1
|
Elhessy HM, Berika M, Salem YG, El-Desoky MM, Eldesoqui M, Mostafa N, Habotta OA, Lashine NH. Therapeutic effects of intermittent fasting on high-fat, high-fructose diet; involvement of jejunal aquaporin 1, 3, and 7. Heliyon 2024; 10:e28436. [PMID: 38560252 PMCID: PMC10979098 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e28436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Aquaporins (AQPs) are transmembrane channel proteins. Aquaporin 1 (AQP1), Aquaporin 3 (AQP3), and Aquaporin 7 (AQP7) are expressed in the jejunum. The purpose of this study was to ascertain how a high-fat high-fructose diet (HFFD) and intermittent fasting (IF) affect AQP1, AQP3, and AQP7 expression in the rat jejunum. Methods Sixteen adult male rats were divided into control rats (n = 4) fed on a basal diet and water ad libitum for 12 weeks; IF control rats (n = 4) followed the IF protocol, HFFD-fed rats (n = 8) fed HFFD for eight weeks, and rats were randomized into two groups: HFFD only or HFFD and IF protocol from the beginning of the 9th week until the end of the experiment. The lipid profile values were assessed after 12 weeks. Jejunal oxidative markers (malondialdehyde and reduced glutathione) and AQP1, AQP3, and AQP7 mRNA expression were measured. Jejunal sections were used for morphometric analysis of villus length and crypt depth. Immunohistochemical evaluation of AQP1, AQP3, and AQP7 expression was also performed. Results IF ameliorates HFFD-induced lipid profile, oxidative stress, and jejunal morphometric changes. The results of both mRNA expression using PCR and immunohistochemistry showed a significant increase in AQP1, AQP3, and AQP7 expression in HFFD, whereas IF caused a decline in this expression. Conclusion These findings suggest that IF can reduce inflammation, and oxidative stress and restore jejunal morphology caused by HFFD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Heba M. Elhessy
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, 35516, Egypt
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, New Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Berika
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, 35516, Egypt
- Department of Rehabilitation Science, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yassmin G. Salem
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, 35516, Egypt
| | - Manal M. El-Desoky
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, 35516, Egypt
| | - Mamdouh Eldesoqui
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, 35516, Egypt
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, AlMaarefa University, Diriyah, 13713, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nora Mostafa
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, 35516, Egypt
| | - Ola A. Habotta
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, 35516, Egypt
| | - Nermeen H. Lashine
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, 35516, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Adaptation to short-term extreme fat consumption alters intestinal lipid handling in male and female mice. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2022; 1867:159208. [PMID: 35926775 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2022.159208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The small intestine is a highly adaptable organ serving as both a barrier to the external environment and a conduit for nutrient absorption. Enterocytes package dietary triglycerides (TG) into chylomicrons for transport into circulation; the remaining TGs are stored in cytosolic lipid droplets (CLDs). The current study aimed to characterize the impact of diet composition on intestinal lipid handling in male and female wild-type mice. Mice were continued on their grain-based diet (GBD) and switched to a high-fat, high cholesterol Western-style diet (WD) or a ketogenic diet (KD) for 3 or 5 weeks. KD-fed mice displayed significantly higher plasma TG levels in response to an olive oil gavage than WD- and GBD-fed mice; TG levels were ~2-fold higher in male KD-fed mice than female KD-fed mice. Poloxamer-407 experiments revealed enhanced intestinal-TG secretion rates in male mice fed a KD upon olive oil gavage, whereas secretion rates were unchanged in female mice. Surprisingly, jejunal CLD size and TG mass after oil gavage were similar among the groups. At fasting, TG mass was significantly higher in the jejunum of male KD-fed mice and the duodenum of female KD-fed mice, providing increased substrate for chylomicron formation. In addition to greater fasting intestinal TG stores, KD-fed male mice displayed longer small intestinal lengths, while female mice displayed markedly longer jejunal villi lengths. After 5 week of diet, 12 h fasting-2 h refeeding experiments revealed jejunal TG levels were similar between diet groups in male mice; however, in female mice, jejunal TG mass was significantly higher in KD-fed mice compared to GBD- and WD-fed mice. These experiments reveal that KD feeding promotes distinct morphological and functional changes to the small intestine compared to the WD diet. Moreover, changes to intestinal lipid handling in response to carbohydrate and protein restriction manifest differently in male and female mice.
Collapse
|
3
|
Zhang Q, Xiao X, Zheng J, Li M, Yu M, Ping F, Wang T, Wang X. Maternal sitagliptin treatment attenuates offspring glucose metabolism and intestinal proinflammatory cytokines IL-6 and TNF-α expression in male rats. PeerJ 2020; 8:e10310. [PMID: 33240638 PMCID: PMC7666563 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.10310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence shows that maternal overnutrition may increase the risk of diabetes in offspring. We hypothesized that maternal sitagliptin intervention may improve glucose intolerance through gut targeting. Female Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were fed a normal diet (ND) or a high-fat diet (HFD) for 4 weeks before mating. ND pregnant rats were divided into two subgroups: ND group (ND alone) and the ND-sitagliptin group (ND combined with 10 mg/kg/day sitagliptin treatment). HFD pregnant rats were randomized to one of two groups: HFD group (HFD alone) and the HFD-sitagliptin group (HFD combined with 10 mg/kg/day sitagliptin treatment) during pregnancy and lactation. Glucose metabolism was assessed in offspring at weaning. Intestinal gene expression levels were investigated. Maternal sitagliptin intervention moderated glucose intolerance and insulin resistance in male pups. Moreover, maternal sitagliptin treatment inhibited offspring disordered intestinal expression of proinflammatory markers, including interleukin-6 (Il6), ll1b, and tumor necrosis factor (Tnf), at weaning and reduced intestinal IL-6, TNF-α expression by immunohistochemical staining and serum IL-6, TNF-α levels. However, maternal sitagliptin intervention did not affect offspring serum anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 level. Our results are the first to show that maternal sitagliptin intervention moderated glucose metabolism in male offspring. It may be involved with moderating intestinal IL-6 and TNF-α expression in male rat offspring.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Endocrinology, Ministry of Health, Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xinhua Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Endocrinology, Ministry of Health, Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jia Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Endocrinology, Ministry of Health, Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ming Li
- Key Laboratory of Endocrinology, Ministry of Health, Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Miao Yu
- Key Laboratory of Endocrinology, Ministry of Health, Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Fan Ping
- Key Laboratory of Endocrinology, Ministry of Health, Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Tong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Endocrinology, Ministry of Health, Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaojing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Endocrinology, Ministry of Health, Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Gil-Zamorano J, Tomé-Carneiro J, Lopez de Las Hazas MC, Del Pozo-Acebo L, Crespo MC, Gómez-Coronado D, Chapado LA, Herrera E, Latasa MJ, Ruiz-Roso MB, Castro-Camarero M, Briand O, Dávalos A. Intestinal miRNAs regulated in response to dietary lipids. Sci Rep 2020; 10:18921. [PMID: 33144601 PMCID: PMC7642330 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-75751-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of miRNAs in intestinal lipid metabolism is poorly described. The small intestine is constantly exposed to high amounts of dietary lipids, and it is under conditions of stress that the functions of miRNAs become especially pronounced. Approaches consisting in either a chronic exposure to cholesterol and triglyceride rich diets (for several days or weeks) or an acute lipid challenge were employed in the search for intestinal miRNAs with a potential role in lipid metabolism regulation. According to our results, changes in miRNA expression in response to fat ingestion are dependent on factors such as time upon exposure, gender and small intestine section. Classic and recent intestinal in vitro models (i.e. differentiated Caco-2 cells and murine organoids) partially mirror miRNA modulation in response to lipid challenges in vivo. Moreover, intestinal miRNAs might play a role in triglyceride absorption and produce changes in lipid accumulation in intestinal tissues as seen in a generated intestinal Dicer1-deletion murine model. Overall, despite some variability between the different experimental cohorts and in vitro models, results show that some miRNAs analysed here are modulated in response to dietary lipids, hence likely to participate in the regulation of lipid metabolism, and call for further research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Judit Gil-Zamorano
- Laboratory of Epigenetics of Lipid Metabolism, Madrid Institute for Advanced Studies Food (IMDEA Food), CEI UAM + CSIC, Carretera de Canto Blanco, 8, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - João Tomé-Carneiro
- Laboratory of Functional Foods, Madrid Institute for Advanced Studies Food (IMDEA Food), CEI UAM CSIC, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - María-Carmen Lopez de Las Hazas
- Laboratory of Epigenetics of Lipid Metabolism, Madrid Institute for Advanced Studies Food (IMDEA Food), CEI UAM + CSIC, Carretera de Canto Blanco, 8, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Lorena Del Pozo-Acebo
- Laboratory of Epigenetics of Lipid Metabolism, Madrid Institute for Advanced Studies Food (IMDEA Food), CEI UAM + CSIC, Carretera de Canto Blanco, 8, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - M Carmen Crespo
- Laboratory of Functional Foods, Madrid Institute for Advanced Studies Food (IMDEA Food), CEI UAM CSIC, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Diego Gómez-Coronado
- Servicio de Bioquímica-Investigación, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, IRYCIS, 28034, Madrid, Spain.,Centre of Biomedical Research in Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis A Chapado
- Laboratory of Epigenetics of Lipid Metabolism, Madrid Institute for Advanced Studies Food (IMDEA Food), CEI UAM + CSIC, Carretera de Canto Blanco, 8, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Emilio Herrera
- Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry, Faculties of Pharmacy and Medicine, Universidad San Pablo CEU, 28668, Madrid, Spain
| | - María-Jesús Latasa
- Laboratory of Epigenetics of Lipid Metabolism, Madrid Institute for Advanced Studies Food (IMDEA Food), CEI UAM + CSIC, Carretera de Canto Blanco, 8, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Belén Ruiz-Roso
- Laboratory of Epigenetics of Lipid Metabolism, Madrid Institute for Advanced Studies Food (IMDEA Food), CEI UAM + CSIC, Carretera de Canto Blanco, 8, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mónica Castro-Camarero
- Servicio de Cirugía Experimental, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, IRYCIS, 28034, Madrid, Spain
| | - Olivier Briand
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1011-EGID, Lille, 59000, France
| | - Alberto Dávalos
- Laboratory of Epigenetics of Lipid Metabolism, Madrid Institute for Advanced Studies Food (IMDEA Food), CEI UAM + CSIC, Carretera de Canto Blanco, 8, 28049, Madrid, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Wallenius V, Elias E, Elebring E, Haisma B, Casselbrant A, Larraufie P, Spak E, Reimann F, le Roux CW, Docherty NG, Gribble FM, Fändriks L. Suppression of enteroendocrine cell glucagon-like peptide (GLP)-1 release by fat-induced small intestinal ketogenesis: a mechanism targeted by Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery but not by preoperative very-low-calorie diet. Gut 2020; 69:1423-1431. [PMID: 31753852 PMCID: PMC7347417 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2019-319372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Revised: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Food intake normally stimulates release of satiety and insulin-stimulating intestinal hormones, such as glucagon-like peptide (GLP)-1. This response is blunted in obese insulin resistant subjects, but is rapidly restored following Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) surgery. We hypothesised this to be a result of the metabolic changes taking place in the small intestinal mucosa following the anatomical rearrangement after RYGB surgery, and aimed at identifying such mechanisms. DESIGN Jejunal mucosa biopsies from patients undergoing RYGB surgery were retrieved before and after very-low calorie diet, at time of surgery and 6 months postoperatively. Samples were analysed by global protein expression analysis and Western blotting. Biological functionality of these findings was explored in mice and enteroendocrine cells (EECs) primary mouse jejunal cell cultures. RESULTS The most prominent change found after RYGB was decreased jejunal expression of the rate-limiting ketogenic enzyme mitochondrial 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA synthase (mHMGCS), corroborated by decreased ketone body levels. In mice, prolonged high-fat feeding induced the expression of mHMGCS and functional ketogenesis in jejunum. The effect of ketone bodies on gut peptide secretion in EECs showed a ∼40% inhibition of GLP-1 release compared with baseline. CONCLUSION Intestinal ketogenesis is induced by high-fat diet and inhibited by RYGB surgery. In cell culture, ketone bodies inhibited GLP-1 release from EECs. Thus, we suggest that this may be a mechanism by which RYGB can remove the inhibitory effect of ketone bodies on EECs, thereby restituting the responsiveness of EECs resulting in increased meal-stimulated levels of GLP-1 after surgery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ville Wallenius
- Department of Gastrosurgical Research and Education, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, Sahlgrenska University Hospital/Sahlgrenska, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden .,Department of Surgery, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, Sahlgrenska University Hospital/Östra, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Erik Elias
- Department of Gastrosurgical Research and Education, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, Sahlgrenska University Hospital/Sahlgrenska, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden,Department of Surgery, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, Sahlgrenska University Hospital/Sahlgrenska, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Erik Elebring
- Department of Gastrosurgical Research and Education, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, Sahlgrenska University Hospital/Sahlgrenska, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Bauke Haisma
- Metabolic Research Laboratories, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Anna Casselbrant
- Department of Gastrosurgical Research and Education, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, Sahlgrenska University Hospital/Sahlgrenska, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Pierre Larraufie
- Metabolic Research Laboratories, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Emma Spak
- Department of Gastrosurgical Research and Education, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, Sahlgrenska University Hospital/Sahlgrenska, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Frank Reimann
- Metabolic Research Laboratories, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Carel W le Roux
- Diabetes Complications Research Centre, Conway Institute, University College of Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Neil G Docherty
- Diabetes Complications Research Centre, Conway Institute, University College of Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Fiona M Gribble
- Metabolic Research Laboratories, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Lars Fändriks
- Department of Gastrosurgical Research and Education, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, Sahlgrenska University Hospital/Sahlgrenska, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Benis N, Wells JM, Smits MA, Kar SK, van der Hee B, Dos Santos VAPM, Suarez-Diez M, Schokker D. High-level integration of murine intestinal transcriptomics data highlights the importance of the complement system in mucosal homeostasis. BMC Genomics 2019; 20:1028. [PMID: 31888466 PMCID: PMC6937694 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-019-6390-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The mammalian intestine is a complex biological system that exhibits functional plasticity in its response to diverse stimuli to maintain homeostasis. To improve our understanding of this plasticity, we performed a high-level data integration of 14 whole-genome transcriptomics datasets from samples of intestinal mouse mucosa. We used the tool Centrality based Pathway Analysis (CePa), along with information from the Reactome database. Results The results show an integrated response of the mouse intestinal mucosa to challenges with agents introduced orally that were expected to perturb homeostasis. We observed that a common set of pathways respond to different stimuli, of which the most reactive was the Regulation of Complement Cascade pathway. Altered expression of the Regulation of Complement Cascade pathway was verified in mouse organoids challenged with different stimuli in vitro. Conclusions Results of the integrated transcriptomics analysis and data driven experiment suggest an important role of epithelial production of complement and host complement defence factors in the maintenance of homeostasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nirupama Benis
- Host Microbe Interactomics, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands. .,Systems and Synthetic Biology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Jerry M Wells
- Host Microbe Interactomics, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Mari A Smits
- Host Microbe Interactomics, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands.,Wageningen Livestock Research, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands.,Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Soumya Kanti Kar
- Host Microbe Interactomics, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands.,Wageningen Livestock Research, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Bart van der Hee
- Host Microbe Interactomics, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Vitor A P Martins Dos Santos
- Systems and Synthetic Biology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands.,LifeGlimmer GmbH, Berlin, Germany
| | - Maria Suarez-Diez
- Systems and Synthetic Biology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Dirkjan Schokker
- Wageningen Livestock Research, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Stahel P, Xiao C, Davis X, Tso P, Lewis GF. Glucose and GLP-2 (Glucagon-Like Peptide-2) Mobilize Intestinal Triglyceride by Distinct Mechanisms. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2019; 39:1565-1573. [PMID: 31294621 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.119.313011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Dietary triglycerides are partially retained in the intestine within intracellular or extracellular compartments, which can be rapidly mobilized in response to several stimuli, including glucose and GLP-2 (glucagon-like peptide-2). To elucidate the mechanism of intestinal lipid mobilization, this study examined the patterns and time course of lymph flow and triglycerides after glucose and GLP-2 treatment in rats. Approach and Results: Lymph flow, triglyceride concentration, and triglyceride output were assessed in mesenteric lymph duct-cannulated rats in response to an intraduodenal (i.d.) lipid bolus followed 5 hours later by either (1) i.d. saline+intraperitoneal (i.p.) saline (placebo), (2) i.d. glucose plus i.p. saline, (3) i.d. saline+i.p. GLP-2, or (4) i.d. glucose+i.p. GLP-2. GLP-2 and glucose administered alone or in combination stimulated total triglyceride output to a similar extent, but the timing and pattern of stimulation differed markedly. Whereas GLP-2 rapidly increased lymph flow with no effect on lymph triglyceride concentration or triglyceride:apoB48 (apolipoprotein B48) ratio (a surrogate marker of chylomicron size) compared with placebo, glucose transiently decreased lymph flow followed by delayed stimulation of lymph flow and increased lymph triglyceride concentration and triglyceride:apoB48 ratio. CONCLUSIONS Glucose and GLP-2 robustly enhanced intestinal triglyceride output in rats but with different effects on lymph flow, lymph triglyceride concentration, and chylomicron size. GLP-2 stimulated triglyceride output primarily by enhancing lymph flow with no effect on chylomicron size, whereas glucose mobilized intestinal triglycerides, stimulating secretion of larger chylomicrons. This suggests that these 2 stimuli mobilize intestinal lipid by different mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Priska Stahel
- From the Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine and Physiology, Banting & Best Diabetes Centre, University of Toronto, ON, Canada (P.S., C.X., G.F.L.)
| | - Changting Xiao
- From the Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine and Physiology, Banting & Best Diabetes Centre, University of Toronto, ON, Canada (P.S., C.X., G.F.L.)
| | - Xenia Davis
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Cincinnati, OH (X.D., P.T.)
| | - Patrick Tso
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Cincinnati, OH (X.D., P.T.)
| | - Gary F Lewis
- From the Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine and Physiology, Banting & Best Diabetes Centre, University of Toronto, ON, Canada (P.S., C.X., G.F.L.)
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Zhou W, Davis EA, Dailey MJ. Obesity, independent of diet, drives lasting effects on intestinal epithelial stem cell proliferation in mice. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2019; 243:826-835. [PMID: 29932373 DOI: 10.1177/1535370218777762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The intestinal epithelium plays an essential role in nutrient absorption, hormone release, and barrier function. Maintenance of the epithelium is driven by continuous cell renewal by intestinal epithelial stem cells located in the intestinal crypts. Obesity affects this process and results in changes in the size and function of the tissue. Because both the amount of food intake and the composition of the diet are contributing factors to developing and maintaining obesity, it is necessary to tease apart the separate contributions of obesity versus the type/amount of diet in driving the epithelial changes. C57BL/6J mice were fed a 60% high-fat diet versus a 10% low-fat diet for three months. A pair fed group was included (mice were fed with high-fat diet, but in equal kcal as that eaten by the low-fat diet- fed mice to keep them lean). We investigated the differences in (1) crypt-villus morphology in vivo, (2) the number and function of differentiated epithelial cell types in vivo, and (3) lasting effects on intestinal epithelial stem cell proliferation and growth in vitro. We found that high-fat diet-induced obesity, independent of the high-fat diet, increased crypt depth, villus height, the number of intestinal epithelial stem cells and goblet cells in vivo, and enhanced the size of the enterospheres developed from isolated IESCs in vitro. In addition, there is an interaction of obesity, type of diet, and availability of the diet (pair fed versus ad libitum) on protein and mRNA expression of alkaline phosphatase (an enzyme of enterocytes). These results suggest that high-fat diet-induced obesity, independent of the high-fat diet, induces lasting effects on intestinal epithelial stem cell proliferation, and drives the differentiation into goblet cells, but an interaction of obesity and diet drives alterations in the function of the enterocytes. Impact statement This study investigates whether obesity or the type/amount of diet differentially alters the proliferation, differentiation, growth, and function of the intestinal epithelial tissue. Although diet-induced obesity is known to alter the growth and function of the epithelium in vivo and cause lasting effects in intestinal epithelial stem cells (IESCs) in vitro, we are the first to tease apart the separate contributions of obesity versus the type/amount of diet in these processes. We found that high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity, independent of the HFD, drives lasting effects on IESC proliferation and differentiation into goblet cells, which may contribute to the growth of the epithelium. In addition, there is an interaction of obesity, type of diet, and availability of the diet (PF versus ad libitum) on the function of enterocytes. Identification of the factors driving the epithelial changes may provide new therapeutic strategies to control altered tissue growth and function associated with obesity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weinan Zhou
- 1 Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Davis
- 2 Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Megan J Dailey
- 1 Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.,2 Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Sinha N, Suarez-Diez M, Hooiveld GJEJ, Keijer J, Martin Dos Santos V, van Schothorst EM. A Constraint-Based Model Analysis of Enterocyte Mitochondrial Adaptation to Dietary Interventions of Lipid Type and Lipid Load. Front Physiol 2018; 9:749. [PMID: 29962969 PMCID: PMC6013923 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Computational modeling of mitochondrial adaptability and flexibility in the small intestine upon different nutritional exposures will provide insights that will help to define healthy diet interventions. Therefore, a murine enterocyte-specific mitochondrial constraint-based metabolic model (named MT_mmuENT127) was constructed and used to simulate mitochondrial behavior under different dietary conditions, representing various levels and composition of nutrients absorbed by the enterocytes in mice, primarily focusing on metabolic pathways. Our simulations predicted that increasing the fraction of marine fatty acids in the diet, or increasing the dietary lipid/carbohydrate ratio resulted in (i) an increase in mitochondrial fatty acid beta oxidation, and (ii) changes in only a limited subset of mitochondrial reactions, which appeared to be independent of gene expression regulation. Moreover, transcript levels of mitochondrial proteins suggested unaltered fusion–fission dynamics by an increased lipid/carbohydrates ratio or by increased fractions of marine fatty acids. In conclusion, our enterocytic mitochondrial constraint-based model was shown to be a suitable platform to investigate effects of dietary interventions on mitochondrial adaptation and provided novel and deeper insights in mitochondrial metabolism and regulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Neeraj Sinha
- Nutrition, Metabolism and Genomics, Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands.,Laboratory of Systems and Synthetic Biology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands.,Human and Animal Physiology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Maria Suarez-Diez
- Laboratory of Systems and Synthetic Biology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Guido J E J Hooiveld
- Nutrition, Metabolism and Genomics, Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Jaap Keijer
- Human and Animal Physiology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Vitor Martin Dos Santos
- Laboratory of Systems and Synthetic Biology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands.,LifeGlimmer GmbH, Berlin, Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Identification of the principal transcriptional regulators for low-fat and high-fat meal responsive genes in small intestine. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2017; 14:66. [PMID: 29075307 PMCID: PMC5654052 DOI: 10.1186/s12986-017-0221-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND High-fat (HF) diet is a well-known cause of obesity. To identify principle transcriptional regulators that could be therapeutic targets of obesity, we investigated transcriptomic modulation in the duodenal mucosa following low-fat (LF) and HF meal ingestion. METHODS Whereas one group of mice was sacrificed after fasting, the others were fed ad libitum with LF or HF meal, and sacrificed 30 min, 1 h and 3 h after the beginning of the meal. A transcriptome analysis of the duodenal mucosa of the 7 groups was conducted using both microarray and serial analysis of gene expression (SAGE) method followed by an Ingenuity Pathways Analysis (IPA). RESULTS SAGE and microarray showed that the modulation of a total of 896 transcripts in the duodenal mucosa after LF and/or HF meal, compared to the fasting condition. The IPA identified lipid metabolism, molecular transport, and small molecule biochemistry as top three molecular and cellular functions for the HF-responsive, HF-specific, HF-delay, and LF-HF different genes. Moreover, the top transcriptional regulator for the HF-responsive and HF-specific genes was peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα). On the other hand, the LF-responsive and LF-specific genes were related to carbohydrate metabolism, cellular function and maintenance, and cell death/cellular growth and proliferation, and the top transcriptional regulators were forkhead box protein O1 (FOXO1) and cAMP response element binding protein 1 (CREB1), respectively. CONCLUSIONS These results will help to understand the molecular mechanisms of intestinal response after LF and HF ingestions, and contribute to identify therapeutic targets for obesity and obesity-related diseases.
Collapse
|
11
|
Predicting the murine enterocyte metabolic response to diets that differ in lipid and carbohydrate composition. Sci Rep 2017; 7:8784. [PMID: 28821741 PMCID: PMC5562867 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-07350-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The small intestine serves as gatekeeper at the interface between body and diet and is thought to play an important role in the etiology of obesity and associated metabolic disorders. A computational modelling approach was used to improve our understanding of the metabolic responses of epithelial cells to different diets. A constraint based, mouse-specific enterocyte metabolic model (named mmu_ENT717) was constructed to describe the impact of four fully characterized semi-purified diets, that differed in lipid and carbohydrate composition, on uptake, metabolism, as well as secretion of carbohydrates and lipids. Our simulation results predicted luminal sodium as a limiting factor for active glucose absorption; necessity of apical localization of glucose transporter GLUT2 for absorption of all glucose in the postprandial state; potential for gluconeogenesis in enterocytes; and the requirement of oxygen for the formation of endogenous cholesterol needed for chylomicron formation under luminal cholesterol-free conditions. In addition, for a number of enzymopathies related to intestinal carbohydrate and lipid metabolism it was found that their effects might be ameliorated through dietary interventions. In conclusion, our improved enterocyte-specific model was shown to be a suitable platform to study effects of dietary interventions on enterocyte metabolism, and provided novel and deeper insights into enterocyte metabolism.
Collapse
|
12
|
Benis N, Kar SK, Martins Dos Santos VAP, Smits MA, Schokker D, Suarez-Diez M. Multi-Level Integration of Environmentally Perturbed Internal Phenotypes Reveals Key Points of Connectivity between Them. Front Physiol 2017; 8:388. [PMID: 28659815 PMCID: PMC5467433 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The genotype and external phenotype of organisms are linked by so-called internal phenotypes which are influenced by environmental conditions. In this study, we used five existing -omics datasets representing five different layers of internal phenotypes, which were simultaneously measured in dietarily perturbed mice. We performed 10 pair-wise correlation analyses verified with a null model built from randomized data. Subsequently, the inferred networks were merged and literature mined for co-occurrences of identified linked nodes. Densely connected internal phenotypes emerged. Forty-five nodes have links with all other data-types and we denote them “connectivity hubs.” In literature, we found proof of 6% of the 577 connections, suggesting a biological meaning for the observed correlations. The observed connectivities between metabolite and cytokines hubs showed higher numbers of literature hits as compared to the number of literature hits on the connectivities between the microbiota and gene expression internal phenotypes. We conclude that multi-level integrated networks may help to generate hypotheses and to design experiments aiming to further close the gap between genotype and phenotype. We describe and/or hypothesize on the biological relevance of four identified multi-level connectivity hubs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nirupama Benis
- Host Microbe Interactomics, Wageningen University & ResearchWageningen, Netherlands
| | - Soumya K Kar
- Host Microbe Interactomics, Wageningen University & ResearchWageningen, Netherlands
| | - Vitor A P Martins Dos Santos
- Systems and Synthetic Biology, Department of Agrotechnology and Food Sciences, Wageningen University & ResearchWageningen, Netherlands.,Lifeglimmer GmbHBerlin, Germany
| | - Mari A Smits
- Wageningen Livestock Research, Wageningen University & ResearchWageningen, Netherlands.,Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Wageningen University & ResearchWageningen, Netherlands
| | - Dirkjan Schokker
- Wageningen Livestock Research, Wageningen University & ResearchWageningen, Netherlands
| | - Maria Suarez-Diez
- Systems and Synthetic Biology, Department of Agrotechnology and Food Sciences, Wageningen University & ResearchWageningen, Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Steegenga WT, Mischke M, Lute C, Boekschoten MV, Lendvai A, Pruis MGM, Verkade HJ, van de Heijning BJM, Boekhorst J, Timmerman HM, Plösch T, Müller M, Hooiveld GJEJ. Maternal exposure to a Western-style diet causes differences in intestinal microbiota composition and gene expression of suckling mouse pups. Mol Nutr Food Res 2016; 61. [PMID: 27129739 PMCID: PMC5215441 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201600141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Revised: 03/25/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Scope The long‐lasting consequences of nutritional programming during the early phase of life have become increasingly evident. The effects of maternal nutrition on the developing intestine are still underexplored. Methods and results In this study, we observed (1) altered microbiota composition of the colonic luminal content, and (2) differential gene expression in the intestinal wall in 2‐week‐old mouse pups born from dams exposed to a Western‐style (WS) diet during the perinatal period. A sexually dimorphic effect was found for the differentially expressed genes in the offspring of WS diet‐exposed dams but no differences between male and female pups were found for the microbiota composition. Integrative analysis of the microbiota and gene expression data revealed that the maternal WS diet independently affected gene expression and microbiota composition. However, the abundance of bacterial families not affected by the WS diet (Bacteroidaceae, Porphyromonadaceae, and Lachnospiraceae) correlated with the expression of genes playing a key role in intestinal development and functioning (e.g. Pitx2 and Ace2). Conclusion Our data reveal that maternal consumption of a WS diet during the perinatal period alters both gene expression and microbiota composition in the intestinal tract of 2‐week‐old offspring.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wilma T Steegenga
- Nutrition, Metabolism, and Genomics Group, Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Mona Mischke
- Nutrition, Metabolism, and Genomics Group, Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Carolien Lute
- Nutrition, Metabolism, and Genomics Group, Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Mark V Boekschoten
- Nutrition, Metabolism, and Genomics Group, Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Agnes Lendvai
- Center for Liver, Digestive and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Maurien G M Pruis
- Center for Liver, Digestive and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Henkjan J Verkade
- Center for Liver, Digestive and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | - Torsten Plösch
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Michael Müller
- Nutrigenomics and Systems Nutrition, Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Guido J E J Hooiveld
- Nutrition, Metabolism, and Genomics Group, Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Clara R, Schumacher M, Ramachandran D, Fedele S, Krieger JP, Langhans W, Mansouri A. Metabolic Adaptation of the Small Intestine to Short- and Medium-Term High-Fat Diet Exposure. J Cell Physiol 2016; 232:167-75. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rosmarie Clara
- Physiology and Behavior Laboratory; ETH Zürich Switzerland
| | | | | | - Shahana Fedele
- Physiology and Behavior Laboratory; ETH Zürich Switzerland
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Nyima T, Müller M, Hooiveld GJEJ, Morine MJ, Scotti M. Nonlinear transcriptomic response to dietary fat intake in the small intestine of C57BL/6J mice. BMC Genomics 2016; 17:106. [PMID: 26861690 PMCID: PMC4748552 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-016-2424-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A high caloric diet, in conjunction with low levels of physical activity, promotes obesity. Many studies are available regarding the relation between dietary saturated fats and the etiology of obesity, but most focus on liver, muscle and white adipose tissue. Furthermore, the majority of transcriptomic studies seek to identify linear effects of an external stimulus on gene expression, although such an assumption does not necessarily hold. Our work assesses the dose-dependent effects of dietary fat intake on differential gene expression in the proximal, middle and distal sections of the small intestine in C57BL/6J mice. Gene expression is analyzed in terms of either linear or nonlinear responses to fat intake. RESULTS The highest number of differentially expressed genes was observed in the middle section. In all intestine sections, most of the identified processes exhibited a linear response to increasing fat intake. The relative importance of logarithmic and exponential responses was higher in the proximal and distal sections, respectively. Functional enrichment analysis highlighted a constantly linear regulation of acute-phase response along the whole small intestine, with up-regulation of Serpina1b. The study of gene expression showed that exponential down-regulation of cholesterol transport in the middle section is coupled with logarithmic up-regulation of cholesterol homeostasis. A shift from linear to exponential response was observed in genes involved in the negative regulation of caspase activity, from middle to distal section (e.g., Birc5, up-regulated). CONCLUSIONS The transcriptomic signature associated with inflammatory processes preserved a linear response in the whole small intestine (e.g., up-regulation of Serpina1b). Processes related to cholesterol homeostasis were particularly active in the middle small intestine and only the highest fat intake down-regulated cholesterol transport and efflux (with a key role played by the down-regulation of ATP binding cassette transporters). Characterization of nonlinear patterns of gene expression triggered by different levels of dietary fat is an absolute novelty in intestinal studies. This approach helps identifying which processes are overloaded (i.e., positive, logarithmic regulation) or arrested (i.e., negative, exponential regulation) in response to excessive fat intake, and can shed light on the relationships linking lipid intake to obesity and its associated molecular disturbances.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tenzin Nyima
- The Microsoft Research - University of Trento Centre for Computational and Systems Biology, Rovereto, Italy.
| | - Michael Müller
- Nutrition, Metabolism and Genomics group, Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands. .,Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK.
| | - Guido J E J Hooiveld
- Nutrition, Metabolism and Genomics group, Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Melissa J Morine
- The Microsoft Research - University of Trento Centre for Computational and Systems Biology, Rovereto, Italy.
| | - Marco Scotti
- The Microsoft Research - University of Trento Centre for Computational and Systems Biology, Rovereto, Italy. .,GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research, Kiel, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Buttet M, Poirier H, Traynard V, Gaire K, Tran TTT, Sundaresan S, Besnard P, Abumrad NA, Niot I. Deregulated Lipid Sensing by Intestinal CD36 in Diet-Induced Hyperinsulinemic Obese Mouse Model. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0145626. [PMID: 26727015 PMCID: PMC4703141 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0145626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The metabolic syndrome (MetS) greatly increases risk of cardiovascular disease and diabetes and is generally associated with abnormally elevated postprandial triglyceride levels. We evaluated intestinal synthesis of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins (TRL) in a mouse model of the MetS obtained by feeding a palm oil-rich high fat diet (HFD). By contrast to control mice, MetS mice secreted two populations of TRL. If the smaller size population represented 44% of total particles in the beginning of intestinal lipid absorption in MetS mice, it accounted for only 17% after 4 h due to the secretion of larger size TRL. The MetS mice displayed accentuated postprandial hypertriglyceridemia up to 3 h due to a defective TRL clearance. These alterations reflected a delay in lipid induction of genes for key proteins of TRL formation (MTP, L-FABP) and blood clearance (ApoC2). These abnormalities associated with blunted lipid sensing by CD36, which is normally required to optimize jejunal formation of large TRL. In MetS mice CD36 was not downregulated by lipid in contrast to control mice. Treatment of controls with the proteosomal inhibitor MG132, which prevented CD36 downregulation, resulted in blunted lipid-induction of MTP, L-FABP and ApoC2 gene expression, as in MetS mice. Absence of CD36 sensing was due to the hyperinsulinemia in MetS mice. Acute insulin treatment of controls before lipid administration abolished CD36 downregulation, lipid-induction of TRL genes and reduced postprandial triglycerides (TG), while streptozotocin-treatment of MetS mice restored lipid-induced CD36 degradation and TG secretion. In vitro, insulin treatment abolished CD36-mediated up-regulation of MTP in Caco-2 cells. In conclusion, HFD treatment impairs TRL formation in early stage of lipid absorption via insulin-mediated inhibition of CD36 lipid sensing. This impairment results in production of smaller TRL that are cleared slowly from the circulation, which might contribute to the reported association of CD36 variants with MetS risk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marjorie Buttet
- Physiologie de la Nutrition et Toxicologie (NUTox), UMR U866 INSERM/Université de Bourgogne/AgroSup Dijon, F-21000, Dijon, France
| | - Hélène Poirier
- Physiologie de la Nutrition et Toxicologie (NUTox), UMR U866 INSERM/Université de Bourgogne/AgroSup Dijon, F-21000, Dijon, France
| | - Véronique Traynard
- Physiologie de la Nutrition et Toxicologie (NUTox), UMR U866 INSERM/Université de Bourgogne/AgroSup Dijon, F-21000, Dijon, France
| | - Kévin Gaire
- Physiologie de la Nutrition et Toxicologie (NUTox), UMR U866 INSERM/Université de Bourgogne/AgroSup Dijon, F-21000, Dijon, France
| | - Thi Thu Trang Tran
- Physiologie de la Nutrition et Toxicologie (NUTox), UMR U866 INSERM/Université de Bourgogne/AgroSup Dijon, F-21000, Dijon, France
| | - Sinju Sundaresan
- Department of Medicine, Gastroenterology Division, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109, United States of America
| | - Philippe Besnard
- Physiologie de la Nutrition et Toxicologie (NUTox), UMR U866 INSERM/Université de Bourgogne/AgroSup Dijon, F-21000, Dijon, France
| | - Nada A. Abumrad
- Department of Medicine, Center for Human Nutrition, and Department of Cell Biology & Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, 63110, United States of America
| | - Isabelle Niot
- Physiologie de la Nutrition et Toxicologie (NUTox), UMR U866 INSERM/Université de Bourgogne/AgroSup Dijon, F-21000, Dijon, France
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
High vitamin D and calcium intakes increase bone mineral (Ca and P) content in high-fat diet-induced obese mice. Nutr Res 2015; 35:146-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2014.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2014] [Revised: 11/19/2014] [Accepted: 11/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
|
18
|
Hammond CL, Wheeler SG, Ballatori N, Hinkle PM. Ostα-/- mice are not protected from western diet-induced weight gain. Physiol Rep 2015; 3:3/1/e12263. [PMID: 25626867 PMCID: PMC4387766 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.12263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Organic solute transporterα‐OSTβ is a bile acid transporter important for bile acid recycling in the enterohepatic circulation. In comparison to wild‐type mice, Ostα−/− mice have a lower bile acid pool and increased fecal lipids and they are relatively resistant to age‐related weight gain and insulin resistance. These studies tested whether Ostα−/− mice are also protected from weight gain, lipid changes, and insulin resistance which are normally observed with a western‐style diet high in both fat and cholesterol (WD). Wild‐type and Ostα−/− mice were fed a WD, a control defined low‐fat diet (LF) or standard laboratory chow (CH). Surprisingly, although the Ostα−/− mice remained lighter on LF and CH diets, they weighed the same as wild‐type mice after 12 weeks on the WD even though bile acid pool levels remained low and fecal lipid excretion remained elevated. Mice of both genotypes excreted relatively less lipid when switched from CH to LF or WD. WD caused slightly greater changes in expression of genes involved in lipid transport in the small intestines of Ostα−/− mice than wild‐type, but the largest differences were between CH and defined diets. After WD feeding, Ostα−/− mice had lower serum cholesterol and hepatic lipids, but Ostα−/− and wild‐type mice had equivalent levels of muscle lipids and similar responses in glucose and insulin tolerance tests. Taken together, the results show that Ostα−/− mice are able to adapt to a western‐style diet despite low bile acid levels. Mice lacking the organic solute transporter (OST) have abnormally low bile acid pools and are resistant to age‐related weight gain. These experiments tested whether Ostα−/− mice are also resistant to western diet‐induced weight gain. Despite low bile acid pools and high fecal lipid excretion, Ostα−/− mice gained weight as rapidly as wild‐type mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christine L Hammond
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Sadie G Wheeler
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Nazzareno Ballatori
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Patricia M Hinkle
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Rochester School of Medicine, Rochester, New York, USA
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Andres SF, Santoro MA, Mah AT, Keku JA, Bortvedt AE, Blue RE, Lund PK. Deletion of intestinal epithelial insulin receptor attenuates high-fat diet-induced elevations in cholesterol and stem, enteroendocrine, and Paneth cell mRNAs. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2015; 308:G100-11. [PMID: 25394660 PMCID: PMC4297856 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00287.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The insulin receptor (IR) regulates nutrient uptake and utilization in multiple organs, but its role in the intestinal epithelium is not defined. This study developed a mouse model with villin-Cre (VC) recombinase-mediated intestinal epithelial cell (IEC)-specific IR deletion (VC-IR(Δ/Δ)) and littermate controls with floxed, but intact, IR (IR(fl/fl)) to define in vivo roles of IEC-IR in mice fed chow or high-fat diet (HFD). We hypothesized that loss of IEC-IR would alter intestinal growth, biomarkers of intestinal epithelial stem cells (IESC) or other lineages, body weight, adiposity, and glucose or lipid handling. In lean, chow-fed mice, IEC-IR deletion did not affect body or fat mass, plasma glucose, or IEC proliferation. In chow-fed VC-IR(Δ/Δ) mice, mRNA levels of the Paneth cell marker lysozyme (Lyz) were decreased, but markers of other differentiated lineages were unchanged. During HFD-induced obesity, IR(fl/fl) and VC-IR(Δ/Δ) mice exhibited similar increases in body and fat mass, plasma insulin, mRNAs encoding several lipid-handling proteins, a decrease in Paneth cell number, and impaired glucose tolerance. In IR(fl/fl) mice, HFD-induced obesity increased circulating cholesterol; numbers of chromogranin A (CHGA)-positive enteroendocrine cells (EEC); and mRNAs encoding Chga, glucose-dependent insulinotrophic peptide (Gip), glucagon (Gcg), Lyz, IESC biomarkers, and the enterocyte cholesterol transporter Scarb1. All these effects were attenuated or lost in VC-IR(Δ/Δ) mice. These results demonstrate that IEC-IR is not required for normal growth of the intestinal epithelium in lean adult mice. However, our findings provide novel evidence that, during HFD-induced obesity, IEC-IR contributes to increases in EEC, plasma cholesterol, and increased expression of Scarb1 or IESC-, EEC-, and Paneth cell-derived mRNAs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah F. Andres
- 1Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; and
| | - M. Agostina Santoro
- 1Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; and
| | - Amanda T. Mah
- 2Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - J. Adeola Keku
- 1Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; and
| | - Amy E. Bortvedt
- 1Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; and
| | - R. Eric Blue
- 1Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; and
| | - P. Kay Lund
- 1Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; and
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Traynard V, Thi Thu Tran T, Merlin J, Poirier H, Niot I. P212: CD36 est un recepteur qui contrôle la capacité d’absorption intestinale à la teneur en lipides du régime alimentaire. NUTR CLIN METAB 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/s0985-0562(14)70854-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
21
|
van der Wielen N, van Avesaat M, de Wit NJW, Vogels JTWE, Troost F, Masclee A, Koopmans SJ, van der Meulen J, Boekschoten MV, Müller M, Hendriks HFJ, Witkamp RF, Meijerink J. Cross-species comparison of genes related to nutrient sensing mechanisms expressed along the intestine. PLoS One 2014; 9:e107531. [PMID: 25216051 PMCID: PMC4162619 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0107531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2014] [Accepted: 08/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Intestinal chemosensory receptors and transporters are able to detect food-derived molecules and are involved in the modulation of gut hormone release. Gut hormones play an important role in the regulation of food intake and the control of gastrointestinal functioning. This mechanism is often referred to as "nutrient sensing". Knowledge of the distribution of chemosensors along the intestinal tract is important to gain insight in nutrient detection and sensing, both pivotal processes for the regulation of food intake. However, most knowledge is derived from rodents, whereas studies in man and pig are limited, and cross-species comparisons are lacking. AIM To characterize and compare intestinal expression patterns of genes related to nutrient sensing in mice, pigs and humans. METHODS Mucosal biopsy samples taken at six locations in human intestine (n = 40) were analyzed by qPCR. Intestinal scrapings from 14 locations in pigs (n = 6) and from 10 locations in mice (n = 4) were analyzed by qPCR and microarray, respectively. The gene expression of glucagon, cholecystokinin, peptide YY, glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor, taste receptor T1R3, sodium/glucose cotransporter, peptide transporter-1, GPR120, taste receptor T1R1, GPR119 and GPR93 was investigated. Partial least squares (PLS) modeling was used to compare the intestinal expression pattern between the three species. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION The studied genes were found to display specific expression patterns along the intestinal tract. PLS analysis showed a high similarity between human, pig and mouse in the expression of genes related to nutrient sensing in the distal ileum, and between human and pig in the colon. The gene expression pattern was most deviating between the species in the proximal intestine. Our results give new insights in interspecies similarities and provide new leads for translational research and models aiming to modulate food intake processes in man.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nikkie van der Wielen
- Top Institute Food and Nutrition, 9A, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Mark van Avesaat
- Top Institute Food and Nutrition, 9A, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, NUTRIM, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Nicole J. W. de Wit
- Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jack T. W. E. Vogels
- Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research, TNO, Zeist, The Netherlands
| | - Freddy Troost
- Top Institute Food and Nutrition, 9A, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, NUTRIM, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Ad Masclee
- Top Institute Food and Nutrition, 9A, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, NUTRIM, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Sietse-Jan Koopmans
- Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Animal Sciences Group, Wageningen University and Research centre, Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - Jan van der Meulen
- Animal Sciences Group, Wageningen University and Research centre, Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - Mark V. Boekschoten
- Top Institute Food and Nutrition, 9A, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Michael Müller
- Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Henk F. J. Hendriks
- Top Institute Food and Nutrition, 9A, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research, TNO, Zeist, The Netherlands
| | - Renger F. Witkamp
- Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jocelijn Meijerink
- Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Differential regulation of pancreatic digestive enzymes during chronic high-fat diet-induced obesity in C57BL/6J mice. Br J Nutr 2014; 112:154-61. [PMID: 24816161 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114514000816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Exocrine pancreatic digestive enzymes are essential for the digestion of dietary components and are regulated by them. Chronic excess dietary high fat (HF) consumption is a contributing factor of diet-induced obesity (DIO) and associated chronic diseases and requires adaptation by the pancreas. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of chronic HF diet feeding on exocrine pancreatic digestive enzyme transcript levels in DIO C57BL/6J mice. C57BL/6J mice were fed diets containing either 10 or 45% energy (E%) derived from fat for 12 weeks (n 10 mice per diet group). Pancreatic tissue and blood samples were collected at 0, 4 and 12 weeks. The expression of a panel of exocrine pancreatic digestive enzymes was analysed using quantitative RT-PCR and Western blot analysis. The HF (45 E%) diet-fed C57BL/6J mice developed obesity, hyperleptinaemia, hyperglycaemia and hyperinsulinaemia. The transcript levels of pancreatic lipase (PL), pancreatic lipase-related protein 2 (PLRP2) and pancreatic phospholipase A2 (PLA2) were initially elevated; however, they were down-regulated to basal control levels at week 12. The transcript levels of colipase were significantly affected by diet and time. The protein levels of PL and PLRP2 responded to HF diet feeding. The transcript levels of amylase and proteases were not significantly affected by diet and time. The transcript levels of specific lipases in hyperinsulinaemic, hyperleptinaemic and hyperglycaemic DIO C57BL/6J mice are down-regulated. However, these mice compensate for this by the post-transcriptional regulation of the levels of proteins that respond to dietary fat. This suggests a complex regulatory mechanism involved in the modulation of fat digestion.
Collapse
|
23
|
Duca FA, Sakar Y, Covasa M. The modulatory role of high fat feeding on gastrointestinal signals in obesity. J Nutr Biochem 2014; 24:1663-77. [PMID: 24041374 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2013.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2013] [Revised: 05/13/2013] [Accepted: 05/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The gastrointestinal (GI) tract is a specialized sensory system that detects and responds to constant changes in nutrient- and bacterial-derived intestinal signals, thus contributing to controls of food intake. Chronic exposure to dietary fat causes morphological, physiological and metabolic changes leading to disruptions in the regulatory feeding pathways promoting more efficient fat absorption and utilization, blunted satiation signals and excess adiposity. Accumulating evidence demonstrates that impaired gastrointestinal signals following long-term high fat consumption are, at least partially, responsible for increased caloric intake. This review focuses on the role of dietary fat in modulating oral and post-oral chemosensory signaling elements responsible for lipid detection and responses, including changes in sensitivity to satiation signals, such as GLP-1, PYY and CCK and their impact on food intake and weight gain. Furthermore, the influence of the gut microbiota on mechanisms controlling energy regulation in the face of excessive fat exposure will be explored. The profound influence of dietary fats on altering complex regulatory feeding pathways can result in dysregulation of body weight and development of obesity, while restoration or manipulation of satiation signaling may prove an effective tool in prevention and treatment of obesity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Frank A Duca
- INRA, UMR 1319 Micalis, F-78352 Jouy-en-Josas, France; AgroParis Tech, UMR 1319, F-78352 Jouy-en-Josas, France; University Pierre and Marie Curie, 75006 Paris, France
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Hoevenaars FPM, Bekkenkamp-Grovenstein M, Janssen RJRJ, Heil SG, Bunschoten A, Hoek-van den Hil EF, Snaas-Alders S, Teerds K, van Schothorst EM, Keijer J. Thermoneutrality results in prominent diet-induced body weight differences in C57BL/6J mice, not paralleled by diet-induced metabolic differences. Mol Nutr Food Res 2013; 58:799-807. [PMID: 24243645 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201300285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2013] [Revised: 08/20/2013] [Accepted: 08/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE Mice are usually housed at 20-24 °C. At thermoneutrality (28 °C) larger diet-induced differences in obesity are seen. We tested whether this leads to large differences in metabolic health parameters. METHODS AND RESULTS We performed a 14-wk dietary intervention in C57BL/6J mice at 28 °C and assessed adiposity and metabolic health parameters for a semipurified low fat (10 energy%) diet and a moderate high fat (30 energy%) diet. A large and significant diet-induced differential increase in body weight, adipose tissue mass, adipocyte size, serum leptin level, and, to some extent, cholesterol level was observed. No adipose tissue inflammation was seen. No differential effect of the diets on serum glucose, free fatty acids, triacylglycerides, insulin, adiponectin, resistin, PAI-1, MMP-9, sVCAM-1, sICAM-1, sE-selectin, IL-6, ApoE, fibrinogen levels, or HOMA index was observed. Also in muscle no differential effect on mitochondrial density, mitochondrial respiratory control ratio, or mRNA expression of metabolic genes was found. Finally, in liver no differential effect on weight, triacylglycerides level, aconitase/citrate synthase activity ratio was seen. CONCLUSION Low fat diet and moderate high fat diet induce prominent body weight differences at thermoneutrality, which is not paralleled by metabolic differences. Our data rather suggest that thermoneutrality alters metabolic homeostasis.
Collapse
|
25
|
Mao J, Hu X, Xiao Y, Yang C, Ding Y, Hou N, Wang J, Cheng H, Zhang X. Overnutrition stimulates intestinal epithelium proliferation through β-catenin signaling in obese mice. Diabetes 2013; 62:3736-46. [PMID: 23884889 PMCID: PMC3806619 DOI: 10.2337/db13-0035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is a major risk factor for type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. And overnutrition is a leading cause of obesity. After most nutrients are ingested, they are absorbed in the small intestine. Signals from β-catenin are essential to maintain development of the small intestine and homeostasis. In this study, we used a hyperphagia db/db obese mouse model and a high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity mouse model to investigate the effects of overnutrition on intestinal function and β-catenin signaling. The β-catenin protein was upregulated along with inactivation of glycogen synthase kinase (GSK)-3β in the intestines of both db/db and HFD mice. Proliferation of intestinal epithelial stem cells, villi length, nutrient absorption, and body weight also increased in both models. These changes were reversed by caloric restriction in db/db mice and by β-catenin inhibitor JW55 (a small molecule that increases β-catenin degradation) in HFD mice. Parallel, in vitro experiments showed that β-catenin accumulation and cell proliferation stimulated by glucose were blocked by the β-catenin inhibitor FH535. And the GSK-3 inhibitor CHIR98014 in an intestinal epithelial cell line increased β-catenin accumulation and cyclin D1 expression. These results suggested that, besides contribution to intestinal development and homeostasis, GSK-3β/β-catenin signaling plays a central role in intestinal morphological and functional changes in response to overnutrition. Manipulating the GSK-3β/β-catenin signaling pathway in intestinal epithelium might become a therapeutic intervention for obesity induced by overnutrition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiaming Mao
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaomin Hu
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yao Xiao
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Chao Yang
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Ding
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Ning Hou
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Jue Wang
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Heping Cheng
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Peking University, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiuqin Zhang
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Corresponding author: Xiuqin Zhang,
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Greer RL, Morgun A, Shulzhenko N. Bridging immunity and lipid metabolism by gut microbiota. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2013; 132:253-62; quiz 263. [PMID: 23905915 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2013.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2013] [Revised: 06/13/2013] [Accepted: 06/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The human gut is a unique organ in which hundreds of different microbial species find their habitat and in which different host physiologic functions, such as digestion, nutrition, and immunity, coexist. Although all these players were studied separately for decades, recently, there has been an explosion of studies demonstrating the essential role for interactions between these components in gut function. Furthermore, new systems biology methods provide essential tools to study this complex system as a whole and to identify key elements that define the crosstalk between the gut microbiota, immunity, and metabolism. This review is devoted to several human diseases resulting from the disruption in this crosstalk, including immunodeficiency-associated and environmental enteropathies, celiac disease, inflammatory bowel disease, and obesity. We describe findings in experimental models of these diseases and in germ-free animals that help us understand the mechanisms and test new therapeutic strategies. We also discuss current challenges that the field is facing and propose that a new generation of antibiotics, prebiotics, and probiotics coupled with novel, systems biology-driven diagnostics will provide the basis for future personalized therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Renee L Greer
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Coordinated and interactive expression of genes of lipid metabolism and inflammation in adipose tissue and liver during metabolic overload. PLoS One 2013; 8:e75290. [PMID: 24086498 PMCID: PMC3783477 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0075290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2013] [Accepted: 08/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Chronic metabolic overload results in lipid accumulation and subsequent inflammation in white adipose tissue (WAT), often accompanied by non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). In response to metabolic overload, the expression of genes involved in lipid metabolism and inflammatory processes is adapted. However, it still remains unknown how these adaptations in gene expression in expanding WAT and liver are orchestrated and whether they are interrelated. Methodology/Principal Findings ApoE*3Leiden mice were fed HFD or chow for different periods up to 12 weeks. Gene expression in WAT and liver over time was evaluated by micro-array analysis. WAT hypertrophy and inflammation were analyzed histologically. Bayesian hierarchical cluster analysis of dynamic WAT gene expression identified groups of genes (‘clusters’) with comparable expression patterns over time. HFD evoked an immediate response of five clusters of ‘lipid metabolism’ genes in WAT, which did not further change thereafter. At a later time point (>6 weeks), inflammatory clusters were induced. Promoter analysis of clustered genes resulted in specific key regulators which may orchestrate the metabolic and inflammatory responses in WAT. Some master regulators played a dual role in control of metabolism and inflammation. When WAT inflammation developed (>6 weeks), genes of lipid metabolism and inflammation were also affected in corresponding livers. These hepatic gene expression changes and the underlying transcriptional responses in particular, were remarkably similar to those detected in WAT. Conclusion In WAT, metabolic overload induced an immediate, stable response on clusters of lipid metabolism genes and induced inflammatory genes later in time. Both processes may be controlled and interlinked by specific transcriptional regulators. When WAT inflammation began, the hepatic response to HFD resembled that in WAT. In all, WAT and liver respond to metabolic overload by adaptations in expression of gene clusters that control lipid metabolism and inflammatory processes in an orchestrated and interrelated manner.
Collapse
|
28
|
Buttet M, Traynard V, Tran TTT, Besnard P, Poirier H, Niot I. From fatty-acid sensing to chylomicron synthesis: role of intestinal lipid-binding proteins. Biochimie 2013; 96:37-47. [PMID: 23958439 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2013.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2013] [Accepted: 08/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Today, it is well established that the development of obesity and associated diseases results, in part, from excessive lipid intake associated with a qualitative imbalance. Among the organs involved in lipid homeostasis, the small intestine is the least studied even though it determines lipid bioavailability and largely contributes to the regulation of postprandial hyperlipemia (triacylglycerols (TG) and free fatty acids (FFA)). Several Lipid-Binding Proteins (LBP) are expressed in the small intestine. Their supposed intestinal functions were initially based on what was reported in other tissues, and took no account of the physiological specificity of the small intestine. Progressively, the identification of regulating factors of intestinal LBP and the description of the phenotype of their deletion have provided new insights into cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in fat absorption. This review will discuss the physiological contribution of each LBP in the main steps of intestinal absorption of long-chain fatty acids (LCFA): uptake, trafficking and reassembly into chylomicrons (CM). Moreover, current data indicate that the small intestine is able to adapt its lipid absorption capacity to the fat content of the diet, especially through the coordinated induction of LBP. This adaptation requires the existence of a mechanism of intestinal lipid sensing. Emerging data suggest that the membrane LBP CD36 may operate as a lipid receptor that triggers an intracellular signal leading to the modulation of the expression of LBP involved in CM formation. This event could be the starting point for the optimized synthesis of large CM, which are efficiently degraded in blood. Better understanding of this intestinal lipid sensing might provide new approaches to decrease the prevalence of postprandial hypertriglyceridemia, which is associated with cardiovascular diseases, insulin resistance and obesity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marjorie Buttet
- Physiologie de la Nutrition et Toxicologie Team (NUTox), UMR U866 INSERM, Université de Bourgogne, AgroSup Dijon, 1 Esplanade Erasme, 21000 Dijon, France
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Ludwig T, Worsch S, Heikenwalder M, Daniel H, Hauner H, Bader BL. Metabolic and immunomodulatory effects of n-3 fatty acids are different in mesenteric and epididymal adipose tissue of diet-induced obese mice. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2013; 304:E1140-56. [PMID: 23482450 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00171.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
In studies emphasizing antiobesogenic and anti-inflammatory effects of long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-n-3 PUFA), diets with very high fat content, not well-defined fat quality, and extreme n-6/n-3 PUFA ratios have been applied frequently. Additionally, comparative analyses of visceral adipose tissues (VAT) were neglected. Considering the link of visceral obesity to insulin resistance or inflammatory bowel diseases, we hypothesized that VAT, especially mesenteric adipose tissue (MAT), may exhibit differential responsiveness to diets through modulation of metabolic and inflammatory processes. Here, we aimed to assess dietary LC-n-3 PUFA effects on MAT and epididymal adipose tissue (EAT) and on MAT-adjacent liver and intestine in diet-induced obese mice fed defined soybean/palm oil-based diets. High-fat (HF) and LC-n-3 PUFA-enriched high-fat diet (HF/n-3) contained moderately high fat with unbalanced and balanced n-6/n-3 PUFA ratios, respectively. Body composition/organ analyses, glucose tolerance test, measurements of insulin, lipids, mRNA and protein expression, and immunohistochemistry were applied. Compared with HF, HF/n-3 mice showed reduced fat mass, smaller adipocytes in MAT than EAT, improved insulin level, and lower hepatic triacylglycerol and plasma NEFA levels, consistent with liver and brown fat gene expression. Gene expression arrays pointed to immune cell activation in MAT and alleviation of intestinal endothelial cell activation. Validations demonstrated simultaneously upregulated pro- (TNFα, MCP-1) and anti-inflammatory (IL-10) cytokines and M1/M2-macrophage markers in VAT and reduced CD4/CD8α expression in MAT and spleen. Our data revealed differential responsiveness to diets for VAT through preferentially metabolic alterations in MAT and inflammatory processes in EAT. LC-n-3 PUFA effects were pro- and anti-inflammatory and disclose T cell-immunosuppressive potential.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Ludwig
- Clinical Nutritional Medicine Unit, ZIEL-Research Center for Nutrition and Food Sciences, Technische Universität München, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Sailer M, Dahlhoff C, Giesbertz P, Eidens MK, de Wit N, Rubio-Aliaga I, Boekschoten MV, Müller M, Daniel H. Increased plasma citrulline in mice marks diet-induced obesity and may predict the development of the metabolic syndrome. PLoS One 2013; 8:e63950. [PMID: 23691124 PMCID: PMC3653803 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0063950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2012] [Accepted: 04/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
In humans, plasma amino acid concentrations of branched-chain amino acids (BCAA) and aromatic amino acids (AAA) increase in states of obesity, insulin resistance and diabetes. We here assessed whether these putative biomarkers can also be identified in two different obesity and diabetic mouse models. C57BL/6 mice with diet-induced obesity (DIO) mimic the metabolic impairments of obesity in humans characterized by hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia and hepatic triglyceride accumulation. Mice treated with streptozotocin (STZ) to induce insulin deficiency were used as a type 1 diabetes model. Plasma amino acid profiling of two high fat (HF) feeding trials revealed that citrulline and ornithine concentrations are elevated in obese mice, while systemic arginine bioavailability (ratio of plasma arginine to ornithine + citrulline) is reduced. In skeletal muscle, HF feeding induced a reduction of arginine levels while citrulline levels were elevated. However, arginine or citrulline remained unchanged in their key metabolic organs, intestine and kidney. Moreover, the intestinal conversion of labeled arginine to ornithine and citrulline in vitro remained unaffected by HF feeding excluding the intestine as prime site of these alterations. In liver, citrulline is mainly derived from ornithine in the urea cycle and DIO mice displayed reduced hepatic ornithine levels. Since both amino acids share an antiport mechanism for mitochondrial import and export, elevated plasma citrulline may indicate impaired hepatic amino acid handling in DIO mice. In the insulin deficient mice, plasma citrulline and ornithine levels also increased and additionally these animals displayed elevated BCAA and AAA levels like insulin resistant and diabetic patients. Therefore, type 1 diabetic mice but not DIO mice show the “diabetic fingerprint” of plasma amino acid changes observed in humans. Additionally, citrulline may serve as an early indicator of the obesity-dependent metabolic impairments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Sailer
- Molecular Nutrition Unit, Research Center for Nutrition and Food Sciences, Technische Universität München, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - Christoph Dahlhoff
- Molecular Nutrition Unit, Research Center for Nutrition and Food Sciences, Technische Universität München, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
- PhD Graduate School ‘Epigenetics, Imprinting and Nutrition’, Research Center for Nutrition and Food Sciences, Technische Universität München, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - Pieter Giesbertz
- Molecular Nutrition Unit, Research Center for Nutrition and Food Sciences, Technische Universität München, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - Mena K. Eidens
- Molecular Nutrition Unit, Research Center for Nutrition and Food Sciences, Technische Universität München, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - Nicole de Wit
- Netherlands Nutrigenomics Centre, TI Food & Nutrition, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Isabel Rubio-Aliaga
- Molecular Nutrition Unit, Research Center for Nutrition and Food Sciences, Technische Universität München, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - Mark V. Boekschoten
- Netherlands Nutrigenomics Centre, TI Food & Nutrition, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Michael Müller
- Netherlands Nutrigenomics Centre, TI Food & Nutrition, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Hannelore Daniel
- Molecular Nutrition Unit, Research Center for Nutrition and Food Sciences, Technische Universität München, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Baldassano S, Amato A, Cappello F, Rappa F, Mulè F. Glucagon-like peptide-2 and mouse intestinal adaptation to a high-fat diet. J Endocrinol 2013; 217:11-20. [PMID: 23308022 DOI: 10.1530/joe-12-0500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Endogenous glucagon-like peptide-2 (GLP2) is a key mediator of refeeding-induced and resection-induced intestinal adaptive growth. This study investigated the potential role of GLP2 in mediating the mucosal responses to a chronic high-fat diet (HFD). In this view, the murine small intestine adaptive response to a HFD was analyzed and a possible involvement of endogenous GLP2 was verified using GLP2 (3-33) as GLP2 receptor (GLP2R) antagonist. In comparison with animals fed a standard diet, mice fed a HFD for 14 weeks exhibited an increase in crypt-villus mean height (duodenum, 27.5±3.0%; jejunum, 36.5±2.9%; P<0.01), in the cell number per villus (duodenum, 28.4±2.2%; jejunum, 32.0±2.9%; P<0.01), and in Ki67-positive cell number per crypt. No change in the percent of caspase-3-positive cell in the villus-crypt was observed. The chronic exposure to a HFD also caused a significant increase in GLP2 plasma levels and in GLP2R intestinal expression. Daily administration of GLP2 (3-33) (30-60 ng) for 4 weeks did not modify the crypt-villus height in control mice. In HFD-fed mice, chronic treatment with GLP2 (3-33) reduced the increase in crypt-villus height and in the cell number per villus through reduction of cell proliferation and increase in apoptosis. This study provides the first experimental evidence for a role of endogenous GLP2 in the intestinal adaptation to HFD in obese mice and for a dysregulation of the GLP2/GLP2R system after a prolonged HFD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Baldassano
- Laboratorio di Fisiologia generale, Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Molecolari e Biomolecolari (STEMBIO), Università di Palermo, 90128 Palermo, Italy
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
A consideration of biomarkers to be used for evaluation of inflammation in human nutritional studies. Br J Nutr 2013; 109 Suppl 1:S1-34. [PMID: 23343744 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114512005119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 257] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
To monitor inflammation in a meaningful way, the markers used must be valid: they must reflect the inflammatory process under study and they must be predictive of future health status. In 2009, the Nutrition and Immunity Task Force of the International Life Sciences Institute, European Branch, organized an expert group to attempt to identify robust and predictive markers, or patterns or clusters of markers, which can be used to assess inflammation in human nutrition studies in the general population. Inflammation is a normal process and there are a number of cells and mediators involved. These markers are involved in, or are produced as a result of, the inflammatory process irrespective of its trigger and its location and are common to all inflammatory situations. Currently, there is no consensus as to which markers of inflammation best represent low-grade inflammation or differentiate between acute and chronic inflammation or between the various phases of inflammatory responses. There are a number of modifying factors that affect the concentration of an inflammatory marker at a given time, including age, diet and body fatness, among others. Measuring the concentration of inflammatory markers in the bloodstream under basal conditions is probably less informative compared with data related to the concentration change in response to a challenge. A number of inflammatory challenges have been described. However, many of these challenges are poorly standardised. Patterns and clusters may be important as robust biomarkers of inflammation. Therefore, it is likely that a combination of multiple inflammatory markers and integrated readouts based upon kinetic analysis following defined challenges will be the most informative biomarker of inflammation.
Collapse
|
33
|
Yakala GK, van der Heijden R, Molema G, Schipper M, Wielinga PY, Kleemann R, Kooistra T, Heeringa P. Beneficial effects of an alternating high- fat dietary regimen on systemic insulin resistance, hepatic and renal inflammation and renal function. PLoS One 2012; 7:e45866. [PMID: 23049881 PMCID: PMC3458102 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0045866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2012] [Accepted: 08/22/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background An Alternating high- cholesterol dietary regimen has proven to be beneficial when compared to daily high- cholesterol feeding. In the current study we explored whether the same strategy is applicable to a high- fat dietary regimen. Objective To investigate whether an alternating high- fat dietary regimen can effectively diminish insulin resistance, hepatic and renal inflammation and renal dysfunction as compared to a continuous high- fat diet. Design Four groups of male ApoE*3Leiden mice (n = 15) were exposed to different diet regimens for 20 weeks as follows: Group 1: low- fat diet (10 kcal% fat); Group 2: intermediate- fat diet (25 kcal% fat); Group 3: high- fat diet (45 kcal% fat) and Group 4: alternating- fat diet (10 kcal% fat for 4 days and 45 kcal% fat for 3 days in a week). Results Compared to high fat diet feeding, the alternating and intermediate- fat diet groups had reduced body weight gain and did not develop insulin resistance or albuminuria. In addition, in the alternating and intermediate- fat diet groups, parameters of tissue inflammation were markedly reduced compared to high fat diet fed mice. Conclusion Both alternating and intermediate- fat feeding were beneficial in terms of reducing body weight gain, insulin resistance, hepatic and renal inflammation and renal dysfunction. Thus beneficial effects of alternating feeding regimens on cardiometabolic risk factors are not only applicable for cholesterol containing diets but can be extended to diets high in fat content.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gopala K Yakala
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Wilson-Pérez HE, Chambers AP, Sandoval DA, Stefater MA, Woods SC, Benoit SC, Seeley RJ. The effect of vertical sleeve gastrectomy on food choice in rats. Int J Obes (Lond) 2012; 37:288-95. [PMID: 22334194 PMCID: PMC3355245 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2012.18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Objective Diets high in fat are implicated in the development and maintenance of obesity, and obese individuals display greater preferences for high-fat foods than do their lean counterparts. Weight-reduction bariatric surgery is associated with changes in food choice. In particular, after Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass (RYGB), humans and rodents select or prefer foods which are lower in fat content. We asked whether a bariatric surgical procedure limited to the stomach, Vertical Sleeve Gastrectomy (VSG), causes a similar reduction of fat intake/preference. Research Design and Methods Rats received VSG or Sham surgery or remained surgically naïve, and were assessed for food preference using three diet-choice paradigms. Using progressive-ratio and conditioned taste aversion paradigms, we further asked whether surgically-induced changes in food choice are secondary to changes in the reward value of food and/or to the formation of a food aversion. Finally, food choice was compared between VSG and RYGB-operated rats. Results VSG rats decreased their intake of dietary fat, and shifted their preference toward lower caloric-density foods. This change in food choice was not associated with changes in motivated responding on a progressive-ratio schedule for either a fat or a carbohydrate food reinforcer. When VSG and RYGB were compared directly, both procedures caused comparable changes in food choice. The conditioned taste aversion paradigm revealed that VSG rats form an aversion to an intra-gastric oil administration whereas RYGB rats do not. Conclusions VSG and RYGB, two anatomically-distinct bariatric procedures, produce similar changes in food choice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H E Wilson-Pérez
- Department of Internal Medicine, Metabolic Diseases Institute, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|