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Martinelli L, Bihanic C, Bony A, Gros F, Conart C, Fiorucci S, Casabianca H, Schiets F, Chietera G, Boachon B, Blerot B, Baudino S, Jullien F, Saint-Marcoux D. Citronellol biosynthesis in pelargonium is a multistep pathway involving progesterone 5β-reductase and/or iridoid synthase-like enzymes. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 194:1006-1023. [PMID: 37831417 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
Citronellol is a pleasant-smelling compound produced in rose (Rosa spp.) flowers and in the leaves of many aromatic plants, including pelargoniums (Pelargonium spp.). Although geraniol production has been well studied in several plants, citronellol biosynthesis has been documented only in crab-lipped spider orchid (Caladenia plicata) and its mechanism remains open to question in other species. We therefore profiled 10 pelargonium accessions using RNA sequencing and gas chromatography-MS analysis. Three enzymes from the progesterone 5β-reductase and/or iridoid synthase-like enzymes (PRISE) family were characterized in vitroand subsequently identified as citral reductases (named PhCIRs). Transgenic RNAi lines supported a role for PhCIRs in the biosynthesis of citronellol as well as in the production of mint-scented terpenes. Despite their high amino acid sequence identity, the 3 enzymes showed contrasting stereoselectivity, either producing mainly (S)-citronellal or a racemate of both (R)- and (S)-citronellal. Using site-directed mutagenesis, we identified a single amino acid substitution as being primarily responsible for the enzyme's enantioselectivity. Phylogenetic analysis of pelargonium PRISEs revealed 3 clades and 7 groups of orthologs. PRISEs from different groups exhibited differential affinities toward substrates (citral and progesterone) and cofactors (NADH/NADPH), but most were able to reduce both substrates, prompting hypotheses regarding the evolutionary history of PhCIRs. Our results demonstrate that pelargoniums evolved citronellol biosynthesis independently through a 3-step pathway involving PRISE homologs and both citral and citronellal as intermediates. In addition, these enzymes control the enantiomeric ratio of citronellol thanks to small alterations of the catalytic site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laure Martinelli
- Laboratoire BVpam-UMR 5079, Université Jean Monnet Saint-Étienne, CNRS, Saint-Étienne 42023, France
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena 07455, Germany
| | - Camille Bihanic
- Laboratoire BVpam-UMR 5079, Université Jean Monnet Saint-Étienne, CNRS, Saint-Étienne 42023, France
| | - Aurélie Bony
- Laboratoire BVpam-UMR 5079, Université Jean Monnet Saint-Étienne, CNRS, Saint-Étienne 42023, France
| | - Florence Gros
- Laboratoire BVpam-UMR 5079, Université Jean Monnet Saint-Étienne, CNRS, Saint-Étienne 42023, France
| | - Corentin Conart
- Laboratoire BVpam-UMR 5079, Université Jean Monnet Saint-Étienne, CNRS, Saint-Étienne 42023, France
| | - Sébastien Fiorucci
- Institut de Chimie de Nice-UMR 7272, Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Nice 06108, France
| | - Hervé Casabianca
- Institut des Sciences Analytiques-UMR 5280, Université de Lyon, CNRS, Villeurbanne 69100, France
| | - Frédéric Schiets
- Institut des Sciences Analytiques-UMR 5280, Université de Lyon, CNRS, Villeurbanne 69100, France
| | | | - Benoît Boachon
- Laboratoire BVpam-UMR 5079, Université Jean Monnet Saint-Étienne, CNRS, Saint-Étienne 42023, France
| | | | - Sylvie Baudino
- Laboratoire BVpam-UMR 5079, Université Jean Monnet Saint-Étienne, CNRS, Saint-Étienne 42023, France
| | - Frédéric Jullien
- Laboratoire BVpam-UMR 5079, Université Jean Monnet Saint-Étienne, CNRS, Saint-Étienne 42023, France
| | - Denis Saint-Marcoux
- Laboratoire BVpam-UMR 5079, Université Jean Monnet Saint-Étienne, CNRS, Saint-Étienne 42023, France
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Knockout of Arabidopsis thaliana VEP1, Encoding a PRISE (Progesterone 5β-Reductase/Iridoid Synthase-Like Enzyme), Leads to Metabolic Changes in Response to Exogenous Methyl Vinyl Ketone (MVK). Metabolites 2021; 12:metabo12010011. [PMID: 35050133 PMCID: PMC8778713 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12010011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Small or specialized natural products (SNAPs) produced by plants vary greatly in structure and function, leading to selective advantages during evolution. With a limited number of genes available, a high promiscuity of the enzymes involved allows the generation of a broad range of SNAPs in complex metabolic networks. Comparative metabolic studies may help to understand why—or why not—certain SNAPs are produced in plants. Here, we used the wound-induced, vein patterning regulating VEP1 (AtStR1, At4g24220) and its paralogue gene on locus At5g58750 (AtStR2) from Arabidopsis to study this issue. The enzymes encoded by VEP1-like genes were clustered under the term PRISEs (progesterone 5β-reductase/iridoid synthase-like enzymes) as it was previously demonstrated that they are involved in cardenolide and/or iridoid biosynthesis in other plants. In order to further understand the general role of PRISEs and to detect additional more “accidental” roles we herein characterized A. thaliana steroid reductase 1 (AtStR1) and compared it to A. thaliana steroid reductase 2 (AtStR2). We used A. thaliana Col-0 wildtype plants as well as VEP1 knockout mutants and VEP1 knockout mutants overexpressing either AtStR1 or AtStR2 to investigate the effects on vein patterning and on the stress response after treatment with methyl vinyl ketone (MVK). Our results added evidence to the assumption that AtStR1 and AtStR2, as well as PRISEs in general, play specific roles in stress and defense situations and may be responsible for sudden metabolic shifts.
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Klein J, Horn E, Ernst M, Leykauf T, Leupold T, Dorfner M, Wolf L, Ignatova A, Kreis W, Munkert J. RNAi-mediated gene knockdown of progesterone 5β-reductases in Digitalis lanata reduces 5β-cardenolide content. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2021; 40:1631-1646. [PMID: 34146141 PMCID: PMC8376734 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-021-02707-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Studying RNAi-mediated DlP5βR1 and DlP5βR2 knockdown shoot culture lines of Digitalis lanata, we here provide direct evidence for the participation of PRISEs (progesterone 5β-reductase/iridoid synthase-like enzymes) in 5β-cardenolide formation. Progesterone 5β-reductases (P5βR) are assumed to catalyze the reduction of progesterone to 5β-pregnane-3,20-dione, which is a crucial step in the biosynthesis of the 5β-cardenolides. P5βRs are encoded by VEP1-like genes occurring ubiquitously in embryophytes. P5βRs are substrate-promiscuous enone-1,4-reductases recently termed PRISEs (progesterone 5β-reductase/iridoid synthase-like enzymes). Two PRISE genes, termed DlP5βR1 (AY585867.1) and DlP5βR2 (HM210089.1) were isolated from Digitalis lanata. To give experimental evidence for the participation of PRISEs in 5β-cardenolide formation, we here established several RNAi-mediated DlP5βR1 and DlP5βR2 knockdown shoot culture lines of D. lanata. Cardenolide contents were lower in D. lanata P5βR-RNAi lines than in wild-type shoots. We considered that the gene knockdowns may have had pleiotropic effects such as an increase in glutathione (GSH) which is known to inhibit cardenolide formation. GSH levels and expression of glutathione reductase (GR) were measured. Both were higher in the Dl P5βR-RNAi lines than in the wild-type shoots. Cardenolide biosynthesis was restored by buthionine sulfoximine (BSO) treatment in Dl P5βR2-RNAi lines but not in Dl P5βR1-RNAi lines. Since progesterone is a precursor of cardenolides but can also act as a reactive electrophile species (RES), we here discriminated between these by comparing the effects of progesterone and methyl vinyl ketone, a small RES but not a precursor of cardenolides. To the best of our knowledge, we here demonstrated for the first time that P5βR1 is involved in cardenolide formation. We also provide further evidence that PRISEs are also important for plants dealing with stress by detoxifying reactive electrophile species (RES).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Klein
- Department of Biology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Elisa Horn
- Department of Biology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Mona Ernst
- Department of Biology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Tim Leykauf
- Department of Biology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Tamara Leupold
- Department of Biology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Maja Dorfner
- Department of Biology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Laura Wolf
- Department of Biology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Anastasiia Ignatova
- Department of Biology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Kreis
- Department of Biology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jennifer Munkert
- Department of Biology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91058, Erlangen, Germany.
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Chen R, Huangfu L, Lu Y, Fang H, Xu Y, Li P, Zhou Y, Xu C, Huang J, Yang Z. Adaptive innovation of green plants by horizontal gene transfer. Biotechnol Adv 2020; 46:107671. [PMID: 33242576 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2020.107671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Horizontal gene transfer (HGT) refers to the movement of genetic material between distinct species by means other than sexual reproduction. HGT has contributed tremendously to the genome plasticity and adaptive evolution of prokaryotes and certain unicellular eukaryotes. The evolution of green plants from chlorophyte algae to angiosperms and from water to land represents a process of adaptation to diverse environments, which has been facilitated by acquisition of genetic material from other organisms. In this article, we review the occurrence of HGT in major lineages of green plants, including chlorophyte and charophyte green algae, bryophytes, lycophytes, ferns, and seed plants. In addition, we discuss the significance of horizontally acquired genes in the adaptive innovations of green plants and their potential applications to crop breeding and improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rujia Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding, Agricultural College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Liexiang Huangfu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding, Agricultural College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Yue Lu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding, Agricultural College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Huimin Fang
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Yang Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding, Agricultural College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Pengcheng Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding, Agricultural College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Yong Zhou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding, Agricultural College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Chenwu Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding, Agricultural College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China.
| | - Jinling Huang
- Department of Biology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 28590, USA; State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China; Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China.
| | - Zefeng Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding, Agricultural College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China.
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Schmidt K, Petersen J, Munkert J, Egerer-Sieber C, Hornig M, Muller YA, Kreis W. PRISEs (progesterone 5β-reductase and/or iridoid synthase-like 1,4-enone reductases): Catalytic and substrate promiscuity allows for realization of multiple pathways in plant metabolism. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2018; 156:9-19. [PMID: 30172078 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2018.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Revised: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
PRISEs (progesterone 5β-reductase and/or iridoid synthase-like 1,4-enone reductases) are involved in cardenolide and iridoid biosynthesis. We here investigated a PRISE (rAtSt5βR) from Arabidopsis thaliana, a plant producing neither cardenolides nor iridoids. The structure of rAtSt5βR was elucidated with X-ray crystallography and compared to the known structures of PRISEs from Catharanthus roseus (rCrISY) and Digitalis lanata (rDlP5βR). The three enzymes show a high degree of sequence and structure conservation in the active site. Amino acids previously considered to allow discrimination between progesterone 5β-reductase and iridoid synthase were interchanged among rAtSt5βR, rCrISY and rDlP5βR applying site-directed mutagenesis. Structural homologous substitutions had different effects, and changes in progesterone 5β-reductase and iridoid synthase activity were not correlated in all cases. Our results help to explain fortuitous emergence of metabolic pathways and product accumulation. The fact that PRISEs are found ubiquitously in spermatophytes insinuates that PRISEs might have a more general function in plant metabolism such as, for example, the detoxification of reactive carbonyl species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Schmidt
- Division of Biotechnology, Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jan Petersen
- Division of Pharmaceutical Biology, Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jennifer Munkert
- Division of Pharmaceutical Biology, Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Claudia Egerer-Sieber
- Division of Biotechnology, Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Michael Hornig
- Division of Pharmaceutical Biology, Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Yves A Muller
- Division of Biotechnology, Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Kreis
- Division of Pharmaceutical Biology, Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany.
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Ancestor of land plants acquired the DNA-3-methyladenine glycosylase (MAG) gene from bacteria through horizontal gene transfer. Sci Rep 2017; 7:9324. [PMID: 28839126 PMCID: PMC5570899 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-05066-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The origin and evolution of land plants was an important event in the history of life and initiated the establishment of modern terrestrial ecosystems. From water to terrestrial environments, plants needed to overcome the enhanced ultraviolet (UV) radiation and many other DNA-damaging agents. Evolving new genes with the function of DNA repair is critical for the origin and radiation of land plants. In bacteria, the DNA-3-methyladenine glycosylase (MAG) recognizes of a variety of base lesions and initiates the process of the base excision repair for damaged DNA. The homologs of MAG gene are present in all major lineages of streptophytes, and both the phylogenic and sequence similarity analyses revealed that green plant MAG gene originated through an ancient horizontal gene transfer (HGT) event from bacteria. Experimental evidence demonstrated that the expression of the maize ZmMAG gene was induced by UV and zeocin, both of which are known as DNA-damaging agents. Further investigation revealed that Streptophyta MAG genes had undergone positive selection during the initial evolutionary period in the ancestor of land plants. Our findings demonstrated that the ancient HGT of MAG to the ancestor of land plants probably played an important role in preadaptation to DNA-damaging agents in terrestrial environments.
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7
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Genetic Engineering and Sustainable Crop Disease Management: Opportunities for Case-by-Case Decision-Making. SUSTAINABILITY 2016. [DOI: 10.3390/su8050495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Ernst M, Munkert J, Campa M, Malnoy M, Martens S, Müller-Uri F. Steroid 5β-Reductase from Leaves of Vitis vinifera: Molecular Cloning, Expression, and Modeling. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2015; 63:10112-10120. [PMID: 26537436 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b04261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
A steroid 5β-reductase gene corresponding to the hypothetical protein LOC100247199 from leaves of Vitis vinifera (var. 'Chardonnay') was cloned and overexpressed in Escherichia coli. The recombinant protein showed 5β-reductase activity when progesterone was used as a substrate. The reaction was stereoselective, producing only 5β-products such as 5β-pregnane-3,20-dione. Other small substrates (terpenoids and enones) were also accepted as substrates, indicating the highly promiscuous character of the enzyme class. Our results show that the steroid 5β-reductase gene, encoding an orthologous enzyme described as a key enzyme in cardenolide biosynthesis, is also expressed in leaves of the cardenolide-free plant V. vinifera. We emphasize the fact that, on some occasions, different reductases (e.g., progesterone 5β-reductase and monoterpenoid reductase) can also use molecules that are similar to the final products as a substrate. Therefore, in planta, the different reductases may contribute to the immense number of diverse small natural products finally leading to the flavor of wine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona Ernst
- Chair of Pharmaceutical Biology, Department Biology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg , Staudtstrasse 5, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jennifer Munkert
- Chair of Pharmaceutical Biology, Department Biology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg , Staudtstrasse 5, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Manuela Campa
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach (FEM) , Via Mach 1, 38010 San Michele all'Adige (Trentino), Italy
| | - Mickael Malnoy
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach (FEM) , Via Mach 1, 38010 San Michele all'Adige (Trentino), Italy
| | - Stefan Martens
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach (FEM) , Via Mach 1, 38010 San Michele all'Adige (Trentino), Italy
| | - Frieder Müller-Uri
- Chair of Pharmaceutical Biology, Department Biology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg , Staudtstrasse 5, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
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Munkert J, Costa C, Budeanu O, Petersen J, Bertolucci S, Fischer G, Müller-Uri F, Kreis W. Progesterone 5β-reductase genes of the Brassicaceae family as function-associated molecular markers. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2015; 17:1113-22. [PMID: 26108256 DOI: 10.1111/plb.12361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2015] [Accepted: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to define progesterone 5β-reductases (P5βR, EC 1.3.99.6, enone 1,4-reductases) as function-associated molecular markers at the plant family level. Therefore cDNAs were isolated from 25 Brassicaceae species, including two species, Erysimum crepidifolium and Draba aizoides, known to produce cardiac glycosides. The sequences were used in a molecular phylogeny study. The cladogram created is congruent to the existing molecular analyses. Recombinant His-tagged forms of the P5βR cDNAs from Aethionema grandiflorum, Draba aizoides, Nasturtium officinale, Raphanus sativus and Sisymbrium officinale were expressed in E. coli. Enone 1,4-reductase activity was demonstrated in vitro using progesterone and 2-cyclohexen-1-one as substrates. Evidence is provided that functional P5βRs are ubiquitous in the Brassicaceae. The recombinant P5βR enzymes showed different substrate preferences towards progesterone and 2-cyclohexen-1-one. Sequence comparison of the catalytic pocket of the P5βR enzymes and homology modelling using Digitalis lanata P5βR (PDB ID: 2V6G) as template highlighted the importance of the hydrophobicity of the binding pocket for substrate discrimination. It is concluded that P5βR genes or P5βR proteins can be used as valuable function-associated molecular markers to infer taxonomic relationship and evolutionary diversification from a metabolic/catalytic perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Munkert
- Lehrstuhl für Pharmazeutische Biologie, Department Biologie, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - C Costa
- Lehrstuhl für Pharmazeutische Biologie, Department Biologie, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - O Budeanu
- University of the Academy of Sciences of Moldova, Chisinau, Moldova Republic
| | - J Petersen
- Lehrstuhl für Pharmazeutische Biologie, Department Biologie, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - S Bertolucci
- Agriculture Department, Universidade Federal de Lavras, Lavras, Brazil
| | - G Fischer
- Lehrstuhl für Pharmazeutische Biologie, Department Biologie, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - F Müller-Uri
- Lehrstuhl für Pharmazeutische Biologie, Department Biologie, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - W Kreis
- Lehrstuhl für Pharmazeutische Biologie, Department Biologie, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
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Yang Z, Zhou Y, Huang J, Hu Y, Zhang E, Xie Z, Ma S, Gao Y, Song S, Xu C, Liang G. Ancient horizontal transfer of transaldolase-like protein gene and its role in plant vascular development. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2015; 206:807-816. [PMID: 25420550 PMCID: PMC4407918 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2014] [Accepted: 10/18/2014] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
A major event in land plant evolution is the origin of vascular tissues, which ensure the long-distance transport of water, nutrients and organic compounds. However, the molecular basis for the origin and evolution of plant vascular tissues remains largely unknown. Here, we investigate the evolution of the land plant TAL-type transaldolase (TAL) gene and its potential function in rice (Oryza sativa) based on phylogenetic analyses and transgenic experiments, respectively. TAL genes are only present in land plants and bacteria. Phylogenetic analyses suggest that land plant TAL genes are derived from Actinobacteria through an ancient horizontal gene transfer (HGT) event. Further evidence reveals that land plant TAL genes have undergone positive selection and gained several introns following its acquisition by the most recent common ancestor of land plants. Transgenic plant experiments show that rice TAL is specifically expressed in vascular tissues and that knockdown of TAL expression leads to changes in both the number and pattern of vascular bundles. Our findings show that the ancient HGT of TAL from bacteria probably plays an important role in plant vascular development and adaptation to land environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zefeng Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology/Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou UniversityYangzhou, 225009, China
- Department of Biology, East Carolina UniversityGreenville, NC, 27858, USA
| | - Yong Zhou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology/Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou UniversityYangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Jinling Huang
- Department of Biology, East Carolina UniversityGreenville, NC, 27858, USA
| | - Yunyun Hu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology/Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou UniversityYangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Enying Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology/Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou UniversityYangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Zhengwen Xie
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology/Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou UniversityYangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Sijia Ma
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology/Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou UniversityYangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Yun Gao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology/Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou UniversityYangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Song Song
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology/Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou UniversityYangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Chenwu Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology/Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou UniversityYangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Guohua Liang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology/Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou UniversityYangzhou, 225009, China
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11
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Munkert J, Pollier J, Miettinen K, Van Moerkercke A, Payne R, Müller-Uri F, Burlat V, O'Connor SE, Memelink J, Kreis W, Goossens A. Iridoid synthase activity is common among the plant progesterone 5β-reductase family. MOLECULAR PLANT 2015; 8:136-52. [PMID: 25578278 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2014.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2014] [Accepted: 09/15/2014] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Catharanthus roseus, the Madagascar periwinkle, synthesizes bioactive monoterpenoid indole alkaloids, including the anti-cancer drugs vinblastine and vincristine. The monoterpenoid branch of the alkaloid pathway leads to the secoiridoid secologanin and involves the enzyme iridoid synthase (IS), a member of the progesterone 5β-reductase (P5βR) family. IS reduces 8-oxogeranial to iridodial. Through transcriptome mining, we show that IS belongs to a family of six C. roseus P5βR genes. Characterization of recombinant CrP5βR proteins demonstrates that all but CrP5βR3 can reduce progesterone and thus can be classified as P5βRs. Three of them, namely CrP5βR1, CrP5βR2, and CrP5βR4, can also reduce 8-oxogeranial, pointing to a possible redundancy with IS (corresponding to CrP5βR5) in secoiridoid synthesis. In-depth functional analysis by subcellular protein localization, gene expression analysis, in situ hybridization, and virus-induced gene silencing indicate that besides IS, CrP5βR4 may also participate in secoiridoid biosynthesis. We cloned a set of P5βR genes from angiosperm plant species not known to produce iridoids and demonstrate that the corresponding recombinant proteins are also capable of using 8-oxogeranial as a substrate. This suggests that IS activity is intrinsic to angiosperm P5βR proteins and has evolved early during evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Munkert
- Department of Biology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jacob Pollier
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Gent, Belgium; Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Gent, Belgium
| | - Karel Miettinen
- Sylvius Laboratory, Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, Leiden 2333 BE, The Netherlands
| | - Alex Van Moerkercke
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Gent, Belgium; Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Gent, Belgium
| | - Richard Payne
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Frieder Müller-Uri
- Department of Biology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Vincent Burlat
- Université de Toulouse, UPS, UMR 5546, Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, BP 42617 Auzeville, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France; CNRS, UMR 5546, BP 42617, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Sarah E O'Connor
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Johan Memelink
- Sylvius Laboratory, Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, Leiden 2333 BE, The Netherlands
| | - Wolfgang Kreis
- Department of Biology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Alain Goossens
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Gent, Belgium; Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Gent, Belgium.
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12
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Truncation of N-terminal regions of Digitalis lanata progesterone 5β-reductase alters catalytic efficiency and substrate preference. Biochimie 2013; 101:31-8. [PMID: 24370479 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2013.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2012] [Accepted: 12/12/2013] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
N-Terminal truncated forms of progesterone 5β-reductase (P5βR) were synthesized taking a full-length cDNA encoding for Digitalis lanata P5βR with a hexa-histidine tag attached at the C-terminus (rDlP5βRc) as the starting point. Four pETite-c-His/DlP5βR constructs coding for P5βR derivatives truncated in the N-terminal region, termed rDlP5βRcn-10, rDlP5βRcn-20, rDlP5βRcn-30, and rDlP5βRcn-40 were obtained by site-directed mutagenesis. The cDNAs coding for full-length rDlP5βRc, rDlP5βRcn-10 and rDlP5βRcn-20 were over-expressed in Escherichia coli and the respective enzymes were soluble and catalytically active (progesterone and 2-cyclohexen-1-one as substrates). GST-tagged recombinant DlP5βR (rDlP5βR-GST) and rDlP5βR-GSTr, with the GST-tag removed by protease treatment were produced as well and served as controls. The Km values and substrate preferences considerably differed between the various DlP5βR derivatives. As for the C-terminal His-tagged rDlP5βR the catalytic efficiency for progesterone was highest for the full-length rDlP5βRc whereas the N-terminal truncated forms preferred 2-cyclohexen-1-one as the substrate. Affinity tags and artifacts resulting from the cloning strategy used may alter substrate specificity. Therefore enzyme properties determined with recombinant proteins should not be used to infer in vivo scenarios and should be considered for each particular case.
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13
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Yue J, Hu X, Huang J. Horizontal gene transfer in the innovation and adaptation of land plants. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2013; 8:e24130. [PMID: 23470724 PMCID: PMC3907414 DOI: 10.4161/psb.24130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Horizontal gene transfer (HGT) has been well documented in prokaryotes and unicellular eukaryotes, but its role in plants and animals remains elusive. In a recent study, we showed that at least 57 families of nuclear genes in the moss Physcomitrella patens were acquired from prokaryotes, fungi or viruses and that HGT played a critical role in plant colonization of land. In this paper, we categorize all acquired genes based on their putative functions and biological processes, and further address the importance of HGT in plant innovation and evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jipei Yue
- Department of Biology; East Carolina University; Greenville, NC USA
- Key Laboratory of Biodiversity and Biogeography; Kunming Institute of Botany; Chinese Academy of Science; Yunnan, China
| | - Xiangyang Hu
- Key Laboratory of Biodiversity and Biogeography; Kunming Institute of Botany; Chinese Academy of Science; Yunnan, China
| | - Jinling Huang
- Department of Biology; East Carolina University; Greenville, NC USA
- Correspondence to: Jinling Huang,
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Moummou H, Kallberg Y, Tonfack LB, Persson B, van der Rest B. The plant short-chain dehydrogenase (SDR) superfamily: genome-wide inventory and diversification patterns. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2012; 12:219. [PMID: 23167570 PMCID: PMC3541173 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2229-12-219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2012] [Accepted: 11/16/2012] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Short-chain dehydrogenases/reductases (SDRs) form one of the largest and oldest NAD(P)(H) dependent oxidoreductase families. Despite a conserved 'Rossmann-fold' structure, members of the SDR superfamily exhibit low sequence similarities, which constituted a bottleneck in terms of identification. Recent classification methods, relying on hidden-Markov models (HMMs), improved identification and enabled the construction of a nomenclature. However, functional annotations of plant SDRs remain scarce. RESULTS Wide-scale analyses were performed on ten plant genomes. The combination of hidden Markov model (HMM) based analyses and similarity searches led to the construction of an exhaustive inventory of plant SDR. With 68 to 315 members found in each analysed genome, the inventory confirmed the over-representation of SDRs in plants compared to animals, fungi and prokaryotes. The plant SDRs were first classified into three major types - 'classical', 'extended' and 'divergent' - but a minority (10% of the predicted SDRs) could not be classified into these general types ('unknown' or 'atypical' types). In a second step, we could categorize the vast majority of land plant SDRs into a set of 49 families. Out of these 49 families, 35 appeared early during evolution since they are commonly found through all the Green Lineage. Yet, some SDR families - tropinone reductase-like proteins (SDR65C), 'ABA2-like'-NAD dehydrogenase (SDR110C), 'salutaridine/menthone-reductase-like' proteins (SDR114C), 'dihydroflavonol 4-reductase'-like proteins (SDR108E) and 'isoflavone-reductase-like' (SDR460A) proteins - have undergone significant functional diversification within vascular plants since they diverged from Bryophytes. Interestingly, these diversified families are either involved in the secondary metabolism routes (terpenoids, alkaloids, phenolics) or participate in developmental processes (hormone biosynthesis or catabolism, flower development), in opposition to SDR families involved in primary metabolism which are poorly diversified. CONCLUSION The application of HMMs to plant genomes enabled us to identify 49 families that encompass all Angiosperms ('higher plants') SDRs, each family being sufficiently conserved to enable simpler analyses based only on overall sequence similarity. The multiplicity of SDRs in plant kingdom is mainly explained by the diversification of large families involved in different secondary metabolism pathways, suggesting that the chemical diversification that accompanied the emergence of vascular plants acted as a driving force for SDR evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanane Moummou
- Université de Toulouse, INPT-ENSAT, UMR990 Génomique et Biotechnologie des Fruits, Avenue de l’Agrobiopole, BP 32607, Castanet-Tolosan, F-31326, France
- Laboratory of Food Science, Faculty of Science Semlalia, University CADI AYYAD, Marrakech, Morocco
| | - Yvonne Kallberg
- Bioinformatics Infrastructure for Life Sciences, Science for Life Laboratory, Centre for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Libert Brice Tonfack
- Université de Toulouse, INPT-ENSAT, UMR990 Génomique et Biotechnologie des Fruits, Avenue de l’Agrobiopole, BP 32607, Castanet-Tolosan, F-31326, France
- Laboratory of Biotechnology and Environment, Unit of Plant Physiology and Improvement, Department of Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Yaounde 1,
PO BOX 812, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Bengt Persson
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology (CMB), Karolinska Institutet, SE-17177, Stockholm, Sweden
- IFM Bioinformatics and Swedish e-Science Research Centre (SeRC), Linköping University, SE-58183, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Benoît van der Rest
- Université de Toulouse, INPT-ENSAT, UMR990 Génomique et Biotechnologie des Fruits, Avenue de l’Agrobiopole, BP 32607, Castanet-Tolosan, F-31326, France
- INRA, UMR990 Génomique et Biotechnologie des Fruits, 24 Chemin de Borde Rouge, Castanet-Tolosan, F-31326, France
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Bauer P, Rudolph K, Müller-Uri F, Kreis W. Vein Patterning 1-encoded progesterone 5β-reductase: activity-guided improvement of catalytic efficiency. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2012; 77:53-9. [PMID: 22357344 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2012.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2011] [Revised: 01/24/2012] [Accepted: 01/26/2012] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Progesterone 5β-reductases (P5βR; EC 1.3.99.6) encoded by Vein Patterning 1 (VEP1) genes are capable of reducing the CC double-bond of a variety of enones enantioselectively. Sequence and activity data of orthologous P5βRs were used to define a set of residues possibly responsible for the large differences in enzyme activity seen between rAtSt5βR and rDlP5βR, recombinant forms of P5βRs from Arabidopsis thaliana and Digitalis lanata, respectively. Tyrosine-156, asparagine-205 and serine-248 were identified as hot spots in the rDlP5βR responsible for its low catalytic efficiency. These positions were individually substituted for amino acids found in the strong rAtSt5βR in the corresponding sites. Kinetic constants were determined for rDlP5βR and its mutants as well as for rAtSt5βR using progesterone and 2-cyclohexen-1-one as substrates. Enzyme mutants in which asparagine-205 was substituted for methionine or alanine showed considerably lower km and higher K(cat)/k(m) values than the wild-type DlP5βR, approaching the catalytic efficiency of strong P5βRs. The introduced mutations not only lead to an improved capability to reduce progesterone but also to altered substrate preference. Our findings provided structural insights into the differences seen among the natural P5βRs with regard to their substrate preferences and catalytic efficiencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Bauer
- Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Staudtstr. 5, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
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