environments, and the community nutrition environment. There is a dearth of longitudinal evidence that examines specific factors contributing to the development of excessive fatness in childhood and adolescence. Given that childhood obesity is a worldwide public health concern, the field can benefit from large-scale, long-term prospective studies that use state-of-the-art measures in a diverse sample of children and adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- R R Pate
- Department of Exercise Science, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, USA.
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Level of physical activity among children and adolescents in Europe: a review of physical activity assessed objectively by accelerometry. Public Health 2013; 127:301-11. [PMID: 23582270 DOI: 10.1016/j.puhe.2013.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2012] [Revised: 12/07/2012] [Accepted: 01/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
This study explored the proportion of European youth who are sufficiently active according to physical activity (PA) recommendations, based exclusively on objective assessment through accelerometers. A systematic electronic search of studies published up to March 2012 was conducted. PubMed was used to identify accelerometry-assessed PA studies that involved European youth. Within the 131 European studies, only 35 clearly reported the proportion of youth meeting the PA recommendations. Different thresholds lying between 1000 and 4000 counts/min (cpm) were used to define moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA). Overall, up to 100% of youth may be sufficiently active when using a threshold of approximately >1000-1500 cpm. With the most cited cut-off point (i.e. >2000 cpm), up to 87% of European youth might be considered physically active with reference to the current recommendations. Alternatively, with a cut-off point >3000 cpm, no more than 3-5% of them appeared to achieve these recommendations. The large discrepancy in outcomes released by accelerometer data is mainly due to the variety of cut-off points for MVPA among youth, hindering the definition of a clear goal towards PA promotion in Europe. Standardization of methods is urgently required.
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Mitchell JA, Pate RR, España-Romero V, O'Neill JR, Dowda M, Nader PR. Moderate-to-vigorous physical activity is associated with decreases in body mass index from ages 9 to 15 years. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2013; 21:E280-93. [PMID: 23592682 DOI: 10.1002/oby.20118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2012] [Accepted: 09/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study is to determine whether time spent in objectively measured physical activity is associated with change in body mass index (BMI) from ages 9 to 15. DESIGN AND METHODS The participants were enrolled in the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development (n = 938). At ages 9, 11, 12, and 15 the time spent in moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) was objectively measured, and BMI was calculated (kg/m(2) ). Longitudinal quantile regression was used to analyze the data. The 10th, 25th, 50th, 75th, and 90th BMI percentiles were modeled as the dependent variables with age and MVPA (h/day) modeled as predictors. Adjustment was also made for gender, race, sleep, healthy eating score, maternal education, and sedentary behavior. RESULTS A negative association between MVPA and change in BMI was observed at the 90th BMI percentile (-3.57, 95% CI -5.15 to -1.99 kg/m(2) per hour of MVPA). The negative association between time spent in MVPA and change in BMI was progressively weaker toward the 10th BMI percentile (-0.27, 95% CI -0.62 to 0.07 kg/m(2) per hour of MVPA). The associations remained similar after adjusting for the covariates, and when the analyses were stratified by gender. CONCLUSION Time spent in MVPA was negatively associated with change in BMI from age 9 to 15. The association was strongest at the upper tail of the BMI distribution, and increasing time spent in MVPA could help reduce the prevalence of childhood obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Mitchell
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
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Dobbins M, Husson H, DeCorby K, LaRocca RL. School-based physical activity programs for promoting physical activity and fitness in children and adolescents aged 6 to 18. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2013; 2013:CD007651. [PMID: 23450577 PMCID: PMC7197501 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd007651.pub2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 422] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that 1.9 million deaths worldwide are attributable to physical inactivity and at least 2.6 million deaths are a result of being overweight or obese. In addition, WHO estimates that physical inactivity causes 10% to 16% of cases each of breast cancer, colon, and rectal cancers as well as type 2 diabetes, and 22% of coronary heart disease and the burden of these and other chronic diseases has rapidly increased in recent decades. OBJECTIVES The purpose of this systematic review was to summarize the evidence of the effectiveness of school-based interventions in promoting physical activity and fitness in children and adolescents. SEARCH METHODS The search strategy included searching several databases to October 2011. In addition, reference lists of included articles and background papers were reviewed for potentially relevant studies, as well as references from relevant Cochrane reviews. Primary authors of included studies were contacted as needed for additional information. SELECTION CRITERIA To be included, the intervention had to be relevant to public health practice (focused on health promotion activities), not conducted by physicians, implemented, facilitated, or promoted by staff in local public health units, implemented in a school setting and aimed at increasing physical activity, included all school-attending children, and be implemented for a minimum of 12 weeks. In addition, the review was limited to randomized controlled trials and those that reported on outcomes for children and adolescents (aged 6 to 18 years). Primary outcomes included: rates of moderate to vigorous physical activity during the school day, time engaged in moderate to vigorous physical activity during the school day, and time spent watching television. Secondary outcomes related to physical health status measures including: systolic and diastolic blood pressure, blood cholesterol, body mass index (BMI), maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max), and pulse rate. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Standardized tools were used by two independent reviewers to assess each study for relevance and for data extraction. In addition, each study was assessed for risk of bias as specified in the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions. Where discrepancies existed, discussion occurred until consensus was reached. The results were summarized narratively due to wide variations in the populations, interventions evaluated, and outcomes measured. MAIN RESULTS In the original review, 13,841 records were identified and screened, 302 studies were assessed for eligibility, and 26 studies were included in the review. There was some evidence that school-based physical activity interventions had a positive impact on four of the nine outcome measures. Specifically positive effects were observed for duration of physical activity, television viewing, VO2 max, and blood cholesterol. Generally, school-based interventions had little effect on physical activity rates, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, BMI, and pulse rate. At a minimum, a combination of printed educational materials and changes to the school curriculum that promote physical activity resulted in positive effects.In this update, given the addition of three new inclusion criteria (randomized design, all school-attending children invited to participate, minimum 12-week intervention) 12 of the original 26 studies were excluded. In addition, studies published between July 2007 and October 2011 evaluating the effectiveness of school-based physical interventions were identified and if relevant included. In total an additional 2378 titles were screened of which 285 unique studies were deemed potentially relevant. Of those 30 met all relevance criteria and have been included in this update. This update includes 44 studies and represents complete data for 36,593 study participants. Duration of interventions ranged from 12 weeks to six years.Generally, the majority of studies included in this update, despite being randomized controlled trials, are, at a minimum, at moderate risk of bias. The results therefore must be interpreted with caution. Few changes in outcomes were observed in this update with the exception of blood cholesterol and physical activity rates. For example blood cholesterol was no longer positively impacted upon by school-based physical activity interventions. However, there was some evidence to suggest that school-based physical activity interventions led to an improvement in the proportion of children who engaged in moderate to vigorous physical activity during school hours (odds ratio (OR) 2.74, 95% confidence interval (CI), 2.01 to 3.75). Improvements in physical activity rates were not observed in the original review. Children and adolescents exposed to the intervention also spent more time engaged in moderate to vigorous physical activity (with results across studies ranging from five to 45 min more), spent less time watching television (results range from five to 60 min less per day), and had improved VO2max (results across studies ranged from 1.6 to 3.7 mL/kg per min). However, the overall conclusions of this update do not differ significantly from those reported in the original review. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS The evidence suggests the ongoing implementation of school-based physical activity interventions at this time, given the positive effects on behavior and one physical health status measure. However, given these studies are at a minimum of moderate risk of bias, and the magnitude of effect is generally small, these results should be interpreted cautiously. Additional research on the long-term impact of these interventions is needed.
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Laguna M, Ruiz JR, Lara MT, Aznar S. Recommended levels of physical activity to avoid adiposity in Spanish children. Pediatr Obes 2013; 8:62-9. [PMID: 22961693 DOI: 10.1111/j.2047-6310.2012.00086.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2012] [Revised: 03/27/2012] [Accepted: 06/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED What is already known about this subject There is an association between adiposity levels and physical activity guidelines for adolescents. Achieving physical activity recommendations helps adolescents to prevent obesity status. What this study adds This paper presents an association between physical activity levels and obesity status. This paper supports physical activity recommendations to avoid children's obesity levels. This paper emphasizes vigorous physical activity for this matter. BACKGROUND There is no information about physical activity (PA) recommendations to avoid children's obesity levels and how much of vigorous PA (VPA) is included into the '60 minutes of MVPA 5 days a week' recommendation for children. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to examine the association between PA and adiposity in children and to examine whether the current PA guidelines are associated with a low risk of having excess of body fat in children, with special focus on sex differences, and PA intensity. METHODS A sample of 439 Spanish children aged 8-10 years from the European Youth Heart Study participated in the study. The variables measured were anthropometric characteristics (height, weight, body mass index [BMI], skin-folds and waist circumference) and PA was measured during 6 consecutive days using the GT1M accelerometer. RESULTS Receiver operating characteristic analysis showed significant cut-off points associated with non-overweight: 45 min d(-1) of VPA and 67 min d(-1) of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) (using BMI categories); and non-fat: 41 min d(-1) of VPA and 67 min d(-1) of MVPA (using percentage of body fat) and 38 min d(-1) of VPA and 47 min d(-1) of MVPA (using waist circumference categories) for boys. For girls, the optimal cut-offs of moderate-to-vigorous activity and MVPA associated with non-overweight were 24 and 57 min d(-1) , respectively (BMI). Boys who did not meet 67 min in MVPA had an increased risk of being overweight + obese and overfat + obese (odds ratio [OR] = 2.48, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.36, 4.53, and OR = 2.56, 95% CI = 1.12, 5.82). CONCLUSIONS The findings support current PA recommendations (60 min d(-1) of MVPA) to avoid excess of body fat in Spanish children. However, VPA appears to be an important component for the prevention of obesity, and our findings suggest that PA recommendations should specify the dose of VPA required for optimal health. Therefore, public health PA recommendations should incorporate specifically a greater dose of VPA into the total amount of MVPA in 8- to 10-year-old boys.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Laguna
- PAFS-UCLM Research Group, Faculty of Sports Sciences, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain
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Ekelund U, Luan J, Sherar LB, Esliger DW, Griew P, Cooper A. Moderate to vigorous physical activity and sedentary time and cardiometabolic risk factors in children and adolescents. JAMA 2012; 307:704-12. [PMID: 22337681 PMCID: PMC3793121 DOI: 10.1001/jama.2012.156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 744] [Impact Index Per Article: 62.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Sparse data exist on the combined associations between physical activity and sedentary time with cardiometabolic risk factors in healthy children. OBJECTIVE To examine the independent and combined associations between objectively measured time in moderate- to vigorous-intensity physical activity (MVPA) and sedentary time with cardiometabolic risk factors. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS Pooled data from 14 studies between 1998 and 2009 comprising 20 871 children (aged 4-18 years) from the International Children's Accelerometry Database. Time spent in MVPA and sedentary time were measured using accelerometry after reanalyzing raw data. The independent associations between time in MVPA and sedentary time, with outcomes, were examined using meta-analysis. Participants were stratified by tertiles of MVPA and sedentary time. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Waist circumference, systolic blood pressure, fasting triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and insulin. RESULTS Times (mean [SD] min/d) accumulated by children in MVPA and being sedentary were 30 (21) and 354 (96), respectively. Time in MVPA was significantly associated with all cardiometabolic outcomes independent of sex, age, monitor wear time, time spent sedentary, and waist circumference (when not the outcome). Sedentary time was not associated with any outcome independent of time in MVPA. In the combined analyses, higher levels of MVPA were associated with better cardiometabolic risk factors across tertiles of sedentary time. The differences in outcomes between higher and lower MVPA were greater with lower sedentary time. Mean differences in waist circumference between the bottom and top tertiles of MVPA were 5.6 cm (95% CI, 4.8-6.4 cm) for high sedentary time and 3.6 cm (95% CI, 2.8-4.3 cm) for low sedentary time. Mean differences in systolic blood pressure for high and low sedentary time were 0.7 mm Hg (95% CI, -0.07 to 1.6) and 2.5 mm Hg (95% CI, 1.7-3.3), and for high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, differences were -2.6 mg/dL (95% CI, -1.4 to -3.9) and -4.5 mg/dL (95% CI, -3.3 to -5.6), respectively. Geometric mean differences for insulin and triglycerides showed similar variation. Those in the top tertile of MVPA accumulated more than 35 minutes per day in this intensity level compared with fewer than 18 minutes per day for those in the bottom tertile. In prospective analyses (N = 6413 at 2.1 years' follow-up), MVPA and sedentary time were not associated with waist circumference at follow-up, but a higher waist circumference at baseline was associated with higher amounts of sedentary time at follow-up. CONCLUSION Higher MVPA time by children and adolescents was associated with better cardiometabolic risk factors regardless of the amount of sedentary time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulf Ekelund
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrookes Hospital, PO Box 285, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
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