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Godoy GJ, Paira DA, Olivera C, Breser ML, Sanchez LR, Motrich RD, Rivero VE. Differences in T regulatory cells between mouse strains frequently used in immunological research. Immunol Lett 2020; 223:17-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2020.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Revised: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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2
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Gołąb K, Grose R, Trzonkowski P, Wickrema A, Tibudan M, Marek-Trzonkowska N, Matosz S, Solomina J, Ostrega D, Michael Millis J, Witkowski P. Utilization of leukapheresis and CD4 positive selection in Treg isolation and the ex-vivo expansion for a clinical application in transplantation and autoimmune disorders. Oncotarget 2018; 7:79474-79484. [PMID: 27821811 PMCID: PMC5346728 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.13101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Adoptive transfer of T regulatory cells (Tregs) is of great interest as a novel immunosuppressive therapy in autoimmune disorders and transplantation. Obtaining a sufficient number of stable and functional Tregs generated according to current Good Manufacturing Practice (cGMP) requirements has been a major challenge in introducing Tregs as a clinical therapy. Here, we present a protocol involving leukapheresis and CD4+ cell pre-enrichment prior to Treg sorting, which allows a sufficient number of Tregs for a clinical application to be obtained. With this method there is a decreased requirement for ex-vivo expansion. The protocol was validated in cGMP conditions. Our final Treg product passed all release criteria set for clinical applications. Moreover, during expansion Tregs presented their stable phenotype: percentage of CD4+CD25hiCD127− and CD4+FoxP3+ Tregs was > 95% and > 80%, respectively, and Tregs maintained proper immune suppressive function in vitro. Our results suggest that utilization of leukapheresis and CD4 positive selection during Treg isolation improves the likelihood of obtaining a sufficient number of high quality Treg cells during subsequent ex-vivo expansion and they can be applied clinically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Gołąb
- Department of Surgery, Section of Transplantation, University of Chicago, Chicago, USA
| | - Randall Grose
- South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Australia
| | - Piotr Trzonkowski
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Transplantology, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Amittha Wickrema
- Department of Medicine, Section of Hematology-Oncology, Cancer Research Center, University of Chicago, Chicago, USA
| | - Martin Tibudan
- Department of Surgery, Section of Transplantation, University of Chicago, Chicago, USA
| | | | - Sabrina Matosz
- Department of Surgery, Section of Transplantation, University of Chicago, Chicago, USA
| | - Julia Solomina
- Department of Surgery, Section of Transplantation, University of Chicago, Chicago, USA
| | - Diane Ostrega
- Department of Surgery, Section of Transplantation, University of Chicago, Chicago, USA
| | - J Michael Millis
- Department of Surgery, Section of Transplantation, University of Chicago, Chicago, USA
| | - Piotr Witkowski
- Department of Surgery, Section of Transplantation, University of Chicago, Chicago, USA
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Askenasy N. Mechanisms of autoimmunity in the non-obese diabetic mouse: effector/regulatory cell equilibrium during peak inflammation. Immunology 2016; 147:377-88. [PMID: 26749404 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Revised: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune imbalance in autoimmune disorders such as type 1 diabetes may originate from aberrant activities of effector cells or dysfunction of suppressor cells. All possible defective mechanisms have been proposed for diabetes-prone species: (i) quantitative dominance of diabetogenic cells and decreased numbers of regulatory T cells, (ii) excessive aggression of effectors and defective function of suppressors, (iii) perturbed interaction between effector and suppressor cells, and (iv) variations in sensitivity to negative regulation. The experimental evidence available to date presents conflicting information on these mechanisms, with identification of perturbed equilibrium on the one hand and negation of critical role of each mechanism in propagation of diabetic autoimmunity on the other hand. In our analysis, there is no evidence that inherent abnormalities in numbers and function of effector and suppressor T cells are responsible for the immune imbalance responsible for propagation of type 1 diabetes as a chronic inflammatory process. Possibly, the experimental tools for investigation of these features of immune activity are still underdeveloped and lack sufficient resolution, in the presence of the extensive biological viability and functional versatility of effector and suppressor elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadir Askenasy
- The Leah and Edward M. Frankel Laboratory of Experimental Bone Marrow Transplantation, Petach Tikva, Israel
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Kaminitz A, Mizrahi K, Ash S, Ben-Nun A, Askenasy N. Stable activity of diabetogenic cells with age in NOD mice: dynamics of reconstitution and adoptive diabetes transfer in immunocompromised mice. Immunology 2014; 142:465-73. [PMID: 24601987 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2013] [Revised: 02/22/2014] [Accepted: 02/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The non-obese diabetic (NOD) mouse is a prevalent disease model of type 1 diabetes. Immune aberrations that cause and propagate autoimmune insulitis in these mice are being continually debated, with evidence supporting both dominance of effector cells and insufficiency of suppressor mechanisms. In this study we assessed the behaviour of NOD lymphocytes under extreme expansion conditions using adoptive transfer into immunocompromised NOD.SCID (severe combined immunodeficiency) mice. CD4(+) CD25(+) T cells do not cause islet inflammation, whereas splenocytes and CD4(+) CD25(-) T cells induce pancreatic inflammation and hyperglycaemia in 80-100% of the NOD.SCID recipients. Adoptively transferred effector T cells migrate to the lymphoid organs and pancreas, proliferate, are activated in the target organ in situ and initiate inflammatory insulitis. Reconstitution of all components of the CD4(+) subset emphasizes the plastic capacity of different cell types to adopt effector and suppressor phenotypes. Furthermore, similar immune profiles of diabetic and euglycaemic NOD.SCID recipients demonstrate dissociation between fractional expression of CD25 and FoxP3 and the severity of insulitis. There were no evident and consistent differences in diabetogenic activity and immune reconstituting activity of T cells from pre-diabetic (11 weeks) and new onset diabetic NOD females. Similarities in immune phenotypes and variable distribution of effector and suppressor subsets in various stages of inflammation commend caution in interpretation of quantitative and qualitative aberrations as markers of disease severity in adoptive transfer experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayelet Kaminitz
- Frankel Laboratory, Centre for Stem Cell Research, Schneider Children's Medical Centre of Israel, Petach Tikva, Israel; Department of Immunology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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Yarkoni S, Stein J, Yaniv I, Askenasy N. Antigen-Specific Priming is Dispensable in Depletion of Apoptosis-Sensitive T Cells for GvHD Prophylaxis. Front Immunol 2014; 5:215. [PMID: 24904571 PMCID: PMC4032906 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2014] [Accepted: 04/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Prophylactic approaches to graft versus host disease (GvHD) have employed both phenotypic reduction of T cells and selective elimination of host-primed donor T cells in vitro and in vivo. An additional approach to GvHD prophylaxis by functional depletion of apoptosis-sensitive donor T cells without host-specific sensitization ex vivo showed remarkable reduction in GHD incidence and severity. We address the role and significance of antigen-specific sensitization of donor T cells and discuss the mechanisms of functional T cell purging by apoptosis for GvHD prevention. Host-specific sensitization is dispensable because migration is antigen-independent and donor T cell sensitization is mediated by multiple and redundant mechanisms of presentation of major and minor histocompatibility complex and tissue antigens by donor and host antigen-presenting cells. Our data suggest that potential murine and human GvH effectors reside within subsets of preactivated T cells susceptible to negative regulation by apoptosis prior to encounter of and sensitization to specific antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jerry Stein
- Bone Marrow Transplant Unit, Department of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Schneider Children's Medical Center of Israel , Petah Tikva , Israel
| | - Isaac Yaniv
- Bone Marrow Transplant Unit, Department of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Schneider Children's Medical Center of Israel , Petah Tikva , Israel
| | - Nadir Askenasy
- Frankel Laboratory, Center for Stem Cell Research, Schneider Children's Medical Center of Israel , Petah Tikva , Israel
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Mizrahi K, Yaniv I, Ash S, Stein J, Askenasy N. Apoptotic signaling through Fas and TNF receptors ameliorates GVHD in mobilized peripheral blood grafts. Bone Marrow Transplant 2014; 49:640-8. [DOI: 10.1038/bmt.2014.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2013] [Revised: 09/10/2013] [Accepted: 09/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Kaminitz A, Mizrahi K, Askenasy N. Surge in regulatory T cells does not prevent onset of hyperglycemia in NOD mice: immune profiles do not correlate with disease severity. Autoimmunity 2013; 47:105-12. [PMID: 24328490 DOI: 10.3109/08916934.2013.866103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Immune profiling of non-obese diabetic (NOD) is a widely employed tool to assess the mechanisms of inflammatory insulitis. Our analysis of the female NOD colony revealed similar distribution of lymphoid lineages to wild type mice, and at various ages of prediabetic and diabetic mice. The profiles of mesenteric and pancreatic lymph nodes differ and often change reciprocally due to directed migration of T cells towards the site of inflammation. Significant events in our colony include early decline in CD4(+)CD25(+)CD62L(+) Treg, accompanied by gradual increase in CD4(+)CD25(+)FoxP3(+) Treg in peripheral lymphoid organs and pancreatic infiltrates. Impressively, aged euglycemic mice display significant transient rise in CD4(+)CD25(-)FoxP3(+) Treg in the thymus, pancreas and draining lymph nodes. A significant difference was superior viability of effector and suppressor cells from new onset diabetics in the presence of high interleukin-2 (IL-2) concentrations in vitro as compared to cells of prediabetic mice. Overall, we found no correlation between FoxP3(+) Treg in the pancreatic lymph nodes and the inflammatory scores of individual NOD mice. CD25(-)FoxP3(+) Treg are markedly increased in the pancreatic infiltrates in late stages of inflammation, possibly an effort to counteract destructive insulitis. Considering extensive evidence that Treg in aged NOD mice are functionally sufficient, quantitative profiling evolves as an unreliable tool to assess mechanism and causes of inflammation under baseline conditions. Immune profiles are modulated by thymic output, cell migration, shedding of markers, proliferation, survival and in-situ evolution of regulatory cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayelet Kaminitz
- Frankel Laboratory, Center for Stem Cell Research, Department of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Schneider Children's Medical Center of Israel , Petach Tikva , Israel
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Yolcu ES, Kaminitz A, Mizrahi K, Ash S, Yaniv I, Stein J, Shirwan H, Askenasy N. Immunomodulation with donor regulatory T cells armed with Fas-ligand alleviates graft-versus-host disease. Exp Hematol 2013; 41:903-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2013.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2013] [Revised: 03/22/2013] [Accepted: 04/27/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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9
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Kaminitz A, Askenasy N, Yolcu ES. Immunomodulation with regulatory T cells and Fas-ligand ameliorate established inflammatory colitis. Gut 2013; 62:1228-30. [PMID: 23436337 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2012-304432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Enhanced killing activity of regulatory T cells ameliorates inflammation and autoimmunity. Autoimmun Rev 2013; 12:972-5. [PMID: 23684702 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2013.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2013] [Accepted: 04/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Treg) are pivotal suppressor elements in immune homeostasis with potential therapeutic applications in inflammatory and autoimmune disorders. Using Treg as vehicles for targeted immunomodulation, a short-lived Fas-ligand (FasL) chimeric protein (killer Treg) was found efficient in preventing the progression of autoimmune insulitis in NOD mice, and amelioration of chronic colitis and graft versus host disease. The main mechanisms of disease suppression by killer Treg are: a) in the acute phase induction of apoptosis in effector cells at the site of inflammation decreases the pathogenic burden, and b) persistent increase in FoxP3⁺ Treg with variable CD25 co-expression induced by FasL sustains disease suppression over extended periods of time. Reduced sensitivity of Treg to receptor-mediated apoptosis under inflammatory conditions makes them optimal vehicles for targeted immunotherapy using apoptotic agents.
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Kaminitz A, Yolcu ES, Mizrahi K, Shirwan H, Askenasy N. Killer Treg cells ameliorate inflammatory insulitis in non-obese diabetic mice through local and systemic immunomodulation. Int Immunol 2013; 25:485-94. [DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxt016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
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Askenasy N, Mizrahi K, Ash S, Askenasy EM, Yaniv I, Stein J. Depletion of Naïve Lymphocytes with Fas Ligand Ex Vivo Prevents Graft-versus-Host Disease without Impairing T Cell Support of Engraftment or Graft-versus-Tumor Activity. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 2013; 19:185-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbmt.2012.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2012] [Accepted: 10/08/2012] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Is autoimmune diabetes caused by aberrant immune activity or defective suppression of physiological self-reactivity? Autoimmun Rev 2012; 12:633-7. [PMID: 23277162 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2012.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2012] [Accepted: 12/04/2012] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Two competing hypotheses are proposed to cause autoimmunity: evasion of a sporadic self-reactive clone from immune surveillance and ineffective suppression of autoreactive clones that arise physiologically. We question the relevance of these hypotheses to the study of type 1 diabetes, where autoreactivity may accompany the cycles of physiological adjustment of β-cell mass to body weight and nutrition. Experimental evidence presents variable and conflicting data concerning the activities of both effector and regulatory T cells, arguing in favor and against: quantitative dominance and deficit, aberrant reactivity and expansion, sensitivity to negative regulation and apoptosis. The presence of autoantibodies in umbilical cord blood of healthy subjects and low incidence of the disease following early induction suggest that suppression of self-reactivity is the major determinant factor.
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Yolcu ES, Zhao H, Bandura-Morgan L, Lacelle C, Woodward KB, Askenasy N, Shirwan H. Pancreatic islets engineered with SA-FasL protein establish robust localized tolerance by inducing regulatory T cells in mice. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2011; 187:5901-9. [PMID: 22068235 PMCID: PMC3232043 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1003266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Allogeneic islet transplantation is an important therapeutic approach for the treatment of type 1 diabetes. Clinical application of this approach, however, is severely curtailed by allograft rejection primarily initiated by pathogenic effector T cells regardless of chronic use of immunosuppression. Given the role of Fas-mediated signaling in regulating effector T cell responses, we tested if pancreatic islets can be engineered ex vivo to display on their surface an apoptotic form of Fas ligand protein chimeric with streptavidin (SA-FasL) and whether such engineered islets induce tolerance in allogeneic hosts. Islets were modified with biotin following efficient engineering with SA-FasL protein that persisted on the surface of islets for >1 wk in vitro. SA-FasL-engineered islet grafts established euglycemia in chemically diabetic syngeneic mice indefinitely, demonstrating functionality and lack of acute toxicity. Most importantly, the transplantation of SA-FasL-engineered BALB/c islet grafts in conjunction with a short course of rapamycin treatment resulted in robust localized tolerance in 100% of C57BL/6 recipients. Tolerance was initiated and maintained by CD4(+)CD25(+)Foxp3(+) regulatory T (Treg) cells, as their depletion early during tolerance induction or late after established tolerance resulted in prompt graft rejection. Furthermore, Treg cells sorted from graft-draining lymph nodes, but not spleen, of long-term graft recipients prevented the rejection of unmodified allogeneic islets in an adoptive transfer model, further confirming the Treg role in established tolerance. Engineering islets ex vivo in a rapid and efficient manner to display on their surface immunomodulatory proteins represents a novel, safe, and clinically applicable approach with important implications for the treatment of type 1 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esma S Yolcu
- Institute for Cellular Therapeutics and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville, KY 40202
| | - Hong Zhao
- Institute for Cellular Therapeutics and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville, KY 40202
| | - Laura Bandura-Morgan
- Institute for Cellular Therapeutics and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville, KY 40202
| | - Chantale Lacelle
- Institute for Cellular Therapeutics and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville, KY 40202
| | - Kyle B Woodward
- Institute for Cellular Therapeutics and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville, KY 40202
| | - Nadir Askenasy
- Frankel Laboratory of Experimental Bone Marrow Transplantation, Department of Pediatric Hematology Oncology, Schneider Children's Medical Center of Israel, Israel
| | - Haval Shirwan
- Institute for Cellular Therapeutics and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville, KY 40202
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