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Ibalim S, Toko PS, Segar ST, Sagata K, Koane B, Miller SE, Novotny V, Janda M. Phylogenetic structure of moth communities (Geometridae, Lepidoptera) along a complete rainforest elevational gradient in Papua New Guinea. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0308698. [PMID: 39133743 PMCID: PMC11318904 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0308698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2024] [Accepted: 07/29/2024] [Indexed: 08/15/2024] Open
Abstract
We use community phylogenetics to elucidate the community assembly mechanisms for Geometridae moths (Lepidoptera) collected along a complete rainforest elevational gradient (200-3700 m a.s.l) on Mount Wilhelm in Papua New Guinea. A constrained phylogeny based on COI barcodes for 604 species was used to analyse 1390 species x elevation occurrences at eight elevational sites separated by 500 m elevation increments. We obtained Nearest Relatedness Index (NRI), Nearest Taxon Index (NTI) and Standardised Effect Size of Faith's Phylogenetic Diversity (SES.PD) and regressed these on temperature, plant species richness and predator abundance as key abiotic and biotic predictors. We also quantified beta diversity in the moth communities between elevations using the Phylogenetic Sorensen index. Overall, geometrid communities exhibited phylogenetic clustering, suggesting environmental filters, particularly at higher elevations at and above 2200 m a.s.l and no evidence of overdispersion. NRI, NTI and SES.PD showed no consistent trends with elevation or the studied biotic and abiotic variables. Change in community structure was driven by turnover of phylogenetic beta-diversity, except for the highest 2700-3200 m elevations, which were characterised by nested subsets of lower elevation communities. Overall, the elevational signal of geometrid phylogeny was weak-moderate. Additional insect community phylogeny studies are needed to understand this pattern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sentiko Ibalim
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
- Institute of Entomology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Pagi S. Toko
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
- Institute of Entomology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
- New Guinea Binatang Research Centre, Madang, Papua New Guinea
| | - Simon T. Segar
- Department of Crop and Environment Sciences, Harper Adams University, Newport, United Kingdom
| | - Katayo Sagata
- PNG Institute of Biological Research, Madang, Papua New Guinea
| | - Bonny Koane
- New Guinea Binatang Research Centre, Madang, Papua New Guinea
| | - Scott E. Miller
- Department of Entomology, Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Vojtech Novotny
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
- Institute of Entomology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Milan Janda
- Institute of Entomology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
- Escuela Nacional de Estudios Superiores Unidad Morelia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Morelia, Michoacán, México
- Faculty of Science, Department of Zoology, Palacky University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic
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2
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Schattanek-Wiesmair B, Huemer P, Wieser C, Stark W, Hausmann A, Koblmüller S, Sefc KM. A DNA barcode library of Austrian geometridae (Lepidoptera) reveals high potential for DNA-based species identification. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0298025. [PMID: 38466749 PMCID: PMC10927147 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0298025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Situated in the Eastern section of the European Alps, Austria encompasses a great diversity of different habitat types, ranging from alpine to lowland Pannonian ecosystems, and a correspondingly high level of species diversity, some of which has been addressed in various DNA barcoding projects. Here, we report a DNA barcode library of all the 476 species of Geometridae (Lepidoptera) that have been recorded in Austria. As far as possible, species were sampled from different Austrian regions in order to capture intraspecific genetic variation. In total, 2500 DNA barcode sequences, representing 438 species, were generated in this study. For complete coverage of Austrian geometrid species in the subsequent analyses, the dataset was supplemented with DNA barcodes from specimens of non-Austrian origin. Species delimitations by ASAP, BIN and bPTP methods yielded 465, 510 and 948 molecular operational taxonomic units, respectively. Congruency of BIN and ASAP partitions with morphospecies assignments was reasonably high (85% of morphospecies in unique partitions), whereas bPTP appeared to overestimate the number of taxonomic units. The study furthermore identified taxonomically relevant cases of morphospecies splitting and sharing in the molecular partitions. We conclude that DNA barcoding and sequence analysis revealed a high potential for accurate DNA-based identification of the Austrian Geometridae species. Additionally, the study provides an updated checklist of the geometrid moths of Austria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Schattanek-Wiesmair
- Tiroler Landesmuseen Betriebsges.m.b.H., Innsbruck, Austria
- Institute of Biology, University of Graz, Universitätsplatz, Graz, Austria
| | - Peter Huemer
- Tiroler Landesmuseen Betriebsges.m.b.H., Innsbruck, Austria
| | | | - Wolfgang Stark
- Ökoplus Umweltforschung und Consulting GmbH, Trübensee, Austria
| | - Axel Hausmann
- Zoologische Staatssammlung München, München, Germany
| | - Stephan Koblmüller
- Institute of Biology, University of Graz, Universitätsplatz, Graz, Austria
| | - Kristina M. Sefc
- Institute of Biology, University of Graz, Universitätsplatz, Graz, Austria
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3
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Boyes D, Holland PW. The genome sequence of the Common Emerald, Hemithea aestivaria (Hübner, 1789). Wellcome Open Res 2023; 8:243. [PMID: 38764972 PMCID: PMC11099506 DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.19542.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2024] Open
Abstract
We present a genome assembly from an individual male Hemithea aestivaria (the Common Emerald; Arthropoda; Insecta; Lepidoptera; Geometridae). The genome sequence is 501.7 megabases in span. Most of the assembly is scaffolded into 31 chromosomal pseudomolecules, including the Z sex chromosome. The mitochondrial genome has also been assembled and is 17.05 kilobases in length. Gene annotation of this assembly on Ensembl identified 18,477 protein coding genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas Boyes
- UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Wallingford, England, UK
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4
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Wanke D, Shirvani A, Hausmann A, Murillo-Ramos L, Sihvonen P. Tribal assignment of the genus Eumera Staudinger, 1892, using multi-gene analysis, with description of a new species from Iran (Lepidoptera: Geometridae: Ennominae). Zootaxa 2023; 5270:92-104. [PMID: 37518176 DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5270.1.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
The geometrid moth genus Eumera Staudinger, 1892 consists of five yellow-orange-pinkish species distributed in the western Palearctic, with uncertain tribal classification within the geometrid subfamily Ennominae. In this study, we explored the phylogenetic position of the genus Eumera. Therefore, a concatenated dataset was analyzed, which includes one mitochondrial and up to ten protein-coding genetic markers per taxa. Moreover, we compared some external and internal morphological traits to other closely related genera. Our phylogenetic inference and comparative morphology suggested that Eumera should be included in the tribe Prosopolophini. In addition, a new species, Eumera rajaeii sp. nov. Wanke & Shirvani is described from southern Iran, and diagnosed by molecular data and morphological features. The distribution of the Iranian species is shown on a map. We illustrate external characters and male genitalia of three closely related Eumera species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominic Wanke
- State Museum of Natural History Stuttgart; Entomology; Rosenstein 1; D-70191 Stuttgart; Germany; University of Hohenheim; Systematic Entomology (190n); Garbenstr. 30; D-70599 Stuttgart; Germany.
| | - Asghar Shirvani
- Department of Plant Protection; Faculty of Agriculture; Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman; Kerman; Iran.
| | - Axel Hausmann
- SNSB-ZSM; Bavarian State Collection of Zoology; Münchhausenstr. 21; D-81247 Munich; Germany.
| | - Leidys Murillo-Ramos
- Grupo Biologiìa Evolutiva; Department of Biology; Universidad de Sucre; Sincelejo; Sucre; Colombia.
| | - Pasi Sihvonen
- Finnish Museum of Natural History; Zoology Unit; University of Helsinki; P.O. Box 17; FI-00014.
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5
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Ding W, Xu H, Wu Z, Hu L, Huang L, Yang M, Li L. The mitochondrial genomes of the Geometroidea (Lepidoptera) and their phylogenetic implications. Ecol Evol 2023; 13:e9813. [PMID: 36789341 PMCID: PMC9911631 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.9813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 01/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The Geometroidea is a large superfamily of Lepidoptera in species composition and contains numerous economically important pest species that cause great loss in crop and forest production. However, understanding of mitogenomes remains limited due to relatively fewer mitogenomes previously reported for this megadiverse group. Here, we sequenced and annotated nine mitogenomes for Geometridae and further analyzed the mitogenomic evolution and phylogeny of the whole superfamily. All nine mitogenomes contained 37 mitochondrial genes typical in insects, and gene organization was conserved except for Somatina indicataria. In S. indicataria, the positions of two tRNAs were rearranged. The trnR was located before trnA instead of after trnA typical in Lepidoptera, whereas the trnE was detected rarely on the minority strand (N-strand). This trnR-trnA-trnN-trnS1-trnE-trnF newly recognized in S. indicataria represents the first gene rearrangement reported for Geometroidea and is also unique in Lepidoptera. Besides, nucleotide composition analyses showed little heterogeneity among the four geometrid subfamilies involved herein, and overall, nad6 and atp8 have higher nucleotide diversity and Ka/Ks rate in Geometridae. In addition, the taxonomic assignments of the nine species, historically defined by morphological studies, were confirmed by various phylogenetic analyses based on the hitherto most extensive mitogenomic sampling in Geometroidea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weili Ding
- Finance OfficeZhoukou Normal UniversityZhoukouChina
| | - Haizhen Xu
- College of Life Science and AgronomyZhoukou Normal UniversityZhoukouChina
| | - Zhipeng Wu
- College of Life Science and AgronomyZhoukou Normal UniversityZhoukouChina
| | - Lizong Hu
- College of Life Science and AgronomyZhoukou Normal UniversityZhoukouChina
| | - Li Huang
- College of Life Science and AgronomyZhoukou Normal UniversityZhoukouChina
| | - Mingsheng Yang
- College of Life Science and AgronomyZhoukou Normal UniversityZhoukouChina
| | - Lili Li
- College of Life Science and AgronomyZhoukou Normal UniversityZhoukouChina,Key Laboratory of Plant Genetics and Molecular BreedingZhoukou Normal UniversityZhoukouChina
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6
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Zheng X, Zhang R, Yue B, Wu Y, Yang N, Zhou C. Enhanced Resolution of Evolution and Phylogeny of the Moths Inferred from Nineteen Mitochondrial Genomes. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13091634. [PMID: 36140802 PMCID: PMC9498458 DOI: 10.3390/genes13091634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2022] [Revised: 09/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The vast majority (approximately 90%) of Lepidoptera species belong to moths whose phylogeny has been widely discussed and highly controversial. For the further understanding of phylogenetic relationships of moths, nineteen nearly complete mitochondrial genomes (mitogenomes) of moths involved in six major lineages were sequenced and characterized. These mitogenomes ranged from 15,177 bp (Cyclidia fractifasciata) to 15,749 bp (Ophthalmitis albosignaria) in length, comprising of the core 37 mitochondrial genes (13 protein-coding genes (PCGs) + 22 tRNAs + two rRNAs) and an incomplete control region. The order and orientation of genes showed the same pattern and the gene order of trnM-trnI-trnQ showed a typical rearrangement of Lepidoptera compared with the ancestral order of trnI-trnQ-trnM. Among these 13 PCGs, ATP8 exhibited the fastest evolutionary rate, and Drepanidae showed the highest average evolutionary rate among six families involved in 66 species. The phylogenetic analyses based on the dataset of 13 PCGs suggested the relationship of (Notodontidae + (Noctuidae + Erebidae)) + (Geometridae + (Sphingidae + Drepanidae)), which suggested a slightly different pattern from previous studies. Most groups were well defined in the subfamily level except Erebidae, which was not fully consistent across bayesian and maximum likelihood methods. Several formerly unassigned tribes of Geometridae were suggested based on mitogenome sequences despite a not very strong support in partial nodes. The study of mitogenomes of these moths can provide fundamental information of mitogenome architecture, and the phylogenetic position of moths, and contributes to further phylogeographical studies and the biological control of pests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofeng Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Bioresources and Ecoenvironment (Ministry of Education), College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Rusong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Bioresources and Ecoenvironment (Ministry of Education), College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Bisong Yue
- Key Laboratory of Bioresources and Ecoenvironment (Ministry of Education), College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Yongjie Wu
- Key Laboratory of Bioresources and Ecoenvironment (Ministry of Education), College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Nan Yang
- Institute of Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610064, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Ecological Animal Husbandry of Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610064, China
- Correspondence: (N.Y.); (C.Z.)
| | - Chuang Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Bioresources and Ecoenvironment (Ministry of Education), College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
- Correspondence: (N.Y.); (C.Z.)
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7
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Johnson TL, Elgar MA, Symonds MRE. Movement and olfactory signals: Sexually dimorphic antennae and female flightlessness in moths. Front Ecol Evol 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2022.919093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Darwin argued a role for sexual selection in the evolution of male sensory structures, including insect antennae, the strength of which will depend upon the importance of early arrival at receptive females. There is remarkable variation in the nature and degree of sexual dimorphism in moth antennae, with males of some species having spectacular, feathery antennae. Although it is widely assumed that these elaborate structures provide greater sensitivity to chemical signals (sex pheromones), the factors underlying the interspecific diversity in male antennal structure and size are poorly understood. Because male antennal morphology may be affected by several female life–history traits, including flight ability, we conducted a phylogenetic comparative analysis to test how these traits are linked, using data from 93 species of moths across 11 superfamilies. Our results reveal that elaborate antennae in males have evolved more frequently in species where females are monandrous. Further, female loss of flight ability evolved more frequently in species where males have elaborate antennae. These results suggest that elaborate antennae have evolved in response to more intense male competition, arising from female monandry, and that the evolution of elaborate antennae in males has, in turn, shaped the evolution of female flightlessness.
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8
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Chen H, Li W, Shen S. Characterization and phylogenetic analysis of the mitochondrial genome of xanthabraxas hemionata (lepidoptera: Geometridae). Mitochondrial DNA B Resour 2022; 7:1481-1483. [PMID: 35989875 PMCID: PMC9387340 DOI: 10.1080/23802359.2022.2107447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Xanthabraxas hemionata (Guenée, 1858) is a medium-sized and slender-bodied forest pest in China. In this study, we sequenced and analyzed the complete mitochondrial genome (mitogenome) of X. hemionata. This mitogenome was 15,309 bp long and encoded 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), 22 transfer RNA genes (tRNAs), and 2 ribosomal RNA genes (rRNAs). The gene order was conserved and identical to that of most other previously sequenced Geometridae species. Most of the PCGs of X. hemionata, except for cox1, have the conventional ATN start codon. Except for four genes (cox1, cox2, nad5, and nad4) that end with the incomplete stop codon T−, all other PCGs terminated with the stop codon TAA. Phylogenetic analysis positioned X. hemionata in a well-supported clade with the other Ennominae species. The relationships (Ennominae + (Sterrhinae + Larentiinae)) were supported by Geometridae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyu Chen
- Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Qinghai University, Xining, China
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai University, Xining, China
- Ministry of Agriculture, Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Pest in Xining, Xining, China
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Integrated Pest Management of Qinghai Province, Xining, China
| | - Wei Li
- Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Qinghai University, Xining, China
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai University, Xining, China
- Ministry of Agriculture, Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Pest in Xining, Xining, China
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Integrated Pest Management of Qinghai Province, Xining, China
| | - Shuo Shen
- Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Qinghai University, Xining, China
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai University, Xining, China
- Ministry of Agriculture, Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Pest in Xining, Xining, China
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Integrated Pest Management of Qinghai Province, Xining, China
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9
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A comparative study on insect longevity: tropical moths do not differ from their temperate relatives. Evol Ecol 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10682-021-10150-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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10
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Murillo-Ramos L, Friedrich E, Williams S, Wahlberg N, Brehm G, Sihvonen P. A morphological appraisal of the new subfamily Epidesmiinae (Lepidoptera: Geometridae) with an overview of all geometrid subfamilies. Zool J Linn Soc 2021. [DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Our study revises Epidesmiinae, the first new Geometridae subfamily that has been described in 127 years. We studied the morphological characters of representatives from all genera currently classified into Epidesmiinae, and compared those with all other geometrid subfamilies. Epidesmiinae were found to have an Australasian distribution, with one species occurring in the Indo-Malayan realm. They compose a lineage diagnosable by a combination of the following morphological characters: male antennae unipectinate; labial palps elongated (particularly the second segment), vom Raths’s organ with an elliptical invagination; forewing with two areoles; hindwing with one anal vein; gnathos arms fused, granulate or dentate apically; female genitalia with two signa, one stellate, another an elongated and spinose plate. We also present a summary of diagnostic characters of all geometrid subfamilies, which confirm the lack of single unique morphological characters. The limited information on the biology and ecology of Epidesmiinae species are summarized, indicating that some species fly during the day, most adult records are from the Southern Hemisphere summer months and larvae are found on Myrtaceae. We transfer Arcina Walker, 1863 from Oenochrominae s.l. to Epidesmiinae. Epidesmiinae includes 102 species that are now classified into nine genera: Abraxaphantes, Adeixis, Arcina, Dichromodes, Ecphyas, Epidesmia, Phrataria, Phrixocomes and Systatica.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leidys Murillo-Ramos
- Departamento de Biología, Universidad de Sucre, Colombia
- Department of Biology, Lund University, Sweden
| | | | | | | | - Gunnar Brehm
- Institut für Zoologie und Evolutionsforschung mit Phyletischem Museum, Jena, Germany
| | - Pasi Sihvonen
- Finnish Museum of Natural History, Helsinki, Finland
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11
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Hejníčková M, Dalíková M, Potocký P, Tammaru T, Trehubenko M, Kubíčková S, Marec F, Zrzavá M. Degenerated, Undifferentiated, Rearranged, Lost: High Variability of Sex Chromosomes in Geometridae (Lepidoptera) Identified by Sex Chromatin. Cells 2021; 10:cells10092230. [PMID: 34571879 PMCID: PMC8468057 DOI: 10.3390/cells10092230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Sex chromatin is a conspicuous body that occurs in polyploid nuclei of most lepidopteran females and consists of numerous copies of the W sex chromosome. It is also a cytogenetic tool used to rapidly assess the W chromosome presence in Lepidoptera. However, certain chromosomal features could disrupt the formation of sex chromatin and lead to the false conclusion that the W chromosome is absent in the respective species. Here we tested the sex chromatin presence in 50 species of Geometridae. In eight selected species with either missing, atypical, or normal sex chromatin patterns, we performed a detailed karyotype analysis by means of comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). The results showed a high diversity of W chromosomes and clarified the reasons for atypical sex chromatin, including the absence or poor differentiation of W, rearrangements leading to the neo-W emergence, possible association with the nucleolus, and the existence of multiple W chromosomes. In two species, we detected intraspecific variability in the sex chromatin status and sex chromosome constitution. We show that the sex chromatin is not a sufficient marker of the W chromosome presence, but it may be an excellent tool to pinpoint species with atypical sex chromosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Hejníčková
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 1760, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic; (M.H.); (M.D.); (M.T.)
- Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Entomology, Branišovská 31, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic; (P.P.); (F.M.)
| | - Martina Dalíková
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 1760, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic; (M.H.); (M.D.); (M.T.)
- Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Entomology, Branišovská 31, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic; (P.P.); (F.M.)
| | - Pavel Potocký
- Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Entomology, Branišovská 31, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic; (P.P.); (F.M.)
| | - Toomas Tammaru
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Vanemuise 46, 51014 Tartu, Estonia;
| | - Marharyta Trehubenko
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 1760, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic; (M.H.); (M.D.); (M.T.)
- Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Entomology, Branišovská 31, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic; (P.P.); (F.M.)
| | - Svatava Kubíčková
- Veterinary Research Institute, Hudcova 70, 621 00 Brno, Czech Republic;
| | - František Marec
- Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Entomology, Branišovská 31, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic; (P.P.); (F.M.)
| | - Magda Zrzavá
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 1760, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic; (M.H.); (M.D.); (M.T.)
- Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Entomology, Branišovská 31, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic; (P.P.); (F.M.)
- Correspondence:
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12
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Dey P, Hausmann A. New distribution and range extension records of geometrid moths (Lepidoptera: Geometridae) from two western Himalayan protected areas. JOURNAL OF THREATENED TAXA 2021. [DOI: 10.11609/jott.6481.13.7.18817-18826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
This article presents new distribution and range extension records (including new records from the state of Uttarakhand) of 12 species of the Geometridae family along with their taxonomic records. The records are based on field collections, where sampling was done along elevation and vegetation gradients in the buffer zones of Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve and Kedarnath Wildlife Sanctuary, two prominent protected areas in the western Himalayan Indian state of Uttarakhand. DNA barcoding was performed for some of the species for confirmation of identification in addition to the morphological identifications. Voucher specimens are deposited in a public repository for future reference.
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13
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Moraes SS, Montebello Y, Stanton MA, Yamaguchi LF, Kato MJ, Freitas AVL. Description of three new species of Geometridae (Lepidoptera) using species delimitation in an integrative taxonomy approach for a cryptic species complex. PeerJ 2021; 9:e11304. [PMID: 34046252 PMCID: PMC8139274 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.11304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The genus Eois Hbner (Geometridae: Larentiinae) comprises 254 valid species, 217 of which were described from the Neotropics and 31 of those having their type locality in Brazil. Since this species rich genus has never been revised, and may potentially include many cryptic undescribed species, Eois embodies a problematic taxonomic scenario. The actual diversity of Eois is greatly underestimated and the Brazilian fauna is poorly known, both because of inadequate sampling and because of the potential existence of cryptic species "hidden" within some nominal taxa. In this study we investigated the diversity within a cryptic species complexes associated to the E. pallidicosta and E. odatis clades. We describe three new species Eois oya Moraes & Montebello sp. nov., Eois ewa Moraes & Stanton sp. nov., and Eois oxum Moraes & Freitas sp. nov., in an integrative taxonomy approach, using morphology, host plant use and species delimitation tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simeo S Moraes
- Departamento de Biologia Animal and Museu da Biodiversidade, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, So Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ygor Montebello
- Departamento de Biologia Animal and Museu da Biodiversidade, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, So Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mariana A Stanton
- Laboratrio de Qumica de Produtos Naturais, Instituto de Qumica, Universidade de So Paulo, So Paulo, So Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lydia Fumiko Yamaguchi
- Laboratrio de Qumica de Produtos Naturais, Instituto de Qumica, Universidade de So Paulo, So Paulo, So Paulo, Brazil
| | - Massuo J Kato
- Laboratrio de Qumica de Produtos Naturais, Instituto de Qumica, Universidade de So Paulo, So Paulo, So Paulo, Brazil
| | - Andr V L Freitas
- Departamento de Biologia Animal and Museu da Biodiversidade, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, So Paulo, Brazil
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14
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Moraes SDS, Murillo‐Ramos L, Machado PA, Ghanavi HR, Magaldi LM, Silva‐Brandão KL, Kato MJ, Freitas AVL, Wahlberg N. A double‐edged sword: Unrecognized cryptic diversity and taxonomic impediment in
Eois
(Lepidoptera, Geometridae). ZOOL SCR 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/zsc.12488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Simeão de Souza Moraes
- Departamento de Biologia Animal and Museu de Zoologia Universidade Estadual de Campinas Campinas Brazil
- Department of Biology Lund University Lund Sweden
| | - Leidys Murillo‐Ramos
- Department of Biology Lund University Lund Sweden
- Departamento de Biología Universidad de Sucre Sincelejo Colombia
| | - Patrícia A. Machado
- Departamento de Biologia Animal and Museu de Zoologia Universidade Estadual de Campinas Campinas Brazil
| | | | - Luiza M. Magaldi
- Departamento de Biologia Animal and Museu de Zoologia Universidade Estadual de Campinas Campinas Brazil
| | | | - Massuo J. Kato
- Laboratório de Química de Produtos Naturais Instituto de Química Universidade de São Paulo São Paulo Brazil
| | - André V. L. Freitas
- Departamento de Biologia Animal and Museu de Zoologia Universidade Estadual de Campinas Campinas Brazil
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15
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Zhang W, Shih C, Shih Y, Ren D. A new macrolepidopteran moth (Insecta, Lepidoptera, Geometridae) in Miocene Dominican amber. Zookeys 2020; 965:73-84. [PMID: 32973381 PMCID: PMC7483395 DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.965.54461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A new genus and species of fossil moth, Miogeometrida chunjenshihi Zhang, Shih & Shih, gen. et sp. nov., assigned to Geometridae, is described from Miocene Dominican amber dating from 15-20 Mya. The new genus is characterized by the forewing without a fovea, R1 not anastomosing with Sc, no areole formed by veins R1 and Rs, R1 and Rs1 completely coincident, M2 arising midway between M1 and M3, anal veins 1A and 2A fused for their entire lengths; and the hind wing with Rs running close to Sc + R1 and M2 absent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiting Zhang
- Hebei GEO University, 136 Huaiandonglu, Shijiazhuang 050031, China Hebei GEO University Shijiazhuang China.,State Key Laboratory of Palaeobiology and Stratigraphy, Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology, CAS, Nanjing 210008, China Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology Nanjing China
| | - Chungkun Shih
- College of Life Sciences and Academy for Multidisciplinary Studies, Capital Normal University, 105 Xisanhuanbeilu, Haidian District, Beijing 100048, China Capital Normal University Beijing China.,Department of Paleobiology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20013-7012, USA National Museum of Natural History Washington United States of America
| | - YuHong Shih
- Laboratorio Dominicano De Ambar Y Gemas, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic Laboratorio Dominicano De Ambar Y Gemas Santo Domingo Dominican Republic
| | - Dong Ren
- College of Life Sciences and Academy for Multidisciplinary Studies, Capital Normal University, 105 Xisanhuanbeilu, Haidian District, Beijing 100048, China Capital Normal University Beijing China
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16
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Whitaker MRL, Salzman S. Ecology and evolution of cycad-feeding Lepidoptera. Ecol Lett 2020; 23:1862-1877. [PMID: 32969575 DOI: 10.1111/ele.13581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Cycads are an ancient group of tropical gymnosperms that are toxic to most animals - including humans - though the larvae of many moths and butterflies (order: Lepidoptera) feed on cycads with apparent immunity. These insects belong to distinct lineages with varying degrees of specialisation and diverse feeding ecologies, presenting numerous opportunities for comparative studies of chemically mediated eco-evolutionary dynamics. This review presents the first evolutionary evaluation of cycad-feeding among Lepidoptera along with a comprehensive review of their ecology. Our analysis suggests that multiple lineages have independently colonised cycads from angiosperm hosts, yet only a few clades appear to have radiated following their transitions to cycads. Defensive traits are likely important for diversification, as many cycad specialists are warningly coloured and sequester cycad toxins. The butterfly family Lycaenidae appears to be particularly predisposed to cycad-feeding and several cycadivorous lycaenids are warningly coloured and chemically defended. Cycad-herbivore interactions provide a promising but underutilised study system for investigating plant-insect coevolution, convergent and divergent adaptations, and the multi-trophic significance of defensive traits; therefore the review ends by suggesting specific research gaps that would be fruitfully addressed in Lepidoptera and other cycad-feeding insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa R L Whitaker
- Entomological Collection, Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zürich, Weinbergstrasse 56/58, Zürich, 8092, Switzerland.,Museum of Comparative Zoology, Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, 26 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Shayla Salzman
- Museum of Comparative Zoology, Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, 26 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA.,School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, 502 Mann Library, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
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17
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Hundsdoerfer AK, Kitching IJ. Ancient incomplete lineage sorting of Hyles and Rhodafra (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae). ORG DIVERS EVOL 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s13127-020-00445-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe hawkmoth genus Rhodafra comprises two African species with unclear relationships, as their wing patterns are markedly different, with one species closely resembling species of a related genus, Hyles. The present paper aims to investigate the monophyly and phylogenetic position of Rhodafra in relation to Hyles and other genera of the subtribe Choerocampina (Sphingidae: Macroglossinae: Macroglossini) using mitochondrial and nuclear sequence data from more species and individuals than have hitherto been studied. As no fresh tissue of Rhodafra was available, ancient-DNA methodology was applied. All data corroborate the genus as monophyletic and that a similar wing pattern is not a good indicator of close phylogenetic relationship in this group of moths. Phylogenetic trees based on mitochondrial data agree in placing Rhodafra within Hyles. In contrast, analysis of nuclear EF1alpha sequences produces a topology in which Rhodafra is placed as the sister clade to Hyles. Although multispecies coalescent analyses suggest a polytomy between Rhodafra, Hyles lineata and the remaining Hyles, total evidence analyses corroborate Rhodafra as sister to Hyles. This relationship is interpreted as the favoured topology. For a more robust result, the question should be re-examined using genomic approaches.
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18
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Le Kim T, Le Sy V. mPartition: A Model-Based Method for Partitioning Alignments. J Mol Evol 2020; 88:641-652. [PMID: 32864711 DOI: 10.1007/s00239-020-09963-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Maximum likelihood (ML) analysis of nucleotide or amino-acid alignments is widely used to infer evolutionary relationships among species. Computing the likelihood of a phylogenetic tree from such alignments is a complicated task because the evolutionary processes typically vary across sites. A number of studies have shown that partitioning alignments into sub-alignments of sites, where each sub-alignment is analyzed using a different model of evolution (e.g., GTR + I + G), is a sensible strategy. Current partitioning methods group sites into subsets based on the inferred rates of evolution at the sites. However, these do not provide sufficient information to adequately reflect the substitution processes of characters at the sites. Moreover, the site rate-based methods group all invariant sites into one subset, potentially resulting in wrong phylogenetic trees. In this study, we propose a partitioning method, called mPartition, that combines not only the evolutionary rates but also substitution models at sites to partition alignments. Analyses of different partitioning methods on both real and simulated datasets showed that mPartition was better than the other partitioning methods tested. Notably, mPartition overcame the pitfall of grouping all invariant sites into one subset. Using mPartition may lead to increased accuracy of ML-based phylogenetic inference, especially for multiple loci or whole genome datasets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thu Le Kim
- University of Engineering and Technology, Vietnam National University Hanoi, 144 Xuan Thuy, Cau Giay, Hanoi, 10000, Vietnam.,Hanoi University of Science and Technology, 1st Dai Co Viet, Hai Ba Trung, Hanoi, 10000, Vietnam
| | - Vinh Le Sy
- University of Engineering and Technology, Vietnam National University Hanoi, 144 Xuan Thuy, Cau Giay, Hanoi, 10000, Vietnam.
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19
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A multilocus analysis of Epicopeiidae (Lepidoptera, Geometroidea) provides new insights into their relationships and the evolutionary history of mimicry. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2020; 149:106847. [PMID: 32380285 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2020.106847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The family Epicopeiidae is a small group of day-flying moths, known for mimicking many different groups of butterflies and moths. So far, there still lacks a reliable phylogenetic framework of Epicopeiidae that is necessary to our understanding of the evolutionary process of their mimicry. In this study, we sequenced 94 nuclear protein-coding markers for 56 epicopeiid samples and 11 outgroups, covering all ten genera of Epicopeiidae. We used homemade PCR-generated baits to capture target sequences, which allowed us to utilize old and dried specimens that were difficult to handle by conventional PCR + Sanger sequencing. Maximum likelihood and Bayesian analyses of the newly obtained dataset (86,388 bp) at both DNA and protein levels produced identical phylogenies with strong support. The non-mimicry genus Deuveia is the sister group of other epicopeiid genera. Epicopeia and Nossa are not monophyletic, and these two genera nest together to form a clade. We also estimated divergence times of Epicopeiidae and found that their initial diversification happened in Eocene about 41 million years ago. The ancestral state reconstruction of mimicry type for this family suggested that thelast common ancestor of epicopeiid moths is non-mimetic, and the Riodinidae-mimicry type evolved first. In summary, our work provides a comprehensive and robust time-calibrated phylogeny of Epicopeiidae that provides a sound framework for revising their classification and interpreting character evolution.
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20
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Kivelä SM, Davis RB, Esperk T, Gotthard K, Mutanen M, Valdma D, Tammaru T. Comparative analysis of larval growth in Lepidoptera reveals instar‐level constraints. Funct Ecol 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sami M. Kivelä
- Department of Zoology Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences University of Tartu Tartu Estonia
| | - Robert B. Davis
- Department of Zoology Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences University of Tartu Tartu Estonia
| | - Toomas Esperk
- Department of Zoology Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences University of Tartu Tartu Estonia
| | - Karl Gotthard
- Department of Zoology Stockholm University Stockholm Sweden
| | - Marko Mutanen
- Department of Ecology and Genetics University of Oulu Oulu Finland
| | - Daniel Valdma
- Department of Zoology Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences University of Tartu Tartu Estonia
| | - Toomas Tammaru
- Department of Zoology Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences University of Tartu Tartu Estonia
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21
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Schachat SR. Symmetry systems on the wings of Dichromodes Guenée (Lepidoptera: Geometridae) are unconstrained by venation. PeerJ 2020; 8:e8263. [PMID: 31915575 PMCID: PMC6942684 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.8263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The nymphalid groundplan, an idealized schematic illustrating the essential elements of butterfly wing patterns, predicts a consistent relationship between color pattern and wing venation. Moths in the family Geometridae have wing shapes and patterns that often resemble those of butterflies, and until recently, this family was believed to be among butterflies’ closest relatives. However, an examination of the geometrid genus Dichromodes Guenée, 1858 shows no consistent relationship between the central symmetry system and wing venation. Whereas the distal edge of the central symmetry system is predicted to reach the costal margin proximal to the Subcostal vein in butterflies and acronictine moths, it has no consistent relationship with the Subcostal, Radius, or Radial Sector 1 veins in Dichromodes. This finding highlights developmental diversity that was previously overlooked due to the overwhelming preference for butterflies in studies of lepidopteran wing patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra R Schachat
- Department of Geological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States of America
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22
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Singer MS, Clark RE, Johnson ER, Lichter‐Marck IH, Mooney KA, Whitney KD. Dietary specialization is conditionally associated with increased ant predation risk in a temperate forest caterpillar community. Ecol Evol 2019; 9:12099-12112. [PMID: 31844517 PMCID: PMC6854387 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.5662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Revised: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The enemy-free space hypothesis (EFSH) contends that generalist predators select for dietary specialization in insect herbivores. At a community level, the EFSH predicts that dietary specialization reduces predation risk, and this pattern has been found in several studies addressing the impact of individual predator taxa or guilds. However, predation at a community level is also subject to combinatorial effects of multiple-predator types, raising the question of how so-called multiple-predator effects relate to dietary specialization in insect herbivores. Here, we test the EFSH with a field experiment quantifying ant predation risk to insect herbivores (caterpillars) with and without the combined predation effects of birds. Assessing a community of 20 caterpillar species, we use model selection in a phylogenetic comparative framework to identify the caterpillar traits that best predict the risk of ant predation. A caterpillar species' abundance, dietary specialization, and behavioral defenses were important predictors of its ant predation risk. Abundant caterpillar species had increased risk of ant predation irrespective of bird predation. Caterpillar species with broad diet breadth and behavioral responsiveness to attack had reduced ant predation risk, but these ant effects only occurred when birds also had access to the caterpillar community. These findings suggest that ant predation of caterpillar species is density- or frequency-dependent, that ants and birds may impose countervailing selection on dietary specialization within the same herbivore community, and that contingent effects of multiple predators may generate behaviorally mediated life-history trade-offs associated with herbivore diet breadth.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Kailen A. Mooney
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of California at IrvineIrvineCAUSA
| | - Kenneth D. Whitney
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of New MexicoAlbuquerqueNMUSA
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23
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Murillo-Ramos L, Brehm G, Sihvonen P, Hausmann A, Holm S, Reza Ghanavi H, Õunap E, Truuverk A, Staude H, Friedrich E, Tammaru T, Wahlberg N. A comprehensive molecular phylogeny of Geometridae (Lepidoptera) with a focus on enigmatic small subfamilies. PeerJ 2019; 7:e7386. [PMID: 31523494 PMCID: PMC6716565 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.7386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Our study aims to investigate the relationships of the major lineages within the moth family Geometridae, with a focus on the poorly studied Oenochrominae-Desmobathrinae complex, and to translate some of the results into a coherent subfamilial and tribal level classification for the family. We analyzed a molecular dataset of 1,206 Geometroidea terminal taxa from all biogeographical regions comprising up to 11 molecular markers that includes one mitochondrial (COI) and 10 protein-coding nuclear gene regions (wingless, ArgK, MDH, RpS5, GAPDH, IDH, Ca-ATPase, Nex9, EF-1alpha, CAD). The molecular data set was analyzed using maximum likelihood as implemented in IQ-TREE and RAxML. We found high support for the subfamilies Larentiinae, Geometrinae and Ennominae in their traditional scopes. Sterrhinae becomes monophyletic only if Ergavia Walker, Ametris Hübner and Macrotes Westwood, which are currently placed in Oenochrominae, are formally transferred to Sterrhinae. Desmobathrinae and Oenochrominae are found to be polyphyletic. The concepts of Oenochrominae and Desmobathrinae required major revision and, after appropriate rearrangements, these groups also form monophyletic subfamily-level entities. Oenochrominae s.str. as originally conceived by Guenée is phylogenetically distant from Epidesmia and its close relatives. The latter is hereby described as the subfamily Epidesmiinae Murillo-Ramos, Sihvonen & Brehm, subfam. nov. Epidesmiinae are a lineage of "slender-bodied Oenochrominae" that include the genera Ecphyas Turner, Systatica Turner, Adeixis Warren, Dichromodes Guenée, Phrixocomes Turner, Abraxaphantes Warren, Epidesmia Duncan & Westwood and Phrataria Walker. Archiearinae are monophyletic when Dirce and Acalyphes are formally transferred to Ennominae. We also found that many tribes were para- or polyphyletic and therefore propose tens of taxonomic changes at the tribe and subfamily levels. Archaeobalbini stat. rev. Viidalepp (Geometrinae) is raised from synonymy with Pseudoterpnini Warren to tribal rank. Chlorodontoperini Murillo-Ramos, Sihvonen & Brehm, trib. nov. and Drepanogynini Murillo-Ramos, Sihvonen & Brehm, trib. nov. are described as new tribes in Geometrinae and Ennominae, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leidys Murillo-Ramos
- Grupo Biología Evolutiva, Department of Biology, Universidad de Sucre, Sincelejo, Sucre, Colombia
- Systematic Biology Group, Department of Biology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Gunnar Brehm
- Institut für Zoologie und Evolutionsbiologie, Phyletisches Museum, Jena, Germany
| | - Pasi Sihvonen
- Finnish Museum of Natural History, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Axel Hausmann
- Staatliche Naturwissenschaftliche Sammlungen Bayerns, München, Germany
| | - Sille Holm
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Hamid Reza Ghanavi
- Systematic Biology Group, Department of Biology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Erki Õunap
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Estonian University of Life Sciences, Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Andro Truuverk
- Natural History Museum, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | | | | | - Toomas Tammaru
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Niklas Wahlberg
- Systematic Biology Group, Department of Biology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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24
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Schachat SR. The wing pattern of Hydriomena Hübner, [1825] (Lepidoptera: Geometridae: Larentiinae) lacks a predictable relationship with venation. J Morphol 2019; 280:1651-1667. [PMID: 31436347 DOI: 10.1002/jmor.21055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Revised: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Two simple models have been successfully applied to predict the relationship between wing pattern and venation in various lineages of Lepidoptera. However, neither of these models holds for the geometrid genus Hydriomena Hübner, 1825. Wing patterns in Hydriomena were studied intensively during the 1920s after the description of the nymphalid groundplan, an idealized schematic that outlines the primary elements of butterfly wing patterns; geometrids strongly resemble butterflies and, until recently, were considered to be among their closest relatives. The evolution of wing pattern in Geometridae has been neglected since the 1930s. Here, the relationship between wing pattern and venation is examined for Hydriomena costipunctata Barnes and McDunnough, 1912 and the Hydriomena speciosata (Packard, 1873) group. These two lineages have some of the simplest wing patterns in Hydriomena, consisting of large, well-defined dark and light pattern elements. The relationship between wing pattern and venation varies considerably within and between these lineages and can even vary between the right and left wings on the same individual. Although many different wing patterns were observed among the individuals examined for this study, not one can be reconciled with either of the models that successfully predict the relationship between wing pattern and venation in many other groups of Lepidoptera. This suggests that bands occurring on the wings of Hydriomena are not homologous with those on the wings of butterflies or of Acronictinae (Macroheterocera: Noctuidae), the only other two obtectomeran lineages for which the relationship between wing pattern and venation has been examined in recent years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra R Schachat
- Department of Geological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, California
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25
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Yang M, Song L, Shi Y, Li J, Zhang Y, Song N. The first mitochondrial genome of the family Epicopeiidae and higher-level phylogeny of Macroheterocera (Lepidoptera: Ditrysia). Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 136:123-132. [PMID: 31199977 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.06.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Revised: 06/09/2019] [Accepted: 06/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The Macroheterocera clade contains most of the Lepidoptera species. However, extensive comparative and phylogenetic analyses of this group using complete mitochondrial genomes (mitogenome) are limited particularly in the context of increasing macroheteroceran mitogenomes reported to date. In this study, complete mitogenome of the Epicopeia hainesii is determined as the first Epicopeiidae species with mitogenome available. The whole mitogenome is circular with 15,395 bp long, and is highly biased toward A + T nucleotides (80.6%) in nucleotide composition. Comparative analyses show that gene content and arrangement of macroheteroceran mitogenomes are generally conservative and are typical of Lepidoptera but exceptions exist. In newly sequenced mitogenome, the motif "ATACTAA" is putatively located at the end of gene nad1, rather than in intergenic sequences between trnS2 and nad1 genes routinely observed in Lepidoptera. Interestingly, multiple phylogenetic analyses recover the six macroheteroceran superfamilies as Mimallonoidea + (Drepanoidea + ((Bombycoidea + Lasiocampoidea) + (Noctuoidea + Geometroidea))), providing supports for a large-scale transcriptomic study rather than various mitogenome- and multiple-gene-based investigations. In addition, our analyses consistently place the Epicopeiidae as sister group with Geometroidea, firstly demonstrating that this family is closer with Geometroidea than Drepanoidea based on mitogenome data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingsheng Yang
- College of Life Science and Agronomy, Zhoukou Normal University, Zhoukou, Henan 466000, China; Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management of Ministry of Education, Entomological Museum, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Lu Song
- College of Life Science and Agronomy, Zhoukou Normal University, Zhoukou, Henan 466000, China
| | - Yuxia Shi
- College of Life Science and Agronomy, Zhoukou Normal University, Zhoukou, Henan 466000, China
| | - Junhao Li
- College of Life Science and Agronomy, Zhoukou Normal University, Zhoukou, Henan 466000, China
| | - Yalin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management of Ministry of Education, Entomological Museum, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
| | - Nan Song
- College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450002, China
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26
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Holm S, Javoiš J, Molleman F, Davis RB, Õunap E, Roininen H, Tammaru T. No Indication of High Host-Plant Specificity in Afrotropical Geometrid Moths. JOURNAL OF INSECT SCIENCE (ONLINE) 2019; 19:5482269. [PMID: 31039585 PMCID: PMC6490970 DOI: 10.1093/jisesa/iez028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Specificity is one of the fundamental concepts in ecology. Host specificity of phytophagous insects has been of particular interest because of its crucial role in diversification and life-history evolution. However, the majority of tropical insects remain insufficiently explored with respect to their host-plant relations. A lack of respective data is also hindering the debate over whether higher levels of host-plant specificity prevail in tropical insects compared to temperate ones. We investigated host-plant specificity of forest geometrid moths (Lepidoptera: Geometridae) in equatorial Africa using host-plant acceptability trials with neonate larvae, with the addition of field observations. We compare our experimental data to the (well-known) host-specificity patterns of closely related temperate (hemiboreal) species. Similarly to the temperate region, there were broadly polyphagous tropical species in several clades of Geometridae utilizing hosts belonging to different plant families. Phylogenetic comparative analysis returned no significant differences in host specificity between the two regions. Our study contributes to the evidence that host-plant specificity of herbivores is not necessarily substantially higher in tropical than temperate regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sille Holm
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Vanemuise, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Juhan Javoiš
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Vanemuise, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Freerk Molleman
- Department of Systematic Zoology, Institute of Environmental Biology, Faculty of Biology, A. Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland
| | - Robert B Davis
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Vanemuise, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Erki Õunap
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Vanemuise, Tartu, Estonia
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Heikki Roininen
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science and Forestry, University of Eastern Finland, Joensuu, Finland
| | - Toomas Tammaru
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Vanemuise, Tartu, Estonia
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Ramos-González MI, Zamora-Manzur C, Saladrigas Menés D, Parra LE. The Trichopterygini (Lepidoptera, Geometridae) of Austral South America: description of new species from Chile. Zookeys 2019; 832:91-111. [PMID: 30930647 PMCID: PMC6435600 DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.832.30851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Four new species belonging to the genera Hoplosauris Butler, Butleriana Parra, Warrenaria Parra, and Fueguina Parra from south-central Chile are described. The species are H.morenoi Ramos-González & Parra, sp. n., B.phoenix Ramos-González & Parra, sp. n., W.onca Ramos-González & Parra, sp. n., and F.araucana Ramos-González & Parra, sp. n. The genus Aloba Warren is reassigned to tribe Trichopterygini and A.carolinae Ramos-González & Parra, sp. n. is described. Comparative diagnosis for all new species are provided, and illustrations of genitalia and the wing venation of the males for all new described species are given.
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Ghosh S, Mishra M. Fine nanostructural variation in the wing pattern of a moth Chiasmia eleonora Cramer (1780). J Biosci 2018; 43:673-684. [PMID: 30207313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Butterflies and moths possess diverse patterns on their wings. Butterflies employ miscellaneous colour in the wings whereas moths use a combination of dull colours like white, grey, brown and black for the patterning of their wings. The exception is some of the toxic diurnal moths which possess bright wing colouration. Moths possess an obscure pattern in the dorsal part of the wings which may be a line, zigzag or swirl. Such patterns help in camouflage during resting period. Thus, the dorsal wing pattern of the moth is used for both intra- as well as inter-specific signal communication. Chiasmia eleonora is a nocturnal moth of greyish black colouration. The dorsal hindwing possesses yellow and black colour patches. A whitecoloured oblique line crosses both left and right fore- and hindwings to form a V-shaped pattern across the dorsal wing. This V-shaped pattern possesses a UV signal. Closer to the body, the colour appears darker, which fades towards the margin. The fine nanostructural variation is observed throughout the wings. This study elucidates the wing pattern of the geometrid moth C. eleonora using high-resolution microscopy techniques that has not been described in previous studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaunak Ghosh
- Department of Biotechnology, Heritage Institute of Technology, Chowbaga Road, Anandapur, P.O. East Kolkata Township, Kolkata, West Bengal 700107, India
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Rota J, Malm T, Chazot N, Peña C, Wahlberg N. A simple method for data partitioning based on relative evolutionary rates. PeerJ 2018; 6:e5498. [PMID: 30186687 PMCID: PMC6118207 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.5498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multiple studies have demonstrated that partitioning of molecular datasets is important in model-based phylogenetic analyses. Commonly, partitioning is done a priori based on some known properties of sequence evolution, e.g. differences in rate of evolution among codon positions of a protein-coding gene. Here we propose a new method for data partitioning based on relative evolutionary rates of the sites in the alignment of the dataset being analysed. The rates are inferred using the previously published Tree Independent Generation of Evolutionary Rates (TIGER), and the partitioning is conducted using our novel python script RatePartitions. We conducted simulations to assess the performance of our new method, and we applied it to eight published multi-locus phylogenetic datasets, representing different taxonomic ranks within the insect order Lepidoptera (butterflies and moths) and one phylogenomic dataset, which included ultra-conserved elements as well as introns. METHODS We used TIGER-rates to generate relative evolutionary rates for all sites in the alignments. Then, using RatePartitions, we partitioned the data into partitions based on their relative evolutionary rate. RatePartitions applies a simple formula that ensures a distribution of sites into partitions following the distribution of rates of the characters from the full dataset. This ensures that the invariable sites are placed in a partition with slowly evolving sites, avoiding the pitfalls of previously used methods, such as k-means. Different partitioning strategies were evaluated using BIC scores as calculated by PartitionFinder. RESULTS Simulations did not highlight any misbehaviour of our partitioning approach, even under difficult parameter conditions or missing data. In all eight phylogenetic datasets, partitioning using TIGER-rates and RatePartitions was significantly better as measured by the BIC scores than other partitioning strategies, such as the commonly used partitioning by gene and codon position. We compared the resulting topologies and node support for these eight datasets as well as for the phylogenomic dataset. DISCUSSION We developed a new method of partitioning phylogenetic datasets without using any prior knowledge (e.g. DNA sequence evolution). This method is entirely based on the properties of the data being analysed and can be applied to DNA sequences (protein-coding, introns, ultra-conserved elements), protein sequences, as well as morphological characters. A likely explanation for why our method performs better than other tested partitioning strategies is that it accounts for the heterogeneity in the data to a much greater extent than when data are simply subdivided based on prior knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jadranka Rota
- Department of Biology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Tobias Malm
- Department of Zoology, Swedish Museum of Natural History, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Carlos Peña
- HipLead, San Francisco, CA, United States of America
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30
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Ghosh S, Mishra M. Fine nanostructural variation in the wing pattern of a moth Chiasmia eleonora Cramer (1780). J Biosci 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s12038-018-9793-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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31
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Xing S, Bonebrake TC, Ashton LA, Kitching RL, Cao M, Sun Z, Ho JC, Nakamura A. Colors of night: climate–morphology relationships of geometrid moths along spatial gradients in southwestern China. Oecologia 2018; 188:537-546. [DOI: 10.1007/s00442-018-4219-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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32
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Li Q, Wang X, Chen X, Han B. Complete mitochondrial genome of the tea looper caterpillar, Ectropis obliqua (Lepidoptera: Geometridae) with a phylogenetic analysis of Geometridae. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 114:491-496. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.02.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Revised: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Sex Chromosomes of the Iconic Moth Abraxas grossulariata (Lepidoptera, Geometridae) and Its Congener A. sylvata. Genes (Basel) 2018; 9:genes9060279. [PMID: 29857494 PMCID: PMC6027526 DOI: 10.3390/genes9060279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Revised: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The magpie moth, Abraxas grossulariata, is an iconic species in which female heterogamety was discovered at the beginning of the 20th century. However, the sex chromosomes of this species have not yet been cytologically identified. We describe the sex chromosomes of A. grossulariata and its congener, A. sylvata. Although these species split only around 9.5 million years ago, and both species have the expected WZ/ZZ chromosomal system of sex determination and their sex chromosomes share the major ribosomal DNA (rDNA) representing the nucleolar organizer region (NOR), we found major differences between their karyotypes, including between their sex chromosomes. The species differ in chromosome number, which is 2n = 56 in A. grossularita and 2n = 58 in A. sylvata. In addition, A. grossularita autosomes exhibit massive autosomal blocks of heterochromatin, which is a very rare phenomenon in Lepidoptera, whereas the autosomes of A. sylvata are completely devoid of distinct heterochromatin. Their W chromosomes differ greatly. Although they are largely composed of female-specific DNA sequences, as shown by comparative genomic hybridization, cross-species W-chromosome painting revealed considerable sequence differences between them. The results suggest a relatively rapid molecular divergence of Abraxas W chromosomes by the independent spreading of female-specific repetitive sequences.
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Ban X, Jiang N, Cheng R, Xue D, Han H. Tribal classification and phylogeny of Geometrinae (Lepidoptera: Geometridae) inferred from seven gene regions. Zool J Linn Soc 2018. [DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zly013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoshuang Ban
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chaoyang District, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shijingshan District, Beijing, China
| | - Nan Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chaoyang District, Beijing, China
| | - Rui Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chaoyang District, Beijing, China
| | - Dayong Xue
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chaoyang District, Beijing, China
| | - Hongxiang Han
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chaoyang District, Beijing, China
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35
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Lee KM, Kivelä SM, Ivanov V, Hausmann A, Kaila L, Wahlberg N, Mutanen M. Information Dropout Patterns in Restriction Site Associated DNA Phylogenomics and a Comparison with Multilocus Sanger Data in a Species-Rich Moth Genus. Syst Biol 2018; 67:925-939. [DOI: 10.1093/sysbio/syy029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kyung Min Lee
- Department of Ecology and Genetics, University of Oulu, Pentti Kaiteran katu 1, FI-90014, Oulu, Finland
| | - Sami M Kivelä
- Department of Ecology and Genetics, University of Oulu, Pentti Kaiteran katu 1, FI-90014, Oulu, Finland
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Vanemuise 46, EE-51014 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Vladislav Ivanov
- Department of Ecology and Genetics, University of Oulu, Pentti Kaiteran katu 1, FI-90014, Oulu, Finland
| | - Axel Hausmann
- SNSB – Bavarian State Collection of Zoology, Münchhausenstr. 21, D-81247 Munich, Germany
| | - Lauri Kaila
- Finnish Museum of Natural History, Zoology Unit, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, P. Rautatiekatu 13, P.O. Box 17, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Niklas Wahlberg
- Department of Biology, Sölvegatan 37, Lund University, SE-223 62 Lund, Sweden
| | - Marko Mutanen
- Department of Ecology and Genetics, University of Oulu, Pentti Kaiteran katu 1, FI-90014, Oulu, Finland
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Holm S, Javoiš J, Õunap E, Davis RB, Kaasik A, Molleman F, Tasane T, Tammaru T. Reproductive behaviour indicates specificity in resource use: phylogenetic examples from temperate and tropical insects. OIKOS 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.04959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sille Holm
- Inst. of Ecology and Earth Sciences, Univ. of Tartu; Vanemuise 46 EE-51014 Tartu Estonia
| | - Juhan Javoiš
- Inst. of Ecology and Earth Sciences, Univ. of Tartu; Vanemuise 46 EE-51014 Tartu Estonia
| | - Erki Õunap
- Inst. of Ecology and Earth Sciences, Univ. of Tartu; Vanemuise 46 EE-51014 Tartu Estonia
- Inst. of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian Univ. of Life Sciences; Tartu Estonia
| | - Robert B. Davis
- Inst. of Ecology and Earth Sciences, Univ. of Tartu; Vanemuise 46 EE-51014 Tartu Estonia
| | - Ants Kaasik
- Inst. of Ecology and Earth Sciences, Univ. of Tartu; Vanemuise 46 EE-51014 Tartu Estonia
| | - Freerk Molleman
- Inst. of Ecology and Earth Sciences, Univ. of Tartu; Vanemuise 46 EE-51014 Tartu Estonia
- Dept of Systematic Zoology; Inst. of Environmental Biology, Faculty of Biology, A. Mickiewicz Univ.; Poznań Poland
| | - Tõnis Tasane
- Inst. of Ecology and Earth Sciences, Univ. of Tartu; Vanemuise 46 EE-51014 Tartu Estonia
| | - Toomas Tammaru
- Inst. of Ecology and Earth Sciences, Univ. of Tartu; Vanemuise 46 EE-51014 Tartu Estonia
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Strutzenberger P, Brehm G, Gottsberger B, Bodner F, Seifert CL, Fiedler K. Diversification rates, host plant shifts and an updated molecular phylogeny of Andean Eois moths (Lepidoptera: Geometridae). PLoS One 2017; 12:e0188430. [PMID: 29281664 PMCID: PMC5744940 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0188430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Eois is one of the best-investigated genera of tropical moths. Its close association with Piper plants has inspired numerous studies on life histories, phylogeny and evolutionary biology. This study provides an updated view on phylogeny, host plant use and temporal patterns of speciation in Eois. Using sequence data (2776 bp) from one mitochondrial (COI) and one nuclear gene (Ef1-alpha) for 221 Eois species, we confirm and reinforce previous findings regarding temporal patterns of diversification. Deep diversification within Andean Eois took place in the Miocene followed by a sustained high rate of diversification until the Pleistocene when a pronounced slowdown of speciation is evident. In South America, Eois diversification is very likely to be primarily driven by the Andean uplift which occurred concurrently with the entire evolutionary history of Eois. A massively expanded dataset enabled an in-depth look into the phylogenetic signal contained in host plant usage. This revealed several independent shifts from Piper to other host plant genera and families. Seven shifts to Peperomia, the sister genus of Piper were detected, indicating that the shift to Peperomia was an easy one compared to the singular shifts to the Chloranthaceae, Siparunaceae and the Piperacean genus Manekia. The potential for close co-evolution of Eois with Piper host plants is therefore bound to be limited to smaller subsets within Neotropical Eois instead of a frequently proposed genus-wide co-evolutionary scenario. In regards to Eois systematics we confirm the monophyly of Neotropical Eois in relation to their Old World counterparts. A tentative biogeographical hypothesis is presented suggesting that Eois originated in tropical Asia and subsequently colonized the Neotropics and Africa. Within Neotropical Eois we were able to identify the existence of six clades not recognized in previous studies and confirm and reinforce the monophyly of all 9 previously delimited infrageneric clades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Strutzenberger
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, Division of Tropical Ecology and Animal Biodiversity, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- * E-mail:
| | - Gunnar Brehm
- Institut für Spezielle Zoologie und Evolutionsbiologie mit Phyletischem Museum, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Brigitte Gottsberger
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, Division of Tropical Ecology and Animal Biodiversity, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Florian Bodner
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, Division of Tropical Ecology and Animal Biodiversity, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Carlo Lutz Seifert
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
- Institute of Entomology, Department of Ecology, Biology Centre, The Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Konrad Fiedler
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, Division of Tropical Ecology and Animal Biodiversity, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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38
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Jahner JP, Forister ML, Parchman TL, Smilanich AM, Miller JS, Wilson JS, Walla TR, Tepe EJ, Richards LA, Quijano‐Abril MA, Glassmire AE, Dyer LA. Host conservatism, geography, and elevation in the evolution of a Neotropical moth radiation. Evolution 2017; 71:2885-2900. [DOI: 10.1111/evo.13377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Revised: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joshua P. Jahner
- Program in Ecology, Evolution, and Conservation Biology, Department of Biology University of Nevada Reno Nevada 89557
| | - Matthew L. Forister
- Program in Ecology, Evolution, and Conservation Biology, Department of Biology University of Nevada Reno Nevada 89557
| | - Thomas L. Parchman
- Program in Ecology, Evolution, and Conservation Biology, Department of Biology University of Nevada Reno Nevada 89557
| | - Angela M. Smilanich
- Program in Ecology, Evolution, and Conservation Biology, Department of Biology University of Nevada Reno Nevada 89557
| | - James S. Miller
- Division of Invertebrate Zoology American Museum of Natural History New York New York 10024
| | | | - Thomas R. Walla
- Department of Biology Colorado Mesa University Grand Junction Colorado 81507
- Seccion Invertebrados Museo Ecuatoriano de Ciencias Naturales Quito Ecuador
| | - Eric J. Tepe
- Department of Biological Sciences University of Cincinnati Cincinnati Ohio 45221
| | - Lora A. Richards
- Program in Ecology, Evolution, and Conservation Biology, Department of Biology University of Nevada Reno Nevada 89557
| | | | - Andrea E. Glassmire
- Program in Ecology, Evolution, and Conservation Biology, Department of Biology University of Nevada Reno Nevada 89557
| | - Lee A. Dyer
- Program in Ecology, Evolution, and Conservation Biology, Department of Biology University of Nevada Reno Nevada 89557
- Seccion Invertebrados Museo Ecuatoriano de Ciencias Naturales Quito Ecuador
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Abstract
Until recently, deep-level phylogeny in Lepidoptera, the largest single radiation of plant-feeding insects, was very poorly understood. Over the past two decades, building on a preceding era of morphological cladistic studies, molecular data have yielded robust initial estimates of relationships both within and among the ∼43 superfamilies, with unsolved problems now yielding to much larger data sets from high-throughput sequencing. Here we summarize progress on lepidopteran phylogeny since 1975, emphasizing the superfamily level, and discuss some resulting advances in our understanding of lepidopteran evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Mitter
- Department of Entomology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742;
| | - Donald R Davis
- Department of Entomology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20560
| | - Michael P Cummings
- Laboratory of Molecular Evolution, Center for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742
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40
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Jiang N, Li X, Hausmann A, Cheng R, Xue D, Han H. A molecular phylogeny of the Palaearctic and Oriental members of the tribe Boarmiini (Lepidoptera : Geometridae : Ennominae). INVERTEBR SYST 2017. [DOI: 10.1071/is17005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Owing to the high species diversity and the lack of a modern revision, the phylogenetic relationships within the tribe Boarmiini remain largely unexplored. In this study, we reconstruct the first molecular phylogeny of the Palaearctic and Oriental members of Boarmiini, and infer the relationships among tribes within the ‘boarmiine’ lineage. One mitochondrial (COI) and four nuclear (EF-1α, CAD, RpS5, GAPDH) genes for 56 genera and 96 species of Boarmiini mostly from the Palaearctic and Oriental regions were included in the study. Analyses of Bayesian inference and maximum likelihood recovered largely congruent results. The monophyly of Boarmiini is supported by our results. Seven clades and seven subclades within Boarmiini were found. The molecular results coupled with morphological studies suggested the synonymisation of Zanclopera Warren, 1894, syn. nov. with Krananda Moore, 1868. The following new combinations are proposed: Krananda straminearia (Leech, 1897) (comb. nov.), Krananda falcata (Warren, 1894) (comb. nov.), and Krananda fulva (Yazaki, 1994) (comb. nov.). Our results also supported the monophyly of the ‘boarmiine’ lineage. Boarmiini were recovered as sister to the remaining taxa within the ‘boarmiine’ lineage, and Macariini were recovered as sister to Abraxini, Eutoeini and Cassymini.
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41
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Holm S, Davis RB, Javoiš J, Õunap E, Kaasik A, Molleman F, Tammaru T. A comparative perspective on longevity: the effect of body size dominates over ecology in moths. J Evol Biol 2016; 29:2422-2435. [PMID: 27536807 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.12966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2016] [Revised: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 08/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Both physiologically and ecologically based explanations have been proposed to account for among-species differences in lifespan, but they remain poorly tested. Phylogenetically explicit comparative analyses are still scarce and those that exist are biased towards homoeothermic vertebrates. Insect studies can significantly contribute as lifespan can feasibly be measured in a high number of species, and the selective forces that have shaped it may differ largely between species and from those acting on larger animals. We recorded adult lifespan in 98 species of geometrid moths. Phylogenetic comparative analyses were applied to study variation in species-specific values of lifespan and to reveal its ecological and life-history correlates. Among-species and between-gender differences in lifespan were found to be notably limited; there was also no evidence of phylogenetic signal in this trait. Larger moth species were found to live longer, with this result supporting a physiological rather than ecological explanation of this relationship. Species-specific lifespan values could not be explained by traits such as reproductive season and larval diet breadth, strengthening the evidence for the dominance of physiological determinants of longevity over ecological ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Holm
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - R B Davis
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - J Javoiš
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - E Õunap
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.,Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartu, Estonia
| | - A Kaasik
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - F Molleman
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.,Vanasiri Evolutionary Ecology Group, School of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India.,Université de Rennes 1, Campus de Beaulieu, Rennes, France
| | - T Tammaru
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
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42
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Zenker MM, Wahlberg N, Brehm G, Teston JA, Przybylowicz L, Pie MR, Freitas AV. Systematics and origin of moths in the subfamily Arctiinae (Lepidoptera, Erebidae) in the Neotropical region. ZOOL SCR 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/zsc.12202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mauricio M. Zenker
- Departamento de Biologia Animal and Museu de Zoologia Instituto de Biologia Universidade Estadual de Campinas C.P. 6109 Campinas 13083‐970 Brazil
| | | | - Gunnar Brehm
- Institute of Systematic Zoology and Evolutionary Biology with Phyletic MuseumFriedrich‐Schiller‐University Jena 1 07743 Jena Germany
| | - José A. Teston
- Instituto de Ciências da Educação, Programa de Licenciatura em BiologiaUniversidade Federal do Oeste do Pará 68040070 Santarém Pará Brazil
| | - Lukasz Przybylowicz
- Institute of Systematics and Evolution of Animals Polish Academy of Sciences PolandSlawkowska 17 31–016 Krakow Poland
| | - Marcio R. Pie
- Departamento de Zoologia Universidade Federal do Paraná 81531‐990 Curitiba Paraná Brazil
| | - André V.L. Freitas
- Universidade Estadual de Campinas Departamento de Zoologia and Museu de História Natural Instituto de Biologia P.O. Box 6109 13083970 Campinas Brazil
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Wahlberg N, Peña C, Ahola M, Wheat CW, Rota J. PCR primers for 30 novel gene regions in the nuclear genomes of Lepidoptera. Zookeys 2016:129-41. [PMID: 27408580 PMCID: PMC4926658 DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.596.8399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Accepted: 05/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We report primer pairs for 30 new gene regions in the nuclear genomes of Lepidoptera that can be amplified using a standard PCR protocol. The new primers were tested across diverse Lepidoptera, including nonditrysians and a wide selection of ditrysians. These new gene regions give a total of 11,043 bp of DNA sequence data and they show similar variability to traditionally used nuclear gene regions in studies of Lepidoptera. We feel that a PCR-based approach still has its place in molecular systematic studies of Lepidoptera, particularly at the intrafamilial level, and our new set of primers now provides a route to generating phylogenomic datasets using traditional methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niklas Wahlberg
- Department of Biology, University of Turku, 20014 Turku, Finland; Department of Biology, Lund University, 223 62 Lund, Sweden
| | - Carlos Peña
- Department of Biology, University of Turku, 20014 Turku, Finland
| | - Milla Ahola
- Department of Biology, University of Turku, 20014 Turku, Finland
| | | | - Jadranka Rota
- Department of Biology, University of Turku, 20014 Turku, Finland; Department of Biology, Lund University, 223 62 Lund, Sweden
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44
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Zou Y, Sang W, Hausmann A, Axmacher JC. High phylogenetic diversity is preserved in species-poor high-elevation temperate moth assemblages. Sci Rep 2016; 6:23045. [PMID: 26979402 PMCID: PMC4793287 DOI: 10.1038/srep23045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2015] [Accepted: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the diversity and composition of species assemblages and identifying underlying biotic and abiotic determinants represent great ecological challenges. Addressing some of these issues, we investigated the α-diversity and phylogenetic composition of species-rich geometrid moth (Lepidoptera: Geometridae) assemblages in the mature temperate forest on Changbai Mountain. A total of 9285 geometrid moths representing 131 species were collected, with many species displaying wide elevational distribution ranges. Moth α-diversity decreased monotonously, while the standardized effect size of mean pairwise phylogenetic distances (MPD) and phylogenetic diversity (PD) increased significantly with increasing elevation. At high elevations, the insect assemblages consisted largely of habitat generalists that were individually more phylogenetically distinct from co-occurring species than species in assemblages at lower altitudes. This could hint at higher speciation rates in more favourable low-elevation environments generating a species-rich geometrid assemblage, while exclusion of phylogenetically closely related species becomes increasingly important in shaping moth assemblages at higher elevations. Overall, it appears likely that high-elevation temperate moth assemblages are strongly resilient to environmental change, and that they contain a much larger proportion of the genetic diversity encountered at low-elevation assemblages in comparison to tropical geometrid communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zou
- UCL Department of Geography, University College London, London, UK.,Centre for Crop Systems Analysis, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Weiguo Sang
- College of Life and Environmental Science, Minzu University of China, Beijing, China.,The State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Axel Hausmann
- Lepidoptera Section, Bavarian State Collection of Zoology, Munich, Germany
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45
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Brehm G. Three new species of Hagnagora Druce, 1885 (Lepidoptera, Geometridae, Larentiinae) from Ecuador and Costa Rica and a concise revision of the genus. Zookeys 2015:131-56. [PMID: 26798242 PMCID: PMC4714052 DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.537.6090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2015] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Three new Hagnagora Druce species (Geometridae, Larentiinae) are described: Hagnagorarichardi Brehm, sp. n. from Ecuador, Hagnagorahedwigae Brehm, sp. n. from Ecuador, and Hagnagoramirandahenrichae Brehm, sp. n. from Costa Rica. A checklist of taxa assigned to Hagnagora is provided. Hagnagora is provisionally divided into six clades: the anicata clade (6 species), the buckleyi clade (3 species), the croceitincta clade (3 species), the ephestris clade (3 species), the mortipax clade (4 species) and Hagnagorasubrosea (1 species). Two taxa are revived from synonymy: Hagnagoracatagrammina Druce, stat. rev. and Hagnagoraluteoradiata Thierry-Mieg, stat. rev. Two taxa are reinstated from subspecies to species level: Hagnagoraacothysta Schaus, stat. rev. and Hagnagorajamaicensis Schaus, stat. rev. Four taxa are provisionally removed from Hagnagora: “Hagnagora” ignipennis, “Hagnagora” mesenata, “Hagnagora” vittata, and “Hagnagora” ceraria. After these changes, the genus Hagnagora now comprises 20 valid species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunnar Brehm
- Institut für Spezielle Zoologie und Evolutionsbiologie mit Phyletischem Museum, Vor dem Neutor 1, 07743 Jena, Germany
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46
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Rivera-Cabello D, Huanca-Mamani W, Vargas HA. Macaria mirthae Vargas et al (Lepidoptera: Geometridae): Confirmation of the Use of an Invasive Host Plant in the Northern Atacama Desert of Chile Based on DNA Barcodes. NEOTROPICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2015; 44:357-364. [PMID: 26174961 DOI: 10.1007/s13744-015-0289-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2014] [Accepted: 03/14/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Macaria mirthae Vargas et al (Lepidoptera: Geometridae) is a geometrid moth native to the northern Atacama Desert of Chile. Its oligophagous larvae are associated with native hosts of the plant family Fabaceae, the most important of which is Acacia macracantha. The invasive tree Leucaena leucocephala (Fabaceae) was recently recorded as a host plant for M. mirthae based on morphology. The taxonomic status of larvae collected on A. macracantha and L. leucocephala was assessed using sequences of the DNA barcode fragment of the cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene. Genetic divergence between samples from the host plants was found to be 0%-0.8% (Kimura 2-parameter model). Neighbor-joining and maximum likelihood analyses were also performed, including additional barcode sequences of Neotropical geometrid moths from GenBank and BOLD databases. Sequences of the larvae from both host plants clustered in a single clade with high statistical support in both analyses. Based on these results, it is concluded that M. mirthae has effectively expanded its host range and its larvae are currently feeding on the exotic tree L. leucocephala. Additionally, the importance of this new host association in a highly disturbed habitat is briefly discussed in terms of the field biology of this native geometrid moth.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Rivera-Cabello
- Depto de Recursos Ambientales, Fac de Ciencias Agronómicas, Univ de Tarapacá, Casilla 6-D, Arica, Chile
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47
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Choi SW, Kim SS. New Records of Five Ennomine Moths (Lepidoptera: Geometridae; Ennominae) from Korea. ANIMAL SYSTEMATICS, EVOLUTION AND DIVERSITY 2015. [DOI: 10.5635/ased.2015.31.2.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
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48
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Rajaei H, Greve C, Letsch H, Stüning D, Wahlberg N, Minet J, Misof B. Advances in Geometroidea phylogeny, with characterization of a new family based onPseudobiston pinratanai(Lepidoptera, Glossata). ZOOL SCR 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/zsc.12108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Rajaei
- Stuttgart State Museum of Natural History; Rosenstein 1 70191 Stuttgart Germany
| | - Carola Greve
- Zoologisches Forschungsmuseum Alexander Koenig; Adenauerallee 160 53113 Bonn Germany
| | - Harald Letsch
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research; University of Vienna; Rennweg 14 1030 Vienna Austria
| | - Dieter Stüning
- Zoologisches Forschungsmuseum Alexander Koenig; Adenauerallee 160 53113 Bonn Germany
| | - Niklas Wahlberg
- Laboratory of Genetics; Department of Biology; University of Turku; 20014 Turku Finland
| | - Joël Minet
- Institut de Systématique, Evolution; Biodiversité (ISYEB); UMR 7205 (CNRS, MNHN, UPMC, EPHE); Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle (Sorbonne Universités); 57, rue Cuvier Case Postale 50 (Entomologie) 75005 Paris France
| | - Bernhard Misof
- Zoologisches Forschungsmuseum Alexander Koenig; Adenauerallee 160 53113 Bonn Germany
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Lichter-Marck IH, Wylde M, Aaron E, Oliver JC, Singer MS. The struggle for safety: effectiveness of caterpillar defenses against bird predation. OIKOS 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.01515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Micah Wylde
- Dept of Mathematics and Computer Science; Wesleyan Univ.; Middletown CT 06459 USA
| | - Eric Aaron
- Dept of Mathematics and Computer Science; Wesleyan Univ.; Middletown CT 06459 USA
- Dept of Computer Science; Vassar College; Box 732, Poughkeepsie NY 12604-0732 USA
| | - Jeffrey C. Oliver
- Dept of Integrative Biology; Oregon State Univ.; Corvallis OR 97331 USA
| | - Michael S. Singer
- Dept of Biology; Wesleyan Univ.; 52 Lawn Avenue Middletown CT 06459 USA
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50
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Bazinet AL, Cummings MP, Mitter KT, Mitter CW. Can RNA-Seq resolve the rapid radiation of advanced moths and butterflies (Hexapoda: Lepidoptera: Apoditrysia)? An exploratory study. PLoS One 2013; 8:e82615. [PMID: 24324810 PMCID: PMC3853519 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0082615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2013] [Accepted: 10/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent molecular phylogenetic studies of the insect order Lepidoptera have robustly resolved family-level divergences within most superfamilies, and most divergences among the relatively species-poor early-arising superfamilies. In sharp contrast, relationships among the superfamilies of more advanced moths and butterflies that comprise the mega-diverse clade Apoditrysia (ca. 145,000 spp.) remain mostly poorly supported. This uncertainty, in turn, limits our ability to discern the origins, ages and evolutionary consequences of traits hypothesized to promote the spectacular diversification of Apoditrysia. Low support along the apoditrysian "backbone" probably reflects rapid diversification. If so, it may be feasible to strengthen resolution by radically increasing the gene sample, but case studies have been few. We explored the potential of next-generation sequencing to conclusively resolve apoditrysian relationships. We used transcriptome RNA-Seq to generate 1579 putatively orthologous gene sequences across a broad sample of 40 apoditrysians plus four outgroups, to which we added two taxa from previously published data. Phylogenetic analysis of a 46-taxon, 741-gene matrix, resulting from a strict filter that eliminated ortholog groups containing any apparent paralogs, yielded dramatic overall increase in bootstrap support for deeper nodes within Apoditrysia as compared to results from previous and concurrent 19-gene analyses. High support was restricted mainly to the huge subclade Obtectomera broadly defined, in which 11 of 12 nodes subtending multiple superfamilies had bootstrap support of 100%. The strongly supported nodes showed little conflict with groupings from previous studies, and were little affected by changes in taxon sampling, suggesting that they reflect true signal rather than artifacts of massive gene sampling. In contrast, strong support was seen at only 2 of 11 deeper nodes among the "lower", non-obtectomeran apoditrysians. These represent a much harder phylogenetic problem, for which one path to resolution might include further increase in gene sampling, together with improved orthology assignments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam L. Bazinet
- Laboratory of Molecular Evolution, Center for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Michael P. Cummings
- Laboratory of Molecular Evolution, Center for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Kim T. Mitter
- Department of Entomology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Charles W. Mitter
- Department of Entomology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, United States of America
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