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Reprogramming of fibroblast cells to totipotent state by DNA demethylation. Sci Rep 2023; 13:1154. [PMID: 36670207 PMCID: PMC9859804 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-28457-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Many attempts have been made to induce high-quality embryonic stem cells such as pluripotent stem cells and totipotent stem cells, but challenges remain to be overcome such as appropriate methods and sources. Demethylation of the genome after fertilization is an important step to initiate zygote gene activation, which can lead to the development of new embryos. Here, we tried to induce totipotent stem cells by mimicking DNA demethylation patterns of the embryo. Our data showed, after induction of DNA demethylation via chemicals or knockdown of Dnmts, cells positive for Nanog, and Cdx2 emerged. These cells could differentiate into the pluripotent and trophoblast lineage cells in-vitro. After transferring these cells to the uterus, they can implant and form embryo-like structures. Our study showed the importance of DNA demethylation roles in totipotent stem cell induction and a new and easy way to induce this cell type.
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2
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Sharma C, Bhardwaj NK, Pathak P. Ternary nano-biocomposite films using synergistic combination of bacterial cellulose with chitosan and gelatin for tissue engineering applications. JOURNAL OF BIOMATERIALS SCIENCE-POLYMER EDITION 2020; 32:166-188. [PMID: 32905737 DOI: 10.1080/09205063.2020.1822122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Ternary nano-biocomposite films of bacterial cellulose-chitosan-gelatin (BC-C-G) were fabricated by immersing the BC pellicles into chitosan and gelatin mixture and subsequently freeze-drying. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images of the nano-biocomposite films revealed the presence of interconnected pores, with fibre diameter 20-150 nm. The composite films have a porosity of 95.3%, and showed good hydrophilicity with swelling ratio of 19 ± 1.8 and in vitro degradability. X-ray diffraction, attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and thermogravimetric (TG) analysis results showed some interactions among the molecules of BC, gelatin, and chitosan within the film. The composite film offered good matrix for adhesion and proliferation of L929 fibroblasts cells as indicated by the cell attachment study, FE-SEM of cell-film constructs and cytocompatibility assay. Thus, the nano-biocomposite films of BC-C-G could be of paramount importance as tissue engineering scaffold. The "all-natural" ternary polymer composite films of BC-C-G have not been evaluated before for biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chhavi Sharma
- Avantha Centre for Industrial Research and Development, Paper Mill campus, Yamuna Nagar, Haryana, India
| | - Nishi K Bhardwaj
- Avantha Centre for Industrial Research and Development, Paper Mill campus, Yamuna Nagar, Haryana, India
| | - Puneet Pathak
- Avantha Centre for Industrial Research and Development, Paper Mill campus, Yamuna Nagar, Haryana, India
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3
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All roads lead to Rome: the many ways to pluripotency. J Assist Reprod Genet 2020; 37:1029-1036. [PMID: 32198717 DOI: 10.1007/s10815-020-01744-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell pluripotency, spatial restriction, and development are spatially and temporally controlled by epigenetic regulatory mechanisms that occur without any permanent loss or alteration of genetic material, but rather through modifications "on top of it." These changes modulate the accessibility to transcription factors, either allowing or repressing their activity, thus shaping cell phenotype. Several studies have demonstrated the possibility to interact with these processes, reactivating silenced genes and inducing a high plasticity state, via an active demethylating effect, driven by ten-eleven translocation (TET) enzymes and an overall decrease of global methylation. In agreement with this, TET activities have been shown to be indispensable for mesenchymal to epithelial transition of somatic cells into iPSCs and for small molecule-driven epigenetic erasure. Beside the epigenetic mechanisms, growing evidences highlight the importance of mechanical forces in supporting cell pluripotency, which is strongly influenced by 3D rearrangement and mechanical properties of the surrounding microenvironment, through the activation of specific mechanosensing-related pathways. In this review, we discuss and provide an overview of small molecule ability to modulate cell plasticity and define cell fate through the activation of direct demethylating effects. In addition, we describe the contribution of the Hippo signaling mechanotransduction pathway as one of the mechanisms involved in the maintenance of pluripotency during embryo development and its induction in somatic cells.
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4
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Stem cells out of the bag: characterization of ex vivo expanded mesenchymal stromal cells for possible clinical use. Future Sci OA 2020; 6:FSO449. [PMID: 32140248 PMCID: PMC7050601 DOI: 10.2144/fsoa-2019-0129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) are a promising tool for cellular therapy and regenerative medicine. One major difficulty in establishing a MSC expansion protocol is the large volume of bone marrow (BM) required. We studied whether cells trapped within a collection bag and filter system could be considered as a source of MSC. Results: From the 20 BM collection bag and filter systems, we recovered an average of 1.68 × 108 mononuclear cells, which is the equivalent to 60 ml of filtered BM. Mononuclear cells were expanded ex vivo to 17 × 106 MSC, with purity shown by a CD44+, CD105+, CD90+ and CD73+ immunophenotype, a reduction of 20% proliferating cells in a mixed lymphocyte reaction and also the ability of adipocyte differentiation. Conclusion: Long-term MSC cultures were established from the usually discarded BM collection bag and filter, maintaining an appropriate phenotype and function, being suitable for both investigation and clinical settings. Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) are a promising tool for cellular therapy and regenerative medicine. One major difficulty in obtaining MSC is the large volume of bone marrow (BM) required from a healthy donor. From usually discarded collection bags of BM collected for transplant, we recovered a number of cells equivalent to 60 ml of BM and expanded functional MSC with high purity. We believe that those recovered cells are an alternative to BM for obtaining MSC. The routinely recovery of such cells in reference centers, in a way similar to a public cord-blood bank, could benefit the scientific community, once further research is conducted to confirm results.
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5
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Ghazimoradi MH, Farivar S. The role of DNA demethylation in induction of stem cells. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 153:17-22. [PMID: 31901417 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2019.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Revised: 12/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
DNA methylation is an epigenetic factor, which plays important roles in embryo and many other diseases development. This factor determines gene expression, and when half of them have CpG islands, DNA methylation and its enzyme effectors have been under the vast studies. Whole genome DNA demethylation is a crucial step of embryogenesis and also cell fate determination in embryos. Therefore, demethylation agents were used as a tool for dedifferentiation and transdifferentiation. Although many of these efforts have been successful, but using this method gave us a vast spectral cell type which is confusing. In this article, we briefly reviewed DNA methylation, and its role in embryogenesis and gene expression. In addition to that, we introduce studies that used this action as a direct method in induction of stem cells and cell fate decision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad H Ghazimoradi
- Genetics, Stem Cells, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, 1983963113, Iran
| | - Shirin Farivar
- Genetics, Stem Cells, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, 1983963113, Iran.
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6
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Gandolfi F, Arcuri S, Pennarossa G, Brevini TAL. New tools for cell reprogramming and conversion: Possible applications to livestock. Anim Reprod 2019; 16:475-484. [PMID: 32435291 PMCID: PMC7234139 DOI: 10.21451/1984-3143-ar2019-0043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Somatic cell nuclear transfer and iPS are both forms of radical cell reprogramming able to transform a fully differentiated cell type into a totipotent or pluripotent cell. Both processes, however, are hampered by low efficiency and, in the case of iPS, the application to livestock species is uncertain. Epigenetic manipulation has recently emerged as an efficient and robust alternative method for cell reprogramming. It is based upon the use of small molecules that are able to modify the levels of DNA methylation with 5-azacitidyne as one of the most widely used. Among a number of advantages, it includes the fact that it can be applied to domestic species including pig, dog and cat. Treated cells undergo a widespread demethylation which is followed by a renewed methylation pattern induced by specific chemical stimuli that lead to the desired phenotype. A detailed study of the mechanisms of epigenetic manipulation revealed that cell plasticity is achieved through the combined action of a reduced DNA methyl transferase activity with an active demethylation driven by the TET protein family. Surprisingly the same combination of molecular processes leads to the transformation of fibroblasts into iPS and regulate the epigenetic changes that take place during early development and, hence, during reprogramming following SCNT. Finally, it has recently emerged that mechanic stimuli in the form of a 3D cell rearrangement can significantly enhance the efficiency of epigenetic reprogramming as well as of maintenance of pluripotency. Interestingly these mechanic stimuli act on the same mechanisms both in epigenetic cell conversion with 5-Aza-CR and in iPS. We suggest that the balanced combination of epigenetic erasing, 3D cell rearrangement and chemical induction can go a long way to obtain ad hoc cell types that can fully exploit the current exiting development brought by gene editing and animal cloning in livestock production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fulvio Gandolfi
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences - Production, Landscape, Agroenergy, University of Milan, Italy
| | - Sharon Arcuri
- Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety, University of Milan, Italy
| | - Georgia Pennarossa
- Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety, University of Milan, Italy
| | - Tiziana A L Brevini
- Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety, University of Milan, Italy
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7
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Khalil S, Ariel Gru A, Saavedra AP. Cutaneous extramedullary haematopoiesis: Implications in human disease and treatment. Exp Dermatol 2019; 28:1201-1209. [DOI: 10.1111/exd.14013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Revised: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shadi Khalil
- Department of Dermatology University of Virginia School of Medicine Charlottesville Virginia
| | - Alejandro Ariel Gru
- Department of Pathology University of Virginia School of Medicine Charlottesville Virginia
| | - Arturo P. Saavedra
- Department of Dermatology University of Virginia School of Medicine Charlottesville Virginia
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8
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Masterson CH, Curley GF, Laffey JG. Modulating the distribution and fate of exogenously delivered MSCs to enhance therapeutic potential: knowns and unknowns. Intensive Care Med Exp 2019; 7:41. [PMID: 31346794 PMCID: PMC6658643 DOI: 10.1186/s40635-019-0235-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) are undergoing intensive translational research for several debilitating conditions, including critical illnesses such as ARDS and sepsis. MSCs exert diverse biologic effects via their interaction with host tissues, via mechanisms that require the MSC to be in close proximity to the area of injury. Fully harnessing the therapeutic potential of advanced medicinal therapeutic products such as MSCs and their successful translation to clinical use requires a detailed understanding of MSC distribution and persistence in the injured tissues. Key aspects include understanding MSC distribution within the body, the response of the host to MSC administration, and the ultimate fate of exogenously administered MSCs within the host. Factors affecting this interaction include the MSC tissue source, the in vitro MSC culture conditions, the route of MSC administration and the specific issues relating to the target disease state, each of which remains to be fully characterised. Understanding these factors may generate strategies to modify MSC distribution and fate that may enhance their therapeutic effect. This review will examine our understanding of the mechanisms of action of MSCs, the early and late phase distribution kinetics of MSCs following in vivo administration, the ultimate fate of MSCs following administration and the potential importance of these MSC properties to their therapeutic effects. We will critique current cellular imaging and tracking methodologies used to track exogenous MSCs and their suitability for use in patients, discuss the insights they provide into the distribution and fate of MSCs after administration, and suggest strategies by which MSC biodistribution and fate may be modulated for therapeutic effect and clinical use. In conclusion, a better understanding of patterns of biodistribution and of the fate of MSCs will add important additional safety data regarding MSCs, address regulatory requirements, and may uncover strategies to increase the distribution and/or persistence of MSC at the sites of injury, potentially increasing their therapeutic potential for multiple disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire H Masterson
- Regenerative Medicine Institute (REMEDI) at CÚRAM Centre for Research in Medical Devices, Biomedical Sciences Building, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland.,School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Gerard F Curley
- Department of Anaesthesia and Critical Care, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland Education and Research Centre Smurfit Building, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, 9, Ireland
| | - John G Laffey
- Regenerative Medicine Institute (REMEDI) at CÚRAM Centre for Research in Medical Devices, Biomedical Sciences Building, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland. .,School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland. .,Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Galway University Hospitals, SAOLTA Hospital Group, Galway, Ireland.
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9
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Safety and Efficacy of Epigenetically Converted Human Fibroblasts Into Insulin-Secreting Cells: A Preclinical Study. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1079:151-162. [PMID: 29500792 DOI: 10.1007/5584_2018_172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (T1DM) is a chronic disease that leads to loss of insulin secreting β-cells, causing high levels of blood glucose. Exogenous insulin administration is not sufficient to mimic the normal function of β-cells and, consequently, diabetes mellitus often progresses and can lead to major chronic complications and morbidity. The physiological control of glucose levels can only be restored by replacing the β-cell mass.We recently developed a new strategy that allows for epigenetic conversion of dermal fibroblasts into insulin-secreting cells (EpiCC), using a brief exposure to the demethylating agent 5-aza-cytidine (5-aza-CR), followed by a pancreatic induction protocol. This method has notable advantages compared to the alternative available procedures and may represent a promising tool for clinical translation as a therapy for T1DM. However, a thought evaluation of its therapeutic safety and efficacy is mandatory to support preclinical studies based on EpiCC treatment.We here report the data obtained using human fibroblasts isolated from diabetic and healthy individuals, belonging the two genders. EpiCC were injected into 650 diabetic severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) mice and demonstrated to be able to restore and maintain glycemic levels within the physiological range. Cells had the ability to self-regulate and not to cause hypoglycemia, when transplanted in healthy animals. Efficacy tests showed that EpiCC successfully re-established normoglycemia in diabetic mice, using a dose range that appeared clinically relevant to the concentration 0.6 × 106 EpiCC. Necropsy and histopathological investigations demonstrated the absence of malignant transformation and cell migration to organs and lymph nodes.The present preclinical study demonstrates safety and efficacy of human EpiCC in diabetic mice and supports the use of epigenetic converted cells for regenerative medicine of diabetes mellitus.
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10
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Zare L, Baharvand H, Javan M. In vivo conversion of astrocytes to oligodendrocyte lineage cells using chemicals: targeting gliosis for myelin repair. Regen Med 2018; 13:803-819. [PMID: 30284949 DOI: 10.2217/rme-2017-0155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM It would be clinically ideal to target astrocytes in vivo for conversion into oligodendrocyte lineage cells to reduce astrogliosis and generate new myelinating cells. MATERIALS & METHODS Here, we prepared a GFP-labeled human astrocyte cell line, treated with epigenetic modifiers trichostatin A or 5-azacytidine and transplanted them into cuprizone-induced demyelinated mice brains. The fate of the transplanted astrocytes was studied at days 7, 14 and 28 post-transplantation. RESULTS GFP+ astrocytes were reduced over time, whereas the GFP+ oligodendrocyte lineage cells were found on days 14 and 28. Nontreated astrocytes did not convert to myelinating cells following transplantation. Cell conversion was proved in vitro by maintaining the treated cells in oligodendrocyte progenitor cell medium. CONCLUSION These findings seem promising for the application of epigenetic modifiers, especially their targeted delivery to glial scars to treat demyelinating diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Zare
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran 1411713116, Iran
| | - Hossein Baharvand
- Department of Brain Sciences & Cognition, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology & Technology, ACECR, Tehran 16635-148, Iran.,Department of Developmental Biology, University of Science & Culture, Tehran 1461968151, Iran
| | - Mohammad Javan
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran 1411713116, Iran.,Department of Brain Sciences & Cognition, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology & Technology, ACECR, Tehran 16635-148, Iran
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11
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Rozovski U, Harris DM, Li P, Liu Z, Jain P, Ferrajoli A, Burger J, Thompson P, Jain N, Wierda W, Keating MJ, Estrov Z. STAT3-activated CD36 facilitates fatty acid uptake in chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells. Oncotarget 2018; 9:21268-21280. [PMID: 29765537 PMCID: PMC5940394 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.25066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Although several studies established that unlike normal B cells chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) cells metabolize fatty acids (FA), how CLL cells internalize FA is poorly understood. Because in various cell types CD36 facilitates FA uptake, we wondered whether a similar mechanism is operative CLL. We found that CD36 levels are higher in CLL cells than in normal B cells, and that small interfering RNA, CD36 neutralizing antibodies or sulfosuccinimidyl oleate (SSO) that inhibits CD36 significantly reduced the oxygen consumption of CLL cells incubated with FA. Because CD36 is oeverexpressed and STAT3 is constitutively activated in CLL cells, we wondered whether STAT3 induces CD36 expression. Sequence analysis identified putative STAT3 binding sites in the CD36 gene promoter. Chromatin immunoprecipitation and an electrophoretic mobility shift assay revealed that STAT3 binds to the CD36 gene promoter. A luciferase assay and STAT3-small hairpin RNA, that significantly decreased the levels of CD36 in CLL cells, established that STAT3 activates the transcription of the CD36 gene. Furthermore, SSO induced a dose-dependent apoptosis of CLL cells. Taken together, our data suggest that STAT3 activates CD36 and that CD36 facilitates FA uptake in CLL cells. Whether CD36 inhibition would provide clinical benefits in CLL remains to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uri Rozovski
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA.,Institute of Hematology, Davidoff Cancer Center, Rabin Medical Center, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - David M Harris
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Ping Li
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Zhiming Liu
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Preetesh Jain
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Alessandra Ferrajoli
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Jan Burger
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Phillip Thompson
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Nitin Jain
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - William Wierda
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Michael J Keating
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Zeev Estrov
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
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12
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Chen H, Jiang M, Xiao L, Huang H. Single-cell qPCR facilitates the optimization of hematopoietic differentiation in hPSCs/OP9 coculture system. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 51:e7183. [PMID: 29561959 PMCID: PMC5875903 DOI: 10.1590/1414-431x20187183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs)/OP9 coculture system is a widely used hematopoietic differentiation approach. The limited understanding of this process leads to its low efficiency. Thus, we used single-cell qPCR to reveal the gene expression profiles of individual CD34+ cells from different stages of differentiation. According to the dynamic gene expression of hematopoietic transcription factors, we overexpressed specific hematopoietic transcription factors (Gata2, Lmo2, Etv2, ERG, and SCL) at an early stage of hematopoietic differentiation. After overexpression, we generated more CD34+ cells with normal expression level of CD43 and CD31, which are used to define various hematopoietic progenitors. Furthermore, these CD34+ cells possessed normal differentiation potency in colony-forming unit assays and normal gene expression profiles. In this study, we demonstrated that single-cell qPCR can provide guidance for optimization of hematopoietic differentiation and transient overexpression of selected hematopoietic transcription factors can enhance hematopoietic differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haide Chen
- College of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Mengmeng Jiang
- School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lei Xiao
- College of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - He Huang
- School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,The 1st Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
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13
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Baranek M, Belter A, Naskręt-Barciszewska MZ, Stobiecki M, Markiewicz WT, Barciszewski J. Effect of small molecules on cell reprogramming. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2017; 13:277-313. [PMID: 27918060 DOI: 10.1039/c6mb00595k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The essential idea of regenerative medicine is to fix or replace tissues or organs with alive and patient-specific implants. Pluripotent stem cells are able to indefinitely self-renew and differentiate into all cell types of the body which makes them a potent substantial player in regenerative medicine. The easily accessible source of induced pluripotent stem cells may allow obtaining and cultivating tissues in vitro. Reprogramming refers to regression of mature cells to its initial pluripotent state. One of the approaches affecting pluripotency is the usage of low molecular mass compounds that can modulate enzymes and receptors leading to the formation of pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). It would be great to assess the general character of such compounds and reveal their new derivatives or modifications to increase the cell reprogramming efficiency. Many improvements in the methods of pluripotency induction have been made by various groups in order to limit the immunogenicity and tumorigenesis, increase the efficiency and accelerate the kinetics. Understanding the epigenetic changes during the cellular reprogramming process will extend the comprehension of stem cell biology and lead to potential therapeutic approaches. There are compounds which have been already proven to be or for now only putative inducers of the pluripotent state that may substitute for the classic reprogramming factors (Oct3/4, Sox2, Klf4, c-Myc) in order to improve the time and efficiency of pluripotency induction. The effect of small molecules on gene expression is dosage-dependent and their application concentration needs to be strictly determined. In this review we analysed the role of small molecules in modulations leading to pluripotency induction, thereby contributing to our understanding of stem cell biology and uncovering the major mechanisms involved in that process.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Baranek
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Noskowskiego str. 12/14, 61-704 Poznań, Poland.
| | - A Belter
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Noskowskiego str. 12/14, 61-704 Poznań, Poland.
| | - M Z Naskręt-Barciszewska
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Noskowskiego str. 12/14, 61-704 Poznań, Poland.
| | - M Stobiecki
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Noskowskiego str. 12/14, 61-704 Poznań, Poland.
| | - W T Markiewicz
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Noskowskiego str. 12/14, 61-704 Poznań, Poland.
| | - J Barciszewski
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Noskowskiego str. 12/14, 61-704 Poznań, Poland.
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14
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Fibroblasts as maestros orchestrating tissue regeneration. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2017; 12:240-251. [DOI: 10.1002/term.2405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Revised: 12/05/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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15
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Brevini TAL, Pennarossa G, Maffei S, Gandolfi F. Phenotype switching through epigenetic conversion. Reprod Fertil Dev 2017; 27:776-83. [PMID: 25739562 DOI: 10.1071/rd14246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2014] [Accepted: 01/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Different cell types have been suggested as candidates for use in regenerative medicine. Embryonic pluripotent stem cells can give rise to all cells of the body and possess unlimited self-renewal potential. However, they are unstable, difficult to control and have a risk of neoplastic transformation. Adult stem cells are safe but have limited proliferation and differentiation abilities and are usually not within easy access. In recent years, induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells have become a new promising tool in regenerative medicine. However, the use of transgene vectors, commonly required for the induction of iPS cells, seriously limits their use in therapy. The same problem arising from the use of retroviruses is associated with the use of cells obtained through transdifferentiation. Developing knowledge of the mechanisms controlling epigenetic regulation of cell fate has boosted the use of epigenetic modifiers that drive cells into a 'highly permissive' state. We recently set up a new strategy for the conversion of an adult mature cell into another cell type. We increased cell plasticity using 5-aza-cytidine and took advantage of a brief window of epigenetic instability to redirect cells to a different lineage. This approach is termed 'epigenetic conversion'. It is a simple, direct and safe way to obtain both cells for therapy avoiding gene transfection and a stable pluripotent state.
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Affiliation(s)
- T A L Brevini
- Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety, UniStem, Laboratory of Biomedical Embryology, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 10, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - G Pennarossa
- Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety, UniStem, Laboratory of Biomedical Embryology, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 10, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - S Maffei
- Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety, UniStem, Laboratory of Biomedical Embryology, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 10, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - F Gandolfi
- Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety, UniStem, Laboratory of Biomedical Embryology, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 10, 20133 Milan, Italy
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Brevini TAL, Pennarossa G, Manzoni EFM, Gandolfi CE, Zenobi A, Gandolfi F. The quest for an effective and safe personalized cell therapy using epigenetic tools. Clin Epigenetics 2016; 8:119. [PMID: 27891192 PMCID: PMC5112765 DOI: 10.1186/s13148-016-0283-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
In the presence of different environmental cues that are able to trigger specific responses, a given genotype has the ability to originate a variety of different phenotypes. This property is defined as plasticity and allows cell fate definition and tissue specialization. Fundamental epigenetic mechanisms drive these modifications in gene expression and include DNA methylation, histone modifications, chromatin remodeling, and microRNAs. Understanding these mechanisms can provide powerful tools to switch cell phenotype and implement cell therapy. Environmentally influenced epigenetic changes have also been associated to many diseases such as cancer and neurodegenerative disorders, with patients that do not respond, or only poorly respond, to conventional therapy. It is clear that disorders based on an individual's personal genomic/epigenomic profile can rarely be successfully treated with standard therapies due to genetic heterogeneity and epigenetic alterations and a personalized medicine approach is far more appropriate to manage these patients. We here discuss the recent advances in small molecule approaches for personalized medicine, drug targeting, and generation of new cells for medical application. We also provide prospective views of the possibility to directly convert one cell type into another, in a safe and robust way, for cell-based clinical trials and regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- T A L Brevini
- Laboratory of Biomedical Embryology, Unistem, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 10, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - G Pennarossa
- Laboratory of Biomedical Embryology, Unistem, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 10, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - E F M Manzoni
- Laboratory of Biomedical Embryology, Unistem, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 10, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - C E Gandolfi
- Laboratory of Biomedical Embryology, Unistem, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 10, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - A Zenobi
- Laboratory of Biomedical Embryology, Unistem, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 10, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - F Gandolfi
- Laboratory of Biomedical Embryology, Unistem, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 10, 20133 Milan, Italy
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Morgan R, Simpson G, Gray S, Gillett C, Tabi Z, Spicer J, Harrington KJ, Pandha HS. HOX transcription factors are potential targets and markers in malignant mesothelioma. BMC Cancer 2016; 16:85. [PMID: 26867567 PMCID: PMC4750173 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-016-2106-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2015] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The HOX genes are a family of homeodomain-containing transcription factors that determine cellular identity during development and which are dys-regulated in some cancers. In this study we examined the expression and oncogenic function of HOX genes in mesothelioma, a cancer arising from the pleura or peritoneum which is associated with exposure to asbestos. METHODS We tested the sensitivity of the mesothelioma-derived lines MSTO-211H, NCI-H28, NCI-H2052, and NCI-H226 to HXR9, a peptide antagonist of HOX protein binding to its PBX co-factor. Apoptosis was measured using a FACS-based assay with Annexin, and HOX gene expression profiles were established using RT-QPCR on RNA extracted from cell lines and primary mesotheliomas. The in vivo efficacy of HXR9 was tested in a mouse MSTO-211H flank tumor xenograft model. RESULTS We show that HOX genes are significantly dysregulated in malignant mesothelioma. Targeting HOX genes with HXR9 caused apoptotic cell death in all of the mesothelioma-derived cell lines, and prevented the growth of mesothelioma tumors in a mouse xenograft model. Furthermore, the sensitivity of these lines to HXR9 correlated with the relative expression of HOX genes that have either an oncogenic or tumor suppressive function in cancer. The analysis of HOX expression in primary mesothelioma tumors indicated that these cells could also be sensitive to the disruption of HOX activity by HXR9, and that the expression of HOXB4 is strongly associated with overall survival. CONCLUSION HOX genes are a potential therapeutic target in mesothelioma, and HOXB4 expression correlates with overall survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Morgan
- />Institute of Cancer Therapeutics, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Bradford, Richmond Road, Bradford, BD7 1DP UK
| | - Guy Simpson
- />Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
| | - Sophie Gray
- />Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
| | - Cheryl Gillett
- />Division of Cancer Studies, King’s College London, Guy’s Hospital, London, UK
| | - Zsuzsanna Tabi
- />Institute of Cancer and Genetics, University of Cardiff School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK
| | - James Spicer
- />Division of Cancer Studies, King’s College London, Guy’s Hospital, London, UK
| | - Kevin J. Harrington
- />Targeted Therapy Team, Chester Beatty Laboratories, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Hardev S. Pandha
- />Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
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18
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19
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Sharma C, Dinda AK, Potdar PD, Mishra NC. Fabrication of quaternary composite scaffold from silk fibroin, chitosan, gelatin, and alginate for skin regeneration. J Appl Polym Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/app.42743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chhavi Sharma
- Department of Polymer and Process Engineering; Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee; Roorkee 247001 India
| | - Amit K. Dinda
- Department of Pathology; All India Institute of Medical Sciences; New Delhi 110029 India
| | - Pravin D. Potdar
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Biology; Jaslok Hospital and Research Centre; Mumbai 400 026 India
| | - Narayan C. Mishra
- Department of Polymer and Process Engineering; Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee; Roorkee 247001 India
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20
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Alexanian AR. Epigenetic modulators promote mesenchymal stem cell phenotype switches. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2015; 64:190-4. [PMID: 25936755 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2015.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2014] [Revised: 04/14/2015] [Accepted: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Discoveries in recent years have suggested that some tissue specific adult stem cells in mammals might have the ability to differentiate into cell types from different germ layers. This phenomenon has been referred to as stem cell transdifferentiation or plasticity. Despite controversy, the current consensus holds that transdifferentiation does occur in mammals, but only within a limited range. Understanding the mechanisms that underlie the switches in phenotype and development of the methods that will promote such type of conversions can open up endless possibilities for regenerative medicine. Epigenetic control contributes to various processes that lead to cellular plasticity and DNA and histone covalent modifications play a key role in these processes. Recently, we have been able to convert human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) into neural-like cells by exposing cells to epigenetic modifiers and neural inducing factors. The goal of this study was to investigate the stability and plasticity of these transdifferentiated cells. To this end, neurally induced MSCs (NI-hMSCs) were exposed to adipocyte inducing factors. Grown for 24-48 h in fat induction media NI-hMSCs reversed their morphology into fibroblast-like cells and regained their proliferative properties. After 3 weeks approximately 6% of hMSCs differentiated into multilocular or plurivacuolar adipocyte cells that demonstrated by Oil Red O staining. Re-exposure of these cultures or the purified adipocytes to neural induction medium induced the cells to re-differentiate into neuronal-like cells. These data suggest that cell plasticity can be manipulated by the combination of small molecule modulators of chromatin modifying enzymes and specific cell signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arshak R Alexanian
- Cell Reprogramming & Therapeutics LLC, W229 N1870 Westwood Drive, Waukesha, WI 53186 United States.
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21
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Transdifferentiation of Human Hair Follicle Mesenchymal Stem Cells into Red Blood Cells by OCT4. Stem Cells Int 2015; 2015:389628. [PMID: 25755671 PMCID: PMC4337757 DOI: 10.1155/2015/389628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2014] [Revised: 01/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Shortage of red blood cells (RBCs, erythrocytes) can have potentially life-threatening consequences for rare or unusual blood type patients with massive blood loss resulting from various conditions. Erythrocytes have been derived from human pluripotent stem cells (PSCs), but the risk of potential tumorigenicity cannot be ignored, and a majority of these cells produced from PSCs express embryonic ε- and fetal γ-globins with little or no adult β-globin and remain nucleated. Here we report a method to generate erythrocytes from human hair follicle mesenchymal stem cells (hHFMSCs) by enforcing OCT4 gene expression and cytokine stimulation. Cells generated from hHFMSCs expressed mainly the adult β-globin chain with minimum level of the fetal γ-globin chain. Furthermore, these cells also underwent multiple maturation events and formed enucleated erythrocytes with a biconcave disc shape. Gene expression analyses showed that OCT4 regulated the expression of genes associated with both pluripotency and erythroid development during hHFMSC transdifferentiation toward erythroid cells. These findings show that mature erythrocytes can be generated from adult somatic cells, which may serve as an alternative source of RBCs for potential autologous transfusion.
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Orban M, Goedel A, Haas J, Sandrock-Lang K, Gärtner F, Jung CB, Zieger B, Parrotta E, Kurnik K, Sinnecker D, Wanner G, Laugwitz KL, Massberg S, Moretti A. Functional comparison of induced pluripotent stem cell- and blood-derived GPIIbIIIa deficient platelets. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0115978. [PMID: 25607928 PMCID: PMC4301811 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0115978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Accepted: 11/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) represent a versatile tool to model genetic diseases and are a potential source for cell transfusion therapies. However, it remains elusive to which extent patient-specific hiPSC-derived cells functionally resemble their native counterparts. Here, we generated a hiPSC model of the primary platelet disease Glanzmann thrombasthenia (GT), characterized by dysfunction of the integrin receptor GPIIbIIIa, and compared side-by-side healthy and diseased hiPSC-derived platelets with peripheral blood platelets. Both GT-hiPSC-derived platelets and their peripheral blood equivalents showed absence of membrane expression of GPIIbIIIa, a reduction of PAC-1 binding, surface spreading and adherence to fibrinogen. We demonstrated that GT-hiPSC-derived platelets recapitulate molecular and functional aspects of the disease and show comparable behavior to their native counterparts encouraging the further use of hiPSC-based disease models as well as the transition towards a clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathias Orban
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik I, Klinikum der Universität München, Ludwig-Maximillians-Universität, Munich, Germany
| | - Alexander Goedel
- I. Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik, Klinikum rechts der Isar der Technischen Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Jessica Haas
- I. Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik, Klinikum rechts der Isar der Technischen Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Kirstin Sandrock-Lang
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Florian Gärtner
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik I, Klinikum der Universität München, Ludwig-Maximillians-Universität, Munich, Germany
| | - Christian Billy Jung
- I. Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik, Klinikum rechts der Isar der Technischen Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Barbara Zieger
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Elvira Parrotta
- I. Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik, Klinikum rechts der Isar der Technischen Universität München, Munich, Germany; Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Magna Graecia, Medical School, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Karin Kurnik
- Paediatric Haemophilia Centre, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, Ludwig-Maximillians-Universität, Munich, Germany
| | - Daniel Sinnecker
- I. Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik, Klinikum rechts der Isar der Technischen Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Gerhard Wanner
- Ultrastructural Research, Department Biology I, Biozentrum, Ludwig-Maximillians-Universität, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Karl-Ludwig Laugwitz
- I. Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik, Klinikum rechts der Isar der Technischen Universität München, Munich, Germany; DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research)-partner site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
| | - Steffen Massberg
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik I, Klinikum der Universität München, Ludwig-Maximillians-Universität, Munich, Germany; DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research)-partner site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
| | - Alessandra Moretti
- I. Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik, Klinikum rechts der Isar der Technischen Universität München, Munich, Germany; DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research)-partner site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
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Hu K, Xu C, Ni H, Xu Z, Wang Y, Xu S, Ji K, Xiong J, Liu H. Mir-218 contributes to the transformation of 5-Aza/GF induced umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells into hematopoietic cells through the MITF pathway. Mol Biol Rep 2014; 41:4803-16. [DOI: 10.1007/s11033-014-3351-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2013] [Accepted: 03/25/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Zhang Z, Alexanian AR. Dopaminergic-like cells from epigenetically reprogrammed mesenchymal stem cells. J Cell Mol Med 2014; 16:2708-14. [PMID: 22681532 PMCID: PMC4118239 DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2012.01591.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
A number of recent studies have examined the ability of stem cells derived from different sources to differentiate into dopamine-producing cells and ameliorate behavioural deficits in Parkinsonian models. Recently, using the approach of cell reprogramming by small cell-permeable biological active compounds that involved in the regulation of chromatin structure and function, and interfere with specific cell signalling pathways that promote neural differentiation we have been able to generate neural-like cells from human bone marrow (BM)-derived MSCs (hMSCs). Neurally induced hMSCs (NI-hMSCs) exhibited several neural properties and exerted beneficial therapeutic effect on tissue preservation and locomotor recovery in spinal cord injured rats. In this study, we aimed to determine whether hMSCs neuralized by this approach can generate dopaminergic (DA) neurons. Immunocytochemisty studies showed that approximately 50–60% of NI-hMSCs expressed early and late dopaminergic marker such as Nurr-1 and TH that was confirmed by Western blot. ELISA studies showed that NI-hMSCs also secreted neurotrophins and dopamine. Hypoxia preconditioning prior to neural induction increased hMSCs proliferation, viability, expression TH and the secretion level of dopamine induced by ATP. Taken together, these studies demonstrated that hMSCs neurally modified by this original approach can be differentiated towards DA-like neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiying Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Neuroscience Research Labs, Medical College of Wisconsin, VAMC, Milwaukee, WI 53295, USA
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25
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Ha JW, Kim JA, Ha CW. Do the Fibroblasts Contained in Early Passage MSC Population Adversely Affect the Characteristics of Stem Cell Population Obtained from Human Placenta? Int J Stem Cells 2013; 5:89-95. [PMID: 24298361 DOI: 10.15283/ijsc.2012.5.2.89] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been obtained from various human tissues by harvesting plastic adherent fibroblast-like cell population. For potential use in regeneration medicine, early passage MSC population is preferred to avoid cell senescence. The early passage adherent cell population contains MSCs as well as fibroblasts, however, the significance of the contained fibroblasts has not been well investigated. Thus, we investigated the stem cell characteristics of the early passage MSC population with and without fibroblasts depletion. METHODS AND RESULTS We obtained adherent cell populations from full term placenta at passage 2∼3 and divided them into two subpopulations: fibroblasts depleted (popFD) and non-depleted population (popFND) using magnetic cell sorting method. The two subpopulations were compared in terms of cell morphology, potential for long term culture, colony forming ability, and tri-lineage differentiation for adipogenic, chondrogenic, and osteogenic differentiation. The percentage of fibroblasts contained in the early passage MSC population was 5.3% (2.9∼8.4). Both the popFD and popFND was spindle shaped from early passages and maintained long term culture up to 20∼22 passages. CFU-F assay showed no difference between the subpopulations. Overall, tri-lineage differentiation showed a tendency of better differentiation potential of popFND than popFD. CONCLUSIONS We confirmed that fibroblasts are contained in early population of placenta-derived MSCs obtained by current method. This study revealed that the contained fibroblasts in early passage MSC population do not adversely affect the properties of MSCs in terms of cell morphology, potential for long term culture, colony forming ability, and tri-lineage differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Woo Ha
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Samsung Medical Center, Bone & Joint Research Unit, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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26
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Alexanian AR, Liu QS, Zhang Z. Enhancing the efficiency of direct reprogramming of human mesenchymal stem cells into mature neuronal-like cells with the combination of small molecule modulators of chromatin modifying enzymes, SMAD signaling and cyclic adenosine monophosphate levels. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2013; 45:1633-8. [PMID: 23665234 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2013.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2013] [Revised: 03/18/2013] [Accepted: 04/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Advances in cell reprogramming technologies to generate patient-specific cells of a desired type will revolutionize the field of regenerative medicine. While several cell reprogramming methods have been developed over the last decades, the majority of these technologies require the exposure of cell nuclei to reprogramming large molecules via transfection, transduction, cell fusion or nuclear transfer. This raises several technical, safety and ethical issues. Chemical genetics is an alternative approach for cell reprogramming that uses small, cell membrane penetrable substances to regulate multiple cellular processes including cell plasticity. Recently, using the combination of small molecules that are involved in the regulation chromatin structure and function and agents that favor neural differentiation we have been able to generate neural-like cells from human mesenchymal stem cells. In this study, to improve the efficiency of neuronal differentiation and maturation, two specific inhibitors of SMAD signaling (SMAD1/3 and SMAD3/5/8) that play an important role in neuronal differentiation of embryonic stem cells, were added to our previous neural induction recipe. Results demonstrated that human mesenchymal stem cells grown in this culture conditions exhibited higher expression of several mature neuronal genes, formed synapse-like structures and exerted electrophysiological properties of differentiating neural stem cells. Thus, an efficient method for production of mature neuronal-like cells from human adult bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells has been developed. We concluded that specific combinations of small molecules that target specific cell signaling pathways and chromatin modifying enzymes could be a promising approach for manipulation of adult stem cell plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arshak R Alexanian
- Neuroscience Research Laboratories, Department of Neurosurgery, VA Medical Center-Research 151, Milwaukee, WI 53295, United States.
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Zhidkova OV, Petrov NS, Popov BV. Preparation and characteristics of growth and marker properties of urinary bladder mesenchymal stem cells. J EVOL BIOCHEM PHYS+ 2013. [DOI: 10.1134/s0022093013010131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Rozovski U, Keating M, Estrov Z. The significance of spliceosome mutations in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Leuk Lymphoma 2013; 54:1364-6. [PMID: 23270583 DOI: 10.3109/10428194.2012.742528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Cellular proteins produced via alternative splicing provide neoplastic cells with survival advantage and/or promote neoplastic cell proliferation. Pre-mRNA is spliced by the spliceosome consisting of large complexes of small nuclear RNA (snRNA) and protein subunits. Spliceosome gene mutations were detected in 40-80% of patients with myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS), particularly in those with ringed sideroblasts. Recently, two large whole-genome sequencing studies identified mutations in the spliceosome gene SF3B1 in approximately 10% of patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). Intrigued by these findings, we performed a pathway enrichment analysis and found that, unlike in MDS, in CLL spliceosome mutations exist almost exclusively in SF3B1. Patients with CLL with an SF3B1 gene mutation are characterized by a short progression-free survival and a low 10-year survival rate. Furthermore, the frequency of SF3B1 mutations is significantly higher in chemotherapy treated than in untreated patients with CLL, suggesting that chemotherapy induces SF3B1 gene mutations or selects a population of mutated cells. Whether SF3B1 gene mutations have a role in leukemogenesis, either because of altered splicing or other splicing-unrelated functions such as ectopic expression of Homeobox (Hox) genes previously reported in SF3B1+(/-) mice, remains to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uri Rozovski
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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