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Andreas MP, Giessen TW. The biosynthesis of the odorant 2-methylisoborneol is compartmentalized inside a protein shell. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.04.23.590730. [PMID: 38712110 PMCID: PMC11071394 DOI: 10.1101/2024.04.23.590730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
Terpenoids are the largest class of natural products, found across all domains of life. One of the most abundant bacterial terpenoids is the volatile odorant 2-methylisoborneol (2-MIB), partially responsible for the earthy smell of soil and musty taste of contaminated water. Many bacterial 2-MIB biosynthetic gene clusters were thought to encode a conserved transcription factor, named EshA in the model soil bacterium Streptomyces griseus . Here, we revise the function of EshA, now referred to as Sg Enc, and show that it is a Family 2B encapsulin shell protein. Using cryo-electron microscopy, we find that Sg Enc forms an icosahedral protein shell and encapsulates 2-methylisoborneol synthase (2-MIBS) as a cargo protein. Sg Enc contains a cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) binding domain (CBD)-fold insertion and a unique metal-binding domain, both displayed on the shell exterior. We show that Sg Enc CBDs do not bind cAMP. We find that 2-MIBS cargo loading is mediated by an N-terminal disordered cargo-loading domain and that 2-MIBS activity and Sg Enc shell structure are not modulated by cAMP. Our work redefines the function of EshA and establishes Family 2B encapsulins as cargo-loaded protein nanocompartments involved in secondary metabolite biosynthesis.
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Xiao J, Zhu S, Bu L, Zhou S. Molecularly Imprinted Heterostructure-Based Electrochemosensor for Ultratrace and Precise Detection of 2-Methylisoborneol in Water. ACS Sens 2024; 9:524-532. [PMID: 38180350 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.3c02561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
Ultratrace 2-methylisoborneol (2-MIB, ∼ng/L) in source water is the main odorant in the algae-derived odor episodes, whose accurate on-site detection will have a promising application potential. Due to the chemical inertness of 2-MIB, sensitive and selective detection of 2-MIB remains much challenging. Herein, molecularly imprinted polymer cavities were polymerized on the heterostructure Ti3C2Tx@CuFc-metal-organic framework to selectively capture 2-MIB, where the heterostructure could catalyze the probe redox reaction of [Fe(CN)63-/4-] and amplify the corresponding current signals. The prepared electrochemical sensor showed higher sensitivity on 2-MIB detection than the reported ones. Excellent stability, reusability, and selectivity for 2-MIB detection were also verified. The linear range and limit of detection of our sensor for 2-MIB were optimized to 0.0001-100 μg/L and 30 pg/L, respectively, performing much better than the reported sensors. Comparable performance to gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was achieved when the sensor was applied to real water samples with or without 2-MIB standards. Overall, our research has made great progress in the application of an on-site sensor in 2-MIB detection and well advances the development of molecularly imprinted polymer-based electrochemical sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxin Xiao
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Water Security Technology and Application, Key Laboratory of Building Safety and Energy Efficiency, Ministry of Education, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Shumin Zhu
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Water Security Technology and Application, Key Laboratory of Building Safety and Energy Efficiency, Ministry of Education, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Lingjun Bu
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Water Security Technology and Application, Key Laboratory of Building Safety and Energy Efficiency, Ministry of Education, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Shiqing Zhou
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Water Security Technology and Application, Key Laboratory of Building Safety and Energy Efficiency, Ministry of Education, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
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Dayarathne K, Ishikawa T, Watanabe S, Ishikawa Y, Aikeranmu K, Kitagawaa H, Komatsubara N, Yamaguchi M, Kawai-Yamada M. Heterologous expression of mtf and mtc genes of Pseudanabaena foetida var. intermedia is sufficient to produce 2-methylisoborneol in Escherichia coli. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0256123. [PMID: 37732762 PMCID: PMC10580876 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02561-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Microbial volatile metabolite 2-methylisoborneol (2-MIB) causes odor and taste issues in drinking water, making it unappealing for human consumption. It has been suggested that 2-MIB biosynthesis consists of two main steps, namely, methylation of geranyl diphosphate into 2-methyl geranyl diphosphate by geranyl diphosphate methyl transferase (GPPMT) and subsequent cyclization into 2-MIB by 2-MIB synthase (MIBS). Pseudanabaena foetida var. intermedia is a 2-MIB-producing cyanobacterium whose GPPMT and MIBS enzymes are encoded by adjacent mtf and mtc genes. The present study identified a 2-MIB-related gene cluster composed of cnbA, mtf, mtc, and cnbB genes in P. foetida var. intermedia. The two homologous cyclic nucleotide-binding protein genes, cnbA and cnbB, were detected adjacent to the mtf and mtc genes, respectively. The nucleotide sequence of the cnbA-mtf-mtc-cnbB gene cluster showed 99.55% identity with 2-MIB synthesis-associated gene cluster of Pseudanabaena sp. dqh15. RT-PCR results revealed that mtf and mtc genes are co-expressed, while cnbA and cnbB genes are expressed independently in P. foetida var. intermedia. To investigate whether only mtf and mtc genes are sufficient for 2-MIB synthesis, the two-gene unit (mtf-mtc) was introduced into Escherichia coli strain JM109 via overexpression vector pYS1C. Gas chromatograph-mass spectrometry results showed that the E. coli strain transformed with mtf-mtc was able to produce 2-MIB. The intracellular 2-MIB level in P. foetida var. intermedia was higher than the extracellular 2-MIB level, while the transformed E. coli strain showed an opposite trend. Growth inhibition was observed in the 2-MIB-producing transformed E. coli strain. IMPORTANCE Contamination of drinking water with odiferous microbial metabolite 2-MIB is a worldwide concern. Removal of 2-MIB from drinking water burdens the water purification process. Therefore, it is important to search for alternative methods, such as suppressing the production of 2-MIB by aquatic microorganisms. For that, it is necessary to expand the current knowledge about the mechanism of 2-MIB synthesis at the genetic level. This study revealed that mtf and mtc genes of the 2-MIB-related gene cluster are transcribed as a single unit in P. foetida var. intermedia, and the expression of both mtf and mtc genes is essential and sufficient for 2-MIB synthesis in E. coli heterologous gene expression system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaushalya Dayarathne
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Shimo-Okubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama-city, Saitama, Japan
| | - Toshiki Ishikawa
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Shimo-Okubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama-city, Saitama, Japan
| | - Satoru Watanabe
- Department of Bioscience, Tokyo University of Agriculture, 1-chōme-1-1 Sakuragaoka, Setagaya-city, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuuma Ishikawa
- Institute for Molecular Physiology, Heinrich-Heine-Universität, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Kadeer Aikeranmu
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Shimo-Okubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama-city, Saitama, Japan
| | - Hina Kitagawaa
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Shimo-Okubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama-city, Saitama, Japan
| | - Natsumi Komatsubara
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Shimo-Okubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama-city, Saitama, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Yamaguchi
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Shimo-Okubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama-city, Saitama, Japan
| | - Maki Kawai-Yamada
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Shimo-Okubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama-city, Saitama, Japan
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Cao T, Fang J, Jia Z, Zhu Y, Su M, Zhang Q, Song Y, Yu J, Yang M. Early warning of MIB episode based on gene abundance and expression in drinking water reservoirs. WATER RESEARCH 2023; 231:119667. [PMID: 36724724 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.119667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Cellular 2-methylisoborneol (MIB) yield of cyanobacteria varies under different conditions according to culture studies and field investigations, the causal mechanism remains unclear and results in ineffective MIB prediction. Through an intensive field survey during an MIB episode produced by Pseudanabaena cinerea in QCS reservoir, we demonstrated that MIB synthesis (mic) gene abundance (DNA) and expression (RNA) might be useful as parameters for early warning of MIB production. It was found that the abundance of mic DNA and RNA peaked ahead of MIB concentrations by 10 and 7 days, respectively. In addition, the RNA abundance (R2 = 0.45, p < 0.01) showed a slightly higher correlation with MIB compared to DNA abundance (R2 = 0.37, p < 0.01), suggesting that the conditions for the growth of Pseudanabaena cinerea might be slightly different from those for mic gene expression, which was verified by a culture experiment. The highest cell growth was obtained under 36 μmol photons m-2 s-1, while the highest cellular MIB yield and mic gene expression level were obtained under 85 μmol photons m-2 s-1. Our results clearly supported that light intensity was the virtual regulator governing the mic gene expression within the controlled culture experiment and the actual MIB episode in the reservoir. Besides these results, we developed an early warning model using mic gene abundance as an indicator of MIB episodes, which was verified in two other reservoirs. Our findings highlight the effect of light intensity on mic gene expression and MIB synthesis and provide an early warning tool targeting MIB episode prediction, which therefore should be of importance for source water authorities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tengxin Cao
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing, 100085, China; Sino-Danish College, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jiao Fang
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Zeyu Jia
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing, 100085, China; Yangtze Eco-Environment Engineering Research Center, China Three Gorges Corporation, Beijing, 100038, China
| | - Yiping Zhu
- Yangtze Eco-Environment Engineering Research Center, China Three Gorges Corporation, Beijing, 100038, China
| | - Ming Su
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing, 100085, China; National Engineering Research Center of Industrial Wastewater Detoxication and Resource Recovery, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
| | - Qi Zhang
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 7 Donghu South Road, Wuchang, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Yichao Song
- Yangtze Eco-Environment Engineering Research Center, China Three Gorges Corporation, Beijing, 100038, China
| | - Jianwei Yu
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing, 100085, China; National Engineering Research Center of Industrial Wastewater Detoxication and Resource Recovery, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Min Yang
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing, 100085, China; Shanghai Chengtou Raw Water Co. Ltd., Beiai Rd. 1540, Shanghai, 200125, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
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Experimental Study of Al-Modified Zeolite with Oxygen Nanobubbles in Repairing Black Odorous Sediments in River Channels. WATER 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/w14142194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
As an extreme phenomenon of water pollution, black odorous water not only causes ecological damage, but also severely restricts urban development. Presently, the in situ remediation technology for sediment from river channels is still undeveloped, and there are many bottlenecks in the key technologies for sediment pollution control and ecological restoration. In this study, three experimental tanks were used to explore the restoration effect of Al-modified zeolite with oxygen nanobubbles on black odorous sediment from the Shichuan River. One of the tanks housed Typha orientalis and Canna indica L. (TC), another tank housed the same plants and had Al-modified zeolite with oxygen nanobubbles (TC+AMZON), and the last tank was used as a comparison test (CS). The results show that the nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) in the sediment are violently released into the surrounding water. However, TC+AMZON could effectively inhibit the release of P. The released amount of soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) from the pore water in the sediment reached its maximum at 40 d, and the amounts were 122.97% and 74.32% greater in TC and CS, respectively, than in TC+AMZON. However, the released amount of total phosphorus (TP) reached its maximum at 70 d, and the amounts were 260.14% and 218.23% greater in TC and CS, respectively, than in TC+AMZON. TC+AMZON significantly increased the dissolved oxygen (DO) and the oxidation-reduction potential (ORP) of pore water in the sediment in the early stages of the test. At 0 d, the DO content in TC+AMZON reached 10.6 mg/L, which is 112.0% and 178.95% greater than in TC and CS, respectively. The change law of ORP in the sediment is consistent with the DO. TC+AMZON significantly improved the transparency and reduced the content of chlorophylla in the upper water and could slightly reduce the N and P content in overlying water. The transparency of TC+AMZON increased by 130.76% and 58.73%, and chlorophylla decreased by 55.6% and 50.0% when compared to TC and CS, respectively.
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Lee JE, Yu MN, Yu S, Byeon M. Occurrence and phylogenetic analysis of Pseudanabaena sp. producing 2-methylisoborneol in drinking water source of South Korea. ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY REPORTS 2022; 14:197-202. [PMID: 34837342 DOI: 10.1111/1758-2229.13031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the abundance of Pseudanabaena species and the concentration of the monoterpene 2-methylisoborneol (2-MIB) from July to October at three sampling sites in South Korea. To identify the main cause of 2-MIB occurrence in drinking water source, we characterized and performed a phylogenetic analysis of the 2-MIB synthase gene. Pseudanabaena was the dominant cyanobacterium (68%-100%) among the samples. At all three sampling sites, a strong positive correlation was detected between 2-MIB concentrations and Pseudanabaena cell numbers. A phylogenetic analysis of 222 MIB sequences isolated from the water samples showed that all of the clones were affiliated with the Pseudanabaena MIB synthase gene, demonstrating that the 2-MIB in the Han River drinking water source was produced by Pseudanabaena sp. Using a clone of the 2-MIB gene, network-based analysis and unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean analysis were used to examine temporal and spatial variation in the 2-MIB concentration and Pseudanabaena abundance. The network analysis showed greater temporal than spatial similarity among the 2-MIB gene clones. Together, our results demonstrate that Pseudanabaena was the main producer of 2-MIB. These findings provide important information for odour management in drinking water source.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Eun Lee
- Han River Environment Research Center, National Institute of Environmental Research, 819 Yangsoo-ri, Yangpyeong-goon, Gyeonggi Province 12585, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi Na Yu
- Han River Environment Research Center, National Institute of Environmental Research, 819 Yangsoo-ri, Yangpyeong-goon, Gyeonggi Province 12585, Republic of Korea
| | - Soonju Yu
- Han River Environment Research Center, National Institute of Environmental Research, 819 Yangsoo-ri, Yangpyeong-goon, Gyeonggi Province 12585, Republic of Korea
| | - Myeongseop Byeon
- Han River Environment Research Center, National Institute of Environmental Research, 819 Yangsoo-ri, Yangpyeong-goon, Gyeonggi Province 12585, Republic of Korea
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Abstract
Off-flavors in fish and water are considered a worldwide problem. Several factors, such as the presence of phosphorus, micronutrients, and organic matter, contribute to phytoplankton proliferation and the production of off-flavors. Geosmin and 2-methylisoborneol are the most common off-flavors that confer the smell of earth or mold to water and fish. These metabolites are not considered toxic, but they can be easily transferred from water to living organisms and accumulate in the biota, up the trophic levels and to consumers, including fish species. Numerous processes have been studied to eliminate or reduce the presence of off-flavors in recirculating aquaculture systems. Managing off-flavors must be eco-friendly and consumer-friendly. Strategies against off-flavors must be efficient and low-cost. However, these solutions may be different for each fish production system. We review herein the main compounds produced by cyanobacteria that can accumulate in fish used in aquaculture that can affect the quality of food, as well as production costs and consumer preference.
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Su M, Suruzzaman MD, Zhu Y, Lu J, Yu J, Zhang Y, Yang M. Ecological niche and in-situ control of MIB producers in source water. J Environ Sci (China) 2021; 110:119-128. [PMID: 34593182 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2021.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Odor problems in source water caused by 2-methylisoborneol (MIB) have been a common issue in China recently, posing a high risk to drinking water safety. The earthy-musty odorant MIB has an extremely low odor threshold (4-16 ng/L) and is hard to remove via conventional processes in drinking water plants (DWP), and therefore could easily provoke complaints from consumers. This compound is produced by a group of filamentous cyanobacteria, mainly belonging to Oscillatoriales. Different from the well-studied surface-blooming Microcystis, filamentous cyanobacteria have specific niche characteristics that allow them to stay at a subsurface or deep layer in the water column. The underwater bloom of these MIB producers is therefore passively determined by the underwater light availability, which is governed by the cell density of surface scum. This suggests that drinking water reservoirs with relatively low nutrient contents are not able to support surface blooms, but are a fairly good fit to the specialized ecological niche of filamentous cyanobacteria; this could explain the widespread odor problems in source water. At present, MIB is mainly treated in DWP using advanced treatment processes and/or activated carbon, but these post-treatment methods have high cost, and not able to deal with water containing high MIB concentrations. Thus, in situ control of MIB producers in source water is an effective complement and is desirable. Lowering the underwater light availability is a possible measure to control MIB producers according to their niche characteristics, which can be obtained by either changing the water level or other measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Su
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - M D Suruzzaman
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yiping Zhu
- Shanghai Chengtou Raw Water Co. Ltd., Shanghai 200125, China
| | - Jinping Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jianwei Yu
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Min Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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Jeong JY, Lee SH, Yun MR, Oh SE, Lee KH, Park HD. 2-Methylisoborneol (2-MIB) Excretion by Pseudanabaena yagii under Low Temperature. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9122486. [PMID: 34946088 PMCID: PMC8705757 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9122486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Outbreaks of 2-methylisoborneol (2-MIB) contamination in drinking water sources cause inconvenient odor issues in the water distribution system. In this study, microscopy-based isolation with physiological and molecular phylogenetic characterization were performed to investigate and characterize the 2-MIB odor producers that caused an odor problem in the freshwater system of the North Han River in the autumn of 2018. A benthic cyanobacterium was isolated from 2-MIB odor-issue freshwater samples and was found to be phylogenetically affiliated with Pseudanabaena yagii (99.66% sequence similarity), which was recorded in South Korea for the first time. The 2-MIB synthesis gene sequences from the odor-issue freshwater samples showed 100% similarity with those in the P. yagii strains. Protein sequences of 2-MIB synthase observed in the genome of the isolated strain showed structural and functional characteristics similar to those observed in other Pseudanabaena species. The 2-MIB production rate increased slowly during mat formation on the vessel wall; however, it rapidly increased after the temperature dropped. The 2-MIB gene was continuously expressed regardless of the temperature changes. These results suggest that the 2-MIB odor issue in the North Han River might be caused by the release of 2-MIB from the mat-forming P. yagii species in a low-temperature freshwater environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju-Yong Jeong
- Department of Water Environment Research, Gyeonggi Institute of Health and Environment, Suwon 16444, Korea; (M.-R.Y.); (S.-E.O.); (K.-H.L.)
- Correspondence: (J.-Y.J.); (H.-D.P.); Tel.: +82-31-250-2691 (J.-Y.J.); +82-2-3290-4861 (H.-D.P.); Fax: +82-31-250-2587 (J.-Y.J.); +82-2-928-7656 (H.-D.P.)
| | - Sang-Hoon Lee
- School of Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea;
| | - Mi-Ra Yun
- Department of Water Environment Research, Gyeonggi Institute of Health and Environment, Suwon 16444, Korea; (M.-R.Y.); (S.-E.O.); (K.-H.L.)
| | - Seung-Eun Oh
- Department of Water Environment Research, Gyeonggi Institute of Health and Environment, Suwon 16444, Korea; (M.-R.Y.); (S.-E.O.); (K.-H.L.)
| | - Kyong-Hee Lee
- Department of Water Environment Research, Gyeonggi Institute of Health and Environment, Suwon 16444, Korea; (M.-R.Y.); (S.-E.O.); (K.-H.L.)
| | - Hee-Deung Park
- School of Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea;
- Correspondence: (J.-Y.J.); (H.-D.P.); Tel.: +82-31-250-2691 (J.-Y.J.); +82-2-3290-4861 (H.-D.P.); Fax: +82-31-250-2587 (J.-Y.J.); +82-2-928-7656 (H.-D.P.)
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Zhou W, Li X, Wang Y, Wang J, Zhang J, Wei H, Peng C, Wang Z, Li G, Li D. Physiological and transcriptomic changes of zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos-larvae in response to 2-MIB exposure. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 416:126142. [PMID: 34492931 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.126142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2021] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
2-Methylisoborneol (2-MIB), a natural odorous substance, is widely distributed in water environment, but there is a paucity of information concerning its systemic toxicity. Herein, we investigated the effects of 2-MIB exposure on developmental parameters, locomotive behavior, oxidative stress, apoptosis and transcriptome of zebrafish. Zebrafish embryos exposed to different concentrations (0, 0.5, 5 and 42.8 μg/L) of 2-MIB showed no changes in mortality, hatchability, and malformation rate, but the body length of zebrafish larvae was significantly increased in a dose-dependent manner, and accompanied by the changes of growth hormone/insulin-like growth factor (GH/IGF) axis and the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis genes. Moreover, the swimming activity of zebrafish larvae increased, which may be due to the increase of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity. Meanwhile, 2-MIB caused oxidative stress and apoptosis in zebrafish larvae by altering the NF-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and mitochondrial signaling pathways, respectively. Transcriptome sequencing assay showed that the phototransduction signaling pathway was significantly enriched, and most of the genes in this pathway exhibited enhanced expression after exposure to 2-MIB. These findings provide an important reference for risk assessment and early warning to 2-MIB exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weicheng Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Algal Biology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China; College of Chemistry, Biology and Environmental Engineering, Xiangnan University, Chenzhou 423000, PR China
| | - Xiaoyu Li
- Key Laboratory of Algal Biology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Yuming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Jinglong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Algal Biology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Jinli Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Algal Biology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Hui Wei
- Key Laboratory of Algal Biology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Chengrong Peng
- Key Laboratory of Algal Biology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, PR China
| | - Zhicong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Algal Biology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, PR China
| | - Genbao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, PR China
| | - Dunhai Li
- Key Laboratory of Algal Biology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, PR China.
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Zhang CM, Liang J, Liu WY. Comparative study on the bacterial diversity and antibiotic resistance genes of urban landscape waters replenished by reclaimed water and surface water in Xi'an, China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:41396-41406. [PMID: 33786766 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-13376-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Pathogenic bacteria and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in urban landscape waters may pose a potential threat to human health. However, the investigation of their occurrence in the urban landscape waters replenished by reclaimed water (RW) and surface water (SW) is still insufficient. The water samples collected from six urban landscape waters replenished by RW or SW were used to analyze bacterial diversity using high-throughput sequencing of 16S rRNA gene and to detect 18 ARGs and 2 integron-integrase genes by means of quantitative PCR array. Results indicated that Proteobacteria was the dominant phylum in all six urban landscape waters. The bacterial species richness was lower in urban landscape waters replenished by RW than that by SW. Sulfonamide resistance genes (sulI and sulIII) were the major ARGs in these urban landscape waters. No significant difference in the relative abundance of sulfonamide resistance genes, tetracycline resistance genes, and most of beta-lactam resistance genes was observed between RW-replenished and SW-replenished urban landscape waters. By contrast, the relative abundance of blaampC gene and qnrA gene in RW-replenished urban landscape waters was significantly higher than that in SW-replenished urban landscape waters (p < 0.05), which suggested that use of RW may increase the amount of specific ARGs to urban landscape waters. Interestingly, among six urban landscape waters, RW-replenished urban landscape waters had a relatively rich variety of ARGs (12-15 of 18 ARGs) but a low relative abundance of ARGs (458.90-1944.67 copies/16S × 106). The RW replenishment was found to have a certain impact on the bacterial diversity and prevalence of ARGs in urban landscape waters, which provide new insight into the effect of RW replenishment on urban landscape waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong-Miao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, China.
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, China.
- International Science and Technology Cooperation Center for Urban Alternative Water Resources Development, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, China.
| | - Jie Liang
- Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, China
| | - Wan-Ying Liu
- Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, China
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12
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Shudirman S, Abang Kassim A, Shamsol Anuar NS, Utsumi M, Shimizu K, Muhammad Yuzir MA, Megat Mohd Noor MJ, Md Akhir FN, Othman N, Zakaria Z, Sugiura N, Hara H. Limitation of nutrients stimulates musty odor production by Streptomyces sp. isolated from a tropical environment. J GEN APPL MICROBIOL 2021; 67:92-99. [PMID: 33642451 DOI: 10.2323/jgam.2020.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Musty odor production by actinomycetes is usually related to the presence of geosmin and 2-methylisoborneol (2-MIB), which are synthesized by enzymes encoded by the geoA and tpc genes, respectively. Streptomyces spp. strain S10, which was isolated from a water reservoir in Malaysia, has the ability to produce geosmin when cultivated in a basal salt (BS) solid medium, but no 2-MIB production occurred during growth in BS medium. Strain S10 could produce higher levels of geosmin when the phosphate concentration was limited to 0.05 mg/L, with a yield of 17.53 ± 3.12 ✕ 105 ng/L, compared with growth in BS medium. Interestingly, 2-MIB production was suddenly detected when the nitrate concentration was limited to 1.0 mg/L, with a yield of 1.4 ± 0.11 ✕ 105 ng/L. Therefore, it was concluded that phosphate- and nitrate-limiting conditions could induce the initial production of geosmin and 2-MIB by strain S10. Furthermore, a positive amplicon of geoA was detected in strain S10, but no tpc amplicon was detected by PCR analysis. Draft genome sequence analysis showed that one open reading frame (ORF) contained a conserved motif of geosmin synthase with 95% identity with geoA in Streptomyces coelicolor A3 (2). In the case of the tpc genes, it was found that one ORF showed 23% identity to the known tpc gene in S. coelicolor A3(2), but strain S10 lacked one motif in the N-terminus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahirah Shudirman
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Malaysia-Japan International Institute of Technology, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM)
| | - Aeyshah Abang Kassim
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Malaysia-Japan International Institute of Technology, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM)
| | | | - Motoo Utsumi
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Science, University of Tsukuba
| | - Kazuya Shimizu
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Science, University of Tsukuba
| | - Muhamad Ali Muhammad Yuzir
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Malaysia-Japan International Institute of Technology, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM)
| | - Megat Johari Megat Mohd Noor
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Malaysia-Japan International Institute of Technology, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM)
| | - Fazrena Nadia Md Akhir
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Malaysia-Japan International Institute of Technology, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM)
| | - Nor'azizi Othman
- Department of Mechanical Precision Engineering, Malaysia-Japan International Institute of Technology, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM)
| | - Zuriati Zakaria
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Malaysia-Japan International Institute of Technology, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM)
| | - Norio Sugiura
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Malaysia-Japan International Institute of Technology, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM).,Graduate School of Life and Environmental Science, University of Tsukuba
| | - Hirofumi Hara
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Malaysia-Japan International Institute of Technology, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM)
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13
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Shen Q, Shimizu K, Miao H, Tsukino S, Utsumi M, Lei Z, Zhang Z, Nishimura O, Asada Y, Fujimoto N, Takanashi H, Akiba M. Effects of elevated nitrogen on the growth and geosmin productivity of Dolichospermum smithii. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:177-184. [PMID: 32803599 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-10429-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Geosmin is one of the most common earthy-musty odor compounds, which is mainly produced by cyanobacteria in surface water. Nitrogen (N) is an important factor affecting the growth of cyanobacteria and its secondary metabolites production due to the eutrophication. In this study, we compared the effects of elevated N on the growth and geosmin productivity of Dolichospermum smithii NIES-824 (synonym Anabaena smithii NIES-824), aiming to better understand the mechanisms involved and give an important and fundamental knowledge to solve off-flavor problem. Results show that elevated N concentration promoted more chlorophyll a (Chl-a) production, whereas the geosmin synthesis decreased, revealing a possible competitive correlation between the Chl-a concentration and geosmin production of D. smithii NIES-824. The majority of geosmin (> 90%) was retained intracellularly during the 28 days of cultivation. The qRT-PCR analysis demonstrates that the expression level of the geosmin synthase gene (geoA) was constitutive and decreased at the higher N concentration during the exponential growth phase of cyanobacterial cells. Furthermore, the decrease of geoA expression during the decline phase suggested that geoA transcription was closely related to cell activity and isoprenoid productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingyue Shen
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennoudai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Kazuya Shimizu
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennoudai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan.
| | - Hanchen Miao
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennoudai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Shinya Tsukino
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Toyo University, 1-1-1 Izumino, Ora-gun, Gunma, Japan
| | - Motoo Utsumi
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennoudai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
- Microbiology Research Center for Sustainability, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennoudai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Zhongfang Lei
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennoudai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Zhenya Zhang
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennoudai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Osamu Nishimura
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Tohoku University, 6-6-06 Aramaki-Aza Aoba, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Asada
- National Institute of Public Health, 2-3-6 Minami Wako, Saitama, Japan
| | - Naoshi Fujimoto
- Faculty of Applied Biosciences, Tokyo University of Agriculture, 1-1-1 Sakuragaoka, Setagaya, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Takanashi
- Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Chemical Engineering, Kagoshima University, 1-21-40 Korimoto, Kagoshima-city, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Michihiro Akiba
- National Institute of Public Health, 2-3-6 Minami Wako, Saitama, Japan
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Draft Genome Sequence of Putative 2-Methylisoborneol-Producing Pseudanabaena yagii Strain GIHE-NHR1, Isolated from the North Han River in South Korea. Microbiol Resour Announc 2020; 9:9/27/e00431-20. [PMID: 32616632 PMCID: PMC7330234 DOI: 10.1128/mra.00431-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The draft genome sequence of Pseudanabaena yagii GIHE-NHR1, a filamentous cyanobacterium, is reported here. Comparative genome analysis suggests that this strain can produce an odor-causing compound (2-methylisoborneol) in water. The genome information is expected to improve the understanding of the putative 2-methylisoborneol production by the bacterium. The draft genome sequence of Pseudanabaena yagii GIHE-NHR1, a filamentous cyanobacterium, is reported here. Comparative genome analysis suggests that this strain can produce an odor-causing compound (2-methylisoborneol) in water. The genome information is expected to improve the understanding of the putative 2-methylisoborneol production by the bacterium.
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15
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Hayashi S, Ohtani S, Godo T, Nojiri Y, Saki Y, Esumi T, Kamiya H. Identification of geosmin biosynthetic gene in geosmin-producing colonial cyanobacteria Coelosphaerium sp. and isolation of geosmin non-producing Coelosphaerium sp. from brackish Lake Shinji in Japan. HARMFUL ALGAE 2019; 84:19-26. [PMID: 31128804 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2019.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Revised: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Geosmin is an earthy-muddy smelling compound produced in aquatic ecosystems by microorganisms including cyanobacteria. An increase in geosmin levels affecting the local fishery occurred in May 2007 in Lake Shinji, Japan, and geosmin-producing colonial cyanobacterium, Coelosphaerium sp. G2, was isolated from a water sample from the lake and identified. Cyanobacteria Coelosphaerium sp. is commonly found in Lake Shinji; however, prior to 2007, earthy-muddy odors were not a frequent issue. Further, there was no information regarding the geosmin biosynthetic gene in colonial cyanobacteria. Here, the geosmin biosynthetic gene (geoA) in strain G2 was identified and its nucleotide sequence was determined. It was found that geoA had 79% and 78% identity with geoA from filamentous geosmin-producing cyanobacteria Fischerella sp. PCC 9431 and geoA2 from Phormidium sp. P2r, respectively. The deduced amino acid sequence of GeoA consisted of two domains that were annotated as terpene cyclase. In 2015, geosmin non-producing Coelosphaerium sp. S3C5 was isolated from Lake Shinji and identified by morphological and genetic analyses. There was no difference in morphology or nucleotide sequences of 16S rRNA and 16S-23S internal transcribed spacer (ITS) between geosmin-producing and non-producing strains, which are therefore closely related and can exist in Lake Shinji. Distinguishing the two strains by observation under a microscope and sequencing of 16S rRNA and 16S-23S ITS have proven difficult. Inconsistency between the appearance of Coelosphaerium cells and the detection of the odor in water samples could therefore be attributed to dominance by the geosmin-producing strain or the non-producing strain. The increase in earthy smell is assumed to be caused by an increase in the geosmin-producing strain in Lake Shinji. Genetic analysis of geoA in Coelosphaerium sp. and the relative abundances of geosmin-producing and non-producing Coelosphaerium strains in Lake Shinji can be used to mitigate the economic damages caused by geosmin. Development of a molecular method to monitor the geosmin-producing strain in water ecosystems is equally important to alleviate the earthy smell caused by this particular strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shohei Hayashi
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Science, Shimane University, 1060 Nishikawatsu, Matsue, Shimane 690-8504, Japan.
| | - Shuji Ohtani
- Faculty of Education, Shimane University, 1060 Nishikawatsu, Matsue, Shimane 690-8504, Japan; Estuary Research Center, Shimane University, 1060 Nishikawatsu, Matsue, Shimane 690-8504, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Godo
- Shimane Prefectural Institute of Public Health and Environmental Science, 582-1 Nishihamasada, Matsue, Shimane 690-0122, Japan
| | - Yukari Nojiri
- Shimane Prefectural Institute of Public Health and Environmental Science, 582-1 Nishihamasada, Matsue, Shimane 690-0122, Japan
| | - Yukiko Saki
- Shimane Prefectural Institute of Public Health and Environmental Science, 582-1 Nishihamasada, Matsue, Shimane 690-0122, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Esumi
- Shimane Prefectural Institute of Public Health and Environmental Science, 582-1 Nishihamasada, Matsue, Shimane 690-0122, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kamiya
- Shimane Prefectural Institute of Public Health and Environmental Science, 582-1 Nishihamasada, Matsue, Shimane 690-0122, Japan
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16
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Huang X, Huang Z, Chen XP, Zhang D, Zhou J, Wang X, Gao N. The predominant phytoplankton of Pseudoanabaena holding specific biosynthesis gene-derived occurrence of 2-MIB in a drinking water reservoir. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:19134-19142. [PMID: 29725924 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-2086-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
With the increasing occurrence of water eutrophication and blooms, earthy-musty odor problems caused by cyanobacteria have been more and more apparent. These problems have a serious impact on aquatic ecosystems and drinking water safety and become one of the priorities of the water environment researches and managements. In the present study, genes associated with 2-MIB synthesis in cyanobacteria were studied by systematic investigation on molecular characterization and quantity of 2-MIB-producing cyanobacteria in China. Our results founded that Pseudoanabaena is an important 2-MIB-producing phytoplankton and predominant in summer in Qingcaosha reservoir, and the copy number of mic and 2-MIB concentration have strongly positive correlation. We also demonstrated that abundance of mic in water was significant correlation with that in sediment. These results will help us to understand the main taxa of the odoriferous cyanobacteria in the water bodies in China, understand the genetic basis of the odor substances in the cyanobacteria. Rapid, reliable monitoring and ecological research methods for the production of odor cyanobacteria in water bodies can be established based on these results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Huang
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, 150#, 99 Shangda Road, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Zhifeng Huang
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, 150#, 99 Shangda Road, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Xue-Ping Chen
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, 150#, 99 Shangda Road, Shanghai, 200444, China.
| | - Dong Zhang
- National Engineering Research Center of China (South) for Urban Water, Shanghai, 200082, China
| | - Jizhi Zhou
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, 150#, 99 Shangda Road, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Xianyun Wang
- National Engineering Research Center of China (South) for Urban Water, Shanghai, 200082, China
| | - Naiyun Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
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17
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Anuar NSS, Kassim AA, Utsumi M, Iwamoto K, Goto M, Shimizu K, Othman N, Zakaria Z, Sugiura N, Hara H. Characterization of Musty Odor-Producing Actinomycetes from Tropics and Effects of Temperature on the Production of Musty Odor Compounds. Microbes Environ 2017; 32:352-357. [PMID: 29093279 PMCID: PMC5745020 DOI: 10.1264/jsme2.me17109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Geosmin and 2-methylisoborneol (MIB) outbreaks in tropical water bodies, such as Southeast Asia, by actinomycetes have not yet been elucidated in detail. Six Streptomyces isolates from lowland environments in Malaysia were selected and evaluated for their odor production under different temperatures. The gene responsible for the production of geosmin, geoA, was detected in all isolates, while only two isolates harbored tpc, which is responsible for 2-MIB production. This result suggested that geosmin and 2-MIB synthesis pathway genes already existed in the environment in the Tropics of Southeast Asia. Furthermore, our isolates produced musty odor compounds at 30°C, and differences were observed in musty odor production between various temperatures. This result indicated the potential for odor episodes in water bodies of the tropical countries of Southeast Asia throughout the year due to the mean annual ambient temperature of 27°C in the lowlands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurul Syahirah Shamsol Anuar
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Green Technology, Malaysia-Japan International Institute of Technology (MJIIT), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM)Kuala LumpurMalaysia
| | - Aeyshah Abang Kassim
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Green Technology, Malaysia-Japan International Institute of Technology (MJIIT), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM)Kuala LumpurMalaysia
| | - Motoo Utsumi
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Science, University of TsukubaIbarakiJapan
| | - Koji Iwamoto
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Green Technology, Malaysia-Japan International Institute of Technology (MJIIT), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM)Kuala LumpurMalaysia
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Science, University of TsukubaIbarakiJapan
| | - Masafumi Goto
- Department of Chemical Process Engineering, Malaysia-Japan International Institute of Technology (MJIIT), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM)Kuala LumpurMalaysia
| | - Kazuya Shimizu
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Science, University of TsukubaIbarakiJapan
| | - Nor’azizi Othman
- Department of Mechanical Precision Engineering, Malaysia-Japan International Institute of Technology (MJIIT), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM)Kuala LumpurMalaysia
| | - Zuriati Zakaria
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Green Technology, Malaysia-Japan International Institute of Technology (MJIIT), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM)Kuala LumpurMalaysia
| | - Norio Sugiura
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Green Technology, Malaysia-Japan International Institute of Technology (MJIIT), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM)Kuala LumpurMalaysia
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Science, University of TsukubaIbarakiJapan
| | - Hirofumi Hara
- Department of Chemical Process Engineering, Malaysia-Japan International Institute of Technology (MJIIT), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM)Kuala LumpurMalaysia
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18
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Cai F, Yu G, Zhang K, Chen Y, Li Q, Yang Y, Xie J, Wang Y, Li R. Geosmin production and polyphasic characterization of Oscillatoria limosa Agardh ex Gomont isolated from the open canal of a large drinking water system in Tianjin City, China. HARMFUL ALGAE 2017; 69:28-37. [PMID: 29122240 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2017.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Revised: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 09/30/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Taste and odor (T & O) episodes always cause strong effects on drinking water supply system. Luanhe River diversion into Tianjin City in China is an important drinking water resource. Massive growth of a benthic filamentous cyanobacterium with geosmin production in the open canal caused a strong earthy odor episode in Tianjin. On the basis of the morphological and molecular identification of this cyanobacterium as Oscillatoria limosa Agardh ex Gomont, the genetic basis for geosmin biosynthesis and factors influencing growth and geosmin production of O. limosa CHAB 7000 were studied in this work. A 2268-bp open reading frame, encoding 755 amino acids, was amplified and characterized as the geosmin synthase gene (geo), followed by a cyclic nucleotide-binding protein gene (cnb). Phylogenetic analysis implied that the evolution of the geosmin genes in O. limosa CHAB 7000 might involve a horizontal gene transfer event. Examination on the growth and geosmin production of O. limosa CHAB 7000 at different light intensities showed that the maximum geosmin production was observed at 10μmol photons m-2s-1, while the optimum growth was at 60μmol photons m-2s-1. Under three temperature conditions (15°C, 25°C, and 35°C), the maximum growth and geosmin production were observed at 25°C. Most amounts of geosmin were retained in cells during the growth phase, but high temperature and low light intensity increased the release of geosmin into the medium, implying that O. limosa CHAB 7000 had a high potential harm for the release of geosmin from its cells at these adverse conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangfang Cai
- Key Laboratory of Algal Biology, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology of China, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, People's Republic of China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Gongliang Yu
- Key Laboratory of Algal Biology, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology of China, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, People's Republic of China
| | - Kai Zhang
- Tianjin Hydraulic Research Institute, Tianjin 300061, People's Republic of China
| | - Youxin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Algal Biology, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology of China, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, People's Republic of China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiang Li
- Tianjin Hydraulic Research Institute, Tianjin 300061, People's Republic of China
| | - Yiming Yang
- Key Laboratory of Algal Biology, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology of China, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, People's Republic of China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinlin Xie
- College of Life Sciences, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Yilang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Algal Biology, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology of China, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, People's Republic of China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Renhui Li
- Key Laboratory of Algal Biology, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology of China, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, People's Republic of China.
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19
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Te SH, Tan BF, Boo CY, Thompson JR, Gin KYH. Genomics insights into production of 2-methylisoborneol and a putative cyanobactin by Planktothricoides sp. SR001. Stand Genomic Sci 2017; 12:35. [PMID: 28593028 PMCID: PMC5460452 DOI: 10.1186/s40793-017-0247-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Planktothricoides is a free-living filamentous cyanobacterium belonging to the order Oscillatoriales and the family Phormidiaceae, capable of forming bloom in fresh and brackish waters. A unicyanobacterial non-axenic culture dominated by Planktothricoides sp. SR001 was obtained from a freshwater reservoir in Singapore. The draft genome presented here is the first tropical freshwater Planktothricoides sp. ever sequenced. The genome of 7.0Mbp contains 5,776 genes predicted using the JGI IMG pipeline. The whole genome sequence allows identification of genes encoding for nitrogen-fixation, accessory photosynthetic pigments and biosynthesis of an off-flavor compound, 2-methylisoborneol, which has been experimentally verified here based on metabolite detection. In addition, strain SR001 genome contains an operon putatively involved in the production of a linear tripeptide cyanobactin related to viridisamide A and aeruginosamide, with the later known to possess anti-microbial or cytotoxic effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu Harn Te
- NUS Environmental Research Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Boon Fei Tan
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Sensing and Modelling, Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology Centre, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Chek Yin Boo
- NUS Environmental Research Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Janelle Renee Thompson
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Sensing and Modelling, Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology Centre, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA USA
| | - Karina Yew-Hoong Gin
- NUS Environmental Research Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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20
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Te SH, Tan BF, Thompson JR, Gin KYH. Relationship of Microbiota and Cyanobacterial Secondary Metabolites in Planktothricoides-Dominated Bloom. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:4199-4209. [PMID: 28345890 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b05767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The identification of phytoplankton species and microbial biodiversity is necessary to assess water ecosystem health and the quality of water resources. We investigated the short-term (2 days) vertical and diel variations in bacterial community structure and microbially derived secondary metabolites during a cyanobacterial bloom that emerged in a highly urbanized tropical reservoir. The waterbody was largely dominated by the cyanobacteria Planktothricoides spp., together with the Synechococcus, Pseudanabaena, Prochlorothrix, and Limnothrix. Spatial differences (i.e., water depth) rather than temporal differences (i.e., day versus night) better-explained the short-term variability in water quality parameters and bacterial community composition. Difference in bacterial structure suggested a resource-driven distribution pattern for the community. We found that the freshwater bacterial community associated with cyanobacterial blooms is largely conserved at the phylum level, with Proteobacteria (β-proteobateria), Bacteroidetes, and Actinobacteria as the main taxa despite the cyanobacterial species present and geographical (Asia, Europe, Australia, and North America) or climatic distinctions. Through multivariate statistical analyses of the bacterial community, environmental parameters, and secondary metabolite concentrations, we observed positive relationships between the occurrences of cyanobacterial groups and off-flavor compounds (2-methyisoborneol and β-ionone), suggesting a cyanobacterial origin. This study demonstrates the potential of 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing as a supporting tool in algal bloom monitoring or water-resource management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu Harn Te
- NUS Environmental Research Institute, National University of Singapore , 5A Engineering Drive 1, No. 02-01 T-Lab Building, Singapore 117411
| | - Boon Fei Tan
- Centre for Environmental Sensing and Modelling, Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology Centre , 1 CREATE Way, #09-03 CREATE Tower, Singapore 138602
| | - Janelle R Thompson
- Centre for Environmental Sensing and Modelling, Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology Centre , 1 CREATE Way, #09-03 CREATE Tower, Singapore 138602
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Karina Yew-Hoong Gin
- NUS Environmental Research Institute, National University of Singapore , 5A Engineering Drive 1, No. 02-01 T-Lab Building, Singapore 117411
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore , 1 Engineering Drive 2, E1A 07-03, Singapore 117576
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Chiu YT, Yen HK, Lin TF. An alternative method to quantify 2-MIB producing cyanobacteria in drinking water reservoirs: Method development and field applications. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2016; 151:618-627. [PMID: 27607443 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2016.08.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Revised: 08/28/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
2-Methylisoborneol (2-MIB) is a commonly detected cyanobacterial odorant in drinking water sources in many countries. To provide safe and high-quality water, development of a monitoring method for the detection of 2-MIB-synthesis (mibC) genes is very important. In this study, new primers MIBS02F/R intended specifically for the mibC gene were developed and tested. Experimental results show that the MIBS02F/R primer set was able to capture 13 2-MIB producing cyanobacterial strains grown in the laboratory, and to effectively amplify the targeted DNA region from 17 2-MIB-producing cyanobacterial strains listed in the literature. The primers were further coupled with a TaqMan probe to detect 2-MIB producers in 29 drinking water reservoirs (DWRs). The results showed statistically significant correlations between mibC genes and 2-MIB concentrations for the data from each reservoir (R2=0.413-0.998; p<0.05), from all reservoirs in each of the three islands (R2=0.302-0.796; p<0.01), and from all data of the three islands (R2=0.473-0.479; p<0.01). The results demonstrate that the real-time PCR can be an alternative method to provide information to managers of reservoirs and water utilities facing 2-MIB-related incidents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Ting Chiu
- Department of Environmental Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Hung-Kai Yen
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Meiho University, Pingtung 91202, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Tsair-Fuh Lin
- Department of Environmental Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan, ROC.
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Li X, Dreher TW, Li R. An overview of diversity, occurrence, genetics and toxin production of bloom-forming Dolichospermum (Anabaena) species. HARMFUL ALGAE 2016; 54:54-68. [PMID: 28073482 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2015.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2015] [Revised: 10/19/2015] [Accepted: 10/24/2015] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The new genus name Dolichospermum, for most of the planktonic former members of the genus Anabaena, is one of the most ubiquitous bloom-forming cyanobacterial genera. Its dominance and persistence have increased in recent years, due to eutrophication from anthropogenic activities and global climate change. Blooms of Dolichospermum species, with their production of secondary metabolites that commonly include toxins, present a worldwide threat to environmental and public health. In this review, recent advances of the genus Dolichospermum are summarized, including taxonomy, genetics, bloom occurrence, and production of toxin and taste-and-odor compounds. The recent and continuing acquisition of genome sequences is ushering in new methods for monitoring and understanding the factors regulating bloom dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaochuang Li
- Key Laboratory of Algal Biology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Theo W Dreher
- Department of Microbiology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA; Center for Genome Research and Biocomputing, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Renhui Li
- Key Laboratory of Algal Biology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, PR China.
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Watson SB, Monis P, Baker P, Giglio S. Biochemistry and genetics of taste- and odor-producing cyanobacteria. HARMFUL ALGAE 2016; 54:112-127. [PMID: 28073471 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2015.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2015] [Accepted: 11/22/2015] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Cyanobacteria are one of the principal sources of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) which cause offensive taste and odor (T&O) in drinking and recreational water, fish, shellfish and other seafood. Although non-toxic to humans, these T&O compounds severely undermine public trust in these commodities, resulting in substantial costs in treatment, and lost revenue to drinking water, aquaculture, food and beverage and tourist/hospitality industries. Mitigation and control have been hindered by the complexity of the communities and processes which produce and modify T&O events, making it difficult to source-track the major producer(s) and the factors governing VOC production and fate. Over the past decade, however, advances in bioinformatics, enzymology, and applied detection technologies have greatly enhanced our understanding of the pathways, the enzymes and the genetic coding for some of the most problematic VOCs produced by cyanobacteria. This has led to the development of tools for rapid and sensitive detection and monitoring for the VOC production at source, and provided the basis for further diagnostics of endogenous and exogenous controls. This review provides an overview of current knowledge of the major cyanobacterial VOCs, the producers, the biochemistry and the genetics and highlight the current applications and further research needs in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan B Watson
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, Canada Centre for Inland Waters, 867 Lakeshore Road, Burlington, ON L7S 1A1, Canada.
| | - Paul Monis
- South Australian Water Corporation, 250 Victoria Square, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia.
| | - Peter Baker
- South Australian Water Corporation, 250 Victoria Square, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia.
| | - Steven Giglio
- Healthscope Pathology, 1 Goodwood Road, Wayville, SA 5034, Australia.
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Zhu M, Yu G, Song G, Chang J, Wan C, Li R. Molecular specificity and detection for Pseudanabaena (cyanobacteria) species based on rbcLX sequences. BIOCHEM SYST ECOL 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bse.2015.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Bacha N, Echarki Z, Mathieu F, Lebrihi A. Development of a novel quantitative PCR assay as a measurement for the presence of geosmin-producing fungi. J Appl Microbiol 2015; 118:1144-51. [PMID: 25580564 DOI: 10.1111/jam.12747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2014] [Revised: 01/04/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To provide an efficient technique for monitoring the off-flavoured fungal compound geosmin. METHODS AND RESULTS Geosmin-associated gpe1 gene of Penicillium expansum displayed ≥99% similarity to cytochrome P450 gene of geosmin-producing P. restrictum, but ≤40% similarities to geosmin biosynthesis, non-cytochromic gene of Streptomyces avermitilis and cytochrome P450 genes of non-geosmin-producing Neotyphodium lolii, Phoma betae and P. paxilli. Serial 10-fold dilutions of P. expansum's DNA was subjected to a previously reported qPCR assay (Atoui et al. 2007), utilizing gpe1 specific primer pair 'SNgpe1F/SNgpe1R'. A linear relationship between DNA quantity and Cycle Threshold (Ct ), with strong correlative coefficient, was observed. Using the available physico-chemical method, geosmin was quantified in 188 grape samples. Penicillium spp's DNA was quantified in these samples, utilizing the developed qPCR assay. A strong positive correlation (R(2) = 0·97) between Penicillium's DNA and geosmin concentration was observed. Furthermore, <50 ng μl(-1) Penicillium's DNA corresponds to geosmin level below the permitted intensity limit i.e. 4, for 'Flavour Profile Analysis'. CONCLUSIONS Penicillium spp., genomic DNA level can provide an efficient way to quantify geosmin. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This particular qPCR technique can be utilized in numerous food industries, for the timely detection and monitoring of geosmin contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Bacha
- Center of Biotechnology and Microbiology, University of Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan; Laboratoire de Génie Chimique, INPT-UPS, Université de Toulouse, Castanet-Tolosan Cedex, France
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Effects of light and temperature on the odor production of 2-methylisoborneol-producing Pseudanabaena sp. and geosmin-producing Anabaena ucrainica (cyanobacteria). BIOCHEM SYST ECOL 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bse.2014.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Pattanaik B, Lindberg P. Terpenoids and their biosynthesis in cyanobacteria. Life (Basel) 2015; 5:269-93. [PMID: 25615610 PMCID: PMC4390852 DOI: 10.3390/life5010269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2014] [Accepted: 01/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Terpenoids, or isoprenoids, are a family of compounds with great structural diversity which are essential for all living organisms. In cyanobacteria, they are synthesized from the methylerythritol-phosphate (MEP) pathway, using glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate and pyruvate produced by photosynthesis as substrates. The products of the MEP pathway are the isomeric five-carbon compounds isopentenyl diphosphate and dimethylallyl diphosphate, which in turn form the basic building blocks for formation of all terpenoids. Many terpenoid compounds have useful properties and are of interest in the fields of pharmaceuticals and nutrition, and even potentially as future biofuels. The MEP pathway, its function and regulation, and the subsequent formation of terpenoids have not been fully elucidated in cyanobacteria, despite its relevance for biotechnological applications. In this review, we summarize the present knowledge about cyanobacterial terpenoid biosynthesis, both regarding the native metabolism and regarding metabolic engineering of cyanobacteria for heterologous production of non-native terpenoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bagmi Pattanaik
- Department of Chemistry-Ångström, Uppsala University, Box 523, SE-751 20 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Pia Lindberg
- Department of Chemistry-Ångström, Uppsala University, Box 523, SE-751 20 Uppsala, Sweden.
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Suurnäkki S, Gomez-Saez GV, Rantala-Ylinen A, Jokela J, Fewer DP, Sivonen K. Identification of geosmin and 2-methylisoborneol in cyanobacteria and molecular detection methods for the producers of these compounds. WATER RESEARCH 2015; 68:56-66. [PMID: 25462716 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2014.09.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2014] [Revised: 09/10/2014] [Accepted: 09/13/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Geosmin and 2-methylisoborneol (MIB) are muddy/earthy off-flavor metabolites produced by a range of bacteria. Cyanobacteria are the major producers of the volatile metabolites geosmin and MIB which produce taste and odor problems in drinking water and fish worldwide. Here we detected geosmin and MIB by studying 100 cyanobacteria strains using solid phase microextraction gas chromatography mass spectrometry (SPME GC-MS). A total of 21 geosmin producers were identified from six cyanobacteria genera. Two of the geosmin producers also produced MIB. A PCR protocol for the detection of geoA and MIB synthase genes involved in the biosynthesis of geosmin and MIB was developed. The geoA and MIB synthase genes were detected in all strains shown to produce geosmin and MIB, respectively. Cyanobacterial geoA and MIB synthase sequences showed homology to terpene synthases genes of actinobacteria and proteobacteria. Additional off-flavor compounds, nor-carotenoids β-ionone and β-cyclocitral, were found from 55 strains among the 100 cyanobacterial strains studied; β-ionone was present in 45 and β-cyclocitral in 10 strains. Six of the cyanobacteria which contain off-flavor compounds also produced toxins, anatoxin-a or microcystins. The molecular method developed is a useful tool in monitoring potential cyanobacterial producers of geosmin and MIB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suvi Suurnäkki
- Department of Food and Environmental Sciences, Division of Microbiology and Biotechnology, PO Box 56, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
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29
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Genetic Basis for Geosmin Production by the Water Bloom-Forming Cyanobacterium, Anabaena ucrainica. WATER 2014. [DOI: 10.3390/w7010175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Kakimoto M, Ishikawa T, Miyagi A, Saito K, Miyazaki M, Asaeda T, Yamaguchi M, Uchimiya H, Kawai-Yamada M. Culture temperature affects gene expression and metabolic pathways in the 2-methylisoborneol-producing cyanobacterium Pseudanabaena galeata. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 171:292-300. [PMID: 24140001 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2013.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2013] [Revised: 08/21/2013] [Accepted: 09/04/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
A volatile metabolite, 2-methylisoborneol (2-MIB), causes an unpleasant taste and odor in tap water. Some filamentous cyanobacteria produce 2-MIB via a two-step biosynthetic pathway: methylation of geranyl diphosphate (GPP) by methyl transferase (GPPMT), followed by the cyclization of methyl-GPP by monoterpene cyclase (MIBS). We isolated the genes encoding GPPMT and MIBS from Pseudanabaena galeata, a filamentous cyanobacterium known to be a major causal organism of 2-MIB production in Japanese lakes. The predicted amino acid sequence showed high similarity with that of Pseudanabaena limnetica (96% identity in GPPMT and 97% identity in MIBS). P. galeata was cultured at different temperatures to examine the effect of growth conditions on the production of 2-MIB and major metabolites. Gas chromatograph-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) measurements showed higher accumulation of 2-MIB at 30 °C than at 4 °C or 20 °C after 24 h of culture. Real-time-RT PCR analysis showed that the expression levels of the genes encoding GPPMT and MIBS decreased at 4 °C and increased at 30 °C, compared with at 20 °C. Furthermore, metabolite analysis showed dramatic changes in primary metabolite concentrations in cyanobacteria grown at different temperatures. The data indicate that changes in carbon flow in the TCA cycle affect 2-MIB biosynthesis at higher temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayuki Kakimoto
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-Okubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama City, Saitama 338-8570, Japan; Saitama City Institute of Health Science and Research, 7-5-12 Suzuya, Chuo-ku, Saitama City, Saitama 338-0013, Japan
| | - Toshiki Ishikawa
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-Okubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama City, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
| | - Atsuko Miyagi
- Institute for Environmental Science and Technology, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-Okubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama City, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
| | - Kazuaki Saito
- Saitama City Institute of Health Science and Research, 7-5-12 Suzuya, Chuo-ku, Saitama City, Saitama 338-0013, Japan
| | - Motonobu Miyazaki
- Saitama City Institute of Health Science and Research, 7-5-12 Suzuya, Chuo-ku, Saitama City, Saitama 338-0013, Japan
| | - Takashi Asaeda
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-Okubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama City, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Yamaguchi
- Institute for Environmental Science and Technology, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-Okubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama City, Saitama 338-8570, Japan; PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Uchimiya
- Institute for Environmental Science and Technology, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-Okubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama City, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
| | - Maki Kawai-Yamada
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-Okubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama City, Saitama 338-8570, Japan; Institute for Environmental Science and Technology, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-Okubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama City, Saitama 338-8570, Japan.
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Burgos L, Lehmann M, de Andrade HHR, de Abreu BRR, de Souza AP, Juliano VB, Dihl RR. In vivo and in vitro genotoxicity assessment of 2-methylisoborneol, causal agent of earthy-musty taste and odor in water. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2014; 100:282-286. [PMID: 24238741 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2013.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2013] [Revised: 10/11/2013] [Accepted: 10/16/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The water eutrophication process by phosphorus and nitrogen allows cyanobacteria blooms which promote, among other effects, the generation and release of the metabolite 2-methylisoborneol (2-MIB) in the environment. This substance has been shown to be recalcitrant to conventional water treatment, degrading water quality. Considering the limited number of studies on the biological effects of 2-MIB in eukaryotic organisms, the present study assessed the genotoxicity of 2-MIB using the in vitro comet assay and cytokinesis block-micronucleus (CBMN-Cytome) assay on Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cells and the in vivo Drosophila melanogaster Somatic Mutation and Recombination Test (SMART). The results showed that 2-MIB (125, 250 and 500 µg/mL) was unable to induce gene and chromosome mutations or events associated with mitotic recombination in the SMART. Similarly, four different concentrations (7.5, 15, 30 and 60 µg/mL) of 2-MIB did not induce increments in frequencies of micronuclei, nuclear buds, and nucleoplasmatic bridges in the CBMN-Cytome assay. In the comet assay, the positive results were restricted to the highest dose, 60 µg/mL of 2-MIB. The results obtained may help evaluate the genotoxic profile of extracellular algal products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonel Burgos
- Laboratório de Toxicidade Genética, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular Aplicada à Saúde (PPGBioSaúde), ULBRA, Canoas, RS, Brazil
| | - Mauricio Lehmann
- Laboratório de Toxicidade Genética, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular Aplicada à Saúde (PPGBioSaúde), ULBRA, Canoas, RS, Brazil
| | - Heloisa Helena Rodrigues de Andrade
- Laboratório de Estomatologia, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Bianca Regina Ribas de Abreu
- Laboratório de Toxicidade Genética, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular Aplicada à Saúde (PPGBioSaúde), ULBRA, Canoas, RS, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula de Souza
- Laboratório de Toxicidade Genética, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular Aplicada à Saúde (PPGBioSaúde), ULBRA, Canoas, RS, Brazil
| | - Viviane Berwanger Juliano
- Instituto de Pesquisas Hidráulicas (IPH), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Rafael Rodrigues Dihl
- Laboratório de Toxicidade Genética, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular Aplicada à Saúde (PPGBioSaúde), ULBRA, Canoas, RS, Brazil.
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Liu Y, Xu Y, Xiao P, Pan Q, Yu G, Li R. Genetic analysis on Dolichospermum (Cyanobacteria; sensu Anabaena) populations based on the culture-independent clone libraries revealed the dominant genotypes existing in Lake Taihu, China. HARMFUL ALGAE 2014; 31:76-81. [PMID: 28040113 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2013.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2013] [Revised: 09/30/2013] [Accepted: 09/30/2013] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Lake Taihu has been severely eutrophied during the last few decades and dense cyanobacterial blooms have led to a decrease in phytoplankton diversity. The cyanobacterial blooms in Lake Taihu were mainly composed of unicellular colony-forming Microcystis and filamentous heterocystous Dolichospermum (formerly known as planktonic species of Anabaena). In contrast to that of Microcystis spp., the fundamental knowledge about diversity, abundance and dynamics of Dolichospermum populations in Lake Taihu is lacking. The present study was conducted to understand genotypic distribution, dynamics and succession of Dolichospermum populations in Lake Taihu. By sequencing 688 internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions between the 16S and 23S rRNA genes of Dolichospermum, we were able to confirm that all the sequences were Dolichospermum rather than Aphanizomenon. 118 different genotypes were identified from the obtained sequences, and two genotypes (W-type and L-type) were found to dominate in the lake, representing 36.6% and 26.2% of the total sequences, respectively. These two dominant genotypes of Dolichospermum displayed the significant seasonal pattern. Stepwise regressions analysis revealed that water temperature was associated with the two dominant genotypes. The combined results implied the possible existence of ecotypes in bloom-forming cyanobacteria, probably triggered by water temperature in the lake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- Key Lab of Algal Biology, Institute of Hydrobiology, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yao Xu
- Key Lab of Algal Biology, Institute of Hydrobiology, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Peng Xiao
- Key Lab of Algal Biology, Institute of Hydrobiology, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qianqian Pan
- Key Lab of Algal Biology, Institute of Hydrobiology, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Gongliang Yu
- Key Lab of Algal Biology, Institute of Hydrobiology, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Renhui Li
- Key Lab of Algal Biology, Institute of Hydrobiology, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China.
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Köksal M, Chou WKW, Cane DE, Christianson DW. Unexpected reactivity of 2-fluorolinalyl diphosphate in the active site of crystalline 2-methylisoborneol synthase. Biochemistry 2013; 52:5247-55. [PMID: 23844678 DOI: 10.1021/bi400797c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The crystal structure of 2-methylisoborneol synthase (MIBS) from Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2) has been determined in its unliganded state and in complex with two Mg(2+) ions and 2-fluoroneryl diphosphate at 1.85 and 2.00 Å resolution, respectively. Under normal circumstances, MIBS catalyzes the cyclization of the naturally occurring, noncanonical 11-carbon isoprenoid substrate, 2-methylgeranyl diphosphate, which first undergoes an ionization-isomerization-ionization sequence through the tertiary diphosphate intermediate 2-methyllinalyl diphosphate to enable subsequent cyclization chemistry. MIBS does not exhibit catalytic activity with 2-fluorogeranyl diphosphate, and we recently reported the crystal structure of MIBS complexed with this unreactive substrate analogue [ Köksal, M., Chou, W. K. W., Cane, D. E., Christianson, D. W. (2012) Biochemistry 51 , 3011-3020 ]. However, cocrystallization of MIBS with the fluorinated analogue of the tertiary allylic diphosphate intermediate, 2-fluorolinalyl diphosphate, reveals unexpected reactivity for the intermediate analogue and yields the crystal structure of the complex with the primary allylic diphosphate, 2-fluoroneryl diphosphate. Comparison with the structure of the unliganded enzyme reveals that the crystalline enzyme active site remains partially open, presumably due to the binding of only two Mg(2+) ions. Assays in solution indicate that MIBS catalyzes the generation of (1R)-(+)-camphor from the substrate 2-fluorolinalyl diphosphate, suggesting that both 2-fluorolinalyl diphosphate and 2-methyllinalyl diphosphate follow the identical cyclization mechanism leading to 2-substituted isoborneol products; however, the initially generated 2-fluoroisoborneol cyclization product is unstable and undergoes elimination of hydrogen fluoride to yield (1R)-(+)-camphor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa Köksal
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania , 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
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Köksal M, Chou WKW, Cane DE, Christianson DW. Structure of 2-methylisoborneol synthase from Streptomyces coelicolor and implications for the cyclization of a noncanonical C-methylated monoterpenoid substrate. Biochemistry 2012; 51:3011-20. [PMID: 22455514 DOI: 10.1021/bi201827a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The crystal structure of 2-methylisoborneol synthase (MIBS) from Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2) has been determined in complex with substrate analogues geranyl-S-thiolodiphosphate and 2-fluorogeranyl diphosphate at 1.80 and 1.95 Å resolution, respectively. This terpenoid cyclase catalyzes the cyclization of the naturally occurring, noncanonical C-methylated isoprenoid substrate, 2-methylgeranyl diphosphate, to form the bicyclic product 2-methylisoborneol, a volatile C(11) homoterpene alcohol with an earthy, musty odor. While MIBS adopts the tertiary structure of a class I terpenoid cyclase, its dimeric quaternary structure differs from that previously observed in dimeric terpenoid cyclases from plants and fungi. The quaternary structure of MIBS is nonetheless similar in some respects to that of dimeric farnesyl diphosphate synthase, which is not a cyclase. The structures of MIBS complexed with substrate analogues provide insights regarding differences in the catalytic mechanism of MIBS and the mechanisms of (+)-bornyl diphosphate synthase and endo-fenchol synthase, plant cyclases that convert geranyl diphosphate into products with closely related bicyclic bornyl skeletons, but distinct structures and stereochemistries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa Köksal
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, USA
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Köksal M, Chou WKW, Cane DE, Christianson DW. Structure of geranyl diphosphate C-methyltransferase from Streptomyces coelicolor and implications for the mechanism of isoprenoid modification. Biochemistry 2012; 51:3003-10. [PMID: 22455498 DOI: 10.1021/bi300109c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Geranyl diphosphate C-methyltransferase (GPPMT) from Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2) is the first methyltransferase discovered that modifies an acyclic isoprenoid diphosphate, geranyl diphosphate (GPP), to yield a noncanonical acyclic allylic diphosphate product, 2-methylgeranyl diphosphate, which serves as the substrate for a subsequent cyclization reaction catalyzed by a terpenoid cyclase, methylisoborneol synthase. Here, we report the crystal structures of GPPMT in complex with GPP or the substrate analogue geranyl S-thiolodiphosphate (GSPP) along with S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine in the cofactor binding site, resulting from in situ demethylation of S-adenosyl-L-methionine, at 2.05 or 1.82 Å resolution, respectively. These structures suggest that both GPP and GSPP can undergo catalytic methylation in crystalline GPPMT, followed by dissociation of the isoprenoid product. S-Adenosyl-L-homocysteine remains bound in the active site, however, and does not exchange with a fresh molecule of cofactor S-adenosyl-L-methionine. These structures provide important clues about the molecular mechanism of the reaction, especially with regard to the face of the 2,3 double bond of GPP that is methylated as well as the stabilization of the resulting carbocation intermediate through cation-π interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa Köksal
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, USA
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Auffret M, Pilote A, Proulx E, Proulx D, Vandenberg G, Villemur R. Establishment of a real-time PCR method for quantification of geosmin-producing Streptomyces spp. in recirculating aquaculture systems. WATER RESEARCH 2011; 45:6753-6762. [PMID: 22060964 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2011.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2011] [Revised: 09/26/2011] [Accepted: 10/16/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Geosmin and 2-methylisoborneol (MIB) have been associated with off-flavour problems in fish and seafood products, generating a strong negative impact for aquaculture industries. Although most of the producers of geosmin and MIB have been identified as Streptomyces species or cyanobacteria, Streptomyces spp. are thought to be responsible for the synthesis of these compounds in indoor recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS). The detection of genes involved in the synthesis of geosmin and MIB can be a relevant indicator of the beginning of off-flavour events in RAS. Here, we report a real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) protocol targeting geoA sequences that encode a germacradienol synthase involved in geosmin synthesis. New geoA-related sequences were retrieved from eleven geosmin-producing Actinomycete strains, among them two Streptomyces strains isolated from two RAS. Combined with geoA-related sequences available in gene databases, we designed primers and standards suitable for qPCR assays targeting mainly Streptomyces geoA. Using our qPCR protocol, we succeeded in measuring the level of geoA copies in sand filter and biofilters in two RAS. This study is the first to apply qPCR assays to detect and quantify the geosmin synthesis gene (geoA) in RAS. Quantification of geoA in RAS could permit the monitoring of the level of geosmin producers prior to the occurrence of geosmin production. This information will be most valuable for fish producers to manage further development of off-flavour events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Auffret
- INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, 531 Boulevard des Prairies, Laval, Québec H7V 1B7, Canada.
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