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Kumar R, Iswanto ABB, Kumar D, Shuwei W, Oh K, Moon J, Son GH, Oh ES, Vu MH, Lee J, Lee KW, Oh MH, Kwon C, Chung WS, Kim JY, Kim SH. C-Type LECTIN receptor-like kinase 1 and ACTIN DEPOLYMERIZING FACTOR 3 are key components of plasmodesmata callose modulation. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2024. [PMID: 38780063 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2023] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Plasmodesmata (PDs) are intercellular organelles carrying multiple membranous nanochannels that allow the trafficking of cellular signalling molecules. The channel regulation of PDs occurs dynamically and is required in various developmental and physiological processes. It is well known that callose is a critical component in regulating PD permeability or symplasmic connectivity, but the understanding of the signalling pathways and mechanisms of its regulation is limited. Here, we used the reverse genetic approach to investigate the role of C-type lectin receptor-like kinase 1 (CLRLK1) in the aspect of PD callose-modulated symplasmic continuity. Here, we found that loss-of-function mutations in CLRLK1 resulted in excessive PD callose deposits and reduced symplasmic continuity, resulting in an accelerated gravitropic response. The protein interactome study also found that CLRLK1 interacted with actin depolymerizing factor 3 (ADF3) in vitro and in plants. Moreover, mutations in ADF3 result in elevated PD callose deposits and faster gravitropic response. Our results indicate that CLRLK1 and ADF3 negatively regulate PD callose accumulation, contributing to fine-tuning symplasmic opening apertures. Overall, our studies identified two key components involved in the deposits of PD callose and provided new insights into how symplasmic connectivity is maintained by the control of PD callose homoeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritesh Kumar
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Four Program), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Arya B B Iswanto
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Four Program), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Dhinesh Kumar
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Four Program), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Wu Shuwei
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Four Program), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyujin Oh
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Four Program), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiyun Moon
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Four Program), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Geon H Son
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Four Program), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Seok Oh
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Minh H Vu
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Four Program), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinsu Lee
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Four Program), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Keun W Lee
- Division of Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Man-Ho Oh
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Chian Kwon
- Department of Molecular Biology, Dankook University, Cheonan, Korea
| | - Woo S Chung
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Four Program), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea
- Division of Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Yean Kim
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Four Program), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea
- Division of Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang H Kim
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Four Program), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea
- Division of Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea
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Chen X, Leśniewska B, Boikine R, Yun N, Mody TA, Vaddepalli P, Schneitz K. Arabidopsis MCTP family member QUIRKY regulates the formation of the STRUBBELIG receptor kinase complex. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 193:2538-2554. [PMID: 37668394 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
Intercellular communication plays a central role in organogenesis. Tissue morphogenesis in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) requires signaling mediated by a cell surface complex containing the atypical receptor kinase STRUBBELIG (SUB) and the multiple C2 domains and transmembrane region protein QUIRKY (QKY). QKY is required to stabilize SUB at the plasma membrane. However, it is unclear what the in vivo architecture of the QKY/SUB signaling complex is, how it is controlled, and how it relates to the maintenance of SUB at the cell surface. We addressed these questions using a combination of genetics, yeast 2-hybrid assays, and Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET)/fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM) in epidermal cells of seedling roots. We found that QKY promotes the formation of SUB homooligomers in vivo. Homooligomerization of SUB appeared to involve its extracellular domain. We also showed that QKY and SUB physically interact and form a complex at the cell surface in vivo. In addition, the data showed that the N-terminal C2A-B region of QKY interacts with the intracellular domain of SUB. They further revealed that this interaction is essential to maintain SUB levels at the cell surface. Finally, we provided evidence that QKY forms homomultimers in vivo in a SUB-independent manner. We suggest a model in which the physical interaction of QKY with SUB mediates the oligomerization of SUB and attenuates its internalization, thereby maintaining sufficiently high levels of SUB at the cell surface required for the control of tissue morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Chen
- Plant Developmental Biology, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Freising 85354, Germany
| | - Barbara Leśniewska
- Plant Developmental Biology, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Freising 85354, Germany
| | - Rodion Boikine
- Plant Developmental Biology, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Freising 85354, Germany
| | - Nicole Yun
- Plant Developmental Biology, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Freising 85354, Germany
| | - Tejasvinee Atul Mody
- Plant Developmental Biology, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Freising 85354, Germany
| | - Prasad Vaddepalli
- Plant Developmental Biology, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Freising 85354, Germany
| | - Kay Schneitz
- Plant Developmental Biology, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Freising 85354, Germany
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3
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Chaudhary A, Schneitz K. Using Steady-State Fluorescence Anisotropy to Study Protein Clustering. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2457:253-260. [PMID: 35349145 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2132-5_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Signaling pathways rely on the precise control of protein-protein interactions. Therefore, it is essential to be able to investigate such interactions with spatiotemporal resolution and in live cells. Here we describe a microscope-based fluorescence spectrometry technique to investigate homotypic interactions between GFP-labeled fusion proteins in a rapid and reproducible fashion using fluorescence anisotropy. This method is of great value for the study of protein complexes in live tissue with subcellular resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajeet Chaudhary
- Plant Developmental Biology, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Kay Schneitz
- Plant Developmental Biology, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany.
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4
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Chaudhary A, Chen X, Leśniewska B, Boikine R, Gao J, Wolf S, Schneitz K. Cell wall damage attenuates root hair patterning and tissue morphogenesis mediated by the receptor kinase STRUBBELIG. Development 2021; 148:270854. [PMID: 34251020 DOI: 10.1242/dev.199425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Cell wall remodeling is essential for the control of growth and development as well as the regulation of stress responses. However, the underlying cell wall monitoring mechanisms remain poorly understood. Regulation of root hair fate and flower development in Arabidopsis thaliana requires signaling mediated by the atypical receptor kinase STRUBBELIG (SUB). Furthermore, SUB is involved in cell wall integrity signaling and regulates the cellular response to reduced levels of cellulose, a central component of the cell wall. Here, we show that continuous exposure to sub-lethal doses of the cellulose biosynthesis inhibitor isoxaben results in altered root hair patterning and floral morphogenesis. Genetically impairing cellulose biosynthesis also results in root hair patterning defects. We further show that isoxaben exerts its developmental effects through the attenuation of SUB signaling. Our evidence indicates that downregulation of SUB is a multi-step process and involves changes in SUB complex architecture at the plasma membrane, enhanced removal of SUB from the cell surface, and downregulation of SUB transcript levels. The results provide molecular insight into how the cell wall regulates cell fate and tissue morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajeet Chaudhary
- Plant Developmental Biology, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Xia Chen
- Plant Developmental Biology, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Barbara Leśniewska
- Plant Developmental Biology, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Rodion Boikine
- Plant Developmental Biology, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Jin Gao
- Plant Developmental Biology, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Sebastian Wolf
- Cell wall signaling group, Centre for Organismal Studies, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Kay Schneitz
- Plant Developmental Biology, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, 85354 Freising, Germany
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Mócsai R, Göritzer K, Stenitzer D, Maresch D, Strasser R, Altmann F. Prolyl Hydroxylase Paralogs in Nicotiana benthamiana Show High Similarity With Regard to Substrate Specificity. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:636597. [PMID: 33737944 PMCID: PMC7960765 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.636597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Plant glycoproteins display a characteristic type of O-glycosylation where short arabinans or larger arabinogalactans are linked to hydroxyproline. The conversion of proline to 4-hydroxyproline is accomplished by prolyl-hydroxylases (P4Hs). Eleven putative Nicotiana benthamiana P4Hs, which fall in four homology groups, have been identified by homology searches using known Arabidopsis thaliana P4H sequences. One member of each of these groups has been expressed in insect cells using the baculovirus expression system and applied to synthetic peptides representing the O-glycosylated region of erythropoietin (EPO), IgA1, Art v 1 and the Arabidopsis thaliana glycoprotein STRUBBELIG. Unlike the situation in the moss Physcomitrella patens, where one particular P4H was mainly responsible for the oxidation of erythropoietin, the tobacco P4Hs exhibited rather similar activities, albeit with biased substrate preferences and preferred sites of oxidation. From a biotechnological viewpoint, this result means that silencing/knockout of a single P4H in N. benthamiana cannot be expected to result in the abolishment of the plant-specific oxidation of prolyl residues in a recombinant protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Réka Mócsai
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Biochemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Kathrin Göritzer
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, Institute of Plant Biotechnology and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - David Stenitzer
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Biochemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Daniel Maresch
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Biochemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Richard Strasser
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, Institute of Plant Biotechnology and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Friedrich Altmann
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Biochemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
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Oliver J, Fan M, McKinley B, Zemelis‐Durfee S, Brandizzi F, Wilkerson C, Mullet JE. The AGCVIII kinase Dw2 modulates cell proliferation, endomembrane trafficking, and MLG/xylan cell wall localization in elongating stem internodes of Sorghum bicolor. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 105:1053-1071. [PMID: 33211340 PMCID: PMC7983884 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Stems of bioenergy sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench.), a drought-tolerant C4 grass, contain up to 50 nodes and internodes of varying length that span 4-5 m and account for approximately 84% of harvested biomass. Stem internode growth impacts plant height and biomass accumulation and is regulated by brassinosteroid signaling, auxin transport, and gibberellin biosynthesis. In addition, an AGCVIII kinase (Dw2) regulates sorghum stem internode growth, but the underlying mechanism and signaling network are unknown. Here we provide evidence that mutation of Dw2 reduces cell proliferation in internode intercalary meristems, inhibits endocytosis, and alters the distribution of heteroxylan and mixed linkage glucan in cell walls. Phosphoproteomic analysis showed that Dw2 signaling influences the phosphorylation of proteins involved in lipid signaling (PLDδ), endomembrane trafficking, hormone, light, and receptor signaling, and photosynthesis. Together, our results show that Dw2 modulates endomembrane function and cell division during sorghum internode growth, providing insight into the regulation of monocot stem development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel Oliver
- Department of Biochemistry & BiophysicsTexas A&M UniversityCollege StationTexas77843USA
| | - Mingzhu Fan
- Department of Plant BiologyMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMichigan48824USA
- Great Lakes Bioenergy Research CenterMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMichigan48824USA
| | - Brian McKinley
- Department of Biochemistry & BiophysicsTexas A&M UniversityCollege StationTexas77843USA
| | - Starla Zemelis‐Durfee
- MSU‐DOE Plant Research LabMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMichigan48824USA
- Great Lakes Bioenergy Research CenterMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMichigan48824USA
| | - Federica Brandizzi
- MSU‐DOE Plant Research LabMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMichigan48824USA
- Department of Plant BiologyMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMichigan48824USA
- Great Lakes Bioenergy Research CenterMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMichigan48824USA
| | - Curtis Wilkerson
- Department of Plant BiologyMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMichigan48824USA
- Great Lakes Bioenergy Research CenterMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMichigan48824USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMichigan48824USA
| | - John E. Mullet
- Department of Biochemistry & BiophysicsTexas A&M UniversityCollege StationTexas77843USA
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Intercellular trafficking via plasmodesmata: molecular layers of complexity. Cell Mol Life Sci 2020; 78:799-816. [PMID: 32920696 PMCID: PMC7897608 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-020-03622-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Plasmodesmata are intercellular pores connecting together most plant cells. These structures consist of a central constricted form of the endoplasmic reticulum, encircled by some cytoplasmic space, in turn delimited by the plasma membrane, itself ultimately surrounded by the cell wall. The presence and structure of plasmodesmata create multiple routes for intercellular trafficking of a large spectrum of molecules (encompassing RNAs, proteins, hormones and metabolites) and also enable local signalling events. Movement across plasmodesmata is finely controlled in order to balance processes requiring communication with those necessitating symplastic isolation. Here, we describe the identities and roles of the molecular components (specific sets of lipids, proteins and wall polysaccharides) that shape and define plasmodesmata structural and functional domains. We highlight the extensive and dynamic interactions that exist between the plasma/endoplasmic reticulum membranes, cytoplasm and cell wall domains, binding them together to effectively define plasmodesmata shapes and purposes.
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Vu MH, Iswanto ABB, Lee J, Kim JY. The Role of Plasmodesmata-Associated Receptor in Plant Development and Environmental Response. PLANTS 2020; 9:plants9020216. [PMID: 32046090 PMCID: PMC7076680 DOI: 10.3390/plants9020216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2019] [Revised: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Over the last decade, plasmodesmata (PD) symplasmic nano-channels were reported to be involved in various cell biology activities to prop up within plant growth and development as well as environmental stresses. Indeed, this is highly influenced by their native structure, which is lined with the plasma membrane (PM), conferring a suitable biological landscape for numerous plant receptors that correspond to signaling pathways. However, there are more than six hundred members of Arabidopsis thaliana membrane-localized receptors and over one thousand receptors in rice have been identified, many of which are likely to respond to the external stimuli. This review focuses on the class of plasmodesmal-receptor like proteins (PD-RLPs)/plasmodesmal-receptor-like kinases (PD-RLKs) found in planta. We summarize and discuss the current knowledge regarding RLPs/RLKs that reside at PD-PM channels in response to plant growth, development, and stress adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minh Huy Vu
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Plus Program), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 660-701, Korea; (M.H.V.); (J.L.)
| | - Arya Bagus Boedi Iswanto
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Plus Program), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 660-701, Korea; (M.H.V.); (J.L.)
- Correspondence: (A.B.B.I.); (J.-Y.K.)
| | - Jinsu Lee
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Plus Program), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 660-701, Korea; (M.H.V.); (J.L.)
| | - Jae-Yean Kim
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Plus Program), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 660-701, Korea; (M.H.V.); (J.L.)
- Division of Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, 501 Jinju-daero, Jinju 52828, Korea
- Correspondence: (A.B.B.I.); (J.-Y.K.)
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9
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Chaudhary A, Chen X, Gao J, Leśniewska B, Hammerl R, Dawid C, Schneitz K. The Arabidopsis receptor kinase STRUBBELIG regulates the response to cellulose deficiency. PLoS Genet 2020; 16:e1008433. [PMID: 31961852 PMCID: PMC6994178 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1008433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Revised: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant cells are encased in a semi-rigid cell wall of complex build. As a consequence, cell wall remodeling is essential for the control of growth and development as well as the regulation of abiotic and biotic stress responses. Plant cells actively sense physico-chemical changes in the cell wall and initiate corresponding cellular responses. However, the underlying cell wall monitoring mechanisms remain poorly understood. In Arabidopsis the atypical receptor kinase STRUBBELIG (SUB) mediates tissue morphogenesis. Here, we show that SUB-mediated signal transduction also regulates the cellular response to a reduction in the biosynthesis of cellulose, a central carbohydrate component of the cell wall. SUB signaling affects early increase of intracellular reactive oxygen species, stress gene induction as well as ectopic lignin and callose accumulation upon exogenous application of the cellulose biosynthesis inhibitor isoxaben. Moreover, our data reveal that SUB signaling is required for maintaining cell size and shape of root epidermal cells and the recovery of root growth after transient exposure to isoxaben. SUB is also required for root growth arrest in mutants with defective cellulose biosynthesis. Genetic data further indicate that SUB controls the isoxaben-induced cell wall stress response independently from other known receptor kinase genes mediating this response, such as THESEUS1 or MIK2. We propose that SUB functions in a least two distinct biological processes: the control of tissue morphogenesis and the response to cell wall damage. Taken together, our results reveal a novel signal transduction pathway that contributes to the molecular framework underlying cell wall integrity signaling. Plant cells are encapsulated by a semi-rigid and biochemically complex cell wall. This particular feature has consequences for multiple biologically important processes, such as cell and organ growth or various stress responses. For a plant cell to grow the cell wall has to be modified to allow cell expansion, which is driven by outward-directed turgor pressure generated inside the cell. In return, changes in cell wall architecture need to be monitored by individual cells, and to be coordinated across cells in a growing tissue, for an organ to attain its regular size and shape. Cell wall surveillance also comes into play in the reaction against certain stresses, including for example infection by plant pathogens, many of which break through the cell wall during infection, thereby generating wall-derived factors that can induce defense responses. There is only limited knowledge regarding the molecular system that monitors the composition and status of the cell wall. Here we provide further insight into the mechanism. We show that the cell surface receptor STRUBBELIG, previously known to control organ development in Arabidopsis, also promotes the cell’s response to reduced amounts of cellulose, a main component of the cell wall.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajeet Chaudhary
- Plant Developmental Biology, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Xia Chen
- Plant Developmental Biology, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Jin Gao
- Plant Developmental Biology, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Barbara Leśniewska
- Plant Developmental Biology, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Richard Hammerl
- Chair of Food Chemistry and Molecular Sensory Science, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Corinna Dawid
- Chair of Food Chemistry and Molecular Sensory Science, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Kay Schneitz
- Plant Developmental Biology, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
- * E-mail:
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10
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Buschmann H, Borchers A. Handedness in plant cell expansion: a mutant perspective on helical growth. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 225:53-69. [PMID: 31254400 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Many plant mutants are known that exhibit some degree of helical growth. This 'twisted' phenotype has arisen frequently in mutant screens of model organisms, but it is also found in cultivars of ornamental plants, including trees. The phenomenon, in many cases, is based on defects in cell expansion symmetry. Any complete model which explains the anisotropy of plant cell growth must ultimately explain how helical cell expansion comes into existence - and how it is normally avoided. While the mutations observed in model plants mainly point to the microtubule system, additional affected components involve cell wall functions, auxin transport and more. Evaluation of published data suggests a two-way mechanism underlying the helical growth phenomenon: there is, apparently, a microtubular component that determines handedness, but there is also an influence arising in the cell wall that feeds back into the cytoplasm and affects cellular handedness. This idea is supported by recent reports demonstrating the involvement of the cell wall integrity pathway. In addition, there is mounting evidence that calcium is an important relayer of signals relating to the symmetry of cell expansion. These concepts suggest experimental approaches to untangle the phenomenon of helical cell expansion in plant mutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrik Buschmann
- Botanical Institute, Biology and Chemistry Department, University of Osnabrück, 49076, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Agnes Borchers
- Botanical Institute, Biology and Chemistry Department, University of Osnabrück, 49076, Osnabrück, Germany
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11
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Gao J, Chaudhary A, Vaddepalli P, Nagel MK, Isono E, Schneitz K. The Arabidopsis receptor kinase STRUBBELIG undergoes clathrin-dependent endocytosis. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2019; 70:3881-3894. [PMID: 31107531 PMCID: PMC6685663 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Signaling mediated by cell surface receptor kinases is central to the coordination of growth patterns during organogenesis. Receptor kinase signaling is in part controlled through endocytosis and subcellular distribution of the respective receptor kinase. For the majority of plant cell surface receptors, the underlying trafficking mechanisms are not characterized. In Arabidopsis, tissue morphogenesis requires the atypical receptor kinase STRUBBELIG (SUB). Here, we studied the endocytic mechanism of SUB. Our data revealed that a functional SUB-enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) fusion is ubiquitinated in vivo. We further showed that plasma membrane-bound SUB:EGFP becomes internalized in a clathrin-dependent fashion. We also found that SUB:EGFP associates with the trans-Golgi network and accumulates in multivesicular bodies and the vacuole. Co-immunoprecipitation experiments revealed that SUB:EGFP and clathrin are present within the same protein complex. Our genetic analysis showed that SUB and CLATHRIN HEAVY CHAIN (CHC) 2 regulate root hair patterning. By contrast, genetic reduction of CHC activity ameliorates the floral defects of sub mutants. Taken together, the data indicate that SUB undergoes clathrin-mediated endocytosis, that this process does not rely on stimulation of SUB signaling by an exogenous agent, and that SUB genetically interacts with clathrin-dependent pathways in a tissue-specific manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Gao
- Entwicklungsbiologie der Pflanzen, Wissenschaftszentrum Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany
| | - Ajeet Chaudhary
- Entwicklungsbiologie der Pflanzen, Wissenschaftszentrum Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany
| | - Prasad Vaddepalli
- Entwicklungsbiologie der Pflanzen, Wissenschaftszentrum Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany
- Present address: Laboratory of Biochemistry, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Marie-Kristin Nagel
- Department of Biology, Chair of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Erika Isono
- Department of Biology, Chair of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Kay Schneitz
- Entwicklungsbiologie der Pflanzen, Wissenschaftszentrum Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany
- Correspondence:
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12
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Asymmetric Redundancy of ZERZAUST and ZERZAUST HOMOLOG in Different Accessions of Arabidopsis thaliana. G3-GENES GENOMES GENETICS 2019; 9:2245-2252. [PMID: 31113822 PMCID: PMC6643898 DOI: 10.1534/g3.119.400211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Divergence among duplicate genes is one of the important sources of evolutionary innovation. But, the contribution of duplicate divergence to variation in Arabidopsis accessions is sparsely known. Recently, we studied the role of a cell wall localized protein, ZERZAUST (ZET), in Landsberg erecta (Ler) accession, lack of which results in aberrant plant morphology. Here, we present the study of ZET in Columbia (Col) accession, which not only showed differential expression patterns in comparison to Ler, but also revealed its close homolog, ZERZAUST HOMOLOG (ZETH). Although, genetic analysis implied redundancy, expression analysis revealed divergence, with ZETH showing minimal expression in both Col and Ler. In addition, ZETH shows relatively higher expression levels in Col compared to Ler. Our data also reveal compensatory up-regulation of ZETH in Col, but not in Ler, implying it is perhaps dispensable in Ler. However, a novel CRISPR/Cas9-induced zeth allele confirmed that ZETH has residual activity in Ler. Finally, the synergistic interaction of the receptor-like kinase gene, ERECTA with ZET in ameliorating morphological defects suggests crucial role of modifiers on plant phenotype. The results provide genetic evidence for accession-specific differences in compensation mechanism and asymmetric gene contribution. Thus, our work reveals a novel example for how weakly expressed homologs contribute to diversity among accessions.
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Liu HH, Xiong F, Duan CY, Wu YN, Zhang Y, Li S. Importin β4 Mediates Nuclear Import of GRF-Interacting Factors to Control Ovule Development in Arabidopsis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 179:1080-1092. [PMID: 30659067 PMCID: PMC6393798 DOI: 10.1104/pp.18.01135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Ovule development is critical for seed development and plant reproduction. Multiple transcription factors (TFs) have been reported to mediate ovule development. However, it is not clear which intracellular components regulate these TFs during ovule development. After their synthesis, TFs are transported into the nucleus a process regulated by karyopherins commonly known as importin alpha and β. Around half of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) importin β-coding genes have been functionally characterized but only two with specific cargos have been identified. We report here that Arabidopsis IMPORTIN β4 (IMB4) regulates ovule development through nucleocytoplasmic transport of transcriptional coactivator growth regulating factors-interacting factors (GIFs). Mutations in IMB4 impaired ovule development by affecting integument growth. imb4 mutants were also defective in embryo sac development, leading to partial female sterility. IMB4 directly interacts with GIFs and is critical for the nucleocytoplasmic transport of GIF1. Finally, functional loss of GIFs resulted in ovule defects similar to those in imb4 mutants, whereas enhanced expression of GIF1 partially restored the fertility of imb4 The results presented here uncover a novel genetic pathway regulating ovule development and reveal the upstream regulator of GIFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Hong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China
| | - Feng Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China
| | - Cun-Ying Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China
| | - Ya-Nan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China
| | - Sha Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China
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Tofanelli R, Vijayan A, Scholz S, Schneitz K. Protocol for rapid clearing and staining of fixed Arabidopsis ovules for improved imaging by confocal laser scanning microscopy. PLANT METHODS 2019; 15:120. [PMID: 31673277 PMCID: PMC6814113 DOI: 10.1186/s13007-019-0505-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A salient topic in developmental biology relates to the molecular and genetic mechanisms that underlie tissue morphogenesis. Modern quantitative approaches to this central question frequently involve digital cellular models of the organ or tissue under study. The ovules of the model species Arabidopsis thaliana have long been established as a model system for the study of organogenesis in plants. While ovule development in Arabidopsis can be followed by a variety of different imaging techniques, no experimental strategy presently exists that enables an easy and straightforward investigation of the morphology of internal tissues of the ovule with cellular resolution. RESULTS We developed a protocol for rapid and robust confocal microscopy of fixed Arabidopsis ovules of all stages. The method combines clearing of fixed ovules in ClearSee solution with marking the cell outline using the cell wall stain SCRI Renaissance 2200 and the nuclei with the stain TO-PRO-3 iodide. We further improved the microscopy by employing a homogenous immersion system aimed at minimizing refractive index differences. The method allows complete inspection of the cellular architecture even deep within the ovule. Using the new protocol we were able to generate digital three-dimensional models of ovules of various stages. CONCLUSIONS The protocol enables the quick and reproducible imaging of fixed Arabidopsis ovules of all developmental stages. From the imaging data three-dimensional digital ovule models with cellular resolution can be rapidly generated using image analysis software, for example MorphographX. Such digital models will provide the foundation for a future quantitative analysis of ovule morphogenesis in a model species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachele Tofanelli
- Entwicklungsbiologie der Pflanzen, Wissenschaftszentrum Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, Emil-Ramann-Str. 4, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Athul Vijayan
- Entwicklungsbiologie der Pflanzen, Wissenschaftszentrum Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, Emil-Ramann-Str. 4, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Sebastian Scholz
- Entwicklungsbiologie der Pflanzen, Wissenschaftszentrum Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, Emil-Ramann-Str. 4, 85354 Freising, Germany
- Present Address: EU Research Lab, Technische Hochschule Wildau, 15745 Wildau, Germany
| | - Kay Schneitz
- Entwicklungsbiologie der Pflanzen, Wissenschaftszentrum Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, Emil-Ramann-Str. 4, 85354 Freising, Germany
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Wang H, Chen Y, Wu X, Long Z, Sun C, Wang H, Wang S, Birch PRJ, Tian Z. A potato STRUBBELIG-RECEPTOR FAMILY member, StLRPK1, associates with StSERK3A/BAK1 and activates immunity. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2018; 69:5573-5586. [PMID: 30137408 PMCID: PMC6255708 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ery310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Plant STRUBBELIG (SUB)-RECEPTOR FAMILY (SRF) genes encode putative leucine-rich repeat transmembrane receptor-like kinases. SRFs have been reported to play essential roles in tissue morphogenesis in many plant organs. Here, we show that a potato SRF family gene, StLRPK1, is involved in plant immunity. StLRPK1 is located at the cell plasma membrane and is strongly induced by culture filtrate from in vitro growth of the late blight pathogen Phytophthora infestans. Overexpression of StLRPK1 in stable transgenic potato or ectopic expression in Nicotiana benthamiana plants enhances P. infestans disease resistance, whereas RNA interference (RNAi) of StLRPK1 in potato decreases disease resistance. We found that StLRPK1 constitutively interacts with a pivotal co-receptor, SERK3A/BAK1, which plays a central role in plant immunity. Virus-induced gene silencing of SERK3A/BAK1 in N. benthamiana lines expressing StLRPK1 attenuated P. infestans resistance, indicating that SERK3A/BAK1 is required for StLRPK1-mediated immunity. Finally, we show that StLRPK1-triggered late blight resistance depends on the mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase MEK2 and mitogen-activated protein kinase WIPK. We propose a model in which StLRPK1 associates with SERK3A/BAK1 to positively regulate plant immunity to P. infestans through a MAPK cascade. These data provide new insights into our understanding of SRF function in plant immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haixia Wang
- Key Laboratory of Potato Biology and Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yanlin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Potato Biology and Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xingtong Wu
- Key Laboratory of Potato Biology and Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zongshang Long
- Key Laboratory of Potato Biology and Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Chunlian Sun
- Key Laboratory of Potato Biology and Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hairong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Potato Biology and Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Shumei Wang
- Division of Plant Sciences, School of Life Science, University of Dundee, James Hutton Institute, Errol Road, Invergowrie, Dundee, UK
| | - Paul R J Birch
- Division of Plant Sciences, School of Life Science, University of Dundee, James Hutton Institute, Errol Road, Invergowrie, Dundee, UK
| | - Zhendong Tian
- Key Laboratory of Potato Biology and Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
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16
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Sierla M, Hõrak H, Overmyer K, Waszczak C, Yarmolinsky D, Maierhofer T, Vainonen JP, Salojärvi J, Denessiouk K, Laanemets K, Tõldsepp K, Vahisalu T, Gauthier A, Puukko T, Paulin L, Auvinen P, Geiger D, Hedrich R, Kollist H, Kangasjärvi J. The Receptor-like Pseudokinase GHR1 Is Required for Stomatal Closure. THE PLANT CELL 2018; 30:2813-2837. [PMID: 30361234 PMCID: PMC6305979 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.18.00441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Revised: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Guard cells control the aperture of stomatal pores to balance photosynthetic carbon dioxide uptake with evaporative water loss. Stomatal closure is triggered by several stimuli that initiate complex signaling networks to govern the activity of ion channels. Activation of SLOW ANION CHANNEL1 (SLAC1) is central to the process of stomatal closure and requires the leucine-rich repeat receptor-like kinase (LRR-RLK) GUARD CELL HYDROGEN PEROXIDE-RESISTANT1 (GHR1), among other signaling components. Here, based on functional analysis of nine Arabidopsis thaliana ghr1 mutant alleles identified in two independent forward-genetic ozone-sensitivity screens, we found that GHR1 is required for stomatal responses to apoplastic reactive oxygen species, abscisic acid, high CO2 concentrations, and diurnal light/dark transitions. Furthermore, we show that the amino acid residues of GHR1 involved in ATP binding are not required for stomatal closure in Arabidopsis or the activation of SLAC1 anion currents in Xenopus laevis oocytes and present supporting in silico and in vitro evidence suggesting that GHR1 is an inactive pseudokinase. Biochemical analyses suggested that GHR1-mediated activation of SLAC1 occurs via interacting proteins and that CALCIUM-DEPENDENT PROTEIN KINASE3 interacts with GHR1. We propose that GHR1 acts in stomatal closure as a scaffolding component.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maija Sierla
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, and Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Hanna Hõrak
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Tartu 50411, Estonia
| | - Kirk Overmyer
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, and Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Cezary Waszczak
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, and Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Tobias Maierhofer
- Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, D-97082 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Julia P Vainonen
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, and Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jarkko Salojärvi
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, and Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | | | | | - Kadri Tõldsepp
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Tartu 50411, Estonia
| | - Triin Vahisalu
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, and Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Tartu 50411, Estonia
| | - Adrien Gauthier
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, and Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tuomas Puukko
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, and Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Lars Paulin
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Petri Auvinen
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Dietmar Geiger
- Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, D-97082 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Rainer Hedrich
- Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, D-97082 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Hannes Kollist
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Tartu 50411, Estonia
| | - Jaakko Kangasjärvi
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, and Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
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17
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Shin Y, Vavra U, Veit C, Strasser R. The glycan-dependent ERAD machinery degrades topologically diverse misfolded proteins. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 94:246-259. [PMID: 29396984 PMCID: PMC5900737 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Revised: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Many soluble and integral membrane proteins fold in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) with the help of chaperones and folding factors. Despite these efforts, protein folding is intrinsically error prone and amino acid changes, alterations in post-translational modifications or cellular stress can cause protein misfolding. Folding-defective non-native proteins are cleared from the ER and typically undergo ER-associated degradation (ERAD). Here, we investigated whether different misfolded glycoproteins require the same set of ERAD factors and are directed to HRD1 complex-mediated degradation in plants. We generated a series of glycoprotein ERAD substrates harboring a misfolded domain from Arabidopsis STRUBBELIG or the BRASSINOSTEROID INSENSITVE 1 receptor fused to different membrane anchoring regions. We show that single pass and multispanning ERAD substrates are subjected to glycan-dependent degradation by the HRD1 complex. However, the presence of a powerful ER exit signal in the multispanning ERAD substrates causes competition with ER quality control and targeting of misfolded glycoproteins to the vacuole. Our results demonstrate that the same machinery is used for degradation of topologically different misfolded glycoproteins in the ER of plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun‐Ji Shin
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell BiologyUniversity of Natural Resources and Life SciencesMuthgasse 18ViennaA‐1190Austria
| | - Ulrike Vavra
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell BiologyUniversity of Natural Resources and Life SciencesMuthgasse 18ViennaA‐1190Austria
| | - Christiane Veit
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell BiologyUniversity of Natural Resources and Life SciencesMuthgasse 18ViennaA‐1190Austria
| | - Richard Strasser
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell BiologyUniversity of Natural Resources and Life SciencesMuthgasse 18ViennaA‐1190Austria
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18
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Nicolas WJ, Grison MS, Bayer EM. Shaping intercellular channels of plasmodesmata: the structure-to-function missing link. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2017; 69:91-103. [PMID: 28992136 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erx225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Plasmodesmata (PD) are a hallmark of the plant kingdom and a cornerstone of plant biology and physiology, forming the conduits for the cell-to-cell transfer of proteins, RNA and various metabolites, including hormones. They connect the cytosols and endomembranes of cells, which allows enhanced cell-to-cell communication and synchronization. Because of their unique position as intercellular gateways, they are at the frontline of plant defence and signalling and constitute the battleground for virus replication and spreading. The membranous organization of PD is remarkable, where a tightly furled strand of endoplasmic reticulum comes into close apposition with the plasma membrane, the two connected by spoke-like elements. The role of these structural features is, to date, still not completely understood. Recent data on PD seem to point in an unexpected direction, establishing a close parallel between PD and membrane contact sites and defining plasmodesmal membranes as microdomains. However, the implications of this new viewpoint are not fully understood. Aided by available phylogenetic data, this review attempts to reassess the function of the different elements comprising the PD and the relevance of membrane lipid composition and biophysics in defining specialized microdomains of PD, critical for their function.
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Affiliation(s)
- William J Nicolas
- Laboratoire de Biogénèse Membranaire, UMR 5200 CNRS, University of Bordeaux, France
| | - Magali S Grison
- Laboratoire de Biogénèse Membranaire, UMR 5200 CNRS, University of Bordeaux, France
| | - Emmanuelle M Bayer
- Laboratoire de Biogénèse Membranaire, UMR 5200 CNRS, University of Bordeaux, France
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19
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Vaddepalli P, Fulton L, Wieland J, Wassmer K, Schaeffer M, Ranf S, Schneitz K. The cell wall-localized atypical β-1,3 glucanase ZERZAUST controls tissue morphogenesis in Arabidopsis thaliana. Development 2017; 144:2259-2269. [PMID: 28507000 DOI: 10.1242/dev.152231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Orchestration of cellular behavior in plant organogenesis requires integration of intercellular communication and cell wall dynamics. The underlying signaling mechanisms are poorly understood. Tissue morphogenesis in Arabidopsis depends on the receptor-like kinase STRUBBELIG. Mutations in ZERZAUST were previously shown to result in a strubbelig-like mutant phenotype. Here, we report on the molecular identification and functional characterization of ZERZAUST We show that ZERZAUST encodes a putative GPI-anchored β-1,3 glucanase suggested to degrade the cell wall polymer callose. However, a combination of in vitro, cell biological and genetic experiments indicate that ZERZAUST is not involved in the regulation of callose accumulation. Nonetheless, Fourier-transformed infrared-spectroscopy revealed that zerzaust mutants show defects in cell wall composition. Furthermore, the results indicate that ZERZAUST represents a mobile apoplastic protein, and that its carbohydrate-binding module family 43 domain is required for proper subcellular localization and function whereas its GPI anchor is dispensable. Our collective data reveal that the atypical β-1,3 glucanase ZERZAUST acts in a non-cell-autonomous manner and is required for cell wall organization during tissue morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prasad Vaddepalli
- Entwicklungsbiologie der Pflanzen, Wissenschaftszentrum Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Lynette Fulton
- Entwicklungsbiologie der Pflanzen, Wissenschaftszentrum Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Jennifer Wieland
- Entwicklungsbiologie der Pflanzen, Wissenschaftszentrum Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Katrin Wassmer
- Entwicklungsbiologie der Pflanzen, Wissenschaftszentrum Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Milena Schaeffer
- Lehrstuhl für Phytopathologie, Wissenschaftszentrum Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Stefanie Ranf
- Lehrstuhl für Phytopathologie, Wissenschaftszentrum Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Kay Schneitz
- Entwicklungsbiologie der Pflanzen, Wissenschaftszentrum Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, 85354 Freising, Germany
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20
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Sklodowski K, Riedelsberger J, Raddatz N, Riadi G, Caballero J, Chérel I, Schulze W, Graf A, Dreyer I. The receptor-like pseudokinase MRH1 interacts with the voltage-gated potassium channel AKT2. Sci Rep 2017; 7:44611. [PMID: 28300158 PMCID: PMC5353636 DOI: 10.1038/srep44611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The potassium channel AKT2 plays important roles in phloem loading and unloading. It can operate as inward-rectifying channel that allows H+-ATPase-energized K+ uptake. Moreover, through reversible post-translational modifications it can also function as an open, K+-selective channel, which taps a 'potassium battery', providing additional energy for transmembrane transport processes. Knowledge about proteins involved in the regulation of the operational mode of AKT2 is very limited. Here, we employed a large-scale yeast two-hybrid screen in combination with fluorescence tagging and null-allele mutant phenotype analysis and identified the plasma membrane localized receptor-like kinase MRH1/MDIS2 (AT4G18640) as interaction partner of AKT2. The phenotype of the mrh1-1 knockout plant mirrors that of akt2 knockout plants in energy limiting conditions. Electrophysiological analyses showed that MRH1/MDIS2 failed to exert any functional regulation on AKT2. Using structural protein modeling approaches, we instead gathered evidence that the putative kinase domain of MRH1/MDIS2 lacks essential sites that are indispensable for a functional kinase suggesting that MRH1/MDIS2 is a pseudokinase. We propose that MRH1/MDIS2 and AKT2 are likely parts of a bigger protein complex. MRH1 might help to recruit other, so far unknown partners, which post-translationally regulate AKT2. Additionally, MRH1 might be involved in the recognition of chemical signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamil Sklodowski
- Heisenberg Group of Biophysics and Molecular Plant Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, Molecular Biology, University of Potsdam, D-14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, D-14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
- ETH Zürich, Department of Biology, CH-8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Janin Riedelsberger
- Centro de Bioinformática y Simulación Molecular, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad de Talca, Talca, Chile
| | - Natalia Raddatz
- Plant Biophysics, Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM) - Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), E-28223 Pozuelo de Alarcón (Madrid), Spain
- Instituto de Biología Vegetal y Fotosíntesis, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, E-41092 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Gonzalo Riadi
- Centro de Bioinformática y Simulación Molecular, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad de Talca, Talca, Chile
| | - Julio Caballero
- Centro de Bioinformática y Simulación Molecular, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad de Talca, Talca, Chile
| | - Isabelle Chérel
- Biochimie et Physiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 5004, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique U386, Montpellier SupAgro, Université Montpellier II, F-34060 Montpellier cedex 2, France
| | - Waltraud Schulze
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, D-14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, University of Hohenheim, D-70593 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Alexander Graf
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, D-14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Ingo Dreyer
- Heisenberg Group of Biophysics and Molecular Plant Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, Molecular Biology, University of Potsdam, D-14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
- Centro de Bioinformática y Simulación Molecular, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad de Talca, Talca, Chile
- Plant Biophysics, Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM) - Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), E-28223 Pozuelo de Alarcón (Madrid), Spain
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21
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Kitagawa M, Jackson D. Plasmodesmata-Mediated Cell-to-Cell Communication in the Shoot Apical Meristem: How Stem Cells Talk. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2017; 6:E12. [PMID: 28257070 PMCID: PMC5371771 DOI: 10.3390/plants6010012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Positional information is crucial for the determination of plant cell fates, and it is established based on coordinated cell-to-cell communication, which in turn is essential for plant growth and development. Plants have evolved a unique communication pathway, with tiny channels called plasmodesmata (PD) spanning the cell wall. PD interconnect most cells in the plant and generate a cytoplasmic continuum, to mediate short- and long-distance trafficking of various molecules. Cell-to-cell communication through PD plays a role in transmitting positional signals, however, the regulatory mechanisms of PD-mediated trafficking are still largely unknown. The induction and maintenance of stem cells in the shoot apical meristem (SAM) depends on PDmediated cell-to-cell communication, hence, it is an optimal model for dissecting the regulatory mechanisms of PD-mediated cell-to-cell communication and its function in specifying cell fates. In this review, we summarize recent knowledge of PD-mediated cell-to-cell communication in the SAM, and discuss mechanisms underlying molecular trafficking through PD and its role in plant development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Munenori Kitagawa
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, 1 Bungtown Road, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA.
| | - David Jackson
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, 1 Bungtown Road, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA.
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Kumar D, Kumar R, Baek D, Hyun TK, Chung WS, Yun DJ, Kim JY. Arabidopsis thaliana RECEPTOR DEAD KINASE1 Functions as a Positive Regulator in Plant Responses to ABA. MOLECULAR PLANT 2017; 10:223-243. [PMID: 27923613 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2016.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2016] [Revised: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Abscisic acid (ABA) is a major phytohormone involved in important stress-related and developmental plant processes. Membrane-delimited ABA signal transduction plays an important role in early ABA signaling, but the molecular mechanisms connecting core signaling components to the plasma membrane remain unclear. Plants have evolved a large number of receptor-like kinases (RLKs) to modulate diverse biological processes by perceiving extracellular stimuli and activating downstream signaling responses. In this study, a putative leucine-rich repeat-RLK gene named RECEPTOR DEAD KINASE1 (AtRDK1) was identified and characterized in Arabidopsis thaliana. RDK1 promoter-GUS analysis revealed that RDK1 is expressed ubiquitously in the various tissues in Arabidopsis, and its expression is mainly induced by ABA. In the presence of ABA, RDK1-deficient rdk1-1 and rdk1-2 lines showed significant resistance in cotyledon greening and root growth, whereas RDK1-overexpressing lines showed enhanced sensitivity. Consistently, the expression of ABA-responsive genes was significantly downregulated in rdk1 mutant seedlings, which were also hypersensitive to drought stress with increased water loss. Interestingly, RDK1 was found to be an atypical kinase localized to the plasma membrane and did not require its kinase activity during ABA-mediated inhibition of seedling development. Accordingly, RDK1 interacted in the plasma membrane with type 2C protein phosphatase ABSCISIC ACID INSENSITIVE1 (ABI1); this interaction was further enhanced by exogenous application of ABA, suggesting that RDK1-mediated recruitment of ABI1 onto the plasma membrane is important for ABA signaling. Taken together, these results reveal an important role for RDK1 in plant responses to abiotic stress conditions in an ABA-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhinesh Kumar
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 660-701, Korea
| | - Ritesh Kumar
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 660-701, Korea
| | - Dongwon Baek
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 660-701, Korea
| | - Tae-Kyung Hyun
- Department of Industrial Plant Science and Technology, College of Agricultural, Life and Environmental Sciences, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Woo Sik Chung
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 660-701, Korea
| | - Dae-Jin Yun
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 660-701, Korea.
| | - Jae-Yean Kim
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 660-701, Korea.
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Hiltenbrand R, Thomas J, McCarthy H, Dykema KJ, Spurr A, Newhart H, Winn ME, Mukherjee A. A Developmental and Molecular View of Formation of Auxin-Induced Nodule-Like Structures in Land Plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:1692. [PMID: 27891144 PMCID: PMC5104908 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Several studies have shown that plant hormones play important roles during legume-rhizobia symbiosis. For instance, auxins induce the formation of nodule-like structures (NLSs) on legume roots in the absence of rhizobia. Furthermore, these NLS can be colonized by nitrogen-fixing bacteria, which favor nitrogen fixation compared to regular roots and subsequently increase plant yield. Interestingly, auxin also induces similar NLS in cereal roots. While several genetic studies have identified plant genes controlling NLS formation in legumes, no studies have investigated the genes involved in NLS formation in cereals. In this study, first we established an efficient experimental system to induce NLS in rice roots, using auxin, 2,4-D, consistently at a high frequency (>90%). We were able to induce NLS at a high frequency in Medicago truncatula under similar conditions. NLS were characterized by a broad base, a diffuse meristem, and increased cell differentiation in the vasculature. Interestingly, NLS formation appeared very similar in both rice and Medicago, suggesting a similar developmental program. We show that NLS formation in both rice and Medicago occurs downstream of the common symbiotic pathway. Furthermore, NLS formation occurs downstream of cytokinin-induced step(s). We performed a comprehensive RNA sequencing experiment to identify genes differentially expressed during NLS formation in rice and identified several promising genes for control of NLS based on their biological and molecular functions. We validated the expression patterns of several genes using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and show varied expression patterns of these genes during different stages of NLS formation. Finally, we show that NLS induced on rice roots under these conditions can be colonized by nitrogen-fixing bacteria, Azorhizobium caulinodans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Hiltenbrand
- Department of Biology, University of Central Arkansas, ConwayAR, USA
| | - Jacklyn Thomas
- Department of Biology, University of Central Arkansas, ConwayAR, USA
| | - Hannah McCarthy
- Department of Biology, University of Central Arkansas, ConwayAR, USA
| | - Karl J. Dykema
- Bioinformatics and Biostatistics Core, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand RapidsMI, USA
| | - Ashley Spurr
- Department of Biology, University of Central Arkansas, ConwayAR, USA
| | - Hamilton Newhart
- Department of Biology, University of Central Arkansas, ConwayAR, USA
| | - Mary E. Winn
- Bioinformatics and Biostatistics Core, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand RapidsMI, USA
| | - Arijit Mukherjee
- Department of Biology, University of Central Arkansas, ConwayAR, USA
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Wang JG, Feng C, Liu HH, Ge FR, Li S, Li HJ, Zhang Y. HAPLESS13-Mediated Trafficking of STRUBBELIG Is Critical for Ovule Development in Arabidopsis. PLoS Genet 2016; 12:e1006269. [PMID: 27541731 PMCID: PMC4991792 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1006269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2016] [Accepted: 07/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Planar morphogenesis, a distinct feature of multicellular organisms, is crucial for the development of ovule, progenitor of seeds. Both receptor-like kinases (RLKs) such as STRUBBELIG (SUB) and auxin gradient mediated by PIN-FORMED1 (PIN1) play instructive roles in this process. Fine-tuned intercellular communications between different cell layers during ovule development demands dynamic membrane distribution of these cell-surface proteins, presumably through vesicle-mediated sorting. However, the way it's achieved and the trafficking routes involved are obscure. We report that HAPLESS13 (HAP13)-mediated trafficking of SUB is critical for ovule development. HAP13 encodes the μ subunit of adaptor protein 1 (AP1) that mediates protein sorting at the trans-Golgi network/early endosome (TGN/EE). The HAP13 mutant, hap13-1, is defective in outer integument growth, resulting in exposed nucellus accompanied with impaired pollen tube guidance and reception. SUB is mis-targeted in hap13-1. However, unlike that of PIN2, the distribution of PIN1 is independent of HAP13. Genetic interference of exocytic trafficking at the TGN/EE by specifically downregulating HAP13 phenocopied the defects of hap13-1 in SUB targeting and ovule development, supporting a key role of sporophytically expressed SUB in instructing female gametogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Gang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, China
| | - Chong Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, China
| | - Hai-Hong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, China
| | - Fu-Rong Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, China
| | - Sha Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, China
| | - Hong-Ju Li
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, China
- * E-mail:
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25
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Stahl Y, Faulkner C. Receptor Complex Mediated Regulation of Symplastic Traffic. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 21:450-459. [PMID: 26655263 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2015.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Revised: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Plant receptor kinases (RKs) and receptor proteins (RPs) are involved in a plethora of cellular processes, including developmental decisions and immune responses. There is increasing evidence that plasmodesmata (PD)-localized RKs and RPs act as nexuses that perceive extracellular signals and convey them into intra- and intercellular responses by regulating the exchange of molecules through PD. How RK/RP complexes regulate the specific and nonspecific traffic of molecules through PD, and how these receptors are specifically targeted to PD, have been elusive but underpin comprehensive understanding of the function and regulation of the symplast. In this review we gather the current knowledge of RK/RP complex function at PD and how they might regulate intercellular traffic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne Stahl
- Institute for Developmental Genetics, Heinrich-Heine-University, Universitätsstrasse 1, D-40225, Düsseldorf, Germany.
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26
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Chakraborty S, Britton M, Martínez-García PJ, Dandekar AM. Deep RNA-Seq profile reveals biodiversity, plant-microbe interactions and a large family of NBS-LRR resistance genes in walnut (Juglans regia) tissues. AMB Express 2016; 6:12. [PMID: 26883051 PMCID: PMC4755957 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-016-0182-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2015] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Deep RNA-Seq profiling, a revolutionary method used for quantifying transcriptional levels, often includes non-specific transcripts from other co-existing organisms in spite of stringent protocols. Using the recently published walnut genome sequence as a filter, we present a broad analysis of the RNA-Seq derived transcriptome profiles obtained from twenty different tissues to extract the biodiversity and possible plant-microbe interactions in the walnut ecosystem in California. Since the residual nature of the transcripts being analyzed does not provide sufficient information to identify the exact strain, inferences made are constrained to the genus level. The presence of the pathogenic oomycete Phytophthora was detected in the root through the presence of a glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase. Cryptococcus, the causal agent of cryptococcosis, was found in the catkins and vegetative buds, corroborating previous work indicating that the plant surface supported the sexual cycle of this human pathogen. The RNA-Seq profile revealed several species of the endophytic nitrogen fixing Actinobacteria. Another bacterial species implicated in aerobic biodegradation of methyl tert-butyl ether (Methylibium petroleiphilum) is also found in the root. RNA encoding proteins from the pea aphid were found in the leaves and vegetative buds, while a serine protease from mosquito with significant homology to a female reproductive tract protease from Drosophila mojavensis in the vegetative bud suggests egg-laying activities. The comprehensive analysis of RNA-seq data present also unraveled detailed, tissue-specific information of ~400 transcripts encoded by the largest family of resistance (R) genes (NBS-LRR), which possibly rationalizes the resistance of the specific walnut plant to the pathogens detected. Thus, we elucidate the biodiversity and possible plant-microbe interactions in several walnut (Juglans regia) tissues in California using deep RNA-Seq profiling.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Monica Britton
- />UC Davis Genome Center Bioinformatics Core Facility, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | | | - Abhaya M. Dandekar
- />Plant Sciences Department, University of California, Davis, CA 95616 USA
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27
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Kwak SH, Song SK, Lee MM, Schiefelbein J. ANGUSTIFOLIA mediates one of the multiple SCRAMBLED signaling pathways regulating cell growth pattern in Arabidopsis thaliana. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 465:587-93. [PMID: 26296462 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.08.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 08/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In Arabidopsis thaliana, an atypical leucine-rich repeat receptor-like kinase, SCRAMBLED (SCM), is required for multiple developmental processes including root epidermal cell fate determination, silique dehiscence, inflorescence growth, ovule morphogenesis, and tissue morphology. Previous work suggested that SCM regulates these multiple pathways using distinct mechanisms via interactions with specific downstream factors. ANGUSTIFOLIA (AN) is known to regulate cell and tissue morphogenesis by influencing cortical microtubule arrangement, and recently, the AN protein was reported to interact with the SCM protein. Therefore, we examined whether AN might be responsible for mediating some of the SCM-dependent phenotypes. We discovered that both scm and an mutant lines cause an abnormal spiral or twisting growth of roots, but only the scm mutant affected root epidermal patterning. The siliques of the an and scm mutants also exhibited spiral growth, as previously reported, but only the scm mutant altered silique dehiscence. Interestingly, we discovered that the spiral growth of roots and siliques of the scm mutant is rescued by a truncated SCM protein that lacks its kinase domain, and that a juxtamembrane domain of SCM was sufficient for AN binding in the yeast two-hybrid analysis. These results suggest that the AN protein is one of the critical downstream factors of SCM pathways specifically responsible for mediating its effects on cell/tissue morphogenesis through cortical microtubule arrangement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su-Hwan Kwak
- Department of Biology, Long Island University, 1 University Plaza, Brooklyn, NY, USA.
| | - Sang-Kee Song
- Department of Biology, Chosun University, Gwangju 501-759, Republic of Korea
| | - Myeong Min Lee
- Department of Systems Biology, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seoul 120-749, Republic of Korea
| | - John Schiefelbein
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, 830 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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28
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A context-independent N-glycan signal targets the misfolded extracellular domain of Arabidopsis STRUBBELIG to endoplasmic-reticulum-associated degradation. Biochem J 2015; 464:401-11. [PMID: 25251695 PMCID: PMC4255730 DOI: 10.1042/bj20141057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
N-glycosylation of proteins plays an important role in the determination of the fate of newly synthesized glycoproteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Specific oligosaccharide structures recruit molecular chaperones that promote folding or mannose-binding lectins that assist in the clearance of improperly-folded glycoproteins by delivery to ER-associated degradation (ERAD). In plants, the mechanisms and factors that recognize non-native proteins and sort them to ERAD are poorly understood. In the present study, we provide evidence that a misfolded variant of the STRUBBELIG (SUB) extracellular domain (SUBEX-C57Y) is degraded in a glycan-dependent manner in plants. SUBEX-C57Y is an ER-retained glycoprotein with three N-glycans that is stabilized in the presence of kifunensine, a potent inhibitor of α-mannosidases. Stable expression in Arabidopsis thaliana knockout mutants revealed that SUBEX-C57Y degradation is dependent on the ER lectin OS9 and its associated ERAD factor SEL1L. SUBEX-C57Y was also stabilized in plants lacking the α-mannosidases MNS4 and MNS5 that generate a terminal α1,6-linked mannose on the C-branch of N-glycans. Notably, the glycan signal for degradation is not constrained to a specific position within SUBEX-C57Y. Structural analysis revealed that SUBEX-C57Y harbours considerable amounts of Glc1Man7GlcNAc2 N-glycans suggesting that the ER-quality control processes involving calnexin/calreticulin (CNX/CRT) and ERAD are tightly interconnected to promote protein folding or disposal by termination of futile folding attempts.
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29
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Wrzaczek M, Vainonen JP, Stael S, Tsiatsiani L, Help-Rinta-Rahko H, Gauthier A, Kaufholdt D, Bollhöner B, Lamminmäki A, Staes A, Gevaert K, Tuominen H, Van Breusegem F, Helariutta Y, Kangasjärvi J. GRIM REAPER peptide binds to receptor kinase PRK5 to trigger cell death in Arabidopsis. EMBO J 2014; 34:55-66. [PMID: 25398910 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201488582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Recognition of extracellular peptides by plasma membrane-localized receptor proteins is commonly used in signal transduction. In plants, very little is known about how extracellular peptides are processed and activated in order to allow recognition by receptors. Here, we show that induction of cell death in planta by a secreted plant protein GRIM REAPER (GRI) is dependent on the activity of the type II metacaspase METACASPASE-9. GRI is cleaved by METACASPASE-9 in vitro resulting in the release of an 11 amino acid peptide. This peptide bound in vivo to the extracellular domain of the plasma membrane-localized, atypical leucine-rich repeat receptor-like kinase POLLEN-SPECIFIC RECEPTOR-LIKE KINASE 5 (PRK5) and was sufficient to induce oxidative stress/ROS-dependent cell death. This shows a signaling pathway in plants from processing and activation of an extracellular protein to recognition by its receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Wrzaczek
- Plant Biology, Department of Biosciences University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Julia P Vainonen
- Plant Biology, Department of Biosciences University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Simon Stael
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Ghent, Belgium Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium Department of Medical Protein Research, VIB, Ghent, Belgium Department of Biochemistry, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Liana Tsiatsiani
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Ghent, Belgium Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium Department of Medical Protein Research, VIB, Ghent, Belgium Department of Biochemistry, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Hanna Help-Rinta-Rahko
- Plant Biology, Department of Biosciences University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Adrien Gauthier
- Plant Biology, Department of Biosciences University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - David Kaufholdt
- Plant Biology, Department of Biosciences University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Benjamin Bollhöner
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Airi Lamminmäki
- Plant Biology, Department of Biosciences University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - An Staes
- Department of Medical Protein Research, VIB, Ghent, Belgium Department of Biochemistry, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Kris Gevaert
- Department of Medical Protein Research, VIB, Ghent, Belgium Department of Biochemistry, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Hannele Tuominen
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Frank Van Breusegem
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Ghent, Belgium Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ykä Helariutta
- Plant Biology, Department of Biosciences University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jaakko Kangasjärvi
- Plant Biology, Department of Biosciences University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland Distinguished Scientist Fellowship Program, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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30
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Vaddepalli P, Herrmann A, Fulton L, Oelschner M, Hillmer S, Stratil TF, Fastner A, Hammes UZ, Ott T, Robinson DG, Schneitz K. The C2-domain protein QUIRKY and the receptor-like kinase STRUBBELIG localize to plasmodesmata and mediate tissue morphogenesis in Arabidopsis thaliana. Development 2014; 141:4139-48. [DOI: 10.1242/dev.113878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Tissue morphogenesis in plants requires communication between cells, a process involving the trafficking of molecules through plasmodesmata (PD). PD conductivity is regulated by endogenous and exogenous signals. However, the underlying signaling mechanisms remain enigmatic. In Arabidopsis, signal transduction mediated by the receptor-like kinase STRUBBELIG (SUB) contributes to inter-cell layer signaling during tissue morphogenesis. Previous analysis has revealed that SUB acts non-cell-autonomously suggesting that SUB controls tissue morphogenesis by participating in the formation or propagation of a downstream mobile signal. A genetic screen identified QUIRKY (QKY), encoding a predicted membrane-anchored C2-domain protein, as a component of SUB signaling. Here, we provide further insight into the role of QKY in this process. We show that like SUB, QKY exhibits non-cell-autonomy when expressed in a tissue-specific manner and that non-autonomy of QKY extends across several cells. In addition, we report on localization studies indicating that QKY and SUB localize to PD but independently of each other. FRET-FLIM analysis suggests that SUB and QKY are in close contact at PD in vivo. We propose a model where SUB and QKY interact at PD to promote tissue morphogenesis, thereby linking RLK-dependent signal transduction and intercellular communication mediated by PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prasad Vaddepalli
- Entwicklungsbiologie der Pflanzen, Wissenschaftszentrum Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, Emil-Ramann-Strasse 4, Freising 85354, Germany
| | - Anja Herrmann
- Entwicklungsbiologie der Pflanzen, Wissenschaftszentrum Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, Emil-Ramann-Strasse 4, Freising 85354, Germany
| | - Lynette Fulton
- Entwicklungsbiologie der Pflanzen, Wissenschaftszentrum Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, Emil-Ramann-Strasse 4, Freising 85354, Germany
| | - Maxi Oelschner
- Entwicklungsbiologie der Pflanzen, Wissenschaftszentrum Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, Emil-Ramann-Strasse 4, Freising 85354, Germany
| | - Stefan Hillmer
- Plant Cell Biology, Centre for Organismal Studies, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 230, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Thomas F. Stratil
- Institute of Genetics, Faculty of Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Grosshaderner Strasse 2-4, Martinsried 82152, Germany
| | - Astrid Fastner
- Cell Biology and Plant Biochemistry, Biochemie-Zentrum Regensburg, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstrasse 31, Regensburg 93053, Germany
| | - Ulrich Z. Hammes
- Cell Biology and Plant Biochemistry, Biochemie-Zentrum Regensburg, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstrasse 31, Regensburg 93053, Germany
| | - Thomas Ott
- Institute of Genetics, Faculty of Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Grosshaderner Strasse 2-4, Martinsried 82152, Germany
| | - David G. Robinson
- Plant Cell Biology, Centre for Organismal Studies, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 230, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Kay Schneitz
- Entwicklungsbiologie der Pflanzen, Wissenschaftszentrum Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, Emil-Ramann-Strasse 4, Freising 85354, Germany
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31
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Kwak SH, Woo S, Lee MM, Schiefelbein J. Distinct signaling mechanisms in multiple developmental pathways by the SCRAMBLED receptor of Arabidopsis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 166:976-87. [PMID: 25136062 PMCID: PMC4213122 DOI: 10.1104/pp.114.247288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
SCRAMBLED (SCM), a leucine-rich repeat receptor-like kinase in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), is required for positional signaling in the root epidermis and for tissue/organ development in the shoot. To further understand SCM action, we generated a series of kinase domain variants and analyzed their ability to complement scm mutant defects. We found that the SCM kinase domain, but not kinase activity, is required for its role in root epidermal patterning, supporting the view that SCM is an atypical receptor kinase. We also describe a previously uncharacterized role for SCM in fruit dehiscence, because mature siliques from scm mutants fail to open properly. Interestingly, the kinase domain of SCM appears to be dispensable for this developmental process. Furthermore, we found that most of the SCM kinase domain mutations dramatically inhibit inflorescence development. Because this process is not affected in scm null mutants, it is likely that SCM acts redundantly to regulate inflorescence size. The importance of distinct kinase residues for these three developmental processes provides an explanation for the maintenance of the conserved kinase domain in the SCM protein, and it may generally explain its conservation in other atypical kinases. Furthermore, these results indicate that individual leucine-rich repeat receptor-like kinases may participate in multiple pathways using distinct signaling mechanisms to mediate diverse cellular communication events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su-Hwan Kwak
- Biology Department, Long Island University, Brooklyn, New York 11201 (S.-H.K.);Department of Systems Biology, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, Korea (S.W., M.M.L.); andDepartment of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109 (J.S.)
| | - Sooah Woo
- Biology Department, Long Island University, Brooklyn, New York 11201 (S.-H.K.);Department of Systems Biology, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, Korea (S.W., M.M.L.); andDepartment of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109 (J.S.)
| | - Myeong Min Lee
- Biology Department, Long Island University, Brooklyn, New York 11201 (S.-H.K.);Department of Systems Biology, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, Korea (S.W., M.M.L.); andDepartment of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109 (J.S.)
| | - John Schiefelbein
- Biology Department, Long Island University, Brooklyn, New York 11201 (S.-H.K.);Department of Systems Biology, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, Korea (S.W., M.M.L.); andDepartment of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109 (J.S.)
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32
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Ursache R, Heo JO, Helariutta Y. Plant Vascular Biology 2013: vascular trafficking. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2014; 65:1673-1680. [PMID: 24431156 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ert462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
About 200 researchers from around the world attended the Third International Conference on Plant Vascular Biology (PVB 2013) held in July 2013 at the Rantapuisto Conference Center, in Helsinki, Finland (http://www.pvb2013.org). The plant vascular system, which connects every organ in the mature plant, continues to attract the interest of researchers representing a wide range of disciplines, including development, physiology, systems biology, and computational biology. At the meeting, participants discussed the latest research advances in vascular development, long- and short-distance vascular transport and long-distance signalling in plant defence, in addition to providing a context for how these studies intersect with each other. The meeting provided an opportunity for researchers working across a broad range of fields to share ideas and to discuss future directions in the expanding field of vascular biology. In this report, the latest advances in understanding the mechanism of vascular trafficking presented at the meeting have been summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robertas Ursache
- Institute of Biotechnology/Department of Bio and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, FIN-00014, Finland
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Trehin C, Schrempp S, Chauvet A, Berne-Dedieu A, Thierry AM, Faure JE, Negrutiu I, Morel P. QUIRKY interacts with STRUBBELIG and PAL OF QUIRKY to regulate cell growth anisotropy during Arabidopsis gynoecium development. Development 2013; 140:4807-17. [PMID: 24173806 DOI: 10.1242/dev.091868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Organ morphogenesis largely relies on cell division and elongation, which need to be both coordinated between cells and orchestrated with cytoskeleton dynamics. However, components that bridge the biological signals and the effectors that define cell shape remain poorly described. We have addressed this issue through the functional characterisation of QUIRKY (QKY), previously isolated as being involved in the STRUBBELIG (SUB) genetic pathway that controls cell-cell communication and organ morphogenesis in Arabidopsis. QKY encodes a protein containing multiple C2 domains and transmembrane regions, and SUB encodes an atypical LRR-receptor-like kinase. We show that twisting of the gynoecium observed in qky results from the abnormal division pattern and anisotropic growth of clustered cells arranged sporadically along the gynoecium. Moreover, the cortical microtubule (CMT) network of these cells is disorganised. A cross to botero, a katanin mutant in which the normal orientation of CMTs and anisotropic cell expansion are impaired, strongly reduces silique deviation, reinforcing the hypothesis of a role for QKY in CMT-mediated cell growth anisotropy. We also show that QKY is localised at the plasma membrane and functions in a multiprotein complex that includes SUB and PAL OF QUIRKY (POQ), a previously uncharacterised PB1-domain-containing protein that localises both at the plasma membrane and in intracellular compartments. Our data indicate that QKY and its interactors play central roles linking together cell-cell communication and cellular growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Trehin
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, CNRS, INRA, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 46 allée d'Italie, F-69364, Lyon Cedex 07, France
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Bai Y, Vaddepalli P, Fulton L, Bhasin H, Hülskamp M, Schneitz K. ANGUSTIFOLIA is a central component of tissue morphogenesis mediated by the atypical receptor-like kinase STRUBBELIG. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2013; 13:16. [PMID: 23368817 PMCID: PMC3599385 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2229-13-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2013] [Accepted: 01/29/2013] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND During plant tissue morphogenesis cells have to coordinate their behavior to allow the generation of the size, shape and cellular patterns that distinguish an organ. Despite impressive progress the underlying signaling pathways remain largely unexplored. In Arabidopsis thaliana, the atypical leucine-rich repeat receptor-like kinase STRUBBELIG (SUB) is involved in signal transduction in several developmental processes including the formation of carpels, petals, ovules and root hair patterning. The three STRUBBELIG-LIKE MUTANT (SLM) genes DETORQUEO (DOQ), QUIRKY (QKY) and ZERZAUST (ZET) are considered central elements of SUB-mediated signal transduction pathways as corresponding mutants share most phenotypic aspects with sub mutants. RESULTS Here we show that DOQ corresponds to the previously identified ANGUSTIFOLIA gene. The genetic analysis revealed that the doq-1 mutant exhibits all additional mutant phenotypes and conversely that other an alleles show the slm phenotypes. We further provide evidence that SUB and AN physically interact and that AN is not required for subcellular localization of SUB. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that AN is involved in SUB signal transduction pathways. In addition, they reveal previously unreported functions of AN in several biological processes, such as ovule development, cell morphogenesis in floral meristems, and root hair patterning. Finally, SUB and AN may directly interact at the plasma membrane to mediate SUB-dependent signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Bai
- Botanisches Institut III, Universität Köln, Zülpicher Straße 47b, 50674, Köln, Germany
- Present address: Department of Plant Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné-Weg 10, 50829, Köln, Germany
| | - Prasad Vaddepalli
- Entwicklungsbiologie der Pflanzen, Wissenschaftszentrum Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, Emil-Ramann-Str. 4, 85354, Freising, Germany
| | - Lynette Fulton
- Entwicklungsbiologie der Pflanzen, Wissenschaftszentrum Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, Emil-Ramann-Str. 4, 85354, Freising, Germany
- Present address: School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, 3800, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Hemal Bhasin
- Botanisches Institut III, Universität Köln, Zülpicher Straße 47b, 50674, Köln, Germany
| | - Martin Hülskamp
- Botanisches Institut III, Universität Köln, Zülpicher Straße 47b, 50674, Köln, Germany
| | - Kay Schneitz
- Entwicklungsbiologie der Pflanzen, Wissenschaftszentrum Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, Emil-Ramann-Str. 4, 85354, Freising, Germany
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Hopff D, Wienkoop S, Lüthje S. The plasma membrane proteome of maize roots grown under low and high iron conditions. J Proteomics 2013; 91:605-18. [PMID: 23353019 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2013.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2011] [Revised: 12/11/2012] [Accepted: 01/09/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Iron (Fe) homeostasis is essential for life and has been intensively investigated for dicots, while our knowledge for species in the Poaceae is fragmentary. This study presents the first proteome analysis (LC-MS/MS) of plasma membranes isolated from roots of 18-day old maize (Zea mays L.). Plants were grown under low and high Fe conditions in hydroponic culture. In total, 227 proteins were identified in control plants, whereas 204 proteins were identified in Fe deficient plants and 251 proteins in plants grown under high Fe conditions. Proteins were sorted by functional classes, and most of the identified proteins were classified as signaling proteins. A significant number of PM-bound redox proteins could be identified including quinone reductases, heme and copper-containing proteins. Most of these components were constitutive, and others could hint at an involvement of redox signaling and redox homeostasis by change in abundance. Energy metabolism and translation seem to be crucial in Fe homeostasis. The response to Fe deficiency includes proteins involved in development, whereas membrane remodeling and assembly and/or repair of Fe-S clusters is discussed for Fe toxicity. The general stress response appears to involve proteins related to oxidative stress, growth regulation, an increased rigidity and synthesis of cell walls and adaption of nutrient uptake and/or translocation. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Plant Proteomics in Europe.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Hopff
- University of Hamburg, Biocenter Klein Flottbek and Botanical Garden, Plant Physiology, Ohnhorststraße 18, D-22609 Hamburg, Germany
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Muleya V, Wheeler JI, Irving HR. Structural and functional characterization of receptor kinases with nucleotide cyclase activity. Methods Mol Biol 2013; 1016:175-94. [PMID: 23681579 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-62703-441-8_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
There has been an increase in the identification and characterization of plant receptor kinases possessing nucleotide cyclase activity. This has necessitated the development of robust methodologies for the structural and functional characterization of this biologically important family of proteins. Here we outline some of the techniques that can be effectively used in the characterization of this bifunctional family of proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Muleya
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, Australia
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Jankowicz-Cieslak J, Huynh OA, Brozynska M, Nakitandwe J, Till BJ. Induction, rapid fixation and retention of mutations in vegetatively propagated banana. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2012; 10:1056-66. [PMID: 22928630 PMCID: PMC3533788 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-7652.2012.00733.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2012] [Revised: 07/12/2012] [Accepted: 07/16/2012] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Mutation discovery technologies have enabled the development of reverse genetics for many plant species and allowed sophisticated evaluation of the consequences of mutagenesis. Such methods are relatively straightforward for seed-propagated plants. To develop a platform suitable for vegetatively propagated species, we treated isolated banana shoot apical meristems with the chemical mutagen ethyl methanesulphonate, recovered plantlets and screened for induced mutations. A high density of GC-AT transition mutations were recovered, similar to that reported in seed-propagated polyploids. Through analysis of the inheritance of mutations, we observed that genotypically heterogeneous stem cells resulting from mutagenic treatment are rapidly sorted to fix a single genotype in the meristem. Further, mutant genotypes are stably inherited in subsequent generations. Evaluation of natural nucleotide variation showed the accumulation of potentially deleterious heterozygous alleles, suggesting that mutation induction may uncover recessive traits. This work therefore provides genotypic insights into the fate of totipotent cells after mutagenesis and suggests rapid approaches for mutation-based functional genomics and improvement of vegetatively propagated crops.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Bradley J Till
- *Correspondence (Tel +43(1) 2600-28260; fax +43(1) 2600-28222; email )
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