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Wilkerson JL, Tatum SM, Holland WL, Summers SA. Ceramides are fuel gauges on the drive to cardiometabolic disease. Physiol Rev 2024; 104:1061-1119. [PMID: 38300524 PMCID: PMC11381030 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00008.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Ceramides are signals of fatty acid excess that accumulate when a cell's energetic needs have been met and its nutrient storage has reached capacity. As these sphingolipids accrue, they alter the metabolism and survival of cells throughout the body including in the heart, liver, blood vessels, skeletal muscle, brain, and kidney. These ceramide actions elicit the tissue dysfunction that underlies cardiometabolic diseases such as diabetes, coronary artery disease, metabolic-associated steatohepatitis, and heart failure. Here, we review the biosynthesis and degradation pathways that maintain ceramide levels in normal physiology and discuss how the loss of ceramide homeostasis drives cardiometabolic pathologies. We highlight signaling nodes that sense small changes in ceramides and in turn reprogram cellular metabolism and stimulate apoptosis. Finally, we evaluate the emerging therapeutic utility of these unique lipids as biomarkers that forecast disease risk and as targets of ceramide-lowering interventions that ameliorate disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph L Wilkerson
- Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States
| | - Sean M Tatum
- Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States
| | - William L Holland
- Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States
| | - Scott A Summers
- Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States
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2
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Kuo A, Hla T. Regulation of cellular and systemic sphingolipid homeostasis. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2024:10.1038/s41580-024-00742-y. [PMID: 38890457 DOI: 10.1038/s41580-024-00742-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
One hundred and fifty years ago, Johann Thudichum described sphingolipids as unusual "Sphinx-like" lipids from the brain. Today, we know that thousands of sphingolipid molecules mediate many essential functions in embryonic development and normal physiology. In addition, sphingolipid metabolism and signalling pathways are dysregulated in a wide range of pathologies, and therapeutic agents that target sphingolipids are now used to treat several human diseases. However, our understanding of sphingolipid regulation at cellular and organismal levels and their functions in developmental, physiological and pathological settings is rudimentary. In this Review, we discuss recent advances in sphingolipid pathways in different organelles, how secreted sphingolipid mediators modulate physiology and disease, progress in sphingolipid-targeted therapeutic and diagnostic research, and the trans-cellular sphingolipid metabolic networks between microbiota and mammals. Advances in sphingolipid biology have led to a deeper understanding of mammalian physiology and may lead to progress in the management of many diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Kuo
- Vascular Biology Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Timothy Hla
- Vascular Biology Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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3
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Dadsena S, Cuevas Arenas R, Vieira G, Brodesser S, Melo MN, García-Sáez AJ. Lipid unsaturation promotes BAX and BAK pore activity during apoptosis. Nat Commun 2024; 15:4700. [PMID: 38830851 PMCID: PMC11148036 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-49067-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024] Open
Abstract
BAX and BAK are proapoptotic members of the BCL2 family that directly mediate mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilition (MOMP), a central step in apoptosis execution. However, the molecular architecture of the mitochondrial apoptotic pore remains a key open question and especially little is known about the contribution of lipids to MOMP. By performing a comparative lipidomics analysis of the proximal membrane environment of BAK isolated in lipid nanodiscs, we find a significant enrichment of unsaturated species nearby BAK and BAX in apoptotic conditions. We then demonstrate that unsaturated lipids promote BAX pore activity in model membranes, isolated mitochondria and cellular systems, which is further supported by molecular dynamics simulations. Accordingly, the fatty acid desaturase FADS2 not only enhances apoptosis sensitivity, but also the activation of the cGAS/STING pathway downstream mtDNA release. The correlation of FADS2 levels with the sensitization to apoptosis of different lung and kidney cancer cell lines by co-treatment with unsaturated fatty acids supports the relevance of our findings. Altogether, our work provides an insight on how local lipid environment affects BAX and BAK function during apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shashank Dadsena
- Institute for Genetics, CECAD Research Center, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Rodrigo Cuevas Arenas
- Structural Biochemistry, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, 3584CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Gonçalo Vieira
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Susanne Brodesser
- Cluster of Excellence Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-associated Diseases (CECAD), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Manuel N Melo
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Ana J García-Sáez
- Institute for Genetics, CECAD Research Center, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
- Department of Membrane Dynamics, Max Planck Institute of Biophysics, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
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4
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Lin Z, Long F, Kang R, Klionsky DJ, Yang M, Tang D. The lipid basis of cell death and autophagy. Autophagy 2024; 20:469-488. [PMID: 37768124 PMCID: PMC10936693 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2023.2259732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
ABBREVIATIONS ACSL: acyl-CoA synthetase long chain family; DISC: death-inducing signaling complex; DAMPs: danger/damage-associated molecular patterns; Dtgn: dispersed trans-Golgi network; FAR1: fatty acyl-CoA reductase 1; GPX4: glutathione peroxidase 4; LPCAT3: lysophosphatidylcholine acyltransferase 3; LPS: lipopolysaccharide; MUFAs: monounsaturated fatty acids; MOMP: mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization; MLKL, mixed lineage kinase domain like pseudokinase; oxPAPC: oxidized 1-palmitoyl-2-arachidonoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine; OxPCs: oxidized phosphatidylcholines; PUFAs: polyunsaturated fatty acids; POR: cytochrome p450 oxidoreductase; PUFAs: polyunsaturated fatty acids; RCD: regulated cell death; RIPK1: receptor interacting serine/threonine kinase 1; SPHK1: sphingosine kinase 1; SOAT1: sterol O-acyltransferase 1; SCP2: sterol carrier protein 2; SFAs: saturated fatty acids; SLC47A1: solute carrier family 47 member 1; SCD: stearoyl-CoA desaturase; VLCFA: very long chain fatty acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Lin
- Department of Pediatrics, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Hunan Clinical Research Center of Pediatric Cancer, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Fei Long
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Postdoctoral Research Station of Basic Medicine, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Rui Kang
- Department of Surgery, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Daniel J. Klionsky
- Life Sciences Institute and Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Minghua Yang
- Department of Pediatrics, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Hunan Clinical Research Center of Pediatric Cancer, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Daolin Tang
- Department of Surgery, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
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5
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Jamil M, Cowart LA. Sphingolipids in mitochondria-from function to disease. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1302472. [PMID: 38078003 PMCID: PMC10702779 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1302472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Sphingolipids are not only structural components of cellular membranes but also play vital roles in cell signaling and modulation of cellular processes. Within mitochondria, sphingolipids exert diverse effects on mitochondrial dynamics, energy metabolism, oxidative stress, and cell death pathways. In this review, we summarize literature addressing the crucial role of sphingolipids in mitochondria, highlighting their impact on mitochondrial dynamics, cellular bioenergetics, and important cell processes including apoptosis and mitophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Jamil
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Lauren Ashley Cowart
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
- Richmond Veteran’s Affairs Medical Center, Richmond, VA, United States
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6
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Alizadeh J, da Silva Rosa SC, Weng X, Jacobs J, Lorzadeh S, Ravandi A, Vitorino R, Pecic S, Zivkovic A, Stark H, Shojaei S, Ghavami S. Ceramides and ceramide synthases in cancer: Focus on apoptosis and autophagy. Eur J Cell Biol 2023; 102:151337. [PMID: 37392580 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2023.151337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Different studies corroborate a role for ceramide synthases and their downstream products, ceramides, in modulation of apoptosis and autophagy in the context of cancer. These mechanisms of regulation, however, appear to be context dependent in terms of ceramides' fatty acid chain length, subcellular localization, and the presence or absence of their downstream targets. Our current understanding of the role of ceramide synthases and ceramides in regulation of apoptosis and autophagy could be harnessed to pioneer the development of new treatments to activate or inhibit a single type of ceramide synthase, thereby regulating the apoptosis induction or cross talk of apoptosis and autophagy in cancer cells. Moreover, the apoptotic function of ceramide suggests that ceramide analogues can pave the way for the development of novel cancer treatments. Therefore, in the current review paper we discuss the impact of ceramide synthases and ceramides in regulation of apoptosis and autophagy in context of different types of cancers. We also briefly introduce the latest information on ceramide synthase inhibitors, their application in diseases including cancer therapy, and discuss approaches for drug discovery in the field of ceramide synthase inhibitors. We finally discussed strategies for developing strategies to use lipids and ceramides analysis in biological fluids for developing early biomarkers for cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javad Alizadeh
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Simone C da Silva Rosa
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Xiaohui Weng
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, California State University, Fullerton, 800 N. State College, Fullerton, CA 92834, United States
| | - Joadi Jacobs
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Shahrokh Lorzadeh
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Amir Ravandi
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, 66 Chancellors Cir, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Rui Vitorino
- UnIC, Department of Surgery and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal; Department of Medical Sciences, Institute of Biomedicine iBiMED, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Stevan Pecic
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, California State University, Fullerton, 800 N. State College, Fullerton, CA 92834, United States
| | - Aleksandra Zivkovic
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitaetstrasse 1, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Holger Stark
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitaetstrasse 1, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Shahla Shojaei
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Saeid Ghavami
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada; Faculty of Medicine in Zabrze, University of Technology in Katowice, 41-800 Zabrze, Poland; Research Institute of Oncology and Hematology, Cancer Care Manitoba, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada.
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7
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Shi M, Tang C, Wu JX, Ji BW, Gong BM, Wu XH, Wang X. Mass Spectrometry Detects Sphingolipid Metabolites for Discovery of New Strategy for Cancer Therapy from the Aspect of Programmed Cell Death. Metabolites 2023; 13:867. [PMID: 37512574 PMCID: PMC10384871 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13070867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Sphingolipids, a type of bioactive lipid, play crucial roles within cells, serving as integral components of membranes and exhibiting strong signaling properties that have potential therapeutic implications in anti-cancer treatments. However, due to the diverse group of lipids and intricate mechanisms, sphingolipids still face challenges in enhancing the efficacy of different therapy approaches. In recent decades, mass spectrometry has made significant advancements in uncovering sphingolipid biomarkers and elucidating their impact on cancer development, progression, and resistance. Primary sphingolipids, such as ceramide and sphingosine-1-phosphate, exhibit contrasting roles in regulating cancer cell death and survival. The evasion of cell death is a characteristic hallmark of cancer cells, leading to treatment failure and a poor prognosis. The escape initiates with long-established apoptosis and extends to other programmed cell death (PCD) forms when patients experience chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and/or immunotherapy. Gradually, supportive evidence has uncovered the fundamental molecular mechanisms underlying various forms of PCD leading to the development of innovative molecular, genetic, and pharmacological tools that specifically target sphingolipid signaling nodes. In this study, we provide a comprehensive overview of the sphingolipid biomarkers revealed through mass spectrometry in recent decades, as well as an in-depth analysis of the six main forms of PCD (apoptosis, autophagy, pyroptosis, necroptosis, ferroptosis, and cuproptosis) in aspects of tumorigenesis, metastasis, and tumor response to treatments. We review the corresponding small-molecule compounds associated with these processes and their potential implications in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and National Center for International Research of Development and Disease, Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, Institute of Developmental Biology and Molecular Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Medical Bioactive Molecular Developmental and Translational Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523808, China
| | - Chao Tang
- National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, The Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Jia-Xing Wu
- SINO-SWISS Institute of Advanced Technology, School of Microelectronics, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Bao-Wei Ji
- Department of Nephrology, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Bao-Ming Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and National Center for International Research of Development and Disease, Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, Institute of Developmental Biology and Molecular Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Xiao-Hui Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and National Center for International Research of Development and Disease, Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, Institute of Developmental Biology and Molecular Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Xue Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and National Center for International Research of Development and Disease, Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, Institute of Developmental Biology and Molecular Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
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8
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Marzhoseyni Z, Mousavi MJ, Saffari M, Ghotloo S. Immune escape strategies of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to establish chronic infection. Cytokine 2023; 163:156135. [PMID: 36724716 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2023.156135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 01/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The infection caused by P. aeruginosa still is dangerous throughout the world. This is partly due to its immune escape mechanisms considerably increasing the bacterial survival in the host. By escape from recognition by TLRs, interference with complement system activation, phagocytosis inhibition, production of ROS, inhibition of NET production, interference with the generation of cytokines, inflammasome inhibition, reduced antigen presentation, interference with cellular and humoral immunity, and induction of apoptotic cell death and MDSc, P. aeruginosa breaks down the barriers of the immune system and causes lethal infections in the host. Recognition of other immune escape mechanisms of P. aeruginosa may provide a basis for the future treatment of the infection. This manuscript may provide new insights and information for the development of new strategies to combat P. aeruginosa infection. In the present manuscript, the escape mechanisms of P. aeruginosa against immune response would be reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeynab Marzhoseyni
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Javad Mousavi
- Department of Hematology, Faculty of Allied Medicine, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Mahmood Saffari
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Somayeh Ghotloo
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran.
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9
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Barisch C, Holthuis JCM, Cosentino K. Membrane damage and repair: a thin line between life and death. Biol Chem 2023; 404:467-490. [PMID: 36810295 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2022-0321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
Bilayered membranes separate cells from their surroundings and form boundaries between intracellular organelles and the cytosol. Gated transport of solutes across membranes enables cells to establish vital ion gradients and a sophisticated metabolic network. However, an advanced compartmentalization of biochemical reactions makes cells also particularly vulnerable to membrane damage inflicted by pathogens, chemicals, inflammatory responses or mechanical stress. To avoid potentially lethal consequences of membrane injuries, cells continuously monitor the structural integrity of their membranes and readily activate appropriate pathways to plug, patch, engulf or shed the damaged membrane area. Here, we review recent insights into the cellular mechanisms that underly an effective maintenance of membrane integrity. We discuss how cells respond to membrane lesions caused by bacterial toxins and endogenous pore-forming proteins, with a primary focus on the intimate crosstalk between membrane proteins and lipids during wound formation, detection and elimination. We also discuss how a delicate balance between membrane damage and repair determines cell fate upon bacterial infection or activation of pro-inflammatory cell death pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Barisch
- Molecular Infection Biology Division, Department of Biology and Center of Cellular Nanoanalytics, Osnabrück University, D-49076 Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Joost C M Holthuis
- Molecular Cell Biology Division, Department of Biology and Center of Cellular Nanoanalytics, Osnabrück University, D-49076 Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Katia Cosentino
- Molecular Cell Biophysics Division, Department of Biology and Center of Cellular Nanoanalytics, Osnabrück University, D-49076 Osnabrück, Germany
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10
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Hu T, Chen X, Lu S, Zeng H, Guo L, Han Y. Biological Role and Mechanism of Lipid Metabolism Reprogramming Related Gene ECHS1 in Cancer. Technol Cancer Res Treat 2022; 21:15330338221140655. [PMID: 36567598 PMCID: PMC9806408 DOI: 10.1177/15330338221140655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a major threat to human health today. Although the existing anticancer treatments have effectively improved the prognosis of some patients, there are still other patients who cannot benefit from these well-established strategies. Reprogramming of lipid metabolism is one of the typical features of cancers. Recent studies have revealed that key enzymes involved in lipid metabolism may be effective anticancer therapeutic targets, but the development of therapeutic lipid metabolism targets is still insufficient. ECHS1 (enoyl-CoA hydratase, short chain 1) is a key enzyme mediating the hydration process of mitochondrial fatty acid β-oxidation and has been observed to be abnormally expressed in a variety of cancers. Therefore, with ECHS1 and cancer as the main keywords, we searched the relevant studies of ECHS1 in the field of cancer in Pubmed, summarized the research status and functions of ECHS1 in different cancer contexts, and explored its potential regulatory mechanisms, with a view to finding new therapeutic targets for anti-metabolic therapy. By reviewing and summarizing the retrieved literatures, we found that ECHS1 regulates malignant biological behaviors such as cell proliferation, metastasis, apoptosis, autophagy, and drug resistance by remodeling lipid metabolism and regulating intercellular oncogenic signaling pathways. Not only that, ECHS1 exhibits early diagnostic and prognostic value in clear cell renal cell carcinoma, and small-molecule inhibitors that regulate ECHS1 also show therapeutic significance in preclinical studies. Taken together, we propose that ECHS1 has the potential to serve as a therapeutic target of lipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teng Hu
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest
Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiaojing Chen
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest
Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Simin Lu
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest
Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Hao Zeng
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest
Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Lu Guo
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest
Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Yunwei Han
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest
Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China,Yunwei Han, Department of Oncology, The
Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Taiping Street, No. 25,
Luzhou, Sichuan Province 646000, China.
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11
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Knittel CH, Devaraj NK. Bioconjugation Strategies for Revealing the Roles of Lipids in Living Cells. Acc Chem Res 2022; 55:3099-3109. [PMID: 36215688 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.2c00511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The structural boundaries of living cells are composed of numerous membrane-forming lipids. Lipids not only are crucial for the cellular compartmentalization but also are involved in cell signaling as well as energy storage. Abnormal lipid levels have been linked to severe human diseases such as cancer, multiple sclerosis, neurodegenerative diseases, as well as lysosomal storage disorders. Given their biological significance, there is immense interest in studying lipids and their effect on cells. However, limiting factors include the low solubility of lipids, their structural complexity, and the challenge of using genetic techniques to directly manipulate lipid structure. Current methods to study lipids rely mostly on lipidomics, which analyzes the composition of lipid extracts using mass spectrometry. Although, these efforts have successfully catalogued and profiled a great number of lipids in cells, many aspects about their exact functional role and subcellular distribution remain enigmatic.In this Account, we outline how our laboratory developed and applied different bioconjugation strategies to study the role of lipids and lipid modifications in cells. Inspired by our ongoing work on developing lipid bioconjugation strategies to generate artificial cell membranes, we developed a ceramide synthesis method in live cells using a salicylaldehyde ester that readily reacts with sphingosine in form of a traceless ceramide ligation. Our study not only confirmed existing knowledge about the association of ceramides with cell death, but also gave interesting new findings about the structure-function relationship of ceramides in apoptosis. Our initial efforts led us to investigate probes that detect endogenous sphingolipids using live cell imaging. We describe the development of a fluorogenic probe that reacts chemoselectively with sphingosine in living cells, enabling the detection of elevated endogenous levels of this biomarker in human disease. Building on our interest in the fluorescence labeling of lipids, we have also explored the use of bioorthogonal reactions to label chemically synthesized lipid probes. We discuss the development of photocaged dihydrotetrazine lipids, where the initiation of the bioorthogonal reaction can be triggered by visible light, allowing for live cell modification of membranes with spatiotemporal control.Finally, proteins are often post-translationally modified by lipids, which have important effects on protein subcellular localization and function. Controlling lipid modifications with small molecule probes could help reveal the function of lipid post-translational modifications and could potentially inspire novel therapeutic strategies. We describe how our previous studies on synthetic membrane formation inspired us to develop an amphiphilic cysteine derivative that depalmitoylates membrane-bound S-acylated proteins in live cells. Ultimately, we applied this amphiphile mediated depalmitoylation (AMD) in studies investigating the palmitoylation of cancer relevant palmitoylated proteins in healthy and diseased cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline H Knittel
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Neal K Devaraj
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
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12
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Means RE, Katz SG. Balancing life and death: BCL-2 family members at diverse ER-mitochondrial contact sites. FEBS J 2022; 289:7075-7112. [PMID: 34668625 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The outer mitochondrial membrane is a busy place. One essential activity for cellular survival is the regulation of membrane integrity by the BCL-2 family of proteins. Another critical facet of the outer mitochondrial membrane is its close approximation with the endoplasmic reticulum. These mitochondrial-associated membranes (MAMs) occupy a significant fraction of the mitochondrial surface and serve as key signaling hubs for multiple cellular processes. Each of these pathways may be considered as forming their own specialized MAM subtype. Interestingly, like membrane permeabilization, most of these pathways play critical roles in regulating cellular survival and death. Recently, the pro-apoptotic BCL-2 family member BOK has been found within MAMs where it plays important roles in their structure and function. This has led to a greater appreciation that multiple BCL-2 family proteins, which are known to participate in numerous functions throughout the cell, also have roles within MAMs. In this review, we evaluate several MAM subsets, their role in cellular homeostasis, and the contribution of BCL-2 family members to their functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert E Means
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Samuel G Katz
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
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13
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Hengst JA, Nduwumwami AJ, Yun JK. Regulatory Role of Sphingosine-1-Phosphate and C16:0 Ceramide, in Immunogenic Cell Death of Colon Cancer Cells Induced by Bak/Bax-Activation. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:5182. [PMID: 36358599 PMCID: PMC9657779 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14215182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2023] Open
Abstract
We recently identified the sphingosine kinases (SphK1/2) as key intracellular regulators of immunogenic cell death (ICD) in colorectal cancer (CRC) cells. To better understand the mechanism by which SphK inhibition enhances ICD, we focused on the intracellular signaling pathways leading to cell surface exposure of calreticulin (ectoCRT). Herein, we demonstrate that ABT-263 and AZD-5991, inhibitors of Bcl-2/Bcl-XL and Mcl-1, respectively, induce the production of ectoCRT, indicative of ICD. Inhibition of SphK1 significantly enhanced ABT/AZD-induced ectoCRT production, in a caspase 8-dependent manner. Mechanistically, we demonstrate that ABT/AZD-induced Bak/Bax activation stimulates pro-survival SphK1/sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) signaling, which attenuates ectoCRT production. Additionally, we identified a regulatory role for ceramide synthase 6 (CerS6)/C16:0 ceramide in transporting of ectoCRT to the cell surface. Together, these results indicate that the sphingolipid metabolic regulators of the sphingolipid rheostat, S1P and C16:0 ceramide, influence survival/death decisions of CRC cells in response to ICD-inducing chemotherapeutic agents. Importantly, SphK1, which produces S1P, is a stress-responsive pro-survival lipid kinase that suppresses ICD. While ceramide, produced by the inhibition of SphK1 is required for production of the cell surface marker of ICD, ectoCRT. Thus, inhibition of SphK1 represents a means to enhance the therapeutic efficacy of ICD-inducing agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy A. Hengst
- Department of Pharmacology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, 500 University Drive, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Asvelt J. Nduwumwami
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 6565 MD Anderson Blvd, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jong K. Yun
- Department of Pharmacology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, 500 University Drive, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
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14
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Lee J, Savage H, Maegawa S, Ballarò R, Pareek S, Guerrouahen BS, Gopalakrishnan V, Schadler K. Exercise Promotes Pro-Apoptotic Ceramide Signaling in a Mouse Melanoma Model. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14174306. [PMID: 36077841 PMCID: PMC9454537 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14174306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Exercise has been shown to improve the efficacy of chemotherapy against several tumor models using mice through modulating tumor vascular perfusion, immune function, circulating growth factors, hypoxia, and metabolism in tumor cells and their surrounding microenvironment. However, little is known about the effect of exercise on tumor-cell-intrinsic death mechanisms, such as apoptosis. Ceramide is a bioactive lipid that can promote cell death. The strategy of increasing intracellular ceramide has potential as an anticancer treatment for melanoma with dysregulated ceramide metabolism, but there is not yet a clinically relevant method to do so. We found that moderate aerobic exercise increases pro-apoptotic ceramide in melanoma in mice, and activates p53 signaling, promoting tumor cell apoptosis. This finding suggests that exercise may be most effective as an adjuvant therapy to sensitize cancer cells to anticancer treatments in tumors that exhibit downregulated ceramide generation to evade cell death. Abstract Ceramides are essential sphingolipids that mediate cell death and survival. Low ceramide content in melanoma is one mechanism of drug resistance. Thus, increasing the ceramide content in tumor cells is likely to increase their sensitivity to cytotoxic therapy. Aerobic exercise has been shown to modulate ceramide metabolism in healthy tissue, but the relationship between exercise and ceramide in tumors has not been evaluated. Here, we demonstrate that aerobic exercise causes tumor cell apoptosis and accumulation of pro-apoptotic ceramides in B16F10 but not BP melanoma models using mice. B16F10 tumor-bearing mice were treated with two weeks of moderate treadmill exercise, or were control, unexercised mice. A reverse-phase protein array was used to identify canonical p53 apoptotic signaling as a key pathway upregulated by exercise, and we demonstrate increased apoptosis in tumors from exercised mice. Consistent with this finding, pro-apoptotic C16-ceramide, and the ceramide generating enzyme ceramide synthase 6 (CerS6), were higher in B16F10 tumors from exercised mice, while pro-survival sphingosine kinase 1 (Sphk1) was lower. These data suggest that exercise contributes to B16F10 tumor cell death, possibly by modulating ceramide metabolism toward a pro-apoptotic ceramide/sphingosine-1-phosphate balance. However, these results are not consistent in BP tumors, demonstrating that exercise can have different effects on tumors of different patient or mouse origin with the same diagnosis. This work indicates that exercise might be most effective as a therapeutic adjuvant with therapies that kill tumor cells in a ceramide-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonghae Lee
- Department of Pediatrics Research, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Hannah Savage
- Department of Pediatrics Research, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Shinji Maegawa
- Department of Pediatrics Research, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Riccardo Ballarò
- Department of Pediatrics Research, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Sumedha Pareek
- Department of Pediatrics Research, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Bella Samia Guerrouahen
- Department of Pediatrics Research, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Vidya Gopalakrishnan
- Department of Pediatrics Research, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Keri Schadler
- Department of Pediatrics Research, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-(713)-794-1035
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15
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Contribution of specific ceramides to obesity-associated metabolic diseases. Cell Mol Life Sci 2022; 79:395. [PMID: 35789435 PMCID: PMC9252958 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-022-04401-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Ceramides are a heterogeneous group of bioactive membrane sphingolipids that play specialized regulatory roles in cellular metabolism depending on their characteristic fatty acyl chain lengths and subcellular distribution. As obesity progresses, certain ceramide molecular species accumulate in metabolic tissues and cause cell-type-specific lipotoxic reactions that disrupt metabolic homeostasis and lead to the development of cardiometabolic diseases. Several mechanisms for ceramide action have been inferred from studies in vitro, but only recently have we begun to better understand the acyl chain length specificity of ceramide-mediated signaling in the context of physiology and disease in vivo. New discoveries show that specific ceramides affect various metabolic pathways and that global or tissue-specific reduction in selected ceramide pools in obese rodents is sufficient to improve metabolic health. Here, we review the tissue-specific regulation and functions of ceramides in obesity, thus highlighting the emerging concept of selectively inhibiting production or action of ceramides with specific acyl chain lengths as novel therapeutic strategies to ameliorate obesity-associated diseases.
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16
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Çoku J, Booth DM, Skoda J, Pedrotty MC, Vogel J, Liu K, Vu A, Carpenter EL, Ye JC, Chen MA, Dunbar P, Scadden E, Yun TD, Nakamaru-Ogiso E, Area-Gomez E, Li Y, Goldsmith KC, Reynolds CP, Hajnoczky G, Hogarty MD. Reduced ER-mitochondria connectivity promotes neuroblastoma multidrug resistance. EMBO J 2022; 41:e108272. [PMID: 35211994 PMCID: PMC9016347 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2021108272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Most cancer deaths result from progression of therapy resistant disease, yet our understanding of this phenotype is limited. Cancer therapies generate stress signals that act upon mitochondria to initiate apoptosis. Mitochondria isolated from neuroblastoma cells were exposed to tBid or Bim, death effectors activated by therapeutic stress. Multidrug‐resistant tumor cells obtained from children at relapse had markedly attenuated Bak and Bax oligomerization and cytochrome c release (surrogates for apoptotic commitment) in comparison with patient‐matched tumor cells obtained at diagnosis. Electron microscopy identified reduced ER–mitochondria‐associated membranes (MAMs; ER–mitochondria contacts, ERMCs) in therapy‐resistant cells, and genetically or biochemically reducing MAMs in therapy‐sensitive tumors phenocopied resistance. MAMs serve as platforms to transfer Ca2+ and bioactive lipids to mitochondria. Reduced Ca2+ transfer was found in some but not all resistant cells, and inhibiting transfer did not attenuate apoptotic signaling. In contrast, reduced ceramide synthesis and transfer was common to resistant cells and its inhibition induced stress resistance. We identify ER–mitochondria‐associated membranes as physiologic regulators of apoptosis via ceramide transfer and uncover a previously unrecognized mechanism for cancer multidrug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorida Çoku
- Cancer Biology Program, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - David M Booth
- MitoCare Center, Department of Pathology, Anatomy & Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jan Skoda
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic.,International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Madison C Pedrotty
- Division of Oncology and Center for Childhood Cancer Research, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jennifer Vogel
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Kangning Liu
- Division of Oncology and Center for Childhood Cancer Research, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Annette Vu
- Division of Oncology and Center for Childhood Cancer Research, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Erica L Carpenter
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jamie C Ye
- Division of Oncology and Center for Childhood Cancer Research, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Michelle A Chen
- Division of Oncology and Center for Childhood Cancer Research, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Peter Dunbar
- Division of Oncology and Center for Childhood Cancer Research, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Elizabeth Scadden
- Division of Oncology and Center for Childhood Cancer Research, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Taekyung D Yun
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Eiko Nakamaru-Ogiso
- Mitochondrial Medicine Frontier Program, Division of Human Genetics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Estela Area-Gomez
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yimei Li
- Department of Biostatistics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Kelly C Goldsmith
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - C Patrick Reynolds
- TTUHSC Cancer Center, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Gyorgy Hajnoczky
- MitoCare Center, Department of Pathology, Anatomy & Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Michael D Hogarty
- Division of Oncology and Center for Childhood Cancer Research, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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17
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Chung LH, Liu D, Liu XT, Qi Y. Ceramide Transfer Protein (CERT): An Overlooked Molecular Player in Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:13184. [PMID: 34947980 PMCID: PMC8705978 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222413184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Sphingolipids are a class of essential lipids implicated in constructing cellular membranes and regulating nearly all cellular functions. Sphingolipid metabolic network is centered with the ceramide-sphingomyelin axis. Ceramide is well-recognized as a pro-apoptotic signal; while sphingomyelin, as the most abundant type of sphingolipids, is required for cell growth. Therefore, the balance between these two sphingolipids can be critical for cancer cell survival and functioning. Ceramide transfer protein (CERT) dictates the ratio of ceramide to sphingomyelin within the cell. It is the only lipid transfer protein that specifically delivers ceramide from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi apparatus, where ceramide serves as the substrate for sphingomyelin synthesis. In the past two decades, an increasing body of evidence has suggested a critical role of CERT in cancer, but much more intensive efforts are required to draw a definite conclusion. Herein, we review all research findings of CERT, focusing on its molecular structure, cellular functions and implications in cancer. This comprehensive review of CERT will help to better understand the molecular mechanism of cancer and inspire to identify novel druggable targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Hoa Chung
- Centenary Institute of Cancer Medicine and Cell Biology, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia; (D.L.); (X.T.L.)
| | | | | | - Yanfei Qi
- Centenary Institute of Cancer Medicine and Cell Biology, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia; (D.L.); (X.T.L.)
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18
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Liu Z, Dong L, Zheng Z, Liu S, Gong S, Meng L, Xin Y, Jiang X. Mechanism, Prevention, and Treatment of Radiation-Induced Salivary Gland Injury Related to Oxidative Stress. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10111666. [PMID: 34829539 PMCID: PMC8614677 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10111666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiation therapy is a common treatment for head and neck cancers. However, because of the presence of nerve structures (brain stem, spinal cord, and brachial plexus), salivary glands (SGs), mucous membranes, and swallowing muscles in the head and neck regions, radiotherapy inevitably causes damage to these normal tissues. Among them, SG injury is a serious adverse event, and its clinical manifestations include changes in taste, difficulty chewing and swallowing, oral infections, and dental caries. These clinical symptoms seriously reduce a patient’s quality of life. Therefore, it is important to clarify the mechanism of SG injury caused by radiotherapy. Although the mechanism of radiation-induced SG injury has not yet been determined, recent studies have shown that the mechanisms of calcium signaling, microvascular injury, cellular senescence, and apoptosis are closely related to oxidative stress. In this article, we review the mechanism by which radiotherapy causes oxidative stress and damages the SGs. In addition, we discuss effective methods to prevent and treat radiation-induced SG damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zijing Liu
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology & Therapy, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China; (Z.L.); (L.D.); (Z.Z.); (S.L.); (S.G.)
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Radiobiology, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Lihua Dong
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology & Therapy, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China; (Z.L.); (L.D.); (Z.Z.); (S.L.); (S.G.)
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Radiobiology, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Zhuangzhuang Zheng
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology & Therapy, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China; (Z.L.); (L.D.); (Z.Z.); (S.L.); (S.G.)
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Radiobiology, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Shiyu Liu
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology & Therapy, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China; (Z.L.); (L.D.); (Z.Z.); (S.L.); (S.G.)
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Radiobiology, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Shouliang Gong
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology & Therapy, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China; (Z.L.); (L.D.); (Z.Z.); (S.L.); (S.G.)
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Radiobiology, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Lingbin Meng
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL 33612, USA;
| | - Ying Xin
- Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China;
| | - Xin Jiang
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology & Therapy, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China; (Z.L.); (L.D.); (Z.Z.); (S.L.); (S.G.)
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Radiobiology, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-158-0430-2750
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19
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Lipid Self-Assemblies under the Atomic Force Microscope. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms221810085. [PMID: 34576248 PMCID: PMC8467407 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221810085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipid model membranes are important tools in the study of biophysical processes such as lipid self-assembly and lipid–lipid interactions in cell membranes. The use of model systems to adequate and modulate complexity helps in the understanding of many events that occur in cellular membranes, that exhibit a wide variety of components, including lipids of different subfamilies (e.g., phospholipids, sphingolipids, sterols…), in addition to proteins and sugars. The capacity of lipids to segregate by themselves into different phases at the nanoscale (nanodomains) is an intriguing feature that is yet to be fully characterized in vivo due to the proposed transient nature of these domains in living systems. Model lipid membranes, instead, have the advantage of (usually) greater phase stability, together with the possibility of fully controlling the system lipid composition. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) is a powerful tool to detect the presence of meso- and nanodomains in a lipid membrane. It also allows the direct quantification of nanomechanical resistance in each phase present. In this review, we explore the main kinds of lipid assemblies used as model membranes and describe AFM experiments on model membranes. In addition, we discuss how these assemblies have extended our knowledge of membrane biophysics over the last two decades, particularly in issues related to the variability of different model membranes and the impact of supports/cytoskeleton on lipid behavior, such as segregated domain size or bilayer leaflet uncoupling.
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20
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Fritsch J, Särchen V, Schneider-Brachert W. Regulation of Death Receptor Signaling by S-Palmitoylation and Detergent-Resistant Membrane Micro Domains-Greasing the Gears of Extrinsic Cell Death Induction, Survival, and Inflammation. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:2513. [PMID: 34063813 PMCID: PMC8196677 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13112513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Death-receptor-mediated signaling results in either cell death or survival. Such opposite signaling cascades emanate from receptor-associated signaling complexes, which are often formed in different subcellular locations. The proteins involved are frequently post-translationally modified (PTM) by ubiquitination, phosphorylation, or glycosylation to allow proper spatio-temporal regulation/recruitment of these signaling complexes in a defined cellular compartment. During the last couple of years, increasing attention has been paid to the reversible cysteine-centered PTM S-palmitoylation. This PTM regulates the hydrophobicity of soluble and membrane proteins and modulates protein:protein interaction and their interaction with distinct membrane micro-domains (i.e., lipid rafts). We conclude with which functional and mechanistic roles for S-palmitoylation as well as different forms of membrane micro-domains in death-receptor-mediated signal transduction were unraveled in the last two decades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jürgen Fritsch
- Department of Infection Prevention and Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauß-Allee 11, 93053 Regensburg, Germany;
| | - Vinzenz Särchen
- Institute for Experimental Cancer Research in Pediatrics, Goethe-University, 60528 Frankfurt, Germany;
| | - Wulf Schneider-Brachert
- Department of Infection Prevention and Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauß-Allee 11, 93053 Regensburg, Germany;
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21
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The Role of Ceramide Metabolism and Signaling in the Regulation of Mitophagy and Cancer Therapy. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13102475. [PMID: 34069611 PMCID: PMC8161379 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13102475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Sphingolipids are membrane-associated lipids that are involved in signal transduction pathways regulating cell death, growth, and migration. In cancer cells, sphingolipids regulate pathways relevant to cancer therapy, such as invasion, metastasis, apoptosis, and lethal mitophagy. Notable sphingolipids include ceramide, a sphingolipid that induces death and lethal mitophagy, and sphingosine-1 phosphate, a sphingolipid that induces survival and chemotherapeutic resistance. These sphingolipids participate in regulating the process of mitophagy, where cells encapsulate damaged mitochondria in double-membrane vesicles (called autophagosomes) for degradation. Lethal mitophagy is an anti-tumorigenic mechanism mediated by ceramide, where cells degrade many mitochondria until the cancer cell dies in an apoptosis-independent manner. Abstract Sphingolipids are bioactive lipids responsible for regulating diverse cellular functions such as proliferation, migration, senescence, and death. These lipids are characterized by a long-chain sphingosine backbone amide-linked to a fatty acyl chain with variable length. The length of the fatty acyl chain is determined by specific ceramide synthases, and this fatty acyl length also determines the sphingolipid’s specialized functions within the cell. One function in particular, the regulation of the selective autophagy of mitochondria, or mitophagy, is closely regulated by ceramide, a key regulatory sphingolipid. Mitophagy alterations have important implications for cancer cell proliferation, response to chemotherapeutics, and mitophagy-mediated cell death. This review will focus on the alterations of ceramide synthases in cancer and sphingolipid regulation of lethal mitophagy, concerning cancer therapy.
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22
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Acid-Sphingomyelinase Triggered Fluorescently Labeled Sphingomyelin Containing Liposomes in Tumor Diagnosis after Radiation-Induced Stress. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22083864. [PMID: 33917976 PMCID: PMC8068344 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22083864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In liposomal delivery, a big question is how to release the loaded material into the correct place. Here, we will test the targeting and release abilities of our sphingomyelin-consisting liposome. A change in release parameters can be observed when sphingomyelin-containing liposome is treated with sphingomyelinase enzyme. Sphingomyelinase is known to be endogenously released from the different cells in stress situations. We assume the effective enzyme treatment will weaken the liposome making it also leakier. To test the release abilities of the SM-liposome, we developed several fluorescence-based experiments. In in vitro studies, we used molecular quenching to study the sphingomyelinase enzyme-based release from the liposomes. We could show that the enzyme treatment releases loaded fluorescent markers from sphingomyelin-containing liposomes. Moreover, the release correlated with used enzymatic activities. We studied whether the stress-related enzyme expression is increased if the cells are treated with radiation as a stress inducer. It appeared that the radiation caused increased enzymatic activity. We studied our liposomes’ biodistribution in the animal tumor model when the tumor was under radiation stress. Increased targeting of the fluorescent marker loaded to our liposomes could be found on the site of cancer. The liposomal targeting in vivo could be improved by radiation. Based on our studies, we propose sphingomyelin-containing liposomes can be used as a controlled release system sensitive to cell stress.
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23
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Peñate Medina T, Gerle M, Humbert J, Chu H, Köpnick AL, Barkmann R, Garamus VM, Sanz B, Purcz N, Will O, Appold L, Damm T, Suojanen J, Arnold P, Lucius R, Willumeit-Römer R, Açil Y, Wiltfang J, Goya GF, Glüer CC, Peñate Medina O. Lipid-Iron Nanoparticle with a Cell Stress Release Mechanism Combined with a Local Alternating Magnetic Field Enables Site-Activated Drug Release. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12123767. [PMID: 33327621 PMCID: PMC7765112 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12123767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Most available cancer chemotherapies are based on systemically administered small organic molecules, and only a tiny fraction of the drug reaches the disease site. The approach causes significant side effects and limits the outcome of the therapy. Targeted drug delivery provides an alternative to improve the situation. However, due to the poor release characteristics of the delivery systems, limitations remain. This report presents a new approach to address the challenges using two fundamentally different mechanisms to trigger the release from the liposomal carrier. We use an endogenous disease marker, an enzyme, combined with an externally applied magnetic field, to open the delivery system at the correct time only in the disease site. This site-activated release system is a novel two-switch nanomachine that can be regulated by a cell stress-induced enzyme at the cellular level and be remotely controlled using an applied magnetic field. We tested the concept using sphingomyelin-containing liposomes encapsulated with indocyanine green, fluorescent marker, or the anticancer drug cisplatin. We engineered the liposomes by adding paramagnetic beads to act as a receiver of outside magnetic energy. The developed multifunctional liposomes were characterized in vitro in leakage studies and cell internalization studies. The release system was further studied in vivo in imaging and therapy trials using a squamous cell carcinoma tumor in the mouse as a disease model. In vitro studies showed an increased release of loaded material when stress-related enzyme and magnetic field was applied to the carrier liposomes. The theranostic liposomes were found in tumors, and the improved therapeutic effect was shown in the survival studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuula Peñate Medina
- Section Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology and Neuroradiology Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein Campus Kiel, Christian Albrechts Universität zu Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany; (T.P.M.); (J.H.); (A.-L.K.); (R.B.); (O.W.); (T.D.); (C.C.G.)
- Institute for Experimental Cancer Research, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany;
| | - Mirko Gerle
- Klinik für Mund-, Kiefer- und Gesichtschirurgie, Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein Campus Kiel, Christian Albrechts Universität zu Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany; (M.G.); (H.C.); (N.P.); (Y.A.); (J.W.)
| | - Jana Humbert
- Section Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology and Neuroradiology Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein Campus Kiel, Christian Albrechts Universität zu Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany; (T.P.M.); (J.H.); (A.-L.K.); (R.B.); (O.W.); (T.D.); (C.C.G.)
| | - Hanwen Chu
- Klinik für Mund-, Kiefer- und Gesichtschirurgie, Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein Campus Kiel, Christian Albrechts Universität zu Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany; (M.G.); (H.C.); (N.P.); (Y.A.); (J.W.)
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Anna-Lena Köpnick
- Section Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology and Neuroradiology Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein Campus Kiel, Christian Albrechts Universität zu Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany; (T.P.M.); (J.H.); (A.-L.K.); (R.B.); (O.W.); (T.D.); (C.C.G.)
- Institute for Experimental Cancer Research, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany;
| | - Reinhard Barkmann
- Section Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology and Neuroradiology Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein Campus Kiel, Christian Albrechts Universität zu Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany; (T.P.M.); (J.H.); (A.-L.K.); (R.B.); (O.W.); (T.D.); (C.C.G.)
| | - Vasil M. Garamus
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Zentrum für Material- und Küstenforschung GmbH, Max Planck Straße 1, 21502 Geesthacht, Germany; (V.M.G.); (R.W.-R.)
| | - Beatriz Sanz
- Institute of Nanoscience of Aragon (INA) and Condensed Matter Physics Dept., University of Zaragoza, C.P. 50.018 Zaragoza, Spain; (B.S.); (G.F.G.)
| | - Nicolai Purcz
- Klinik für Mund-, Kiefer- und Gesichtschirurgie, Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein Campus Kiel, Christian Albrechts Universität zu Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany; (M.G.); (H.C.); (N.P.); (Y.A.); (J.W.)
| | - Olga Will
- Section Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology and Neuroradiology Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein Campus Kiel, Christian Albrechts Universität zu Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany; (T.P.M.); (J.H.); (A.-L.K.); (R.B.); (O.W.); (T.D.); (C.C.G.)
| | - Lia Appold
- Institute for Experimental Cancer Research, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany;
| | - Timo Damm
- Section Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology and Neuroradiology Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein Campus Kiel, Christian Albrechts Universität zu Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany; (T.P.M.); (J.H.); (A.-L.K.); (R.B.); (O.W.); (T.D.); (C.C.G.)
| | - Juho Suojanen
- Cleft Palate and Craniofacial Center, Department of Plastic Surgery, Helsinki University Hospital, 00029 HUS Helsinki, Finland;
- Päijät-Häme Joint Authority for Health and Wellbeing, Department of Oral and Maxillo-Facial Surgery, 15850 Lahti, Finland
| | - Philipp Arnold
- Anatomical Institute, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany or (P.A.); (R.L.)
| | - Ralph Lucius
- Anatomical Institute, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany or (P.A.); (R.L.)
| | - Regina Willumeit-Römer
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Zentrum für Material- und Küstenforschung GmbH, Max Planck Straße 1, 21502 Geesthacht, Germany; (V.M.G.); (R.W.-R.)
| | - Yahya Açil
- Klinik für Mund-, Kiefer- und Gesichtschirurgie, Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein Campus Kiel, Christian Albrechts Universität zu Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany; (M.G.); (H.C.); (N.P.); (Y.A.); (J.W.)
| | - Joerg Wiltfang
- Klinik für Mund-, Kiefer- und Gesichtschirurgie, Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein Campus Kiel, Christian Albrechts Universität zu Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany; (M.G.); (H.C.); (N.P.); (Y.A.); (J.W.)
| | - Gerardo F. Goya
- Institute of Nanoscience of Aragon (INA) and Condensed Matter Physics Dept., University of Zaragoza, C.P. 50.018 Zaragoza, Spain; (B.S.); (G.F.G.)
| | - Claus C. Glüer
- Section Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology and Neuroradiology Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein Campus Kiel, Christian Albrechts Universität zu Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany; (T.P.M.); (J.H.); (A.-L.K.); (R.B.); (O.W.); (T.D.); (C.C.G.)
| | - Oula Peñate Medina
- Section Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology and Neuroradiology Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein Campus Kiel, Christian Albrechts Universität zu Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany; (T.P.M.); (J.H.); (A.-L.K.); (R.B.); (O.W.); (T.D.); (C.C.G.)
- Institute for Experimental Cancer Research, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +491605559588
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24
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Fisher-Wellman KH, Hagen JT, Neufer PD, Kassai M, Cabot MC. On the nature of ceramide-mitochondria interactions - Dissection using comprehensive mitochondrial phenotyping. Cell Signal 2020; 78:109838. [PMID: 33212155 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2020.109838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Sphingolipids are a unique class of lipids owing to their non-glycerol-containing backbone, ceramide, that is constructed from a long-chain aliphatic amino alcohol, sphinganine, to which a fatty acid is attached via an amide bond. Ceramide plays a star role in the initiation of apoptosis by virtue of its interactions with mitochondria, a control point for a downstream array of signaling cascades culminating in apoptosis. Many pathways converge on mitochondria to elicit mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization (MOMP), a step that corrupts bioenergetic service. Although much is known regarding ceramides interaction with mitochondria and the ensuing cell signal transduction cascades, how ceramide impacts the elements of mitochondrial bioenergetic function is poorly understood. The objective of this review is to introduce the reader to sphingolipid metabolism, present a snapshot of mitochondrial respiration, elaborate on ceramides convergence on mitochondria and the upstream players that collaborate to elicit MOMP, and introduce a mitochondrial phenotyping platform that can be of utility in dissecting the fine-points of ceramide impact on cellular bioenergetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey H Fisher-Wellman
- Department of Physiology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States of America; East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States of America.
| | - James T Hagen
- Department of Physiology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States of America; East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States of America
| | - P Darrell Neufer
- East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States of America
| | - Miki Kassai
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States of America; East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States of America
| | - Myles C Cabot
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States of America; East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States of America.
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25
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Inhibitors of Ceramide- and Sphingosine-Metabolizing Enzymes as Sensitizers in Radiotherapy and Chemotherapy for Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12082062. [PMID: 32722626 PMCID: PMC7463798 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12082062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In the treatment of advanced head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), including oral SCC, radiotherapy is a commonly performed therapeutic modality. The combined use of radiotherapy with chemotherapy improves therapeutic effects, but it also increases adverse events. Ceramide, a central molecule in sphingolipid metabolism and signaling pathways, mediates antiproliferative responses, and its level increases in response to radiotherapy and chemotherapy. However, when ceramide is metabolized, prosurvival factors, such as sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P), ceramide-1-phosphate (C1P), and glucosylceramide, are produced, reducing the antitumor effects of ceramide. The activities of ceramide- and sphingosine-metabolizing enzymes are also associated with radio- and chemo-resistance. Ceramide analogs and low molecular-weight compounds targeting these enzymes exert anticancer effects. Synthetic ceramides and a therapeutic approach using ultrasound have also been developed. Inhibitors of ceramide- and sphingosine-metabolizing enzymes and synthetic ceramides can function as sensitizers of radiotherapy and chemotherapy for HNSCC.
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26
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Caveolin-1 regulates the ASMase/ceramide-mediated radiation response of endothelial cells in the context of tumor-stroma interactions. Cell Death Dis 2020; 11:228. [PMID: 32273493 PMCID: PMC7145831 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-020-2418-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Revised: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The integral membrane protein caveolin-1 (CAV1) plays a central role in radioresistance-mediating tumor–stroma interactions of advanced prostate cancer (PCa). Among the tumor–stroma, endothelial cells (EC) evolved as critical determinants of the radiation response. CAV1 deficiency in angiogenic EC was already shown to account for increased apoptosis rates of irradiated EC. This study explores the potential impact of differential CAV1 levels in EC on the acid sphingomyelinase (ASMase)/ceramide pathway as a key player in the regulation of EC apoptosis upon irradiation and cancer cell radioresistance. Enhanced apoptosis sensitivity of CAV1-deficient EC was associated with increased ASMase activity, ceramide generation, formation of large lipid platforms, and finally an altered p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)/heat-shock protein 27 (HSP27)/AKT (protein kinase B, PKB) signaling. CAV1-deficient EC increased the growth delay of LNCaP and PC3 PCa cells upon radiation treatment in direct 3D spheroid co-cultures. Exogenous C6 and C16 ceramide treatment in parallel increased the growth delay of PCa spheroids and induced PCa cell apoptosis. Analysis of the respective ceramide species in PCa cells with increased CAV1 levels like those typically found in radio-resistant advanced prostate tumors further revealed an upregulation of unsaturated C24:1 ceramide that might scavenge the effects of EC-derived apoptosis-inducing C16 ceramide. Higher ASMase as well as ceramide levels could be confirmed by immunohistochemistry in human advanced prostate cancer specimen bearing characteristic CAV1 tumor–stroma alterations. Conclusively, CAV1 critically regulates the generation of ceramide-dependent (re-)organization of the plasma membrane that in turn affects the radiation response of EC and adjacent PCa cells. Understanding the CAV1-dependent crosstalk between tumor cells and the host-derived tumor microvasculature and its impact on radiosensitivity may allow to define a rational strategy for overcoming tumor radiation resistance improving clinical outcomes by targeting CAV1.
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27
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Yu R, Lendahl U, Nistér M, Zhao J. Regulation of Mammalian Mitochondrial Dynamics: Opportunities and Challenges. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:374. [PMID: 32595603 PMCID: PMC7300174 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.00374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are highly dynamic organelles and important for a variety of cellular functions. They constantly undergo fission and fusion events, referred to as mitochondrial dynamics, which affects the shape, size, and number of mitochondria in the cell, as well as mitochondrial subcellular transport, mitochondrial quality control (mitophagy), and programmed cell death (apoptosis). Dysfunctional mitochondrial dynamics is associated with various human diseases. Mitochondrial dynamics is mediated by a set of mitochondria-shaping proteins in both yeast and mammals. In this review, we describe recent insights into the potential molecular mechanisms underlying mitochondrial fusion and fission, particularly highlighting the coordinating roles of different mitochondria-shaping proteins in the processes, as well as the roles of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), the actin cytoskeleton and membrane phospholipids in the regulation of mitochondrial dynamics. We particularly focus on emerging roles for the mammalian mitochondrial proteins Fis1, Mff, and MIEFs (MIEF1 and MIEF2) in regulating the recruitment of the cytosolic Drp1 to the surface of mitochondria and how these proteins, especially Fis1, mediate crosstalk between the mitochondrial fission and fusion machineries. In summary, this review provides novel insights into the molecular mechanisms of mammalian mitochondrial dynamics and the involvement of these mechanisms in apoptosis and autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Yu
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Urban Lendahl
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Monica Nistér
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
- *Correspondence: Monica Nistér
| | - Jian Zhao
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
- Jian Zhao
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28
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Abstract
Mechanistic details for the roles of sphingolipids and their downstream targets in the regulation of tumor growth, response to chemo/radiotherapy, and metastasis have been investigated in recent studies using innovative molecular, genetic and pharmacologic tools in various cancer models. Induction of ceramide generation in response to cellular stress by chemotherapy, radiation, or exogenous ceramide analog drugs mediates cell death via apoptosis, necroptosis, or mitophagy. In this chapter, distinct functions and mechanisms of action of endogenous ceramides with different fatty acyl chain lengths in the regulation of cancer cell death versus survival will be discussed. In addition, importance of ceramide subcellular localization, trafficking, and lipid-protein binding between ceramide and various target proteins in cancer cells will be reviewed. Moreover, clinical trials from structure-function-based studies to restore antiproliferative ceramide signaling by activating ceramide synthesis will also be analyzed. Future studies are important to understand the mechanistic involvement of ceramide-mediated cell death in anticancer therapy, including immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rose Nganga
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Natalia Oleinik
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Besim Ogretmen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
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29
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Zhu WK, Xu WH, Wang J, Huang YQ, Abudurexiti M, Qu YY, Zhu YP, Zhang HL, Ye DW. Decreased SPTLC1 expression predicts worse outcomes in ccRCC patients. J Cell Biochem 2019; 121:1552-1562. [PMID: 31512789 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.29390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Serine palmitoyltransferase, long chain base subunit 1 (SPTLC1) catalyzes the first step in sphingolipid synthesis and has been implicated in the progression of various cancers. However, its role in clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) remains unclear. Here, we investigated the expression and prognostic value of SPTLC1 in ccRCC. METHODS Three ccRCC patient cohorts were studied. ccRCC and adjacent normal kidney tissue samples were obtained from 183 patients at the Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center (FUSCC) and subjected to immunohistochemical staining and quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction to evaluate SPTLC1 protein and messenger RNA (mRNA) expression. Two validation cohorts consisting of mRNA and clinicopathological data sets from patients with ccRCC were obtained from the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA, n = 429) and Oncomine (n = 178) databases. Associations between low and high SPTLC1 mRNA and protein expression and survival were evaluated using the Kaplan-Meier method and log-rank test. Independent prognostic factors were identified using univariate and multivariate Cox regression analysis. RESULTS SPTLC1 mRNA or protein were expressed at significantly lower levels in ccRCC tissues compared with normal kidney tissues in all three patient cohorts (P < .001). Low SPTLC1 expression was significantly associated with shorter overall survival in the FUSCC (P = .041) and Oncomine (P < .001) cohorts, and was significantly associated with shorter overall survival (P < .0001) and progression-free survival (P < .001) in the TCGA cohort. Bioinformatics analysis identified 10 genes significantly coregulated with SPTLC1 in ccRCC, most of which contributed to sphingomyelin metabolism (SPTLC2, SPTLC3, SPTSSA, SPTSSB, ORMDL1, ORMDL2, ORMDL3, ZDHHC9, GOLGA7B, and KDSR). Functional enrichment analysis predicted that SPTLC1 and its network play significant roles in inflammatory, hypoxia, and interferon gamma responses, and in allograft rejection pathways. CONCLUSION Low SPTLC1 expression is significantly associated with disease progression and poor survival in patients with ccRCC, suggesting that SPTLC1 may function as a tumor suppressor. Thus, SPTLC1 could be a potential new biomarker and/or therapeutic target for ccRCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Kai Zhu
- Institutes of Biomedical Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Urology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wen-Hao Xu
- Department of Urology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Urology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yong-Qiang Huang
- Department of Urology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Mierxiati Abudurexiti
- Department of Urology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Qu
- Department of Urology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi-Ping Zhu
- Department of Urology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hai-Liang Zhang
- Department of Urology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ding-Wei Ye
- Department of Urology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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30
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Jiang X, Zhu Z, Qin H, Tripathi P, Zhong L, Elsherbini A, Karki S, Crivelli SM, Zhi W, Wang G, Spassieva SD, Bieberich E. Visualization of Ceramide-Associated Proteins in Ceramide-Rich Platforms Using a Cross-Linkable Ceramide Analog and Proximity Ligation Assays With Anti-ceramide Antibody. Front Cell Dev Biol 2019; 7:166. [PMID: 31475148 PMCID: PMC6706757 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2019.00166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Ceramide-rich platforms (CRPs) mediate association of proteins with the sphingolipid ceramide and may regulate protein interaction in membrane contact sites to the cytoskeleton, organelles, and infectious pathogens. However, visualization of ceramide association to proteins is one of the greatest challenges in understanding the cell biology of ceramide. Here we introduce a novel labeling technique for ceramide-associated proteins (CAPs) by combining photoactivated cross-linking of a bioorthogonal and bifunctional ceramide analog, pacFACer with proximity ligation assays (PLAs). pacFACer cross-linked to CAPs is covalently attached to a fluorophore using click chemistry. PLAs use antibodies to: (1) the candidate CAP and the fluorophore (PLA1); and (2) the CAP and ceramide (PLA2). PLA1 shows the subcellular localization of a particular CAP that is cross-linked to pacFACer, while PLA2 tests if the cross-linked CAP forms a complex with endogenous ceramide. Two proteins, tubulin and voltage-dependent anion channel 1 (VDAC1), were cross-linked to pacFACer and showed PLA signals for a complex with ceramide and pacFACer, which were predominantly colocalized with microtubules and mitochondria, respectively. Binding of tubulin and VDAC1 to ceramide was confirmed by coimmunoprecipitation assays using anti ceramide antibody. Cross-linking to pacFACer was confirmed using click chemistry-mediated attachment of biotin and streptavidin pull-down assays. Inhibition of ceramide synthases with fumonisin B1 (FB1) reduced the degree of pacFACer cross-linking and complex formation with ceramide, while it was enhanced by amyloid beta peptide (Aβ). Our results show that endogenous ceramide is critical for mediating cross-linking of CAPs to pacFACer and that a combination of cross-linking with PLAs (cross-link/PLA) is a novel tool to visualize CAPs and to understand the regulation of protein interaction with ceramide in CRPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Jiang
- Department of Rehabilitation, ShengJing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Zhihui Zhu
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Haiyan Qin
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Priyanka Tripathi
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Liansheng Zhong
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States.,College of Life Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Ahmed Elsherbini
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Sanjib Karki
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Simone M Crivelli
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Wenbo Zhi
- Center for Biotechnology and Genomic Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
| | - Guanghu Wang
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | | | - Erhard Bieberich
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
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31
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Praharaj PP, Naik PP, Panigrahi DP, Bhol CS, Mahapatra KK, Patra S, Sethi G, Bhutia SK. Intricate role of mitochondrial lipid in mitophagy and mitochondrial apoptosis: its implication in cancer therapeutics. Cell Mol Life Sci 2019; 76:1641-1652. [PMID: 30539200 PMCID: PMC11105358 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-018-2990-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Revised: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The efficacy of chemotherapy is mostly restricted by the drug resistance developed during the course of cancer treatment. Mitophagy, as a pro-survival mechanism, crucially maintains mitochondrial homeostasis and it is one of the mechanisms that cancer cells adopt for their progression. On the other hand, mitochondrial apoptosis, a precisely regulated form of cell death, acts as a tumor-suppressive mechanism by targeting cancer cells. Mitochondrial lipids, such as cardiolipin, ceramide, and sphingosine-1-phosphate, act as a mitophageal signal for the clearance of damaged mitochondria by interacting with mitophagic machinery as well as activate mitochondrial apoptosis via the release of cytochrome c into the cytoplasm. In the recent time, the lipid-mediated lethal mitophagy has also been used as an alternative approach to abolish the survival role of lipid in cancer. Therefore, by targeting mitochondrial lipids in cancer cells, the detailed mechanism linked to drug resistance can be unraveled. In this review, we precisely discuss the current knowledge about the multifaceted role of mitochondrial lipid in regulating mitophagy and mitochondrial apoptosis and its application in effective cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prakash P Praharaj
- Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology Rourkela, Rourkela, Odisha, 769008, India
| | - Prajna P Naik
- Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology Rourkela, Rourkela, Odisha, 769008, India
- PG Department of Zoology, Vikram Deb (Auto) College, Jeypore, Odisha, 764001, India
| | - Debasna P Panigrahi
- Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology Rourkela, Rourkela, Odisha, 769008, India
| | - Chandra S Bhol
- Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology Rourkela, Rourkela, Odisha, 769008, India
| | - Kewal K Mahapatra
- Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology Rourkela, Rourkela, Odisha, 769008, India
| | - Srimanta Patra
- Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology Rourkela, Rourkela, Odisha, 769008, India
| | - Gautam Sethi
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117600, Singapore
| | - Sujit Kumar Bhutia
- Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology Rourkela, Rourkela, Odisha, 769008, India.
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32
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Dadsena S, Bockelmann S, Mina JGM, Hassan DG, Korneev S, Razzera G, Jahn H, Niekamp P, Müller D, Schneider M, Tafesse FG, Marrink SJ, Melo MN, Holthuis JCM. Ceramides bind VDAC2 to trigger mitochondrial apoptosis. Nat Commun 2019; 10:1832. [PMID: 31015432 PMCID: PMC6478893 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-09654-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Ceramides draw wide attention as tumor suppressor lipids that act directly on mitochondria to trigger apoptotic cell death. However, molecular details of the underlying mechanism are largely unknown. Using a photoactivatable ceramide probe, we here identify the voltage-dependent anion channels VDAC1 and VDAC2 as mitochondrial ceramide binding proteins. Coarse-grain molecular dynamics simulations reveal that both channels harbor a ceramide binding site on one side of the barrel wall. This site includes a membrane-buried glutamate that mediates direct contact with the ceramide head group. Substitution or chemical modification of this residue abolishes photolabeling of both channels with the ceramide probe. Unlike VDAC1 removal, loss of VDAC2 or replacing its membrane-facing glutamate with glutamine renders human colon cancer cells largely resistant to ceramide-induced apoptosis. Collectively, our data support a role of VDAC2 as direct effector of ceramide-mediated cell death, providing a molecular framework for how ceramides exert their anti-neoplastic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shashank Dadsena
- Molecular Cell Biology Division, Department of Biology/Chemistry, University of Osnabrück, 49076, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Svenja Bockelmann
- Molecular Cell Biology Division, Department of Biology/Chemistry, University of Osnabrück, 49076, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - John G M Mina
- Molecular Cell Biology Division, Department of Biology/Chemistry, University of Osnabrück, 49076, Osnabrück, Germany.
- School of Science, Engineering and Design, Teesside University, Middlesbrough, TS1 3BX, UK.
| | - Dina G Hassan
- Molecular Cell Biology Division, Department of Biology/Chemistry, University of Osnabrück, 49076, Osnabrück, Germany
- Institute of Environmental Studies and Research, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Sergei Korneev
- Molecular Cell Biology Division, Department of Biology/Chemistry, University of Osnabrück, 49076, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Guilherme Razzera
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República, 2780-157, Oeiras, Portugal
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Helene Jahn
- Molecular Cell Biology Division, Department of Biology/Chemistry, University of Osnabrück, 49076, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Patrick Niekamp
- Molecular Cell Biology Division, Department of Biology/Chemistry, University of Osnabrück, 49076, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Dagmar Müller
- Molecular Cell Biology Division, Department of Biology/Chemistry, University of Osnabrück, 49076, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Markus Schneider
- Molecular Cell Biology Division, Department of Biology/Chemistry, University of Osnabrück, 49076, Osnabrück, Germany
- Plant Physiology Division, Department of Biology/Chemistry, University of Osnabrück, 49076, Osnabrück, Germany
- Center for Cellular Nanoanalytics, Osnabrück University, Artilleriestraße 77, 49076, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Fikadu G Tafesse
- Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Siewert J Marrink
- Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute and Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Manuel N Melo
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República, 2780-157, Oeiras, Portugal.
- Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute and Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Joost C M Holthuis
- Molecular Cell Biology Division, Department of Biology/Chemistry, University of Osnabrück, 49076, Osnabrück, Germany.
- Center for Cellular Nanoanalytics, Osnabrück University, Artilleriestraße 77, 49076, Osnabrück, Germany.
- Membrane Biochemistry and Biophysics, Bijvoet Center and Institute of Biomembranes, Utrecht University, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Ceramide Metabolism Balance, a Multifaceted Factor in Critical Steps of Breast Cancer Development. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19092527. [PMID: 30149660 PMCID: PMC6163247 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19092527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Revised: 08/12/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Ceramides are key lipids in energetic-metabolic pathways and signaling cascades, modulating critical physiological functions in cells. While synthesis of ceramides is performed in endoplasmic reticulum (ER), which is altered under overnutrition conditions, proteins associated with ceramide metabolism are located on membrane arrangement of mitochondria and ER (MAMs). However, ceramide accumulation in meta-inflammation, condition that associates obesity with a chronic low-grade inflammatory state, favors the deregulation of pathways such as insulin signaling, and induces structural rearrangements on mitochondrial membrane, modifying its permeability and altering the flux of ions and other molecules. Considering the wide biological processes in which sphingolipids are implicated, they have been associated with diseases that present abnormalities in their energetic metabolism, such as breast cancer. In this sense, sphingolipids could modulate various cell features, such as growth, proliferation, survival, senescence, and apoptosis in cancer progression; moreover, ceramide metabolism is associated to chemotherapy resistance, and regulation of metastasis. Cell–cell communication mediated by exosomes and lipoproteins has become relevant in the transport of several sphingolipids. Therefore, in this work we performed a comprehensive analysis of the state of the art about the multifaceted roles of ceramides, specifically the deregulation of ceramide metabolism pathways, being a key factor that could modulate neoplastic processes development. Under specific conditions, sphingolipids perform important functions in several cellular processes, and depending on the preponderant species and cellular and/or tissue status can inhibit or promote the development of metabolic and potentially breast cancer disease.
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Traceless synthesis of ceramides in living cells reveals saturation-dependent apoptotic effects. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:7485-7490. [PMID: 29967152 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1804266115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammalian cells synthesize thousands of distinct lipids, yet the function of many of these lipid species is unknown. Ceramides, a class of sphingolipid, are implicated in several cell-signaling pathways but poor cell permeability and lack of selectivity in endogenous synthesis pathways have hampered direct study of their effects. Here we report a strategy that overcomes the inherent biological limitations of ceramide delivery by chemoselectively ligating lipid precursors in vivo to yield natural ceramides in a traceless manner. Using this method, we uncovered the apoptotic effects of several ceramide species and observed differences in their apoptotic activity based on acyl-chain saturation. Additionally, we demonstrate spatiotemporally controlled ceramide synthesis in live cells through photoinitiated lipid ligation. Our in situ lipid ligation approach addresses the long-standing problem of lipid-specific delivery and enables the direct study of unique ceramide species in live cells.
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35
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Annunziata I, Sano R, d'Azzo A. Mitochondria-associated ER membranes (MAMs) and lysosomal storage diseases. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:328. [PMID: 29491402 PMCID: PMC5832421 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-017-0025-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Revised: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 09/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Lysosomal storage diseases (LSDs) comprise a large group of disorders of catabolism, mostly due to deficiency of a single glycan-cleaving hydrolase. The consequent endo-lysosomal accumulation of undigested or partially digested substrates in cells of virtually all organs, including the nervous system, is diagnostic of these diseases and underlies pathogenesis. A subgroup of LSDs, the glycosphingolipidoses, are caused by deficiency of glycosidases that process/degrade sphingolipids and glycosphingolipids (GSLs). GSLs are among the lipid constituents of mammalian membranes, where they orderly distribute and, together with a plethora of membrane proteins, contribute to the formation of discrete membrane microdomains or lipid rafts. The composition of intracellular membranes enclosing organelles reflects that at the plasma membrane (PM). Organelles have the tendencies to tether to one another and to the PM at specific membrane contact sites that, owing to their lipid and protein content, resemble PM lipid rafts. The focus of this review is on the MAMs, mitochondria associated ER membranes, sites of juxtaposition between ER and mitochondria that function as biological hubs for the exchange of molecules and ions, and control the functional status of the reciprocal organelles. We will focus on the lipid components of the MAMs, and highlight how failure to digest or process the sialylated GSL, GM1 ganglioside, in lysosomes alters the lipid conformation and functional properties of the MAMs and leads to neuronal cell death and neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ida Annunziata
- Department of Genetics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Renata Sano
- Division of Oncology and Center for Childhood Cancer Research, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Alessandra d'Azzo
- Department of Genetics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA.
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36
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Ausman J, Abbade J, Ermini L, Farrell A, Tagliaferro A, Post M, Caniggia I. Ceramide-induced BOK promotes mitochondrial fission in preeclampsia. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:298. [PMID: 29463805 PMCID: PMC5833856 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-018-0360-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Revised: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria are in a constant balance of fusing and dividing in response to cellular cues. Fusion creates healthy mitochondria, whereas fission results in removal of non-functional organelles. Changes in mitochondrial dynamics typify several human diseases. However, the contribution of mitochondrial dynamics to preeclampsia, a hypertensive disorder of pregnancy characterized by placental cell autophagy and death, remains unknown. Herein, we show that the mitochondrial dynamic balance in preeclamptic placentae is tilted toward fission (increased DRP1 expression/activation and decreased OPA1 expression). Increased phosphorylation of DRP1 (p-DRP1) in mitochondrial isolates from preeclamptic placentae and transmission electron microscopy corroborated augmented mitochondrial fragmentation in cytotrophoblast cells of PE placentae. Increased fission was accompanied by build-up of ceramides (CERs) in mitochondria from preeclamptic placentae relative to controls. Treatment of human choriocarcinoma JEG3 cells and primary isolated cytrophoblast cells with CER 16:0 enhanced mitochondrial fission. Loss- and gain-of-function experiments showed that Bcl-2 member BOK, whose expression is increased by CER, positively regulated p-DRP1/DRP1 and MFN2 expression, and localized mitochondrial fission events to the ER/MAM compartments. We also identified that the BH3 and transmembrane domains of BOK were vital for BOK regulation of fission. Moreover, we found that full-length PTEN-induced putative kinase 1 (PINK1) and Parkin, were elevated in mitochondria from PE placentae, implicating mitophagy as the process that degrades excess mitochondria fragments produced from CER/BOK-induced fission in preeclampsia. In summary, our study uncovered a novel CER/BOK-induced regulation of mitochondrial fission and its functional consequence for heightened trophoblast cell autophagy in preeclampsia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Ausman
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System, Toronto, ON, M5T 1X5, Canada.,Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Joelcio Abbade
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System, Toronto, ON, M5T 1X5, Canada.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Botucatu Medical School, UNESP - Sao Paulo State University, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Ermini
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System, Toronto, ON, M5T 1X5, Canada
| | - Abby Farrell
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System, Toronto, ON, M5T 1X5, Canada.,Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Andrea Tagliaferro
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System, Toronto, ON, M5T 1X5, Canada
| | - Martin Post
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Translational Medicine Program, Peter Gilgan Center for Research and Learning, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, M5G 1X8, Canada
| | - Isabella Caniggia
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System, Toronto, ON, M5T 1X5, Canada. .,Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada. .,Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada. .,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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37
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Simon PS, Bardhan K, Chen MR, Paschall AV, Lu C, Bollag RJ, Kong FC, Jin J, Kong FM, Waller JL, Pollock RE, Liu K. NF-κB functions as a molecular link between tumor cells and Th1/Tc1 T cells in the tumor microenvironment to exert radiation-mediated tumor suppression. Oncotarget 2018; 7:23395-415. [PMID: 27014915 PMCID: PMC5029635 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.8246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2015] [Accepted: 02/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiation modulates both tumor cells and immune cells in the tumor microenvironment to exert its anti-tumor activity; however, the molecular connection between tumor cells and immune cells that mediates radiation-exerted tumor suppression activity in the tumor microenvironment is largely unknown. We report here that radiation induces rapid activation of the p65/p50 and p50/p50 NF-κB complexes in human soft tissue sarcoma (STS) cells. Radiation-activated p65/p50 and p50/p50 bind to the TNFα promoter to activate its transcription in STS cells. Radiation-induced TNFα induces tumor cell death in an autocrine manner. A sublethal dose of Smac mimetic BV6 induces cIAP1 and cIAP2 degradation to increase tumor cell sensitivity to radiation-induced cell death in vitro and to enhance radiation-mediated suppression of STS xenografts in vivo. Inhibition of caspases, RIP1, or RIP3 blocks radiation/TNFα-induced cell death, whereas inhibition of RIP1 blocks TNFα-induced caspase activation, suggesting that caspases and RIP1 act sequentially to mediate the non-compensatory cell death pathways. Furthermore, we determined in a syngeneic sarcoma mouse model that radiation up-regulates IRF3, IFNβ, and the T cell chemokines CCL2 and CCL5 in the tumor microenvironment, which are associated with activation and increased infiltration of Th1/Tc1 T cells in the tumor microenvironment. Moreover, tumor-infiltrating T cells are in their active form since both the perforin and FasL pathways are activated in irradiated tumor tissues. Consequently, combined BV6 and radiation completely suppressed tumor growth in vivo. Therefore, radiation-induced NF-κB functions as a molecular link between tumor cells and immune cells in the tumor microenvironment for radiation-mediated tumor suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priscilla S Simon
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA, USA.,Cancer Center, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA, USA.,Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Kankana Bardhan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - May R Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Amy V Paschall
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA, USA.,Cancer Center, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA, USA.,Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Chunwan Lu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA, USA.,Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Roni J Bollag
- Cancer Center, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Feng-Chong Kong
- Radiation Oncology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA, USA.,Cancer Center, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - JianYue Jin
- Radiation Oncology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA, USA.,Cancer Center, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Feng-Ming Kong
- Radiation Oncology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA, USA.,Cancer Center, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Jennifer L Waller
- Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA, USA
| | | | - Kebin Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA, USA.,Cancer Center, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA, USA.,Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA, USA
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38
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Bockelmann S, Mina JGM, Korneev S, Hassan DG, Müller D, Hilderink A, Vlieg HC, Raijmakers R, Heck AJR, Haberkant P, Holthuis JCM. A search for ceramide binding proteins using bifunctional lipid analogs yields CERT-related protein StarD7. J Lipid Res 2018; 59:515-530. [PMID: 29343537 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m082354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Revised: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Ceramides are central intermediates of sphingolipid metabolism with dual roles as mediators of cellular stress signaling and mitochondrial apoptosis. How ceramides exert their cytotoxic effects is unclear and their poor solubility in water hampers a search for specific protein interaction partners. Here, we report the application of a photoactivatable and clickable ceramide analog, pacCer, to identify ceramide binding proteins and unravel the structural basis by which these proteins recognize ceramide. Besides capturing ceramide transfer protein (CERT) from a complex proteome, our approach yielded CERT-related steroidogenic acute regulatory protein D7 (StarD7) as novel ceramide binding protein. Previous work revealed that StarD7 is required for efficient mitochondrial import of phosphatidylcholine (PC) and serves a critical role in mitochondrial function and morphology. Combining site-directed mutagenesis and photoaffinity labeling experiments, we demonstrate that the steroidogenic acute regulatory transfer domain of StarD7 harbors a common binding site for PC and ceramide. While StarD7 lacks robust ceramide transfer activity in vitro, we find that its ability to shuttle PC between model membranes is specifically affected by ceramides. Besides demonstrating the suitability of pacCer as a tool to hunt for ceramide binding proteins, our data point at StarD7 as a candidate effector protein by which ceramides may exert part of their mitochondria-mediated cytotoxic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svenja Bockelmann
- Molecular Cell Biology Division, Department of Biology/Chemistry, University of Osnabrück, D-49076 Osnabrück, Germany
| | - John G M Mina
- Molecular Cell Biology Division, Department of Biology/Chemistry, University of Osnabrück, D-49076 Osnabrück, Germany.,School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
| | - Sergei Korneev
- Molecular Cell Biology Division, Department of Biology/Chemistry, University of Osnabrück, D-49076 Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Dina G Hassan
- Molecular Cell Biology Division, Department of Biology/Chemistry, University of Osnabrück, D-49076 Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Dagmar Müller
- Molecular Cell Biology Division, Department of Biology/Chemistry, University of Osnabrück, D-49076 Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Angelika Hilderink
- Molecular Cell Biology Division, Department of Biology/Chemistry, University of Osnabrück, D-49076 Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Hedwich C Vlieg
- Membrane Biochemistry and Biophysics Division , Utrecht University, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Reinout Raijmakers
- Biomoleular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics Division, Bijvoet Center and Institute of Biomembranes, Utrecht University, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Albert J R Heck
- Biomoleular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics Division, Bijvoet Center and Institute of Biomembranes, Utrecht University, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Per Haberkant
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Joost C M Holthuis
- Molecular Cell Biology Division, Department of Biology/Chemistry, University of Osnabrück, D-49076 Osnabrück, Germany .,Membrane Biochemistry and Biophysics Division , Utrecht University, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
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39
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Kong JN, Zhu Z, Itokazu Y, Wang G, Dinkins MB, Zhong L, Lin HP, Elsherbini A, Leanhart S, Jiang X, Qin H, Zhi W, Spassieva SD, Bieberich E. Novel function of ceramide for regulation of mitochondrial ATP release in astrocytes. J Lipid Res 2018; 59:488-506. [PMID: 29321137 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m081877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Revised: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We reported that amyloid β peptide (Aβ42) activated neutral SMase 2 (nSMase2), thereby increasing the concentration of the sphingolipid ceramide in astrocytes. Here, we show that Aβ42 induced mitochondrial fragmentation in wild-type astrocytes, but not in nSMase2-deficient cells or astrocytes treated with fumonisin B1 (FB1), an inhibitor of ceramide synthases. Unexpectedly, ceramide depletion was concurrent with rapid movements of mitochondria, indicating an unknown function of ceramide for mitochondria. Using immunocytochemistry and super-resolution microscopy, we detected ceramide-enriched and mitochondria-associated membranes (CEMAMs) that were codistributed with microtubules. Interaction of ceramide with tubulin was confirmed by cross-linking to N-[9-(3-pent-4-ynyl-3-H-diazirine-3-yl)-nonanoyl]-D-erythro-sphingosine (pacFACer), a bifunctional ceramide analog, and binding of tubulin to ceramide-linked agarose beads. Ceramide-associated tubulin (CAT) translocated from the perinuclear region to peripheral CEMAMs and mitochondria, which was prevented in nSMase2-deficient or FB1-treated astrocytes. Proximity ligation and coimmunoprecipitation assays showed that ceramide depletion reduced association of tubulin with voltage-dependent anion channel 1 (VDAC1), an interaction known to block mitochondrial ADP/ATP transport. Ceramide-depleted astrocytes contained higher levels of ATP, suggesting that ceramide-induced CAT formation leads to VDAC1 closure, thereby reducing mitochondrial ATP release, and potentially motility and resistance to Aβ42 Our data also indicate that inhibiting ceramide generation may protect mitochondria in Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Na Kong
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine Augusta University, Augusta, GA.,Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA
| | - Zhihui Zhu
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine Augusta University, Augusta, GA.,Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
| | - Yutaka Itokazu
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine Augusta University, Augusta, GA
| | - Guanghu Wang
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine Augusta University, Augusta, GA.,Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
| | - Michael B Dinkins
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine Augusta University, Augusta, GA
| | - Liansheng Zhong
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine Augusta University, Augusta, GA.,Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY.,College of Basic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Hsuan-Pei Lin
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine Augusta University, Augusta, GA.,Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
| | - Ahmed Elsherbini
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine Augusta University, Augusta, GA.,Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
| | - Silvia Leanhart
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine Augusta University, Augusta, GA
| | - Xue Jiang
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY.,Rehabilitation Center, ShengJing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Haiyan Qin
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
| | - Wenbo Zhi
- Center of Biotechnology and Genomic Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA
| | | | - Erhard Bieberich
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine Augusta University, Augusta, GA .,Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
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40
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Law BA, Liao X, Moore KS, Southard A, Roddy P, Ji R, Szulc Z, Bielawska A, Schulze PC, Cowart LA. Lipotoxic very-long-chain ceramides cause mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, and cell death in cardiomyocytes. FASEB J 2018; 32:1403-1416. [PMID: 29127192 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201700300r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Accumulating data support a role for bioactive lipids as mediators of lipotixicity in cardiomyocytes. One class of these, the ceramides, constitutes a family of molecules that differ in structure and are synthesized by distinct enzymes, ceramide synthase (CerS)1-CerS6. Data support that specific ceramides and the enzymes that catalyze their formation play distinct roles in cell function. In a mouse model of diabetic cardiomyopathy, sphingolipid profiling revealed increases in not only the CerS5-derived ceramides but also in very long chain (VLC) ceramides derived from CerS2. Overexpression of CerS2 elevated VLC ceramides caused insulin resistance, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and mitophagy. Palmitate induced CerS2 and oxidative stress, mitophagy, and apoptosis, which were prevented by depletion of CerS2. Neither overexpression nor knockdown of CerS5 had any function in these processes, suggesting a chain-length dependent impact of ceramides on mitochondrial function. This concept was also supported by the observation that synthetic mitochondria-targeted ceramides led to mitophagy in a manner proportional to N-acyl chain length. Finally, blocking mitophagy exacerbated cell death. Taken together, our results support a model by which CerS2 and VLC ceramides have a distinct role in lipotoxicity, leading to mitochondrial damage, which results in subsequent adaptive mitophagy. Our data reveal a novel lipotoxic pathway through CerS2.-Law, B. A., Liao, X., Moore, K. S., Southard, A., Roddy, P., Ji, R., Szulc, Z., Bielawska, A., Schulze, P. C., Cowart, L. A. Lipotoxic very-long-chain ceramides cause mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, and cell death in cardiomyocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany A Law
- Department of Medicine-Cardiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Xianghai Liao
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Kelsey S Moore
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Abigail Southard
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Patrick Roddy
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Ruiping Ji
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Zdzislaw Szulc
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Ala Bielawska
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - P Christian Schulze
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA.,Division of Cardiology, Angiology, Pneumology, and Intensive Medical Care, Department of Internal Medicine I, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, University of Jena, Jena, Germany; and
| | - L Ashley Cowart
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA.,Department of Veteran's Affairs, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
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41
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Schwartz NU, Linzer RW, Truman JP, Gurevich M, Hannun YA, Senkal CE, Obeid LM. Decreased ceramide underlies mitochondrial dysfunction in Charcot-Marie-Tooth 2F. FASEB J 2018; 32:1716-1728. [PMID: 29133339 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201701067r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Charcot-Marie-Tooth (CMT) disease is the most commonly inherited neurologic disorder, but its molecular mechanisms remain unclear. One variant of CMT, 2F, is characterized by mutations in heat shock protein 27 (Hsp27). As bioactive sphingolipids have been implicated in neurodegenerative diseases, we sought to determine if their dysregulation is involved in CMT. Here, we show that Hsp27 knockout mice demonstrated decreases in ceramide in peripheral nerve tissue and that the disease-associated Hsp27 S135F mutant demonstrated decreases in mitochondrial ceramide. Given that Hsp27 is a chaperone protein, we examined its role in regulating ceramide synthases (CerSs), an enzyme family responsible for catalyzing generation of the sphingolipid ceramide. We determined that CerSs colocalized with Hsp27, and upon the presence of S135F mutants, CerS1 lost its colocalization with mitochondria suggesting that decreased mitochondrial ceramides result from reduced mitochondrial CerS localization rather than decreased CerS activity. Mitochondria in mutant cells appeared larger with increased interconnectivity. Furthermore, mutant cell lines demonstrated decreased mitochondrial respiratory function and increased autophagic flux. Mitochondrial structural and functional changes were recapitulated by blocking ceramide generation pharmacologically. These results suggest that mutant Hsp27 decreases mitochondrial ceramide levels, producing structural and functional changes in mitochondria leading to neuronal degeneration.-Schwartz, N. U., Linzer, R. W., Truman, J.-P., Gurevich, M., Hannun, Y. A., Senkal, C. E., Obeid, L. M. Decreased ceramide underlies mitochondrial dysfunction in Charcot-Marie-Tooth 2F.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas U Schwartz
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Stony Brook University School of Medicine, Stony Brook, New York, USA
| | - Ryan W Linzer
- Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University School of Medicine, Stony Brook, New York, USA
| | - Jean-Philip Truman
- Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University School of Medicine, Stony Brook, New York, USA
| | - Mikhail Gurevich
- Department of Pharmacology, Stony Brook University School of Medicine, Stony Brook, New York, USA.,Department of Orthopaedics, Stony Brook University School of Medicine, Stony Brook, New York, USA; and
| | - Yusuf A Hannun
- Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University School of Medicine, Stony Brook, New York, USA
| | - Can E Senkal
- Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University School of Medicine, Stony Brook, New York, USA
| | - Lina M Obeid
- Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University School of Medicine, Stony Brook, New York, USA.,Northport Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Northport, New York, USA
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42
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Becker KA, Fahsel B, Kemper H, Mayeres J, Li C, Wilker B, Keitsch S, Soddemann M, Sehl C, Kohnen M, Edwards MJ, Grassmé H, Caldwell CC, Seitz A, Fraunholz M, Gulbins E. Staphylococcus aureus Alpha-Toxin Disrupts Endothelial-Cell Tight Junctions via Acid Sphingomyelinase and Ceramide. Infect Immun 2018; 86:e00606-17. [PMID: 29084896 PMCID: PMC5736828 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00606-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) infections are among the most common and severe infections, garnering notoriety in an era of increasing resistance to antibiotics. It is therefore important to define molecular mechanisms by which this pathogen attacks host cells. Here, we demonstrate that alpha-toxin, one of the major toxins of S. aureus, induces activation of acid sphingomyelinase and concomitant release of ceramide in endothelial cells treated with the toxin. Activation of acid sphingomyelinase by alpha-toxin is mediated via ADAM10. Infection experiments employing alpha-toxin-deficient S. aureus and the corresponding wild-type strain reveal that activation of acid sphingomyelinase in endothelial cells requires alpha-toxin expression by the pathogen. Activation of acid sphingomyelinase is linked to degradation of tight junctions in endothelial cells in vitro, which is blocked by pharmacological inhibition of acid sphingomyelinase. Most importantly, alpha-toxin induces severe degradation of tight junctions in the lung and causes lung edema in vivo, which is prevented by genetic deficiency of acid sphingomyelinase. These data indicate a novel and important role of the acid sphingomyelinase/ceramide system for the endothelial response to toxins and provide a molecular link between alpha-toxin and the degradation of tight junctions. The data also suggest that inhibition of acid sphingomyelinase may provide a novel treatment option to prevent lung edema caused by S. aureus alpha-toxin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Anne Becker
- Department of Molecular Biology, Medical School, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Cao Li
- Department of Molecular Biology, Medical School, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Barbara Wilker
- Department of Molecular Biology, Medical School, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Simone Keitsch
- Department of Molecular Biology, Medical School, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Matthias Soddemann
- Department of Molecular Biology, Medical School, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Carolin Sehl
- Department of Molecular Biology, Medical School, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | | | - Michael J Edwards
- Department of Surgery, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | | | - Charles C Caldwell
- Department of Surgery, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Aaron Seitz
- Department of Surgery, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Martin Fraunholz
- Chair of Microbiology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Erich Gulbins
- Department of Molecular Biology, Medical School, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
- Department of Surgery, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
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43
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Abstract
Sphingolipids, including the two central bioactive lipids ceramide and sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P), have opposing roles in regulating cancer cell death and survival, respectively, and there have been exciting developments in understanding how sphingolipid metabolism and signalling regulate these processes in response to anticancer therapy. Recent studies have provided mechanistic details of the roles of sphingolipids and their downstream targets in the regulation of tumour growth and response to chemotherapy, radiotherapy and/or immunotherapy using innovative molecular, genetic and pharmacological tools to target sphingolipid signalling nodes in cancer cells. For example, structure-function-based studies have provided innovative opportunities to develop mechanism-based anticancer therapeutic strategies to restore anti-proliferative ceramide signalling and/or inhibit pro-survival S1P-S1P receptor (S1PR) signalling. This Review summarizes how ceramide-induced cellular stress mediates cancer cell death through various mechanisms involving the induction of apoptosis, necroptosis and/or mitophagy. Moreover, the metabolism of ceramide for S1P biosynthesis, which is mediated by sphingosine kinase 1 and 2, and its role in influencing cancer cell growth, drug resistance and tumour metastasis through S1PR-dependent or receptor-independent signalling are highlighted. Finally, studies targeting enzymes involved in sphingolipid metabolism and/or signalling and their clinical implications for improving cancer therapeutics are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Besim Ogretmen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, 173 Ashley Avenue, Charleston, South Carolina 29425, USA
- Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, 86 Jonathan Lucas Street, MSC 957, Charleston, South Carolina 29425, USA
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44
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Lee WK, Kolesnick RN. Sphingolipid abnormalities in cancer multidrug resistance: Chicken or egg? Cell Signal 2017; 38:134-145. [PMID: 28687494 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2017.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Revised: 06/25/2017] [Accepted: 06/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The cancer multidrug resistance (MDR) phenotype encompasses a myriad of molecular, genetic and cellular alterations resulting from progressive oncogenic transformation and selection. Drug efflux transporters, in particular the MDR P-glycoprotein ABCB1, play an important role in MDR but cannot confer the complete phenotype alone indicating parallel alterations are prerequisite. Sphingolipids are essential constituents of lipid raft domains and directly participate in functionalization of transmembrane proteins, including providing an optimal lipid microenvironment for multidrug transporters, and are also perturbed in cancer. Here we postulate that increased sphingomyelin content, developing early in some cancers, recruits and functionalizes plasma membrane ABCB1 conferring a state of partial MDR, which is completed by glycosphingolipid disturbance and the appearance of intracellular vesicular ABCB1. In this review, the independent and interdependent roles of sphingolipid alterations and ABCB1 upregulation during the transformation process and resultant conferment of partial and complete MDR phenotypes are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wing-Kee Lee
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction, Sloan Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, United States; Institute for Physiology, Pathophysiology and Toxicology, Centre for Biomedical Education and Research (ZBAF), Witten/Herdecke University, Witten, Germany.
| | - Richard N Kolesnick
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction, Sloan Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, United States
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45
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Mitochondrial dynamics as regulators of cancer biology. Cell Mol Life Sci 2017; 74:1999-2017. [PMID: 28083595 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-016-2451-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Revised: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 12/29/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondria are dynamic organelles that supply energy required to drive key cellular processes, such as survival, proliferation, and migration. Critical to all of these processes are changes in mitochondrial architecture, a mechanical mechanism encompassing both fusion and fragmentation (fission) of the mitochondrial network. Changes to mitochondrial shape, size, and localization occur in a regulated manner to maintain energy and metabolic homeostasis, while deregulation of mitochondrial dynamics is associated with the onset of metabolic dysfunction and disease. In cancers, oncogenic signals that drive excessive proliferation, increase intracellular stress, and limit nutrient supply are all able to alter the bioenergetic and biosynthetic requirements of cancer cells. Consequently, mitochondrial function and shape rapidly adapt to these hostile conditions to support cancer cell proliferation and evade activation of cell death programs. In this review, we will discuss the molecular mechanisms governing mitochondrial dynamics and integrate recent insights into how changes in mitochondrial shape affect cellular migration, differentiation, apoptosis, and opportunities for the development of novel targeted cancer therapies.
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46
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Abstract
The sphingolipid family of lipids modulate several cellular processes, including proliferation, cell cycle regulation, inflammatory signaling pathways, and cell death. Several members of the sphingolipid pathway have opposing functions and thus imbalances in sphingolipid metabolism result in deregulated cellular processes, which cause or contribute to diseases and disorders in humans. A key cellular process regulated by sphingolipids is apoptosis, or programmed cell death. Sphingolipids play an important role in both extrinsic and intrinsic apoptotic pathways depending on the stimuli, cell type and cellular response to the stress. During mitochondrial-mediated apoptosis, multiple pathways converge on mitochondria and induce mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization (MOMP). MOMP results in the release of intermembrane space proteins such as cytochrome c and Apaf1 into the cytosol where they activate the caspases and DNases that execute cell death. The precise molecular components of the pore(s) responsible for MOMP are unknown, but sphingolipids are thought to play a role. Here, we review evidence for a role of sphingolipids in the induction of mitochondrial-mediated apoptosis with a focus on potential underlying molecular mechanisms by which altered sphingolipid metabolism indirectly or directly induce MOMP. Data available on these mechanisms is reviewed, and the focus and limitations of previous and current studies are discussed to present important unanswered questions and potential future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gauri A Patwardhan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - Levi J Beverly
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA.,James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, 505 South Hancock Street, Clinical and Translational Research Building, Room 203, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - Leah J Siskind
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA. .,James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, 505 South Hancock Street, Clinical and Translational Research Building, Room 203, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA.
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47
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Stefanovic M, Tutusaus A, Martinez-Nieto GA, Bárcena C, de Gregorio E, Moutinho C, Barbero-Camps E, Villanueva A, Colell A, Marí M, García-Ruiz C, Fernandez-Checa JC, Morales A. Targeting glucosylceramide synthase upregulation reverts sorafenib resistance in experimental hepatocellular carcinoma. Oncotarget 2016; 7:8253-67. [PMID: 26811497 PMCID: PMC4884990 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.6982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Evasive mechanisms triggered by the tyrosine kinase inhibitor sorafenib reduce its efficacy in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) treatment. Drug-resistant cancer cells frequently exhibit sphingolipid dysregulation, reducing chemotherapeutic cytotoxicity via the induction of ceramide-degrading enzymes. However, the role of ceramide in sorafenib therapy and resistance in HCC has not been clearly established. Our data reveals that ceramide-modifying enzymes, particularly glucosylceramide synthase (GCS), are upregulated during sorafenib treatment in hepatoma cells (HepG2 and Hep3B), and more importantly, in sorafenib-resistant cell lines. GCS silencing or pharmacological GCS inhibition sensitized hepatoma cells to sorafenib exposure. GCS inhibition, combined with sorafenib, triggered cytochrome c release and ATP depletion in sorafenib-treated hepatoma cells, leading to mitochondrial cell death after energetic collapse. Conversely, genetic GCS overexpression increased sorafenib resistance. Of interest, GCS inhibition improved sorafenib effectiveness in a xenograft mouse model, recovering drug sensitivity of sorafenib-resistant tumors in mice. In conclusion, our results reveal GCS induction as a mechanism of sorafenib resistance, suggesting that GCS targeting may be a novel strategy to increase sorafenib efficacy in HCC management, and point to target the mitochondria as the subcellular location where sorafenib therapy could be potentiated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milica Stefanovic
- Department of Cell Death and Proliferation, IIBB-CSIC, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Anna Tutusaus
- Department of Cell Death and Proliferation, IIBB-CSIC, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | | | - Cristina Bárcena
- Department of Cell Death and Proliferation, IIBB-CSIC, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Estefania de Gregorio
- Department of Cell Death and Proliferation, IIBB-CSIC, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Catia Moutinho
- Cancer Epigenetics and Biology Program (PEBC), Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Elisabet Barbero-Camps
- Department of Cell Death and Proliferation, IIBB-CSIC, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Alberto Villanueva
- Translational Research Laboratory, Catalan Institute of Oncology - Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Anna Colell
- Department of Cell Death and Proliferation, IIBB-CSIC, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Montserrat Marí
- Department of Cell Death and Proliferation, IIBB-CSIC, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Carmen García-Ruiz
- Department of Cell Death and Proliferation, IIBB-CSIC, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.,Liver Unit, Hospital Clinic, CIBEREHD, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Jose C Fernandez-Checa
- Department of Cell Death and Proliferation, IIBB-CSIC, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.,Liver Unit, Hospital Clinic, CIBEREHD, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.,Research Center for Alcoholic Liver and Pancreatic Diseases, Keck School of Medicine of The University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Albert Morales
- Department of Cell Death and Proliferation, IIBB-CSIC, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
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48
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Jain A, Beutel O, Ebell K, Korneev S, Holthuis JCM. Diverting CERT-mediated ceramide transport to mitochondria triggers Bax-dependent apoptosis. J Cell Sci 2016; 130:360-371. [PMID: 27888218 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.194191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
A deregulation of ceramide biosynthesis in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is frequently linked to induction of mitochondrial apoptosis. Although in vitro studies suggest that ceramides might initiate cell death by acting directly on mitochondria, their actual contribution to the apoptotic response in living cells is unclear. Here, we have analyzed the consequences of targeting the biosynthetic flow of ceramides to mitochondria using a ceramide transfer protein (encoded by COL4A3BP) equipped with an OMM anchor, mitoCERT. Cells expressing mitoCERT import ceramides into mitochondria and undergo Bax-dependent apoptosis. Apoptosis induction by mitoCERT was abolished through (i) removal of its ceramide transfer domain, (ii) disruption of its interaction with VAMP-associated proteins (VAPs) in the ER, (iii) addition of antagonistic CERT inhibitor HPA12, (iv) blocking de novo ceramide synthesis and (v) targeting of a bacterial ceramidase to mitochondria. Our data provide the first demonstration that translocation of ER ceramides to mitochondria specifically commits cells to death and establish mitoCERT as a valuable new tool to unravel the molecular principles underlying ceramide-mediated apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amrita Jain
- Molecular Cell Biology Division, Department of Biology/Chemistry, University of Osnabrück, Osnabrück D-49076, Germany
| | - Oliver Beutel
- Molecular Cell Biology Division, Department of Biology/Chemistry, University of Osnabrück, Osnabrück D-49076, Germany.,Max-Planck-Institute for Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden D-01307, Germany
| | - Katharina Ebell
- Molecular Cell Biology Division, Department of Biology/Chemistry, University of Osnabrück, Osnabrück D-49076, Germany
| | - Sergey Korneev
- Molecular Cell Biology Division, Department of Biology/Chemistry, University of Osnabrück, Osnabrück D-49076, Germany
| | - Joost C M Holthuis
- Molecular Cell Biology Division, Department of Biology/Chemistry, University of Osnabrück, Osnabrück D-49076, Germany .,Membrane Biochemistry & Biophysics, Bijvoet Center and Institute of Biomembranes, Utrecht University, Utrecht 3584 CH, The Netherlands
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49
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Hernández-Corbacho MJ, Salama MF, Canals D, Senkal CE, Obeid LM. Sphingolipids in mitochondria. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2016; 1862:56-68. [PMID: 27697478 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2016.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Revised: 08/01/2016] [Accepted: 09/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Sphingolipids are bioactive lipids found in cell membranes that exert a critical role in signal transduction. In recent years, it has become apparent that sphingolipids participate in growth, senescence, differentiation and apoptosis. The anabolism and catabolism of sphingolipids occur in discrete subcellular locations and consist of a strictly regulated and interconnected network, with ceramide as the central hub. Altered sphingolipid metabolism is linked to several human diseases. Hence, an advanced knowledge of how and where sphingolipids are metabolized is of paramount importance in order to understand the role of sphingolipids in cellular functions. In this review, we provide an overview of sphingolipid metabolism. We focus on the distinct pathways of ceramide synthesis, highlighting the mitochondrial ceramide generation, transport of ceramide to mitochondria and its role in the regulation of mitochondrial-mediated apoptosis, mitophagy and implications to disease. We will discuss unanswered questions and exciting future directions. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Lipids of Mitochondria edited by Guenther Daum.
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Affiliation(s)
- María José Hernández-Corbacho
- Stony Brook Cancer Center and the Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Health Sciences Center, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Mohamed F Salama
- Stony Brook Cancer Center and the Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Health Sciences Center, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA; Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Daniel Canals
- Stony Brook Cancer Center and the Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Health Sciences Center, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Can E Senkal
- Stony Brook Cancer Center and the Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Health Sciences Center, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Lina M Obeid
- Stony Brook Cancer Center and the Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Health Sciences Center, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA; The Northport VA Medical Center, Northport, NY 11768, USA.
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50
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García-Arribas AB, Ahyayauch H, Sot J, López-González PL, Alonso A, Goñi FM. Ceramide-Induced Lamellar Gel Phases in Fluid Cell Lipid Extracts. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2016; 32:9053-9063. [PMID: 27486830 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.6b01579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The effects of increasing amounts of palmitoylceramide (pCer) on human red blood cell lipid membranes have been studied using atomic force microscopy of supported lipid bilayers, in both imaging (bilayer thickness) and force-spectroscopy (nanomechanical resistance) modes. Membranes appeared homogeneous with pCer concentrations up to 10 mol % because of the high concentration of cholesterol (Chol) present in the membrane (∼45 mol %). However, the presence of pCer at 30 mol % gave rise to a clearly distinguishable segregated phase with a nanomechanical resistance 7-fold higher than the continuous phase. These experiments were validated using differential scanning calorimetry. Furthermore, Chol depletion of the bilayers caused lipid domain generation in the originally homogeneous samples, and Chol-depleted domain stiffness significantly increased with higher amounts of pCer. These results point to the possibility of different kinds of transient and noncompositionally constant, complex gel-like phases present in RBC lipid membranes rich in both pCer and Chol, in contrast to the widespread opinion about the displacements between pCer-enriched "gel-like" domains and liquid-ordered "raft-like" Chol-enriched phases. Changes in the biophysical properties of these complex gel-like phases governed by local modulation of pCer:Chol ratios could be a cell mechanism for fine-tuning the properties of membranes as required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aritz B García-Arribas
- Biofisika Institute (CSIC, UPV/EHU) , 48940 Leioa, Spain
- Departamento de Bioquímica, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU) , 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - Hasna Ahyayauch
- Biofisika Institute (CSIC, UPV/EHU) , 48940 Leioa, Spain
- Departamento de Bioquímica, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU) , 48940 Leioa, Spain
- Institut Supérieur Des Professions Infirmières Et Des Techniques De Santé Rabat, Km 4.5 route de Casa, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Jesús Sot
- Biofisika Institute (CSIC, UPV/EHU) , 48940 Leioa, Spain
- Departamento de Bioquímica, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU) , 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - Pablo L López-González
- Biofisika Institute (CSIC, UPV/EHU) , 48940 Leioa, Spain
- Departamento de Bioquímica, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU) , 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - Alicia Alonso
- Biofisika Institute (CSIC, UPV/EHU) , 48940 Leioa, Spain
- Departamento de Bioquímica, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU) , 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - Félix M Goñi
- Biofisika Institute (CSIC, UPV/EHU) , 48940 Leioa, Spain
- Departamento de Bioquímica, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU) , 48940 Leioa, Spain
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