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Awada C, Saporito AF, Zelikoff JT, Klein CB. E-Cigarette Exposure Alters Neuroinflammation Gene and Protein Expression in a Murine Model: Insights from Perinatally Exposed Offspring and Post-Birth Mothers. Genes (Basel) 2024; 15:322. [PMID: 38540381 PMCID: PMC10970539 DOI: 10.3390/genes15030322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Revised: 02/25/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The use of E-cigarettes, often considered a safer alternative to traditional smoking, has been associated with high rates of cellular toxicity, genetic alterations, and inflammation. Neuroinflammatory impacts of cigarette smoking during pregnancy have been associated with increased risks of adverse childhood health outcomes; however, it is still relatively unknown if the same propensity is conferred on offspring by maternal vaping during gestation. Results from our previous mouse inhalation studies suggest such a connection. In this earlier study, pregnant C57BL/6 mice were exposed daily to inhaled E-cig aerosols (i.e., propylene glycol and vegetable glycerin, [PG/VG]), with or without nicotine (16 mg/mL) by whole-body inhalation throughout gestation (3 h/d; 5 d/week; total ~3-week) and continuing postnatally from post-natal day (PND) 4-21. As neuroinflammation is involved in the dysregulation of glucose homeostasis and weight gain, this study aimed to explore genes associated with these pathways in 1-mo.-old offspring (equivalent in humans to 12-18 years of age). Results in the offspring demonstrated a significant increase in glucose metabolism protein levels in both treatment groups compared to filtered air controls. Gene expression analysis in the hypothalamus of 1 mo. old offspring exposed perinatally to E-cig aerosols, with and without nicotine, revealed significantly increased gene expression changes in multiple genes associated with neuroinflammation. In a second proof-of-principal parallel study employing the same experimental design, we shifted our focus to the hippocampus of the postpartum mothers. We targeted the mRNA levels of several neurotrophic factors (NTFs) indicative of neuroinflammation. While there were suggestive changes in mRNA expression in this study, levels failed to reach statistical significance. These studies highlight the need for ongoing research on E-cig-induced alterations in neuroinflammatory pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Awada
- Division of Environmental Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10010, USA; (A.F.S.); (J.T.Z.); (C.B.K.)
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Rahati S, Qorbani M, Naghavi A, Pishva H. Association and interaction of the MC4R rs17782313 polymorphism with plasma ghrelin, GLP-1, cortisol, food intake and eating behaviors in overweight/obese Iranian adults. BMC Endocr Disord 2022; 22:234. [PMID: 36123585 PMCID: PMC9487018 DOI: 10.1186/s12902-022-01129-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent studies have shown that obesity is largely influenced by heredity and created by the interactions between several genes and environmental and behavioral factors. This study aimed to examine association between variant rs17782313 near melanocortin-4 receptor (MC4R) gene and behavioral and hormonal factors then evaluated interactions between variant MC4R rs17782313 with behavioral and hormonal factors on obesity. METHODS This cross-sectional study included 403 subjects, overweight and/or obesity, aged 20-50 years from Iran. The MC4R rs17782313 data were measured by the PCR-RFLP method. Dietary intake, physical activity, stress, anxiety, depression, appetite and emotional eating were assessed by using validated questionnaires. Ghrelin, glucagon-like peptide-1 and cortisol were measured by radioimmunoassay in plasma samples. Participants were also divided into three groups based on rs17782313 genotype and BMI. RESULTS After adjustment for age, gender, energy intake and PA, significant associations were observed between food intake, appetite, emotional eating, stress and physical activity with MC4R rs17782313 (p ˂0.05). Also, significant interactions were observed between fat intake (p-interaction = 0.002), protein intake (p-interaction = 0.01), energy intake (p-interaction = 0.01), emotional eating (p-interaction = 0.02), appetite (p-interaction = 0.04), stress (p-interaction = 0.04), ghrelin (p-interaction = 0.03), cortisol (p-interaction = 0.04) and physical activity (p-interaction = 0.04) and MC4R rs17782313 in terms of BMI. CONCLUSION Interactions between the CC genotype and high intakes of fat and energy, emotional eating, high appetite, and too much stress with high levels of cortisol and ghrelin probably can have an effect on BMI in overweight/obese subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Rahati
- Department of Cellular - Molecular Nutrition, School of Nutrition Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, PO Box: 14155-6447, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mostafa Qorbani
- Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
| | - Anoosh Naghavi
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Resistant Tuberculosis Institute and Department of Genetics, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Hamideh Pishva
- Department of Cellular - Molecular Nutrition, School of Nutrition Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, PO Box: 14155-6447, Tehran, Iran.
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Vigil P, Meléndez J, Petkovic G, Del Río JP. The importance of estradiol for body weight regulation in women. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:951186. [PMID: 36419765 PMCID: PMC9677105 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.951186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity in women of reproductive age has a number of adverse metabolic effects, including Type II Diabetes (T2D), dyslipidemia, and cardiovascular disease. It is associated with increased menstrual irregularity, ovulatory dysfunction, development of insulin resistance and infertility. In women, estradiol is not only critical for reproductive function, but they also control food intake and energy expenditure. Food intake is known to change during the menstrual cycle in humans. This change in food intake is largely mediated by estradiol, which acts directly upon anorexigenic and orexigenic neurons, largely in the hypothalamus. Estradiol also acts indirectly with peripheral mediators such as glucagon like peptide-1 (GLP-1). Like estradiol, GLP-1 acts on receptors at the hypothalamus. This review describes the physiological and pathophysiological mechanisms governing the actions of estradiol during the menstrual cycle on food intake and energy expenditure and how estradiol acts with other weight-controlling molecules such as GLP-1. GLP-1 analogs have proven to be effective both to manage obesity and T2D in women. This review also highlights the relationship between steroid hormones and women's mental health. It explains how a decline or imbalance in estradiol levels affects insulin sensitivity in the brain. This can cause cerebral insulin resistance, which contributes to the development of conditions such as Parkinson's or Alzheimer's disease. The proper use of both estradiol and GLP-1 analogs can help to manage obesity and preserve an optimal mental health in women by reducing the mechanisms that trigger neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pilar Vigil
- Reproductive Health Research Institute (RHRI), Santiago, Chile
| | - Jaime Meléndez
- Reproductive Health Research Institute (RHRI), Santiago, Chile
| | - Grace Petkovic
- Arrowe Park Hospital, Department of Paediatrics, Wirral CH49 5PE, Merseyside, United Kingdom
| | - Juan Pablo Del Río
- Unidad de Psiquiatría Infantil y del Adolescente, Clínica Psiquiátrica Universitaria, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Millennium Nucleus to Improve the Mental Health of Adolescents and Youths, Millennium Science Initiative, Santiago, Chile
- *Correspondence: Juan Pablo Del Río,
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Pichiah PBT, Cho SH, Han SK, Cha YS. Fermented Barley Supplementation Modulates the Expression of Hypothalamic Genes and Reduces Energy Intake and Weight Gain in Rats. J Med Food 2016; 19:418-26. [PMID: 27074621 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2015.3600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Dietary fiber and proteins are individually known to decrease feeding, but could result greater weight management benefit when both are combined. We hypothesized that supplementing the diet with fermented barley, being rich in both dietary fiber and proteins, could lower energy intake by modulating the mRNA expression level of hypothalamic genes associated with the regulation of feeding behavior and satiety; thereby decreasing body weight gain. To test our hypothesis, four groups of Sprague Dawley rats were arranged in a 2 × 2 factorial design (n = 6), low-fat diet with either guar gum (LFD-G) or fermented barley (LFD-FB) and high-fat diet with either guar gum (HFD-G) or fermented barley (HFD-FB). Using oral gavage, fermented barley was given at a dosage of 1500 mg/kg body weight and guar gum was supplemented in an equivalent quantity to that of the fiber in the fermented barley. After 19 weeks, the fermented barley-supplemented groups showed a significant reduction in energy intake, triglyceride, body weight gain, and serum leptin, compared to the guar gum-supplemented groups in both the low- and high-fat diet groups. Likewise, the anorexigenic gene proopiomelanocortin (POMC) and cocaine and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART) mRNA level were significantly higher in the fermented barley-supplemented groups compared to the guar gum-supplemented groups in rats fed on both high- and low-fat diets. In conclusion, fermented barley supplementation upregulated hypothalamic POMC/CART, decreased energy intake in both low- and high-fat diet groups, and prevented excessive weight gain in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- P B Tirupathi Pichiah
- 1 Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Chonbuk National University , Jeonju, Korea
| | - Suk-Ho Cho
- 2 Mealtobalance, Co., Ltd. , Jeongeup, Jeonbuk, Korea
| | - Seong-Kyu Han
- 3 Department of Oral Physiology School of Dentistry and Institute of Oral Bioscience, Chonbuk National University , Jeonju, Korea
| | - Youn-Soo Cha
- 1 Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Chonbuk National University , Jeonju, Korea.,4 AgroBiofood R&D Institute of Chonbuk National University , Jeonju, Korea
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5
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Gilles M. [Nutrient sensing by the gastro-intestinal nervous system and control of energy homeostasis]. Biol Aujourdhui 2016; 209:325-330. [PMID: 27021051 DOI: 10.1051/jbio/2016001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The gastrointestinal nerves are crucial in the sensing of nutrients and hormones and its translation in terms of control of food intake. Major macronutrients like glucose and proteins are sensed by the extrinsic nerves located around the portal vein walls, which signal to the brain and account for the satiety phenomenon they promote. Glucose is sensed in the portal vein by neurons expressing the glucose receptor SGLT3, which activates the main regions of the brain involved in the control of food intake. Proteins indirectly act on food intake by inducing intestinal gluconeogenesis and its sensing by the portal glucose sensor. The mechanism involves a prior antagonism by peptides of the μ-opioid receptors present in the portal vein nervous system and a reflex arc with the brain inducing intestinal gluconeogenesis. In a comparable manner, short chain fatty acids produced from soluble fibers act via intestinal gluconeogenesis to exert anti-obesity and anti-diabetic effects. In the case of propionate, the mechanism involves a prior activation of the free fatty acid receptor FFAR3 present in the portal nerves and a reflex arc initiating intestinal gluconeogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mithieux Gilles
- Inserm U855, Faculté de Médecine Laennec Lyon-Est, 69372 Lyon Cedex 08, France - Université Lyon 1, 69622 Villeurbanne, France - Université de Lyon, 69008 Lyon, France
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Heeley N, Blouet C. Central Amino Acid Sensing in the Control of Feeding Behavior. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2016; 7:148. [PMID: 27933033 PMCID: PMC5120084 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2016.00148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Dietary protein quantity and quality greatly impact metabolic health via evolutionary-conserved mechanisms that ensure avoidance of amino acid imbalanced food sources, promote hyperphagia when dietary protein density is low, and conversely produce satiety when dietary protein density is high. Growing evidence supports the emerging concept of protein homeostasis in mammals, where protein intake is maintained within a tight range independently of energy intake to reach a target protein intake. The behavioral and neuroendocrine mechanisms underlying these adaptations are unclear. While peripheral factors are able to signal amino acid deficiency and abundance to the brain, the brain itself is exposed to and can detect changes in amino acid concentrations, and subsequently engages acute and chronic responses modulating feeding behavior and food preferences. In this review, we will examine the literature describing the mechanisms by which the brain senses changes in amino acids concentrations, and how these changes modulate feeding behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Heeley
- Medical Research Council Metabolic Disease Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Clemence Blouet
- Medical Research Council Metabolic Disease Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- *Correspondence: Clemence Blouet,
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Tulloch AJ, Murray S, Vaicekonyte R, Avena NM. Neural responses to macronutrients: hedonic and homeostatic mechanisms. Gastroenterology 2015; 148:1205-18. [PMID: 25644095 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2014.12.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2014] [Revised: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 12/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The brain responds to macronutrients via intricate mechanisms. We review how the brain's neural systems implicated in homeostatic control of feeding and hedonic responses are influenced by the ingestion of specific types of food. We discuss how these neural systems are dysregulated in preclinical models of obesity. Findings from these studies can increase our understanding of overeating and, perhaps in some cases, the development of obesity. In addition, a greater understanding of the neural circuits affected by the consumption of specific macronutrients, and by obesity, might lead to new treatments and strategies for preventing unhealthy weight gain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alastair J Tulloch
- Department of Pharmacology and Systems Therapeutics, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Susan Murray
- Department of Pharmacology and Systems Therapeutics, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Regina Vaicekonyte
- Department of Pharmacology and Systems Therapeutics, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Nicole M Avena
- Department of Pharmacology and Systems Therapeutics, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York.
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Khalilitehrani A, Qorbani M, Hosseini S, Pishva H. The association of MC4R rs17782313 polymorphism with dietary intake in Iranian adults. Gene 2015; 563:125-9. [PMID: 25769385 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2015.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2015] [Revised: 03/07/2015] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Malfunction in the energy homeostasis system is a major cause of developing obesity. Melanocortin-4 receptor (MC4R) plays a crucial role in this system as a key receptor. Although MC4R gene as an obesity candidate gene is associated with higher BMI, only few attempts have been carried out to understand the mechanism underlying body-weight regulation. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study is to investigate the association between variant rs17782313 near MC4R gene and both dietary energy and macronutrient intakes. METHODS An Iranian population, 400 adults aged over 22years were selected from the Iranian Multicenter Osteoporosis Study (IMOS). Genotyping for the near MC4R rs17782313 was performed by PCR-RFLP. Weight and height were measured. Dietary intake and physical activity were assessed by using validated questionnaires. Analysis was carried out in two groups with regard to BMI. Multiple linear regression models adjusted for covariates were used to examine the association between rs17782313 and dietary intake. RESULTS MC4R rs17782313 was associated with high energy intake (P<0.001), and low carbohydrate and protein intakes (P<0.001 and P<0.01 respectively). In addition, the significant association between variant rs17782313 and fat intake disappeared after adjusting for energy. CONCLUSIONS The rs17782313 variant contributes to the variety of dietary energy and energy-dense macronutrient intakes. Moreover, a novel association was suggested between this polymorphism and dietary fat intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azadeh Khalilitehrani
- Department of Cellular-Molecular Nutrition, School of Nutrition Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mostafa Qorbani
- School of Medicine, Community Medicine Department, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
| | - Saeed Hosseini
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center (EMRC), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamideh Pishva
- Department of Cellular-Molecular Nutrition, School of Nutrition Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Mithieux G. Crosstalk between gastrointestinal neurons and the brain in the control of food intake. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 2014; 28:739-44. [PMID: 25256768 DOI: 10.1016/j.beem.2014.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Recent data have emphasized that the gastrointestinal nervous system is preponderant in the sensing of nutrients and hormones and its translation in terms of control of food intake by the central nervous system. More specifically, the gastrointestinal neural system participates in the control of hunger via the sensing of at least two major macronutrients, e.g. glucose and protein, which may control hunger sensations from the portal vein. Protein are first sensed by mu-opioid receptors present in the portal vein walls to induce intestinal gluconeogenesis-via a reflex arc and next portal glucose sensing. The gastrointestinal nervous system may also account for the rapid benefits of gastric bypass surgeries on energy homeostasis (hunger and body weight) and glucose homeostasis (insulin sensitivity). This knowledge provides novel mechanisms of control of body weight, which might be useful to envision future approaches of prevention or treatment of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilles Mithieux
- Inserm U855, Faculté de Médecine Lyon-Est « Laennec », 69372 Lyon Cedex 08, France; Université Lyon 1, 69622 Villeurbanne, France; Université de Lyon, 69008 Lyon, France.
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10
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Mithieux G, Gautier-Stein A. Intestinal glucose metabolism revisited. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2014; 105:295-301. [PMID: 24969963 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2014.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2014] [Accepted: 04/16/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
It is long known that the gut can contribute to the control of glucose homeostasis via its high glucose utilization capacity. Recently, a novel function in intestinal glucose metabolism (gluconeogenesis) was described. The intestine notably contributes to about 20-25% of total endogenous glucose production during fasting. More importantly, intestinal gluconeogenesis is capable of regulating energy homeostasis through a communication with the brain. The periportal neural system senses glucose (produced by intestinal gluconeogenesis) in the portal vein walls, which sends a signal to the brain to modulate hunger sensations and whole body glucose homeostasis. Relating to the mechanism of glucose sensing, the role of the glucose receptor SGLT3 has been strongly suggested. Moreover, dietary proteins mobilize intestinal gluconeogenesis as a mandatory link between their detection in the portal vein and their effect of satiety. In the same manner, dietary soluble fibers exert their anti-obesity and anti-diabetic effects via the induction of intestinal gluconeogenesis. FFAR3 is a key neural receptor involved in the specific sensing of propionate to activate a gut-brain reflex arc triggering the induction of the gut gluconeogenic function. Lastly, intestinal gluconeogenesis might also be involved in the rapid metabolic improvements induced by gastric bypass surgeries of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilles Mithieux
- Inserm U855, Faculté de Médecine Lyon-Est "Laennec", 69372 Lyon Cedex 08, France; Université Lyon 1, 69622 Villeurbanne, France; Université de Lyon, 69008 Lyon, France.
| | - Amandine Gautier-Stein
- Inserm U855, Faculté de Médecine Lyon-Est "Laennec", 69372 Lyon Cedex 08, France; Université Lyon 1, 69622 Villeurbanne, France; Université de Lyon, 69008 Lyon, France
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11
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Mithieux G. Metabolic effects of portal vein sensing. Diabetes Obes Metab 2014; 16 Suppl 1:56-60. [PMID: 25200297 DOI: 10.1111/dom.12338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2014] [Accepted: 04/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The extrinsic gastrointestinal nerves are crucial in the sensing of nutrients and hormones and its translation in terms of control of food intake. Major macronutrients like glucose and protein are sensed by the extrinsic nerves located in the portal vein walls, which signal to the brain and account for the satiety phenomenon they promote. Glucose is sensed in the portal vein by neurons expressing the glucose receptor SGLT3, which activate the main regions of the brain involved in the control of food intake. Proteins indirectly act on food intake by inducing intestinal gluconeogenesis and its sensing by the portal glucose sensor. The mechanism involves a prior antagonism by peptides of the μ-opioid receptors present in the portal vein nervous system and a reflex arc with the brain inducing intestinal gluconeogenesis. In a comparable manner, short-chain fatty acids produced from soluble fibre act via intestinal gluconeogenesis to exert anti-obesity and anti-diabetic effects. In the case of propionate, the mechanism involves a prior activation of the free fatty acid receptor FFAR3 present in the portal nerves and a reflex arc initiating intestinal gluconeogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Mithieux
- Inserm U855, Faculté de Médecine Lyon-Est Laennec, Lyon, France; Faculté de Médecine Lyon-Est Laennec, Université Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, France; Faculté de Médecine Lyon-Est Laennec, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
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12
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Lizcano F, Guzmán G. Estrogen Deficiency and the Origin of Obesity during Menopause. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:757461. [PMID: 24734243 PMCID: PMC3964739 DOI: 10.1155/2014/757461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 290] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2013] [Revised: 01/03/2014] [Accepted: 01/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Sex hormones strongly influence body fat distribution and adipocyte differentiation. Estrogens and testosterone differentially affect adipocyte physiology, but the importance of estrogens in the development of metabolic diseases during menopause is disputed. Estrogens and estrogen receptors regulate various aspects of glucose and lipid metabolism. Disturbances of this metabolic signal lead to the development of metabolic syndrome and a higher cardiovascular risk in women. The absence of estrogens is a clue factor in the onset of cardiovascular disease during the menopausal period, which is characterized by lipid profile variations and predominant abdominal fat accumulation. However, influence of the absence of these hormones and its relationship to higher obesity in women during menopause are not clear. This systematic review discusses of the role of estrogens and estrogen receptors in adipocyte differentiation, and its control by the central nervous systemn and the possible role of estrogen-like compounds and endocrine disruptors chemicals are discussed. Finally, the interaction between the decrease in estrogen secretion and the prevalence of obesity in menopausal women is examined. We will consider if the absence of estrogens have a significant effect of obesity in menopausal women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Lizcano
- Biomedical Research Center, Universidad de La Sabana (CIBUS), km 7, Autopista Norte de Bogota, Chia, Colombia ; Fundacion Cardio-Infantil Instituto de Cardiologia, Bogota, Colombia
| | - Guillermo Guzmán
- Biomedical Research Center, Universidad de La Sabana (CIBUS), km 7, Autopista Norte de Bogota, Chia, Colombia
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Dey P, Barros RPA, Warner M, Ström A, Gustafsson JÅ. Insight into the mechanisms of action of estrogen receptor β in the breast, prostate, colon, and CNS. J Mol Endocrinol 2013; 51:T61-74. [PMID: 24031087 DOI: 10.1530/jme-13-0150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Estrogen and its receptors (ERs) influence many biological processes in physiology and pathology in men and women. ERs are involved in the etiology and/or progression of cancers of the prostate, breast, uterus, ovary, colon, lung, stomach, and malignancies of the immune system. In estrogen-sensitive malignancies, ERβ usually is a tumor suppressor and ERα is an oncogene. ERβ regulates genes in several key pathways including tumor suppression (p53, PTEN); metabolism (PI3K); survival (Akt); proliferation pathways (p45(Skp2), cMyc, and cyclin E); cell-cycle arresting factors (p21(WAF1), cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1 (CDKN1A)), p27(Kip1), and cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs); protection from reactive oxygen species, glutathione peroxidase. Because they are activated by small molecules, ERs are excellent targets for pharmaceuticals. ERα antagonists have been used for many years in the treatment of breast cancer and more recently pharmaceutical companies have produced agonists which are very selective for ERα or ERβ. ERβ agonists are being considered for preventing progression of cancer, treatment of anxiety and depression, as anti-inflammatory agents and as agents, which prevent or reduce the severity of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prasenjit Dey
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, University of Houston, 3605 Cullen Blvd, Science and Engineering Research Center Bldg 545, Houston, Texas 77204-5056, USA Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Novum, S-141 57 Huddinge, Sweden
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De Vadder F, Gautier-Stein A, Mithieux G. Satiety and the role of μ-opioid receptors in the portal vein. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2013; 13:959-63. [PMID: 24095601 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2013.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2013] [Revised: 08/20/2013] [Accepted: 09/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Mu-opioid receptors (MORs) are known to influence food intake at the brain level, through their involvement in the food reward system. MOR agonists stimulate food intake. On the other hand, MOR antagonists suppress food intake. MORs are also active in peripheral organs, especially in the small intestine where they control the gut motility. Recently, an indirect role in the control of food intake was ascribed to MORs in the extrinsic gastrointestinal neural system. MORs present in the neurons of the portal vein walls sense blood peptides released from the digestion of dietary protein. These peptides behave as MOR antagonists. Their MOR antagonist action initiates a gut-brain circuitry resulting in the induction of intestinal gluconeogenesis, a function controlling food intake. Thus, periportal MORs are a key mechanistic link in the satiety effect of protein-enriched diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filipe De Vadder
- Inserm U855, Lyon, France; Université Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, France; Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
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15
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Mithieux G. Nutrient control of hunger by extrinsic gastrointestinal neurons. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2013; 24:378-84. [PMID: 23714040 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2013.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2013] [Revised: 04/19/2013] [Accepted: 04/24/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The neural sensing of nutrients during food digestion plays a key role in the regulation of hunger. Recent data have emphasized that the extrinsic gastrointestinal nervous system is preponderant in this phenomenon and in its translation to the control of food intake by the central nervous system (CNS). Nutrient sensing by the extrinsic gastrointestinal nervous system may account for the satiation induced by food lipids, the satiety initiated by food protein, and for the rapid benefits of gastric bypass surgeries on both glucose and energy homeostasis. Thus, this recent knowledge provides novel examples of the mechanisms that control food intake and body weight, and this might pave the way for future approaches to the prevention and/or treatment of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilles Mithieux
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unité 855, Faculté de Médecine Lyon-Est 'Laennec', 69372 Lyon CEDEX 08, France.
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Vergnaud AC, Norat T, Mouw T, Romaguera D, May AM, Bueno-de-Mesquita HB, van der A D, Agudo A, Wareham N, Khaw KT, Romieu I, Freisling H, Slimani N, Perquier F, Boutron-Ruault MC, Clavel-Chapelon F, Palli D, Berrino F, Mattiello A, Tumino R, Ricceri F, Rodríguez L, Molina-Montes E, Amiano P, Barricarte A, Chirlaque MD, Crowe FL, Orfanos P, Naska A, Trichopoulou A, Teucher B, Kaaks R, Boeing H, Buijsse B, Johansson I, Hallmans G, Drake I, Sonestedt E, Jakobsen MU, Overvad K, Tjønneland A, Halkjær J, Skeie G, Braaten T, Lund E, Riboli E, Peeters PHM. Macronutrient composition of the diet and prospective weight change in participants of the EPIC-PANACEA study. PLoS One 2013; 8:e57300. [PMID: 23472080 PMCID: PMC3589445 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0057300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2012] [Accepted: 01/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The effect of the macronutrient composition of the usual diet on long term weight maintenance remains controversial. METHODS 373,803 subjects aged 25-70 years were recruited in 10 European countries (1992-2000) in the PANACEA project of the EPIC cohort. Diet was assessed at baseline using country-specific validated questionnaires and weight and height were measured at baseline and self-reported at follow-up in most centers. The association between weight change after 5 years of follow-up and the iso-energetic replacement of 5% of energy from one macronutrient by 5% of energy from another macronutrient was assessed using multivariate linear mixed-models. The risk of becoming overweight or obese after 5 years was investigated using multivariate Poisson regressions stratified according to initial Body Mass Index. RESULTS A higher proportion of energy from fat at the expense of carbohydrates was not significantly associated with weight change after 5 years. However, a higher proportion of energy from protein at the expense of fat was positively associated with weight gain. A higher proportion of energy from protein at the expense of carbohydrates was also positively associated with weight gain, especially when carbohydrates were rich in fibre. The association between percentage of energy from protein and weight change was slightly stronger in overweight participants, former smokers, participants ≥60 years old, participants underreporting their energy intake and participants with a prudent dietary pattern. Compared to diets with no more than 14% of energy from protein, diets with more than 22% of energy from protein were associated with a 23-24% higher risk of becoming overweight or obese in normal weight and overweight subjects at baseline. CONCLUSION Our results show that participants consuming an amount of protein above the protein intake recommended by the American Diabetes Association may experience a higher risk of becoming overweight or obese during adult life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Claire Vergnaud
- Department of Epidemiology & Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.
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Shi H, Kumar SPDS, Liu X. G protein-coupled estrogen receptor in energy homeostasis and obesity pathogenesis. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2013; 114:193-250. [PMID: 23317786 PMCID: PMC3632385 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-386933-3.00006-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Obesity and its related metabolic diseases have reached a pandemic level worldwide. There are sex differences in the prevalence of obesity and its related metabolic diseases, with men being more vulnerable than women; however, the prevalence of these disorders increases dramatically in women after menopause, suggesting that sex steroid hormone estrogens play key protective roles against development of obesity and metabolic diseases. Estrogens are important regulators of several aspects of metabolism, including body weight and body fat, caloric intake and energy expenditure, and glucose and lipid metabolism in both males and females. Estrogens act in complex ways on their nuclear estrogen receptors (ERs) ERα and ERβ and transmembrane ERs such as G protein-coupled estrogen receptor. Genetic tools, such as different lines of knockout mouse models, and pharmacological agents, such as selective agonists and antagonists, are available to study function and signaling mechanisms of ERs. We provide an overview of the evidence for the physiological and cellular actions of ERs in estrogen-dependent processes in the context of energy homeostasis and body fat regulation and discuss its pathology that leads to obesity and related metabolic states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haifei Shi
- Department of Biology, Center for Physiology and Neuroscience, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio, USA
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Food intake adaptation to dietary fat involves PSA-dependent rewiring of the arcuate melanocortin system in mice. J Neurosci 2012; 32:11970-9. [PMID: 22933782 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0624-12.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Hormones such as leptin and ghrelin can rapidly rewire hypothalamic feeding circuits when injected into rodent brains. These experimental manipulations suggest that the hypothalamus might reorganize continually in adulthood to integrate the metabolic status of the whole body. In this study, we examined whether hypothalamic plasticity occurs in naive animals according to their nutritional conditions. For this purpose, we fed mice with a short-term high-fat diet (HFD) and assessed brain remodeling through its molecular and functional signature. We found that HFD for 3 d rewired the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus, increasing the anorexigenic tone due to activated pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) neurons. We identified the polysialic acid molecule (PSA) as a mediator of the diet-induced rewiring of arcuate POMC. Moreover, local pharmacological inhibition and genetic disruption of the PSA signaling limits the behavioral and metabolic adaptation to HFD, as treated mice failed to normalize energy intake and showed increased body weight gain after the HFD challenge. Altogether, these findings reveal the existence of physiological hypothalamic rewiring involved in the homeostatic response to dietary fat. Furthermore, defects in the hypothalamic plasticity-driven adaptive response to HFD are obesogenic and could be involved in the development of metabolic diseases.
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Peripheral and central mechanisms involved in the control of food intake by dietary amino acids and proteins. Nutr Res Rev 2012; 25:29-39. [PMID: 22643031 DOI: 10.1017/s0954422411000175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The present review summarises current knowledge and recent findings on the modulation of appetite by dietary protein, via both peripheral and central mechanisms. Of the three macronutrients, proteins are recognised as the strongest inhibitor of food intake. The well-recognised poor palatability of proteins is not the principal mechanism explaining the decrease in high-protein (HP) diet intake. Consumption of a HP diet does not induce conditioned food aversion, but rather experience-enhanced satiety. Amino acid consumption is detected by multiple and redundant mechanisms originating from visceral (during digestion) and metabolic (inter-prandial period) sources, recorded both directly and indirectly (mainly vagus-mediated) by the central nervous system (CNS). Peripherally, the satiating effect of dietary proteins appears to be mediated by anorexigenic gut peptides, principally cholecystokinin, glucagon-like peptide-1 and peptide YY. In the CNS, HP diets trigger the activation of noradrenergic and adrenergic neurons in the nucleus of the solitary tract and melanocortin neurons in the arcuate nucleus. Additionally, there is evidence that circulating leucine levels may modulate food intake. Leucine is associated with neural mechanisms involving mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), energy sensors active in the control of energy intake, at least in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus. In addition, HP diets inhibit the activation of opioid and GABAergic neurons in the nucleus accumbens, and thus inhibit food intake by reducing the hedonic response to food, presumably because of their low palatability. Future studies should concentrate on studying the adaptation of different neural circuits following the ingestion of protein diets.
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Naville D, Duchampt A, Vigier M, Oursel D, Lessire R, Poirier H, Niot I, Bégeot M, Besnard P, Mithieux G. Link between intestinal CD36 ligand binding and satiety induced by a high protein diet in mice. PLoS One 2012; 7:e30686. [PMID: 22295104 PMCID: PMC3266275 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0030686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2011] [Accepted: 12/21/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
CD36 is a ubiquitous membrane glycoprotein that binds long-chain fatty acids. The presence of a functional CD36 is required for the induction of satiety by a lipid load and its role as a lipid receptor driving cellular signal has recently been demonstrated. Our project aimed to further explore the role of intestinal CD36 in the regulation of food intake. Duodenal infusions of vehicle or sulfo-N-succinimidyl-oleate (SSO) was performed prior to acute infusions of saline or Intralipid (IL) in mice. Infusion of minute quantities of IL induced a decrease in food intake (FI) compared to saline. Infusion of SSO had the same effect but no additive inhibitory effect was observed in presence of IL. No IL- or SSO-mediated satiety occurred in CD36-null mice. To determine whether the CD36-mediated hypophagic effect of lipids was maintained in animals fed a satietogen diet, mice were subjected to a High-Protein diet (HPD). Concomitantly with the satiety effect, a rise in intestinal CD36 gene expression was observed. No satiety effect occurred in CD36-null mice. HPD-fed WT mice showed a diminished FI compared to control mice, after saline duodenal infusion. But there was no further decrease after lipid infusion. The lipid-induced decrease in FI observed on control mice was accompanied by a rise in jejunal oleylethanolamide (OEA). Its level was higher in HPD-fed mice than in controls after saline infusion and was not changed by lipids. Overall, we demonstrate that lipid binding to intestinal CD36 is sufficient to produce a satiety effect. Moreover, it could participate in the satiety effect induced by HPD. Intestine can modulate FI by several mechanisms including an increase in OEA production and CD36 gene expression. Furthermore, intestine of mice adapted to HPD have a diminished capacity to modulate their food intake in response to dietary lipids.
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Barros RPA, Gustafsson JÅ. Estrogen receptors and the metabolic network. Cell Metab 2011; 14:289-99. [PMID: 21907136 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2011.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 298] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2011] [Revised: 06/20/2011] [Accepted: 07/11/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The metabolic syndrome has reached pandemic level worldwide, and evidence is that estradiol plays a key role in its development. The discovery of the second estrogen receptor, ERβ, in tissues previously not considered targets of estradiol was a breakthrough in endocrinology. In the present review, we discuss how the presence of ERβ and the previously described ERα in tissues involved in glucose and lipid homeostasis (brain, skeletal muscle, adipose tissue, pancreas, liver, and heart) may have important implications to risk factors associated with the metabolic syndrome. Imbalance of ERα/ERβ ratio in this "metabolic network" may lead to the metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo P A Barros
- Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, Department of Cell Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77004, USA.
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