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Molleman F, Mandal M, Sokół-Łętowska A, Walczak U, Volf M, Mallick S, Moos M, Vodrážka P, Prinzing A, Mezzomo P. Simulated Herbivory Affects the Volatile Emissions of Oak Saplings, while Neighbourhood Affects Flavan-3-ols Content of Their Leaves. J Chem Ecol 2024:10.1007/s10886-024-01471-4. [PMID: 38270732 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-024-01471-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
To what extent particular plant defences against herbivorous insects are constitutive or inducible will depend on the costs and benefits in their neighbourhood. Some defensive chemicals in leaves are thought to be costly and hard to produce rapidly, while others, including volatile organic compounds that attract natural enemies, might be cheaper and can be released rapidly. When surrounding tree species are more closely related, trees can face an increased abundance of both specialist herbivores and their parasitoids, potentially increasing the benefits of constitutive and inducible defences. To test if oaks (Quercus robur) respond more to herbivore attacks with volatile emission than with changes in leaf phenolic chemistry and carbon to nitrogen ratio (C: N), and whether oaks respond to the neighbouring tree species, we performed an experiment in a forest in Poland. Oak saplings were placed in neighbourhoods dominated by oak, beech, or pine trees, and half of them were treated with the phytohormone methyl jasmonate (elicitor of anti-herbivore responses). Oaks responded to the treatment by emitting a different volatile blend within 24 h, while leaf phenolic chemistry and C: N remained largely unaffected after 16 days and multiple treatments. Leaf phenolics were subtly affected by the neighbouring trees with elevated flavan-3-ols concentrations in pine-dominated plots. Our results suggest that these oaks rely on phenols as a constitutive defence and when attacked emit volatiles to attract natural enemies. Further studies might determine if the small effect of the neighbourhood on leaf phenolics is a response to different levels of shading, or if oaks use volatile cues to assess the composition of their neighbourhood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Freerk Molleman
- Department of Systematic Zoology, Institute of Environmental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego Str. 6, Poznań, PL-61-614, Poland.
| | - Manidip Mandal
- Department of Systematic Zoology, Institute of Environmental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego Str. 6, Poznań, PL-61-614, Poland
| | - Anna Sokół-Łętowska
- Department of Fruit, Vegetable and Plant Nutraceutical Technology, Faculty of the Biotechnology and Food Science, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Chełmońskiego Str. 37, Wrocław, 51-630, Poland
| | - Urszula Walczak
- Department of Systematic Zoology, Institute of Environmental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego Str. 6, Poznań, PL-61-614, Poland
| | - Martin Volf
- Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, Ceske Budejovice, 37005, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branisovska 31, Ceske Budejovice, 37005, Czech Republic
| | - Soumen Mallick
- Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology, Biocenter, Field Station Fabrikschleichach, University of Würzburg, Glashüttenstraße 5, 96181, Rauhenebrach, Germany
| | - Martin Moos
- Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, Ceske Budejovice, 37005, Czech Republic
- Institute of Entomology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Vodrážka
- Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, Ceske Budejovice, 37005, Czech Republic
- Institute of Entomology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Andreas Prinzing
- Research Unit « Ecosystemes, Biodiversité, Evolution », Université de Rennes 1, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Campus Beaulieu, bâtiment 14, Rennes, AF-35042, France
| | - Priscila Mezzomo
- Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, Ceske Budejovice, 37005, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branisovska 31, Ceske Budejovice, 37005, Czech Republic
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Molleman F, Rossignol N, Ponge JF, Peres G, Cluzeau D, Ruiz-Camacho N, Cortet J, Pernin C, Villenave C, Prinzing A. Why phylogenetic signal of traits is important in ecosystems: uniformity of a plant trait increases soil fauna, but only in a phylogenetically uniform vegetation. Oecologia 2023; 202:175-191. [PMID: 37204497 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-023-05384-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Phylogenetically closely related plant species often share similar trait states (phylogenetic signal), but local assembly may favor dissimilar relatives and thereby decouple the diversity of a trait from the diversity of phylogenetic lineages. Associated fauna might either benefit from plant trait diversity, because it provides them complementary resources, or suffer from it due to dilution of preferred resources. We hence hypothesize that decoupling of trait and phylogenetic diversity weakens the relationship between the plant-trait diversity and the abundance and diversity of associated fauna. Studying permanent meadows, we tested for combined effects of plant phylogenetic diversity and diversity of two functional traits (specific leaf area, leaf dry matter content) on major groups of soil fauna (earthworms, mites, springtails, nematodes). We found that only in phylogenetically uniform plant communities, was uniformity in the functional traits associated with (i) high abundance in springtails, and (ii) high abundance of the sub-group that feeds more directly on plant material (in springtails and mites) or those that are more prone to disturbance (in nematodes), and (iii) high diversity in all three groups tested (springtails, earthworms, nematodes). Our results suggest that soil fauna profits from the resource concentration in local plant communities that are uniform in both functional traits and phylogenetic lineages. Soil fauna would hence benefit from co-occurrence of closely related plants that have conserved the same trait values, rather than of distantly related plants that have converged in traits. This might result in faster decomposition and a positive feedback between trait conservatism and ecosystem functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Molleman
- Department of Systematic Zoology, Faculty of Biology, Institute of Environmental Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University Poznań, Ul. Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 6, 61-614, Poznań, Poland.
| | - N Rossignol
- Université de Rennes 1/Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Research Unit 'Ecobio-Ecosystèmes, Biodiversité, Evolution', Campus Beaulieu, Bâtiment 14 A, 35042, Rennes, France
| | - J F Ponge
- Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CNRS UMR 7179, 4 avenue du Petit Château, 91800, Brunoy, France
| | - G Peres
- UMR SAS INRAE Institut Agro Rennes-Angers, 65 Rue de St-Brieuc, 35042, Rennes, France
| | - D Cluzeau
- Université de Rennes 1/Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Research Unit 'Ecobio-Ecosystemes, Biodiversite, Evolution', Station Biologique, 35380, Paimpont, France
| | - N Ruiz-Camacho
- Agence Nationale de la Recherche, 50, avenue Daumesnil, 75012, Paris, France
| | - J Cortet
- Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive, Université Paul-Valéry Montpellier 3, Université de Montpellier, EPHE, IRD, Route de Mende, 34199, Montpellier, France
| | - C Pernin
- Université de Lille, Institut Mines-Télécom, Université Artois, Junia, ULR 4515-LGCgE, Laboratoire de Génie Civil et geo-Environnement, 59000, Lille, France
| | - C Villenave
- ELISOL environnement, ZA des Tourels, 10 avenue du midi, 30111, Congénies, France
| | - A Prinzing
- Université de Rennes 1/Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Research Unit 'Ecobio-Ecosystèmes, Biodiversité, Evolution', Campus Beaulieu, Bâtiment 14 A, 35042, Rennes, France
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Mallick S, Molleman F, Yguel B, Bailey R, Müller J, Jean F, Prinzing A. Ectophagous folivores do not profit from rich resources on phylogenetically isolated trees. Oecologia 2023; 201:1-18. [PMID: 36165922 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-022-05260-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Resource use by consumers across patches is often proportional to the quantity or quality of the resource within these patches. In folivores, such proportional use of resources is likely to be more efficient when plants are spatially proximate, such as trees forming a forest canopy. However, resources provided by forest-trees are often not used proportionally. We hypothesised that proportional use of resources is reduced when host trees are isolated among phylogenetically distant neighbours that mask olfactory and visual search cues, and reduce folivore movement between trees. Such phylogenetically distant neighbourhoods might sort out species that are specialists, poor dispersers, or have poor access to information about leaf quality. We studied individual oaks, their leaf size and quality, their folivory and abundance of folivores (mostly Lepidopteran ectophages, gallers and miners), and parasitism of folivores. We found that leaf consumption by ectophages hardly increased with increasing leaf size when host trees were phylogenetically isolated. We found a similar effect on host use by parasitoids in 1 year. In contrast, we found no consistent effects in other folivore guilds. Relative abundances of specialists and species with wingless females declined with phylogenetic isolation. However, resource use within each of these groups was inconsistently affected by phylogenetic isolation. We suggest that phylogenetic isolation prevents ectophages from effectively choosing trees with abundant resources, and also sorts out species likely to recruit in situ on their host tree. Trees in phylogenetically distant neighbourhoods may be selected for larger leaves and greater reliance on induced defences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumen Mallick
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de Rennes 1, Research Unit UMR 6553, Ecosystèmes Biodiversité Evolution (ECOBIO), Campus de Beaulieu, 35042, Rennes, France.
| | - Freerk Molleman
- Department of Systematic Zoology, Institute of Environmental Biology, Faculty of Biology, A. Mickiewicz University, Ul. Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 6, 61-614, Poznan, Poland
| | - Benjamin Yguel
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de Rennes 1, Research Unit UMR 6553, Ecosystèmes Biodiversité Evolution (ECOBIO), Campus de Beaulieu, 35042, Rennes, France.,Centre d'Ecologie et des Sciences de la Conservation (CESCO-UMR 7204), Sorbonne Universités-MNHN-CNRS-UPMC, CP51, 55-61rue Buffon, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Richard Bailey
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de Rennes 1, Research Unit UMR 6553, Ecosystèmes Biodiversité Evolution (ECOBIO), Campus de Beaulieu, 35042, Rennes, France.,Department of Ecology and Vertebrate Zoology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Łódź, Lodz, Poland
| | - Jörg Müller
- Field Station Fabrikschleichach, Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Glashüttenstraße 5, 96181, Rauhenebrach, Germany.,Bavarian Forest National Park, Freyunger Str. 2, 94481, Grafenau, Germany
| | - Frédéric Jean
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de Rennes 1, Research Unit UMR 6553, Ecosystèmes Biodiversité Evolution (ECOBIO), Campus de Beaulieu, 35042, Rennes, France
| | - Andreas Prinzing
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de Rennes 1, Research Unit UMR 6553, Ecosystèmes Biodiversité Evolution (ECOBIO), Campus de Beaulieu, 35042, Rennes, France
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Molleman F, Granados‐Tello J, Chapman CA, Tammaru T. Fruit‐feeding butterflies depend on adult food for reproduction: Evidence from longitudinal body mass and abundance data. Funct Ecol 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.14103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Freerk Molleman
- Department of Systematic Zoology Institute of Environmental Biology, Faculty of Biology, A. Mickiewicz University Poznań Poland
| | | | - Colin A. Chapman
- Center for the Advanced Study of Human Paleobiology The George Washington University Washington DC USA
| | - Toomas Tammaru
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences University of Tartu Tartu Estonia
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Halali S, Halali D, Barlow HS, Molleman F, Kodandaramaiah U, Brakefield PM, Brattström O. Predictability of temporal variation in climate and the evolution of seasonal polyphenism in tropical butterfly communities. J Evol Biol 2021; 34:1362-1375. [PMID: 34173293 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.13895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Phenotypic plasticity in heterogeneous environments can provide tight environment-phenotype matching. However, the prerequisite is a reliable environmental cue(s) that enables organisms to use current environmental information to induce the development of a phenotype with high fitness in a forthcoming environment. Here, we quantify predictability in the timing of precipitation and temperature change to examine how this is associated with seasonal polyphenism in tropical Mycalesina butterflies. Seasonal precipitation in the tropics typically results in distinct selective environments, the wet and dry seasons, and changes in temperature can be a major environmental cue. We sampled communities of Mycalesina butterflies from two seasonal locations and one aseasonal location. Quantifying environmental predictability using wavelet analysis and Colwell's indices confirmed a strong periodicity of precipitation over a 12-month period at both seasonal locations compared to the aseasonal one. However, temperature seasonality and periodicity differed between the two seasonal locations. We further show that: (a) most females from both seasonal locations synchronize their reproduction with the seasons by breeding in the wet season but arresting reproduction in the dry season. In contrast, all species breed throughout the year in the aseasonal location and (b) species from the seasonal locations, but not those from the aseasonal location, exhibited polyphenism in wing pattern traits (eyespot size). We conclude that seasonal precipitation and its predictability are primary factors shaping the evolution of polyphenism in Mycalesina butterflies, and populations or species secondarily evolve local adaptations for cue use that depend on the local variation in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sridhar Halali
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Dheeraj Halali
- Department of Biodiversity, Abasaheb Garware College, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | | | - Freerk Molleman
- Department of Systematic Zoology, Institute of Environmental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland
| | - Ullasa Kodandaramaiah
- IISER-TVM Centre for Research and Education in Ecology and Evolution (ICREEE), Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
| | | | - Oskar Brattström
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,African Butterfly Research Institute (ABRI), Nairobi, Kenya.,School of Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.,Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
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Molleman F, Javoiš J, Davis RB, Whitaker MRL, Tammaru T, Prinzing A, Õunap E, Wahlberg N, Kodandaramaiah U, Aduse‐Poku K, Kaasik A, Carey JR. Quantifying the effects of species traits on predation risk in nature: A comparative study of butterfly wing damage. J Anim Ecol 2019; 89:716-729. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.13139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Freerk Molleman
- Department of Systematic Zoology Faculty of Biology Institute of Environmental Biology A. Mickiewicz University Poznań Poland
- IISER‐TVM Centre for Research and Education in Ecology and Evolution (ICREEE) IISER Thiruvananthapuram Thiruvananthapuram India
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences University of Tartu Tartu Estonia
| | - Juhan Javoiš
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences University of Tartu Tartu Estonia
| | - Robert B. Davis
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences University of Tartu Tartu Estonia
| | - Melissa R. L. Whitaker
- Museum of Comparative Zoology Harvard University Cambridge MA USA
- Entomological Collection ETH Zürich Zürich Switzerland
| | - Toomas Tammaru
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences University of Tartu Tartu Estonia
| | - Andreas Prinzing
- Université de Rennes 1Ecosystèmes Biodiversité Evolution (ECOBIO)Rennes France
| | - Erki Õunap
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences University of Tartu Tartu Estonia
| | | | - Ullasa Kodandaramaiah
- IISER‐TVM Centre for Research and Education in Ecology and Evolution (ICREEE) IISER Thiruvananthapuram Thiruvananthapuram India
| | - Kwaku Aduse‐Poku
- Department of Biology University of Richmond Richmond VA USA
- Department of Zoology University of Cambridge Cambridge UK
| | - Ants Kaasik
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences University of Tartu Tartu Estonia
| | - James R. Carey
- Department of Entomology University of California, Davis Davis CA USA
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Holm S, Javoiš J, Molleman F, Davis RB, Õunap E, Roininen H, Tammaru T. No Indication of High Host-Plant Specificity in Afrotropical Geometrid Moths. J Insect Sci 2019; 19:5482269. [PMID: 31039585 PMCID: PMC6490970 DOI: 10.1093/jisesa/iez028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Specificity is one of the fundamental concepts in ecology. Host specificity of phytophagous insects has been of particular interest because of its crucial role in diversification and life-history evolution. However, the majority of tropical insects remain insufficiently explored with respect to their host-plant relations. A lack of respective data is also hindering the debate over whether higher levels of host-plant specificity prevail in tropical insects compared to temperate ones. We investigated host-plant specificity of forest geometrid moths (Lepidoptera: Geometridae) in equatorial Africa using host-plant acceptability trials with neonate larvae, with the addition of field observations. We compare our experimental data to the (well-known) host-specificity patterns of closely related temperate (hemiboreal) species. Similarly to the temperate region, there were broadly polyphagous tropical species in several clades of Geometridae utilizing hosts belonging to different plant families. Phylogenetic comparative analysis returned no significant differences in host specificity between the two regions. Our study contributes to the evidence that host-plant specificity of herbivores is not necessarily substantially higher in tropical than temperate regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sille Holm
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Vanemuise, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Juhan Javoiš
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Vanemuise, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Freerk Molleman
- Department of Systematic Zoology, Institute of Environmental Biology, Faculty of Biology, A. Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland
| | - Robert B Davis
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Vanemuise, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Erki Õunap
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Vanemuise, Tartu, Estonia
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Heikki Roininen
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science and Forestry, University of Eastern Finland, Joensuu, Finland
| | - Toomas Tammaru
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Vanemuise, Tartu, Estonia
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Holm S, Javoiš J, Õunap E, Davis RB, Kaasik A, Molleman F, Tasane T, Tammaru T. Reproductive behaviour indicates specificity in resource use: phylogenetic examples from temperate and tropical insects. OIKOS 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.04959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sille Holm
- Inst. of Ecology and Earth Sciences, Univ. of Tartu; Vanemuise 46 EE-51014 Tartu Estonia
| | - Juhan Javoiš
- Inst. of Ecology and Earth Sciences, Univ. of Tartu; Vanemuise 46 EE-51014 Tartu Estonia
| | - Erki Õunap
- Inst. of Ecology and Earth Sciences, Univ. of Tartu; Vanemuise 46 EE-51014 Tartu Estonia
- Inst. of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian Univ. of Life Sciences; Tartu Estonia
| | - Robert B. Davis
- Inst. of Ecology and Earth Sciences, Univ. of Tartu; Vanemuise 46 EE-51014 Tartu Estonia
| | - Ants Kaasik
- Inst. of Ecology and Earth Sciences, Univ. of Tartu; Vanemuise 46 EE-51014 Tartu Estonia
| | - Freerk Molleman
- Inst. of Ecology and Earth Sciences, Univ. of Tartu; Vanemuise 46 EE-51014 Tartu Estonia
- Dept of Systematic Zoology; Inst. of Environmental Biology, Faculty of Biology, A. Mickiewicz Univ.; Poznań Poland
| | - Tõnis Tasane
- Inst. of Ecology and Earth Sciences, Univ. of Tartu; Vanemuise 46 EE-51014 Tartu Estonia
| | - Toomas Tammaru
- Inst. of Ecology and Earth Sciences, Univ. of Tartu; Vanemuise 46 EE-51014 Tartu Estonia
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Aduse‐Poku K, Molleman F, Oduro W, Oppong SK, Lohman DJ, Etienne RS. Relative contribution of neutral and deterministic processes in shaping fruit-feeding butterfly assemblages in Afrotropical forests. Ecol Evol 2018; 8:296-308. [PMID: 29321872 PMCID: PMC5756852 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.3618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2017] [Revised: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The unified neutral theory of biodiversity and biogeography has gained the status of a quantitative null model for explaining patterns in ecological (meta)communities. The theory assumes that individuals of trophically similar species are functionally equivalent. We empirically evaluate the relative contribution of neutral and deterministic processes in shaping fruit-feeding butterfly assemblages in three tropical forests in Africa, using both direct (confronting the neutral model with species abundance data) and indirect approaches (testing the predictions of neutral theory using data other than species abundance distributions). Abundance data were obtained by sampling butterflies using banana baited traps set at the forest canopy and understorey strata. Our results indicate a clear consistency in the kind of species or species groups observed at either the canopy or understorey in the three studied communities. Furthermore, we found significant correlation between some flight-related morphological traits and species abundance at the forest canopy, but not at the understorey. Neutral theory's contribution to explaining our data lies largely in identifying dispersal limitation as a key process regulating fruit-feeding butterfly community structure. Our study illustrates that using species abundance data alone in evaluating neutral theory can be informative, but is insufficient. Species-level information such as habitat preference, host plants, geographical distribution, and phylogeny is essential in elucidating the processes that regulate biodiversity community structures and patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwaku Aduse‐Poku
- Biology DepartmentCity College of New YorkCity University of New YorkNew YorkNYUSA
- School of Natural ResourcesUniversity of Energy and Natural ResourcesSunyaniGhana
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life SciencesUniversity of GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Freerk Molleman
- Centre for Research and Education in Ecology and EvolutionIndian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram (IISER‐TVM)ThiruvananthapuramKeralaIndia
- Department of Systematic Zoology. Ecology Institute of Environmental BiologyFaculty of BiologyA. Mickiewicz UniversityPoznańPoland
| | - William Oduro
- FRNR‐College of Agricultural and Renewable Natural ResourcesKwame Nkrumah University of Science & TechnologyKumasiGhana
| | - Samuel K. Oppong
- FRNR‐College of Agricultural and Renewable Natural ResourcesKwame Nkrumah University of Science & TechnologyKumasiGhana
| | - David J. Lohman
- Biology DepartmentCity College of New YorkCity University of New YorkNew YorkNYUSA
- Biology Ph.D. Program, Graduate CenterCity University of New YorkNew YorkNYUSA
- Entomology SectionNational Museum of the PhilippinesManilaPhilippines
| | - Rampal S. Etienne
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life SciencesUniversity of GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
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Holm S, Davis RB, Javoiš J, Õunap E, Kaasik A, Molleman F, Tammaru T. A comparative perspective on longevity: the effect of body size dominates over ecology in moths. J Evol Biol 2016; 29:2422-2435. [PMID: 27536807 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.12966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2016] [Revised: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 08/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Both physiologically and ecologically based explanations have been proposed to account for among-species differences in lifespan, but they remain poorly tested. Phylogenetically explicit comparative analyses are still scarce and those that exist are biased towards homoeothermic vertebrates. Insect studies can significantly contribute as lifespan can feasibly be measured in a high number of species, and the selective forces that have shaped it may differ largely between species and from those acting on larger animals. We recorded adult lifespan in 98 species of geometrid moths. Phylogenetic comparative analyses were applied to study variation in species-specific values of lifespan and to reveal its ecological and life-history correlates. Among-species and between-gender differences in lifespan were found to be notably limited; there was also no evidence of phylogenetic signal in this trait. Larger moth species were found to live longer, with this result supporting a physiological rather than ecological explanation of this relationship. Species-specific lifespan values could not be explained by traits such as reproductive season and larval diet breadth, strengthening the evidence for the dominance of physiological determinants of longevity over ecological ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Holm
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - R B Davis
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - J Javoiš
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - E Õunap
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.,Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartu, Estonia
| | - A Kaasik
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - F Molleman
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.,Vanasiri Evolutionary Ecology Group, School of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India.,Université de Rennes 1, Campus de Beaulieu, Rennes, France
| | - T Tammaru
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
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Bacquet PMB, de Jong MA, Brattström O, Wang H, Molleman F, Heuskin S, Lognay G, Löfstedt C, Brakefield PM, Vanderpoorten A, Nieberding CM. Differentiation in putative male sex pheromone components across and within populations of the African butterfly Bicyclus anynana as a potential driver of reproductive isolation. Ecol Evol 2016; 6:6064-84. [PMID: 27648226 PMCID: PMC5016632 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.2298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Revised: 06/02/2016] [Accepted: 06/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Sexual traits are often the most divergent characters among closely related species, suggesting an important role of sexual traits in speciation. However, to prove this, we need to show that sexual trait differences accumulate before or during the speciation process, rather than being a consequence of it. Here, we contrast patterns of divergence among putative male sex pheromone (pMSP) composition and the genetic structure inferred from variation in the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase 1 and nuclear CAD loci in the African butterfly Bicyclus anynana (Butler, 1879) to determine whether the evolution of "pheromonal dialects" occurs before or after the differentiation process. We observed differences in abundance of some shared pMSP components as well as differences in the composition of the pMSP among B. anynana populations. In addition, B. anynana individuals from Kenya displayed differences in the pMSP composition within a single population that appeared not associated with genetic differences. These differences in pMSP composition both between and within B. anynana populations were as large as those found between different Bicyclus species. Our results suggest that "pheromonal dialects" evolved within and among populations of B. anynana and may therefore act as precursors of an ongoing speciation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul M. B. Bacquet
- Evolutionary Ecology and Genetics GroupBiodiversity Research CentreEarth and Life InstituteUniversité catholique de LouvainCroix du Sud 4‐51348Louvain‐la‐NeuveBelgium
| | - Maaike A. de Jong
- Biological SciencesUniversity of BristolWoodland RoadBristolBS8 1UGUK
| | - Oskar Brattström
- Department of ZoologyUniversity Museum of ZoologyUniversity of CambridgeDowning StreetCambridgeCB2 3EJUK
| | - Hong‐Lei Wang
- Department of BiologyPheromone GroupLund UniversitySE‐223 62LundSweden
| | - Freerk Molleman
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research ThiruvananthapuramVanasiri Evolutionary Ecology LabCollege of Engineering Trivandrum CampusTrivandrum695016KeralaIndia
| | - Stéphanie Heuskin
- Laboratory of Analytical ChemistryDepartment of AgroBioChemGembloux Agro‐Bio TechUniversity of LiegePassage des Déportés 2B‐5030GemblouxBelgium
| | - George Lognay
- Laboratory of Analytical ChemistryDepartment of AgroBioChemGembloux Agro‐Bio TechUniversity of LiegePassage des Déportés 2B‐5030GemblouxBelgium
| | - Christer Löfstedt
- Department of BiologyPheromone GroupLund UniversitySE‐223 62LundSweden
| | - Paul M. Brakefield
- Department of ZoologyUniversity Museum of ZoologyUniversity of CambridgeDowning StreetCambridgeCB2 3EJUK
| | - Alain Vanderpoorten
- Biologie de l’évolution et de la conservationUniversity of LiègeB22 Sart TilmanB‐4000LiègeBelgium
| | - Caroline M. Nieberding
- Evolutionary Ecology and Genetics GroupBiodiversity Research CentreEarth and Life InstituteUniversité catholique de LouvainCroix du Sud 4‐51348Louvain‐la‐NeuveBelgium
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Arlet ME, Chapman CA, Isbell LA, Molleman F, Mänd R, Hõrak P, Carey JR. Social and Ecological Correlates of Parasitic Infections in Adult Male Gray-Cheeked Mangabeys (Lophocebus albigena). INT J PRIMATOL 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s10764-015-9866-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Molleman F, Remmel T, Sam K. Phenology of Predation on Insects in a Tropical Forest: Temporal Variation in Attack Rate on Dummy Caterpillars. Biotropica 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/btp.12268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Freerk Molleman
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences; University of Tartu; Vanemuise 46 EE-51014 Tartu Estonia
- Université de Rennes 1; ECOBIO; Campus de Beaulieu 35042 Rennes France
| | - Triinu Remmel
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences; University of Tartu; Vanemuise 46 EE-51014 Tartu Estonia
- Department of Plant Physiology; Estonian University of Life Sciences; Fr. R. Kreutzwaldi 5 51014 Tartu Estonia
| | - Katerina Sam
- Biology Centre CAS; Institute of Entomology; Branisovska 31 CZ-370 05 Ceske Budejovice Czech Republic
- Faculty of Science; University of South Bohemia; Branisovska 1760 CZ-370 05 Ceske Budejovice Czech Republic
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Arlet ME, Isbell LA, Kaasik A, Molleman F, Chancellor RL, Chapman CA, Mänd R, Carey JR. Determinants of Reproductive Performance Among Female Gray-Cheeked Mangabeys (Lophocebus albigena) in Kibale National Park, Uganda. INT J PRIMATOL 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s10764-014-9810-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Arlet ME, Molleman F, Isbell LA, Chancellor RL, Carey JR, Mänd R. Correlations between Social Context and Fecal Glucocorticoid Metabolite Concentrations in Free-ranging Female Gray-cheeked Mangabeys (Lophocebus albigena) in Kibale National Park, Uganda. Folia Biol (Praha) 2013; 61:239-46. [DOI: 10.3409/fb61_3-4.239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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17
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Valtonen A, Molleman F, Chapman CA, Carey JR, Ayres MP, Roininen H. Tropical phenology: bi-annual rhythms and interannual variation in an Afrotropical butterfly assemblage. Ecosphere 2013. [DOI: 10.1890/es12-00338.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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Aduse-Poku K, William O, Oppong SK, Larsen T, Ofori-Boateng C, Molleman F. Spatial and temporal variation in butterfly biodiversity in a West African forest: lessons for establishing efficient rapid monitoring programmes. Afr J Ecol 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2028.2012.01328.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Oduro William
- Department of Wildlife and Range Management; Faculty of Renewable Natural Resources; Kwame Nkrumah University of Science & Technology; UPO; Kumasi; Ghana
| | - Samuel K. Oppong
- Department of Wildlife and Range Management; Faculty of Renewable Natural Resources; Kwame Nkrumah University of Science & Technology; UPO; Kumasi; Ghana
| | - Torben Larsen
- Butterflies of West Africa; Jacobys alle 2; DK 1806; Frederiksberg; Denmark
| | | | - Freerk Molleman
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences; University of Tartu; Vanemuise; 46; EE-51014; Tartu; Estonia
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Kouloussis NA, Papadopoulos NT, Katsoyannos BI, Müller HG, Wang JL, Su YR, Molleman F, Carey JR. Seasonal trends in Ceratitis capitata reproductive potential derived from live-caught females in Greece. Entomol Exp Appl 2011; 140:181-188. [PMID: 22791908 PMCID: PMC3393522 DOI: 10.1111/j.1570-7458.2011.01154.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Reproductive data of individual insects are extremely hard to collect under natural conditions, thus the study of research questions related to oviposition has not advanced. Patterns of oviposition are often inferred only indirectly, through monitoring of host infestation, whereas the influence of age structure and several other factors on oviposition remains unknown. Using a new approach, in this article, we live-trapped wild Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Tephritidae) females on the Greek island of Chios during two field seasons. For their remaining lifetime, these females were placed individually in small cages and their daily oviposition was monitored. Reproduction rates between cohorts from different collection dates were then compared. The results showed that in the different captive cohorts the average remaining lifetime and reproduction were highly variable within and between seasons. Multivariate regression analysis showed that the month of capture had a significant effect on captive life span, average daily reproduction, and patterns of egg laying. The effect of year was significant on reproduction, but not on captive life span. These differences between sampling periods probably reflect differences in the availability of hosts and other factors that vary during the season and affect age structure and reproduction. Using a non-parametric generalized additive model, we found a statistically significant correlation between the captive life span and the average daily reproduction. These findings and the experimental approach have several important implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikos A. Kouloussis
- Laboratory of Applied Zoology and Parasitology, School of Agriculture, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
- Department of Entomology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Nikos T. Papadopoulos
- Laboratory of Entomology and Agricultural Zoology, Department of Agriculture Crop Production and Rural Environment, University of Thessaly, Phytokou St. 384 36 N. Ionia (Volos), Greece
| | - Byron I. Katsoyannos
- Laboratory of Applied Zoology and Parasitology, School of Agriculture, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Hans-Georg Müller
- Department of Statistics, University of California, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - Jane-Ling Wang
- Department of Statistics, University of California, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - Yu-Ru Su
- Department of Statistics, University of California, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - Freerk Molleman
- Department of Entomology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - James R. Carey
- Department of Entomology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
- Center for the Economics and Demography of Aging, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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Molleman F, Javoiš J, Esperk T, Teder T, Davis RB, Tammaru T. Sexual differences in weight loss upon eclosion are related to life history strategy in Lepidoptera. J Insect Physiol 2011; 57:712-722. [PMID: 21335008 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2011.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2010] [Revised: 02/08/2011] [Accepted: 02/09/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Given that immature and adult insects have different life styles, different target body compositions can be expected. For adults, such targets will also differ depending on life history strategy, and thus vary among the sexes, and in females depend on the degree of capital versus income breeding and ovigeny. Since these targets may in part be approximated by loss of substances upon eclosion, comparing sexual differences in such losses upon eclosion among species that differ in life history would provide insights into insect functional ecology. We studied weight loss in eclosing insects using original data on pupal and adult live weights of 38 species of Lepidoptera (mainly Geometridae) and further literature data on 15 species of Lepidoptera and six representatives of other insect orders, and applied the phylogenetic independent contrasts approach. In addition, data on live and dry weights of pupae of four species of Lepidoptera are presented. We documented that Lepidoptera typically lose a large proportion (20-80%) of their pupal weight upon adult eclosion. Sexual differences in weight loss varied between absent and strongly male biased. Most of the weight loss was water loss, and sexual differences in adult water content correlate strongly with differences in weight loss. Using feeding habits (feeds or does not feed as an adult) and female biased sexual size dimorphism as measures of degree of capital breeding, we found that the difference among the sexes in weight loss tends to be more pronounced in capital breeding species. Additionally, females of more pro-ovigenic species (large proportion of eggs mature upon emergence) tend to have higher water contents. Our results suggests that metamorphosis is generally facilitated by a high water content, while adults excrete water upon eclosion to benefit flight unless water has been allocated to eggs, or is treated as a capital resource for adult survival or future allocation to eggs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Freerk Molleman
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Vanemuise 46, EE-51014 Tartu, Estonia.
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21
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Arlet ME, Kaasik A, Molleman F, Isbell L, Carey JR, Mänd R. Social factors increase fecal testosterone levels in wild male gray-cheeked mangabeys (Lophocebus albigena). Horm Behav 2011; 59:605-11. [PMID: 21376722 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2011.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2010] [Revised: 02/09/2011] [Accepted: 02/25/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Testosterone can be expected to play a significant role in mediating behavior and life history in social animals, but the number of species with data from the wild is still too small to make generalizations. We investigated the influence of social factors (social status, aggression, and reproductive females) and environmental variation (rainfall and temperature) on fecal testosterone concentrations in wild male gray-cheeked mangabeys (Lophocebus albigena) living in five groups in Kibale National Park, Uganda. This species is phylogenetically closely related to baboons, but is arboreal, with multi-male, multi-female groups rarely exceeding 20 individuals. We analyzed 358 fecal samples from 21 adult males. We found that the highest-ranking males had the highest testosterone concentrations while immigrant males had the lowest testosterone concentrations. Aggression was not correlated with testosterone levels. The presence of females with sexual swellings at their most tumescent stage increased testosterone concentrations in all males. Finally, individuals tended to have lower testosterone when the temperature was higher.
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata E Arlet
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, 46 Vanemuise Street, Tartu 51014, Estonia.
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Abstract
The broad objective of this paper is to present an overview and synthesis of selected studies on reproduction and aging in two model tephritid fruit fly species including the Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata, and the Mexican fruit fly, Anastrepha ludens. We summarize the research findings from empirical studies and modeling investigations involving reproduction in the two tephritid species. At the end we identify and discuss four general principles regarding reproductive aging in tephritids including reciprocity of reproductive and aging costs, qualitative tradeoffs, plasticity of lifespan and reproduction, and life history constraints and determinacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- James R Carey
- Department of Entomology, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA.
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23
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Papadopoulos NT, Liedo P, Müller HG, Wang JL, Molleman F, Carey JR. Cost of reproduction in male medflies: the primacy of sexual courting in extreme longevity reduction. J Insect Physiol 2010; 56:283-287. [PMID: 19896949 PMCID: PMC3018851 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2009.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2009] [Revised: 10/26/2009] [Accepted: 10/27/2009] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
In polygynous insect species, male reproductive success is directly related to lifetime mating success. However, the costs for males of sexual activities such as courting, signaling, and mating are largely unknown. We studied the cost of sexual activities in male Mediterranean fruit flies, Ceratitis capitata (Tephritidae), a polygynous lekking species, by keeping cohorts of individual male flies under relaxed crowding conditions in the laboratory. We used 5 cohorts among which individuals differed in their opportunities to interact with con-specifics and recorded life span, and in one treatment, mating rate. We found that males kept singly lived more than twice as long as males that interacted intensively with mature virgin females, while male-male interactions caused a smaller reduction in longevity. Because longevity of males that could court but not mate was not significantly different from those that could court and mate, we conclude that courting (not mating) was responsible for the observed longevity reduction. Moreover, we detected high variability in male mating success, when 5 virgin females were offered daily. In contrast to the cohort level, individual males that mated at a high rate lived relatively long, thus indicating heterogeneity in quality or sexual strategy among males.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikos T Papadopoulos
- Department of Agriculture Crop Production and Rural Environment, University of Thessaly, Phytokoy St, 38446 N Ionia, Volos, Magnisias, Greece
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24
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Kulminski AM, Molleman F, Culminskaya IV, Arbeev KG, Ukraintseva SV, Carey JR, Yashin AI. Date of eclosion modulates longevity: insights across dietary-restriction gradients and female reproduction in the mexfly Anastrepha ludens. Exp Gerontol 2009; 44:718-26. [PMID: 19716408 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2009.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2009] [Revised: 07/24/2009] [Accepted: 08/20/2009] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
We use unique experimental data on daily reproduction and survival of individual fruit flies from eight cohorts eclosed at different dates in 2004 and 2005 who were treated with varying proportions of sugar and yeast and subject to different caloric restrictions (CR). We investigate the relationship between eclosion date and longevity across diets and reproduction in Anastrepha ludens. We show that eclosion date can be associated with uncontrolled external or internal factor(s) which can modulate longevity of males and females independently of diet and reproduction to the extent similar to the effect of diet on longevity. The effect of diet manipulation on longevity is sensitive to date of eclosion with the role of CR in life extension ranging from beneficial to harmful. Interaction of date of eclosion with compositional changes of sugar and yeast but not with CR is responsible for life extension. Highly protein-enriched diets reliably maximize reproduction but not life span. Decreased longevity of flies treated with high-protein diets may be associated with harmful consequences of protein ingestion but is unlikely a result of high reproduction rates. We present evidence for the presence of two frailty-sensitive weakly interacting mechanisms of longevity in female flies associated with differences in predisposed fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander M Kulminski
- Center for Population Health and Aging, Duke University Population Research Institute, Department of Sociology, Duke University, Trent Hall, Room 002, Box 90408, Durham, NC 27708, USA.
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25
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Molleman F, Ding J, Boggs CL, Carey JR, Arlet ME. Does dietary restriction reduce life span in male fruit-feeding butterflies? Exp Gerontol 2009; 44:601-6. [PMID: 19580860 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2009.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2008] [Revised: 06/16/2009] [Accepted: 06/25/2009] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Male life history and resource allocation is not frequently studied in aging and life span research. Here, we verify that males of long-lived fruit-feeding butterfly species have reduced longevity on restricted diets [Beck, J., 2007. The importance of amino acids in the adult diet of male tropical rainforest butterflies. Oecologia 151, 741-747], in contrast to the common finding of longevity extension in dietary restriction experiments in Drosophila and some other organisms. Males of some of the most long-lived species of fruit-feeding butterflies were collected from Kibale Forest, Uganda, and kept on diets of either sugar or mashed banana. Seven out of eight species had non-significantly longer life spans on mashed banana diets. Data analysis using a time-varying Cox-model with species as covariate showed that males had reduced survival on the sugar diet during the first 35 days of captive life, but the effect was absent or reversed at more advanced ages. These results challenge the generality of dietary restriction as a way to extend life span in animals. We argue that such studies on males are promising tools for better understanding life history evolution and aging because males display a wider variety of tactics for obtaining reproductive success than females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Freerk Molleman
- Department of Entomology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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Carey JR, Liedo P, Müller HG, Wang JL, Yang W, Molleman F. Leg impairments elicit graded and sex-specific demographic responses in the tephritid fruit fly Anastrepha ludens. Exp Gerontol 2009; 44:541-5. [PMID: 19457447 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2009.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2008] [Revised: 04/08/2009] [Accepted: 05/07/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This study was concerned with the impact of different levels of artificial impairment (leg amputations) on male and female survival and female reproduction in the Mexican fruit fly, Anastrepha ludens. We monitored the demographic responses in a total of 100 flies of each sex that were maintained individually in 4x4x10 cm cages and subject to 1-of-11 different leg amputations (plus intact control) including cohorts in which either one front, one middle or one rear leg was severed (3 cohorts total), in which two legs were severed in different front-middle-rear combinations (6 cohorts total), or in which the two middle and one additional leg were severed (2 cohorts total). The two main findings were that: (i) although the effects on mortality of impairments were sex-specific, no universal patterns emerged that applied to either sex; and (ii) reproduction occurred in all cohorts of impaired females. Moderately-impaired flies (e.g. amputation of a single middle leg) laid nearly as many eggs in their lifetime as did intact controls. However, severely impaired flies (i.e. 3 legs amputated) laid significantly fewer eggs.
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Affiliation(s)
- James R Carey
- Department of Entomology, University of California-Davis, One Shields Ave., Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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Molleman F, Ding J, Carey JR, Wang JL. Nutrients in fruit increase fertility in wild-caught females of large and long-lived Euphaedra species (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae). J Insect Physiol 2009; 55:375-383. [PMID: 19186186 PMCID: PMC3388106 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2009.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2008] [Revised: 11/12/2008] [Accepted: 01/07/2009] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Fruit-feeding butterflies can experience a more nutrient rich adult diet than nectar-feeding species, and can be expected to use these nutrients for egg production. Here we compare life span, and reproduction parameters of wild-caught females of large and long-lived species on either a sucrose or a mashed banana diet. With small sample sizes per species, but rich longitudinal data for each individual, we examined the longitudinal reproduction pattern, egg size and hatchability of these butterflies in captivity. Diet significantly affected mortality in captivity in a time-dependent manner. On average, we found that butterflies fed mashed banana laid 1.855 times more eggs than those fed sugar. They laid significantly more eggs when they laid and conserved egg size with age while butterflies fed sucrose showed significantly declining egg sizes. Egg hatchability was not significantly affected by diet. Long pre-oviposition periods, significantly smaller first eggs, and absence of age at capture effects on intensity of reproduction indicate low reproduction rates in the field that are due to low food availability. With our small sample sizes, we did not detect significant differences between the species in their response to the diet treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Freerk Molleman
- Department of Entomology, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Jimin Ding
- Department of Mathematics, Cupples I, RM112A, Campus Box 1146, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - James R. Carey
- Department of Entomology, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Jane-Ling Wang
- Department of Statistics, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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28
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Arlet ME, Grote MN, Molleman F, Isbell LA, Carey JR. Reproductive tactics influence cortisol levels in individual male gray-cheeked mangabeys (Lophocebus albigena). Horm Behav 2009; 55:210-6. [PMID: 18996388 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2008.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2008] [Revised: 10/09/2008] [Accepted: 10/10/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Concentration of the hormone cortisol is often used as an indicator of stress, and chronically high cortisol levels are often associated with poor health. Among group living animals that compete for resources, agonistic social interactions can be expected to contribute to variation in cortisol levels within and among individuals over time. Reproductive tactics of males can change with individual quality, relatedness, and social structure, and affect cortisol levels. In gray-cheeked mangabey (Lophocebus albigena) groups, male rank is an important factor in social interactions, and males also move between groups while actively competing for females or sneaking copulations. During a 20-month study we observed the social behavior and collected 461 fecal samples from 24 adult male gray-cheeked mangabeys from five groups in Kibale National Park, Uganda. Aggressive interactions and the presence of females at the peak of sexual swelling were associated with elevated cortisol concentrations in all males. Independently, dominant (i.e., highest-ranking) males within groups had higher cortisol concentrations than subordinate males, and immigrant males had higher cortisol concentrations than dominant males.
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata E Arlet
- Department of Entomology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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29
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Molleman F, Ding J, Wang JL, Zwaan BJ, Carey JR, Brakefield PM. Adult diet affects lifespan and reproduction of the fruit-feeding butterfly Charaxes fulvescens. Entomol Exp Appl 2008; 129:54-65. [PMID: 19774093 PMCID: PMC2747111 DOI: 10.1111/j.1570-7458.2008.00752.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Fruit-feeding butterflies are among the longest lived Lepidoptera. While the use of pollen-derived amino acids by Heliconius butterflies has been interpreted as important for the evolution of extended lifespans, very little is known about the life-history consequences of frugivory. This issue is addressed by investigating effects of four adult diets (sugar, sugar with amino acids, banana, and moistened banana) on lifespan and reproduction in the fruit-feeding butterfly Charaxes fulvescens Aurivillius (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae). Female butterflies were collected from Kibale National Park, Uganda, and kept individually in cages near their natural habitat and data were collected on lifespan, oviposition, and hatching of eggs. Lifespan in captivity was longer for the sugar and the amino acid cohort, than for the banana cohorts. The longitudinal pattern of oviposition was erratic, with many days without oviposition and few periods with high numbers of eggs laid. Butterflies typically did not lay eggs during their 1st week in captivity and the length of the period between capture and first reproduction was significantly shorter for butterflies fed moistened banana. The length of the reproduction period (first reproduction-last reproduction in captivity) and the reproduction rate (total number of eggs/length of the reproduction period) did not differ significantly between the diet treatments. Those fed with amino acid and moistened banana had significantly higher egg hatchability than those fed with sugar and banana. We found no evidence for a lifespan cost of reproduction. Our results show that (1) female C. fulvescens can use amino acids in their diet for laying fertile eggs, (2) more wing-wear does correlate with lower survival in captivity (indicating aging in the wild), but not with intensity of reproduction (providing no evidence for reproductive aging), and (3) fruit-feeding butterflies may be dietary restricted in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Freerk Molleman
- Department of Entomology, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
- Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, PO Box 9516, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jimin Ding
- Department of Statistics, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
- Department of Mathematics, Washington University, Cupples I, Room 112A, Campus Box 1146, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - Jane-Ling Wang
- Department of Statistics, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Bas J. Zwaan
- Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, PO Box 9516, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - James R. Carey
- Department of Entomology, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Paul M. Brakefield
- Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, PO Box 9516, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
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Molleman F, Ding J, Wang JL, Brakefield PM, Carey JR, Zwaan BJ. Amino acid sources in the adult diet do not affect life span and fecundity in the fruit-feeding butterfly Bicyclus anynana. Ecol Entomol 2008; 33:429-438. [PMID: 19081752 PMCID: PMC2600556 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2311.2008.00986.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
1. In tropical forests, the adults of many butterfly species feed on fruits rather than nectar from flowers and have long life spans. Rotting fruit and nectar differ from each other in many respects, including sources of amino acids and microbial life. If amino acids in the adult diet can be used for reproduction, this may have facilitated the evolution of extended life spans in this guild.2. This issue was addressed by investigating effects of banana, yeast, and amino acids in the adult diet of the fruit-feeding butterfly Bicyclus anynana (Lepidoptera) on longevity and female reproductive output in two experiments.3. Results showed that in the fruit-feeding butterfly B. anynana: (i) banana juice, but not sliced banana or added amino acids extend life span compared with a sugar solution of similar composition; (ii) compared with this sugar solution, other cohorts (banana juice-amino acid enriched) did not have significantly higher reproductive outputs; (iii) yeast does not represent a valuable source of nutrients; (iv) caloric restriction may cause decreased life span and rate of reproduction; and (v) increased rates of reproduction have a life span cost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Freerk Molleman
- Department of Entomology, University of California, Davis, California, U.S.A
- Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Jimin Ding
- Department of Statistics, University of California, Davis, California, U.S.A
- Department of Mathematics, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, U.S.A
| | - Jane-Ling Wang
- Department of Statistics, University of California, Davis, California, U.S.A
| | - Paul M. Brakefield
- Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - James R. Carey
- Department of Entomology, University of California, Davis, California, U.S.A
| | - Bas J. Zwaan
- Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
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Arlet ME, Molleman F, Chapman C. Indications for female mate choice in grey-cheeked mangabeys Lophocebus albigena johnstoni in Kibale National Park, Uganda. Acta Ethol 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/s10211-007-0034-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Carey JR, Pinter-Wollman N, Wyman M, Müller HG, Molleman F, Zhang N. A search for principles of disability using experimental impairment of Drosophila melanogaster. Exp Gerontol 2006; 42:166-72. [PMID: 17118600 PMCID: PMC1892206 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2006.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2006] [Revised: 09/28/2006] [Accepted: 10/03/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The results of life table experiments to determine the effects of artificial impairment (leg amputation) in 7500 Drosophila melanogaster adults revealed that the extent to which life expectancy was reduced in impaired individuals was conditional on: (1) leg location and number amputated--front leg had greatest impact and the number of legs amputated directly correlated with mortality impact; (2) age of amputation--the greatest relative reduction in remaining life expectancy occurred when young flies were impaired; (3) vial orientation--mortality in impaired flies was the least when vials held upside-down (most friendly environment) and the greatest when they were right-side up (least friendly environment); and (4) sex--male mortality was increased more than female mortality in nearly all impairment treatments. These results were used to formulate a set of general principles of disability that would apply not only to humans but to all organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- James R Carey
- Department of Entomology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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Molleman F, Zwaan B, Brakefield P. The effect of male sodium diet and mating history on female reproduction in the puddling squinting bush brown Bicyclus anynana (Lepidoptera). Behav Ecol Sociobiol 2004. [DOI: 10.1007/s00265-004-0789-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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