1
|
Moon BY, Ali MS, Choi JH, Heo YE, Lee YH, Kang HS, Kim TS, Yoon SS, Moon DC, Lim SK. Antimicrobial Resistance Profiles of Enterococcus faecium and Enterococcus faecalis Isolated from Healthy Dogs and Cats in South Korea. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2991. [PMID: 38138136 PMCID: PMC10745814 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11122991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Revised: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Enterococcus spp. are typically found in the gastrointestinal tracts of humans and animals. However, they have the potential to produce opportunistic infections that can be transmitted to humans or other animals, along with acquired antibiotic resistance. In this study, we aimed to investigate the antimicrobial resistance profiles of Enterococcus faecium and Enterococcus faecalis isolates obtained from companion animal dogs and cats in Korea during 2020-2022. The resistance rates in E. faecalis towards most of the tested antimicrobials were relatively higher than those in E. faecium isolated from dogs and cats. We found relatively higher resistance rates to tetracycline (65.2% vs. 75.2%) and erythromycin (39.5% vs. 49.6%) in E. faecalis isolated from cats compared to those from dogs. However, in E. faecium, the resistance rates towards tetracycline (35.6% vs. 31.5%) and erythromycin (40.3% vs. 35.2%) were comparatively higher for dog isolates than cats. No or very few E. faecium and E. faecalis isolates were found to be resistant to daptomycin, florfenicol, tigecycline, and quinupristin/dalfopristin. Multidrug resistance (MDR) was higher in E. faecalis recovered from cats (44%) and dogs (33.9%) than in E. faecium isolated from cats (24.1%) and dogs (20.5%). Moreover, MDR patterns in E. faecalis isolates from dogs (27.2%) and cats (35.2%) were shown to encompass five or more antimicrobials. However, E. faecium isolates from dogs (at 13.4%) and cats (at 14.8%) were resistant to five or more antimicrobials. Taken together, the prevalence of antimicrobial-resistant enterococci in companion animals presents a potential public health concern.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bo-Youn Moon
- Bacterial Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeksin 8-ro, Gimcheon-si 39660, Republic of Korea; (B.-Y.M.); (M.S.A.); (J.-H.C.); (Y.-E.H.); (Y.-H.L.); (H.-S.K.); (S.-S.Y.)
| | - Md. Sekendar Ali
- Bacterial Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeksin 8-ro, Gimcheon-si 39660, Republic of Korea; (B.-Y.M.); (M.S.A.); (J.-H.C.); (Y.-E.H.); (Y.-H.L.); (H.-S.K.); (S.-S.Y.)
| | - Ji-Hyun Choi
- Bacterial Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeksin 8-ro, Gimcheon-si 39660, Republic of Korea; (B.-Y.M.); (M.S.A.); (J.-H.C.); (Y.-E.H.); (Y.-H.L.); (H.-S.K.); (S.-S.Y.)
| | - Ye-Eun Heo
- Bacterial Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeksin 8-ro, Gimcheon-si 39660, Republic of Korea; (B.-Y.M.); (M.S.A.); (J.-H.C.); (Y.-E.H.); (Y.-H.L.); (H.-S.K.); (S.-S.Y.)
| | - Yeon-Hee Lee
- Bacterial Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeksin 8-ro, Gimcheon-si 39660, Republic of Korea; (B.-Y.M.); (M.S.A.); (J.-H.C.); (Y.-E.H.); (Y.-H.L.); (H.-S.K.); (S.-S.Y.)
| | - Hee-Seung Kang
- Bacterial Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeksin 8-ro, Gimcheon-si 39660, Republic of Korea; (B.-Y.M.); (M.S.A.); (J.-H.C.); (Y.-E.H.); (Y.-H.L.); (H.-S.K.); (S.-S.Y.)
| | - Tae-Sun Kim
- Public Health and Environment Institute of Gwangju, Gwangju 14502, Republic of Korea;
| | - Soon-Seek Yoon
- Bacterial Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeksin 8-ro, Gimcheon-si 39660, Republic of Korea; (B.-Y.M.); (M.S.A.); (J.-H.C.); (Y.-E.H.); (Y.-H.L.); (H.-S.K.); (S.-S.Y.)
| | - Dong-Chan Moon
- Division of Antimicrobial Resistance Research, Centre for Infectious Diseases Research, Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency, Cheongju 28159, Republic of Korea
| | - Suk-Kyung Lim
- Bacterial Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeksin 8-ro, Gimcheon-si 39660, Republic of Korea; (B.-Y.M.); (M.S.A.); (J.-H.C.); (Y.-E.H.); (Y.-H.L.); (H.-S.K.); (S.-S.Y.)
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Monteiro Marques J, Coelho M, Santana AR, Pinto D, Semedo-Lemsaddek T. Dissemination of Enterococcal Genetic Lineages: A One Health Perspective. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:1140. [PMID: 37508236 PMCID: PMC10376465 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12071140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Enterococcus spp. are commensals of the gastrointestinal tracts of humans and animals and colonize a variety of niches such as water, soil, and food. Over the last three decades, enterococci have evolved as opportunistic pathogens, being considered ESKAPE pathogens responsible for hospital-associated infections. Enterococci's ubiquitous nature, excellent adaptative capacity, and ability to acquire virulence and resistance genes make them excellent sentinel proxies for assessing the presence/spread of pathogenic and virulent clones and hazardous determinants across settings of the human-animal-environment triad, allowing for a more comprehensive analysis of the One Health continuum. This review provides an overview of enterococcal fitness and pathogenic traits; the most common clonal complexes identified in clinical, veterinary, food, and environmental sources; as well as the dissemination of pathogenic genomic traits (virulome, resistome, and mobilome) found in high-risk clones worldwide, across the One Health continuum.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joana Monteiro Marques
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health (CIISA), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, Av. da Universidade Técnica de Lisboa, 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Mariana Coelho
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health (CIISA), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, Av. da Universidade Técnica de Lisboa, 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Andressa Rodrigues Santana
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health (CIISA), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, Av. da Universidade Técnica de Lisboa, 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Daniel Pinto
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health (CIISA), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, Av. da Universidade Técnica de Lisboa, 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Teresa Semedo-Lemsaddek
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health (CIISA), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, Av. da Universidade Técnica de Lisboa, 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Vercelli C, Amadori M, Gambino G, Re G. Does Nitrofurantoin Improve the Portfolio of Vets against Resistant Bacteria in Companion Animals? Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:antibiotics12050911. [PMID: 37237814 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12050911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
In clinical practice in dogs and cats, antimicrobials are frequently used, sometimes overused or misused, increasing antimicrobial resistance (AMR). In order to limit the phenomenon, laws have been enacted and guidelines for prudent and rational use of antibiotics have been developed. Interestingly, old molecules such as nitrofurantoin could be used to achieve therapeutic success and overcome AMR. To better understand the suitability of this molecule in veterinary medicine, the authors performed a revision of the literature, searching on PubMed and entering the following keywords: nitrofurantoin, veterinary medicine, dog, and cat connected by the Boolean operator "and", without restrictions on the date of publication. Thirty papers were finally selected. It is possible to appreciate that papers dealing with nitrofurantoin have been written from the early 1960s to the middle of the 1970s, and then a long period passed without publications. Only at the beginning of the new century, nitrofurantoin was included or was sometimes the focus of papers dealing with its efficacy in veterinary medicine, mainly in the treatment of urinary tract infections. One recent paper dealt with pharmacokinetic features, and none was dedicated to pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic integration or modeling. Nitrofurantoin appears to be still effective against several pathogens that rarely develop resistance to this molecule.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Vercelli
- Department of Veterinary Sciences of Turin, University of Turin, 10124 Torino, Italy
| | - Michela Amadori
- Department of Veterinary Sciences of Turin, University of Turin, 10124 Torino, Italy
| | - Graziana Gambino
- Department of Veterinary Sciences of Turin, University of Turin, 10124 Torino, Italy
| | - Giovanni Re
- Department of Veterinary Sciences of Turin, University of Turin, 10124 Torino, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Abdullahi IN, Lozano C, Juárez-Fernández G, Höfle U, Simón C, Rueda S, Martínez A, Álvarez-Martínez S, Eguizábal P, Martínez-Cámara B, Zarazaga M, Torres C. Nasotracheal enterococcal carriage and resistomes: detection of optrA-, poxtA- and cfrD-carrying strains in migratory birds, livestock, pets, and in-contact humans in Spain. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2023; 42:569-581. [PMID: 36890281 PMCID: PMC10105672 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-023-04579-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/10/2023]
Abstract
This study determined the carriage rates and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes of enterococci from nasotracheal samples of three healthy animal species and in-contact humans. Nasal samples were collected from 27 dog-owning households (34 dogs, 41 humans) and 4 pig-farms (40 pigs, 10 pig-farmers), and they were processed for enterococci recovery (MALDI-TOF-MS identification). Also, a collection of 144 enterococci previously recovered of tracheal/nasal samples from 87 white stork nestlings were characterized. The AMR phenotypes were determined in all enterococci and AMR genes were studied by PCR/sequencing. MultiLocus-Sequence-Typing was performed for selected isolates. About 72.5% and 60% of the pigs and pig-farmers, and 29.4% and 4.9%, of healthy dogs and owners were enterococci nasal carriers, respectively. In storks, 43.5% of tracheal and 69.2% of nasal samples had enterococci carriages. Enterococci carrying multidrug-resistance phenotype was identified in 72.5%/40.0%/50.0%/23.5%/1.1% of pigs/pig-farmers/dogs/dogs' owners/storks, respectively. Of special relevance was the detection of linezolid-resistant enterococci (LRE) in (a) 33.3% of pigs (E. faecalis-carrying optrA and/or cfrD of ST59, ST330 or ST474 lineages; E. casseliflavus-carrying optrA and cfrD); (b) 10% of pig farmers (E. faecalis-ST330-carrying optrA); (c) 2.9% of dogs (E. faecalis-ST585-carrying optrA); and (d) 1.7% of storks (E. faecium-ST1736-carrying poxtA). The fexA gene was found in all optrA-positive E. faecalis and E. casseliflavus isolates, while fexB was detected in the poxtA-positive E. faecium isolate. The enterococci diversity and AMR rates from the four hosts reflect differences in antimicrobial selection pressure. The detection of LRE carrying acquired and transferable genes in all the hosts emphasizes the need to monitor LRE using a One-Health approach.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Idris Nasir Abdullahi
- Area of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, OneHealth-UR Research Group, University of La Rioja, Logroño, 26006, Spain
| | - Carmen Lozano
- Area of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, OneHealth-UR Research Group, University of La Rioja, Logroño, 26006, Spain
| | - Guillermo Juárez-Fernández
- Area of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, OneHealth-UR Research Group, University of La Rioja, Logroño, 26006, Spain
| | - Ursula Höfle
- Spanish Wildlife Research Institute IREC (CSIC-UCLM-JCCM), SaBio (Health and Biotechnology) Research Group, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Carmen Simón
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Silvia Rueda
- Area of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, OneHealth-UR Research Group, University of La Rioja, Logroño, 26006, Spain
| | - Angela Martínez
- Area of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, OneHealth-UR Research Group, University of La Rioja, Logroño, 26006, Spain
| | - Sandra Álvarez-Martínez
- Area of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, OneHealth-UR Research Group, University of La Rioja, Logroño, 26006, Spain
| | - Paula Eguizábal
- Area of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, OneHealth-UR Research Group, University of La Rioja, Logroño, 26006, Spain
| | - Beatriz Martínez-Cámara
- Area of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, OneHealth-UR Research Group, University of La Rioja, Logroño, 26006, Spain
| | - Myriam Zarazaga
- Area of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, OneHealth-UR Research Group, University of La Rioja, Logroño, 26006, Spain
| | - Carmen Torres
- Area of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, OneHealth-UR Research Group, University of La Rioja, Logroño, 26006, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Kang X, Wei Y, Fan X, Luo S, Luo X, Zhao S, Wang G. Analysis of virulence genes, drug resistance detection, and pathogenicity in Enterococcus from farm animals. Microb Pathog 2022; 171:105745. [PMID: 36057414 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2022.105745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 08/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the presence of eight virulence genes (ace, asa1, esp, efaA, gelE, cylA, agg, fsr) in Enterococcus from a variety of animals and to explore the drug resistance and pathogenicity. This could provide a theoretical basis for clinical treatment of Enterococcus infections. Anal swabs from pigs, chickens, cattle, and dogs in farms and pet hospitals were collected for Enterococcus isolation and identification. Eight virulence genes were detected (PCR method), and drug resistance was assessed (drug-sensitive paper method). The strains containing different virulence genes were then divided into EV1, EV2, and EV3 groups. The LD50 and pathogenicity was examined by intra-peritoneal injection to infect mice. Differences were found in the detection rates of virulence genes in Enterococcus from the different animals. The highest overall detection rate was for the esp gene (78.0%), and the lowest for the cylA gene (15.5%). Eight genes were detected most frequently in Enterococcus from dogs and least frequently from cattle. Among the Enterococcus strains from four variety of animals, drug resistance was highest against sulfamethoxazole (100%), cefotaxime (>97%), and cefotaxitin (>93%). Drug resistance was lowest against vancomycin (0%), levofloxacin (<12%) and ciprofloxacin (<13%). The LD50 for each of the three groups was EV1LD50=8.71×109CFU, EV2LD50=2.34×1010CFU,and EV3LD50=9.33×1010CFU. The Enterococcus12LD50 dose group caused significant clinical symptoms in mice, with pathological effects on the heart, liver, lungs, and kidneys, and particularly on the urinary system. The abundance of Enterococcus virulence genes, drug resistance, and pathogenicity vary among different animal origins, and the pathology caused by Enterococcus requires effective treatment protocols based on species and regional characteristics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinyun Kang
- Veterinary Pharmacology Lab, School of Agriculture, Ningxia University, 750021, Yinchuan, China
| | - Yanqin Wei
- Veterinary Pharmacology Lab, School of Agriculture, Ningxia University, 750021, Yinchuan, China
| | - Xiaofei Fan
- Veterinary Pharmacology Lab, School of Agriculture, Ningxia University, 750021, Yinchuan, China
| | - Shuangyan Luo
- Veterinary Pharmacology Lab, School of Agriculture, Ningxia University, 750021, Yinchuan, China
| | - Xiaofeng Luo
- Veterinary Pharmacology Lab, School of Agriculture, Ningxia University, 750021, Yinchuan, China
| | - Sijun Zhao
- Chinese Center for Animal Health and Epidemiology, Qingdao, Shandong, China.
| | - Guiqin Wang
- Veterinary Pharmacology Lab, School of Agriculture, Ningxia University, 750021, Yinchuan, China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Enterococcus Virulence and Resistant Traits Associated with Its Permanence in the Hospital Environment. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11070857. [PMID: 35884110 PMCID: PMC9311936 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11070857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterococcus are opportunistic pathogens that have been gaining importance in the clinical setting, especially in terms of hospital-acquired infections. This problem has mainly been associated with the fact that these bacteria are able to present intrinsic and extrinsic resistance to different classes of antibiotics, with a great deal of importance being attributed to vancomycin-resistant enterococci. However, other aspects, such as the expression of different virulence factors including biofilm-forming ability, and its capacity of trading genetic information, makes this bacterial genus more capable of surviving harsh environmental conditions. All these characteristics, associated with some reports of decreased susceptibility to some biocides, all described in this literary review, allow enterococci to present a longer survival ability in the hospital environment, consequently giving them more opportunities to disseminate in these settings and be responsible for difficult-to-treat infections.
Collapse
|
7
|
Menard J, Goggs R, Mitchell P, Yang Y, Robbins S, Franklin-Guild RJ, Thachil AJ, Altier C, Anderson R, Putzel GG, McQueary H, Goodman LB. Effect of antimicrobial administration on fecal microbiota of critically ill dogs: dynamics of antimicrobial resistance over time. Anim Microbiome 2022; 4:36. [PMID: 35659110 PMCID: PMC9167539 DOI: 10.1186/s42523-022-00178-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Multidrug resistance in companion animals poses significant risks to animal and human health. Prolonged antimicrobial drug (AMD) treatment in animals is a potential source of selection pressure for antimicrobial resistance (AMR) including in the gastrointestinal microbiota. We performed a prospective study of dogs treated for septic peritonitis, pyometra, or bacterial pneumonia and collected repeated fecal samples over 60 days. Bacterial cultures and direct molecular analyses of fecal samples were performed including targeted resistance gene profiling. Results Resistant Escherichia coli increased after 1 week of treatment (D1:21.4% vs. D7:67.9% P < 0.001) and returned to baseline proportions by D60 (D7:67.9% vs D60:42.9%, P = 0.04). Dogs with septic peritonitis were hospitalized significantly longer than those with pneumonia or pyometra. Based on genetic analysis, Simpson’s diversity index significantly decreased after 1 week of treatment (D1 to D7, P = 0.008), followed by a gradual increase to day 60 (D1 and D60, P = 0.4). Detection of CTX-M was associated with phenotypic resistance to third-generation cephalosporins in E. coli (OR 12.1, 3.3–68.0, P < 0.001). Lincosamide and macrolide-resistance genes were more frequently recovered on days 14 and 28 compared to day 1 (P = 0.002 and P = 0.004 respectively). Conclusion AMR was associated with prescribed drugs but also developed against AMDs not administered during the study. Companion animals may be reservoirs of zoonotic multidrug resistant pathogens, suggesting that veterinary AMD stewardship and surveillance efforts should be prioritized. Graphical abstract ![]()
Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s42523-022-00178-9.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julie Menard
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.
| | - Robert Goggs
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Patrick Mitchell
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Yufan Yang
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Sarah Robbins
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Rebecca J Franklin-Guild
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Anil J Thachil
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Craig Altier
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Renee Anderson
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Gregory G Putzel
- Microbiome Core Lab and Jill Roberts IBD Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York City, NY, USA
| | - Holly McQueary
- Department of Public and Ecosystem Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Laura B Goodman
- Department of Public and Ecosystem Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Feßler AT, Scholtzek AD, Schug AR, Kohn B, Weingart C, Hanke D, Schink AK, Bethe A, Lübke-Becker A, Schwarz S. Antimicrobial and Biocide Resistance among Canine and Feline Enterococcus faecalis, Enterococcus faecium, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Acinetobacter baumannii Isolates from Diagnostic Submissions. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11020152. [PMID: 35203754 PMCID: PMC8868471 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11020152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A total of 215 isolates from infections of dogs and cats, including 49 Enterococcus faecalis, 37 Enterococcus faecium, 59 Escherichia coli, 56 Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and 14 Acinetobacter baumannii, were investigated for their susceptibility to 27 (Gram-positive bacteria) or 20 (Gram-negative bacteria) antimicrobial agents/combinations of antimicrobial agents by broth microdilution according to the recommendations of the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. Moreover, all isolates were analysed for their susceptibility to the biocides benzalkonium chloride, chlorhexidine, polyhexanide, and octenidine by a recently published broth microdilution biocide susceptibility testing method. While the E. faecalis isolates did not show expanded resistances, considerable numbers of the E. faecium isolates were resistant to penicillins, macrolides, tetracyclines, and fluoroquinolones. Even a single vancomycin-resistant isolate that carried the vanA gene cluster was detected. Expanded multiresistance phenotypes were also detected among the E. coli isolates, including a single carbapenem-resistant, blaOXA-48-positive isolate. In addition, multiresistant A. baumannii isolates were detected. The minimal inhibitory concentrations of the biocides showed unimodal distributions but differed with respect to the biocide and the bacterial species investigated. Although there were no indications of a development of biocide resistance, some P. aeruginosa isolates exhibited benzalkonium MICs higher than the highest test concentration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea T Feßler
- Institute of Microbiology and Epizootics, Centre for Infection Medicine, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, 14163 Berlin, Germany
- Veterinary Centre for Resistance Research (TZR), Freie Universität Berlin, 14163 Berlin, Germany
| | - Anissa D Scholtzek
- Institute of Microbiology and Epizootics, Centre for Infection Medicine, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, 14163 Berlin, Germany
- Veterinary Centre for Resistance Research (TZR), Freie Universität Berlin, 14163 Berlin, Germany
- Unit Bacterial Toxins, Food Service, Department Biological Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, 10589 Berlin, Germany
| | - Angela R Schug
- Institute of Microbiology and Epizootics, Centre for Infection Medicine, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, 14163 Berlin, Germany
- Veterinary Centre for Resistance Research (TZR), Freie Universität Berlin, 14163 Berlin, Germany
| | - Barbara Kohn
- Veterinary Centre for Resistance Research (TZR), Freie Universität Berlin, 14163 Berlin, Germany
- Small Animal Clinic, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, 14163 Berlin, Germany
| | - Christiane Weingart
- Veterinary Centre for Resistance Research (TZR), Freie Universität Berlin, 14163 Berlin, Germany
- Small Animal Clinic, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, 14163 Berlin, Germany
| | - Dennis Hanke
- Institute of Microbiology and Epizootics, Centre for Infection Medicine, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, 14163 Berlin, Germany
- Veterinary Centre for Resistance Research (TZR), Freie Universität Berlin, 14163 Berlin, Germany
| | - Anne-Kathrin Schink
- Institute of Microbiology and Epizootics, Centre for Infection Medicine, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, 14163 Berlin, Germany
- Veterinary Centre for Resistance Research (TZR), Freie Universität Berlin, 14163 Berlin, Germany
| | - Astrid Bethe
- Institute of Microbiology and Epizootics, Centre for Infection Medicine, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, 14163 Berlin, Germany
- Veterinary Centre for Resistance Research (TZR), Freie Universität Berlin, 14163 Berlin, Germany
| | - Antina Lübke-Becker
- Institute of Microbiology and Epizootics, Centre for Infection Medicine, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, 14163 Berlin, Germany
- Veterinary Centre for Resistance Research (TZR), Freie Universität Berlin, 14163 Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefan Schwarz
- Institute of Microbiology and Epizootics, Centre for Infection Medicine, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, 14163 Berlin, Germany
- Veterinary Centre for Resistance Research (TZR), Freie Universität Berlin, 14163 Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Finisterra L, Duarte B, Peixe L, Novais C, Freitas AR. Industrial dog food is a vehicle of multidrug-resistant enterococci carrying virulence genes often linked to human infections. Int J Food Microbiol 2021; 358:109284. [PMID: 34144837 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2021.109284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The increase in the number of pets in recent years has been followed by an exponential growth of the industrial pet food sector, which has been accompanied by new food safety risks, namely antibiotic resistance. The aim of this study was to investigate whether dog food commercially available in Portugal is a reservoir of clinically-relevant antibiotic resistant Enterococcus. Fifty-five samples (25 brands; 22 wet, 14 raw frozen, 8 dry, 7 treats and 4 semi-wet) were collected on 9 commercial surfaces in the Porto region (September 2019 to January 2020). Most samples were obtained from brands that are commercialized worldwide (n = 21/25). Sample (25 g) processing included pre-enrichment and enrichment steps in culture media without/with 3 antibiotics, and then plating into selective media without/with the same antibiotics. Susceptibility was studied for 13 antibiotics (disk diffusion; Etest; microdilution) according to EUCAST/CLSI. Clinically-relevant species (E. faecium and E. faecalis), antibiotic resistance (vanA, vanB, optrA, poxtA) and virulence (e.g. ptsD, esp, sgrA) genes were identified by PCR. Other species of Enterococcus were identified by MALDI-TOF MS. Clonality was established by MLST in selected isolates. Enterococcus (n = 184; 7 species; >85% E. faecium and E. faecalis) were detected in 30 samples (54%) of different types (14 raw, 16 heat treated-7 dry, 6 wet, 3 treats). E. faecium and E. faecalis were more frequent in dry and wet samples, respectively. More than 40% of enterococci recovered were resistant to erythromycin, tetracycline, quinupristin-dalfopristin, streptomycin, gentamicin, chloramphenicol, ampicillin or ciprofloxacin, and to a lesser extent to linezolid (23%; optrA, poxtA) or vancomycin and teicoplanin (2% each; vanA). Multidrug-resistant isolates (31%), including to vancomycin and linezolid, were obtained mostly from raw foods, although also detected in wet samples or treats, and mainly from culture media supplemented with antibiotics. Samples subjected to thermal treatment mostly carried non-MDR isolates. The variety of clones observed included strains previously identified in hospitalized patients (E. faecium ST17/ST80; E. faecalis ST40), farm animals, pets and environmental strains. This study shows that dog food from international brands is a vehicle of clinically-relevant enterococci carrying resistance to last resort antibiotics and relevant virulence genes, thus positioning pet food as an important source of antibiotic resistance spread within the One Health context. The high incidence of Enterococcus in a variety of dog food samples indicates the need to review selection of raw materials, manufacturing and hygiene practices in an emerging food sector growing worldwide.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liliana Finisterra
- UCIBIO/REQUIMTE, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Laboratório de Microbiologia, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Bárbara Duarte
- UCIBIO/REQUIMTE, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Laboratório de Microbiologia, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal; Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Unidade de Análises Clínicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Luísa Peixe
- UCIBIO/REQUIMTE, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Laboratório de Microbiologia, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal; ESCMID Food- and Water-borne Infections Study Group (EFWISG)
| | - Carla Novais
- UCIBIO/REQUIMTE, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Laboratório de Microbiologia, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal; ESCMID Food- and Water-borne Infections Study Group (EFWISG).
| | - Ana R Freitas
- UCIBIO/REQUIMTE, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Laboratório de Microbiologia, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal; Departmento de Ciências, Instituto Universitário de Ciências da Saúde (IUCS), Cooperativa de Ensino Superior Politécnico e Universitário (CESPU), CRL, Gandra, Portugal; ESCMID Food- and Water-borne Infections Study Group (EFWISG).
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Evaluation of a Biocide Used in the Biological Isolation and Containment Unit of a Veterinary Teaching Hospital. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:antibiotics10060639. [PMID: 34071748 PMCID: PMC8229411 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10060639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Hospital-acquired infections (HAIs) are a rising problem worldwide, and the best way of coping with them is through infection tracking and surveillance systems, combined with prevention strategies, namely efficient disinfection protocols, that employ various biocides. However, increasing reports about reductions in biocide susceptibility and the development of cross-resistance to antimicrobials emphasize the need for identifying the factors influencing biocide efficiency. In this study, 29 bacterial isolates (n = 3 E. coli, n = 2 Pseudomonas spp., n = 23 Enterococcus spp., and n = 1 Staphylococcus pseudintermedius), obtained from environmental samples collected from the Biological Isolation and Containment Unit (BICU), of the Veterinary Teaching Hospital of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, were tested in order to determine their antimicrobial susceptibility to various antibiotics. Thirteen of these isolates were further selected in order to determine their antimicrobial susceptibility to Virkon™ S, with and without the presence of organic matter. Afterward, seven of these isolates were incubated in the presence of sub-lethal concentrations of this formulation and, subsequently, new susceptibility profiles were determined. Fourteen of the 29 isolates (48.3%) were classified as multidrug resistant, all previously identified as enterococci. Concerning Virkon™ S's susceptibility, the Minimal Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) of this biocide regarding all isolates was at least eight times lower than the concentration regularly used, when no organic matter was present. However, when organic matter was added, MBC values rose up to 23 times. After exposure to sub-lethal concentrations of Virkon™ S, four enterococci presented a phenotypical change regarding antimicrobial susceptibility towards gentamicin. Virkon™ S also resulted in higher MBC values, up to 1.5 times, in the presence of low concentrations of organic matter, but no rise in these values was observed in assays without interfering substance. Virkon™ S seemed to be an efficient formulation in eliminating all bacteria isolates isolated from the BICU. However, organic matter could represent a hindrance to this ability, which emphasizes the importance of sanitization before disinfection procedures. The changes seen in antimicrobial susceptibility could be explained by a general stress-induced response promoted by the sub-lethal levels of Virkon™ S. Additionally, when no organic matter was present, a decrease in susceptibility to this biocide seemed to be non-existent.
Collapse
|
11
|
Miranda C, Silva V, Igrejas G, Poeta P. Impact of European pet antibiotic use on enterococci and staphylococci antimicrobial resistance and human health. Future Microbiol 2021; 16:185-201. [PMID: 33491483 DOI: 10.2217/fmb-2020-0119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to the inappropriate use of antibiotics described in both human and veterinary medicine, there is emerging evidence of antimicrobial-resistant organisms isolated from humans and pets, forming a multifaceted problem. Although the true magnitude of antimicrobial resistance in pets and other animals, as well as humans, are not fully known; pets, in particular dogs and cats, can contribute to the spread of antimicrobial resistance due to close contact with humans and their status as a family member in urban households. This review summarizes and highlights the current data concerning the antibiotic use on pets, and the European distribution of the increasing prevalence of multiresistant bacterial pathogens, such as enterococci and methicillin-resistant staphylococci on pets, as well as its implications for public health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carla Miranda
- Microbiology & Antibiotic Resistance Team (MicroART), Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes & Alto Douro, Vila Real 5001-801, Portugal.,Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes & Alto Douro, Vila Real, 5001-801, Portugal.,Associated Laboratory for Green Chemistry (LAQV-REQUIMTE), University NOVA of Lisboa, Caparica, Lisboa, 2829-516, Portugal
| | - Vanessa Silva
- Microbiology & Antibiotic Resistance Team (MicroART), Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes & Alto Douro, Vila Real 5001-801, Portugal.,Associated Laboratory for Green Chemistry (LAQV-REQUIMTE), University NOVA of Lisboa, Caparica, Lisboa, 2829-516, Portugal.,Department of Genetics & Biotechnology, University of Trás-os-Montes & Alto Douro, Vila Real, 5001-801, Portugal.,Functional Genomics & Proteomics Unit, University of Trás-os-Montes & Alto Douro, Vila Real, 5001-801, Portugal
| | - Gilberto Igrejas
- Associated Laboratory for Green Chemistry (LAQV-REQUIMTE), University NOVA of Lisboa, Caparica, Lisboa, 2829-516, Portugal.,Department of Genetics & Biotechnology, University of Trás-os-Montes & Alto Douro, Vila Real, 5001-801, Portugal.,Functional Genomics & Proteomics Unit, University of Trás-os-Montes & Alto Douro, Vila Real, 5001-801, Portugal
| | - Patrícia Poeta
- Microbiology & Antibiotic Resistance Team (MicroART), Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes & Alto Douro, Vila Real 5001-801, Portugal.,Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes & Alto Douro, Vila Real, 5001-801, Portugal.,Associated Laboratory for Green Chemistry (LAQV-REQUIMTE), University NOVA of Lisboa, Caparica, Lisboa, 2829-516, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Oguttu JW, Qekwana DN, Odoi A. Prevalence and Predictors of Antimicrobial Resistance Among Enterococcus spp. From Dogs Presented at a Veterinary Teaching Hospital, South Africa. Front Vet Sci 2021; 7:589439. [PMID: 33490130 PMCID: PMC7817767 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.589439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: While surveillance of antimicrobial drug resistance is ongoing in human medicine in South Africa, there is no such activity being performed in veterinary medicine. As a result, there is a need to investigate antimicrobial resistance among enterococci isolated from dogs in South Africa to improve understanding of the status of antimicrobial drug resistance given its public and veterinary public health importance. This study investigated antimicrobial resistance and factors associated with resistance profiles of enterococci isolated from dogs presented for veterinary care at a veterinary teaching hospital in South Africa. Methods: In total 102 Enterococcus isolated between 2007 and 2011 by a bacteriology laboratory at a teaching hospital were included in this study. Antimicrobial susceptibility of the isolates was determined against a panel of 18 antimicrobials using the Kirby Bauer disc diffusion technique. Univariate analysis was used to assess simple associations between year, season, breed group, age group, sex, and specimen as covariates and extensive drug resistance (XDR) as the outcome. Variables that were significant in the univariate analysis at a generous p-value ≤ 0.2 were included in the multivariable logistic models to investigate predictors of XDR. Results: All the Enterococcus isolates were resistant to at least one antimicrobial. High proportions of isolates were resistant against lincomycin (93%), kanamycin (87%), orbifloxacin (85%), and aminogycoside-lincosamide (77%). Ninety three percent (93%), 35.3, and 8.8% of the isolates exhibited multi-drug, extensive-drug and pan-drug resistance, respectively. Only year was significantly (p = 0.019) associated with extensive-drug resistance. Conclusion: Given the zoonotic potential of Enterococcus spp., the high antimicrobial resistance and multi-drug resistance observed in this study are a public health concern from one health perspective. The identified resistance to various antimicrobials may be useful in guiding clinicians especially in resource scarce settings where it is not always possible to perform AST when making treatment decisions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James Wabwire Oguttu
- Department of Agriculture and Animal Health, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, University of South Africa, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Daniel Nenene Qekwana
- Section Veterinary Public Health, Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Agricola Odoi
- Department of Agriculture and Animal Health, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, University of South Africa, Johannesburg, South Africa.,Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, United States
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Hayes GM, Bersenas AM, Mathews K, Lane WG, LaLonde-Paul DF, Steele A, Avellaneda A. A multicenter observational study investigating care errors, staffing levels, and workload in small animal intensive care units. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio) 2020; 30:517-524. [PMID: 32918379 DOI: 10.1111/vec.12991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Revised: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate associations among care errors, staffing, and workload in small animal ICUs. DESIGN Multicenter observational cohort study conducted between January 2017 and September 2018. SETTING Three small animal teaching hospital ICUs. ANIMALS None. INTERVENTIONS None. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Data on patient numbers, illness severity (assesed via the acute patient physiologic and laboratory evaluation [APPLE] score), care burden, staffing levels, technician experience/education level, and care errors were collected at each study site. Care errors were categorized as major (unanticipated arrest or death; patient endangerment through IV line, arterial catheter, chest tube or other invasive device mismanagement, or errors in drug calculation/administration) or minor. Median patient:technician ratio was 4.3 (range: 1-18). Median patient illness severity was 15.1 (4.7-27.1) APPLE score units. A total of 221 major and 3,317 minor errors were observed over the study period. The odds of a major error increased by an average of 11% (odds ratio [OR] = 1.11; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.02-1.20; P = 0.012) for each 1 patient increase in the patient:technician ratio after averaging by ICU location. The major error incident rate ratio was 2.53 (95% CI, 1.84-3.54; P < 0.001) for patient:technician ratios of >4.0 compared with ≤4.0. The odds of a major error increased by 0.5% per total unit APPLE score increase (OR = 1.005; 95% CI, 1.002-1.007; P < 0.001). The major error incident rate ratio was 1.71 (95% CI, 1.30-2.25; P < 0.001) for APPLEfast :technician ratios of >73 compared with ≤73. The odds of a major error decreased by 2% (OR = 0.98; 95% CI, 0.97-0.99; P = 0.01) for each year increase in total technician years of ICU work experience. CONCLUSIONS Substantial reductions in major care errors may be achieved by maintaining ICU patient:technician ratios at ≤4. Technician experience and total unit burden of patient illness severity are also associated with error incidence, and should be taken into consideration when scheduling staff.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Galina M Hayes
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
| | - Alexa M Bersenas
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Karol Mathews
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - William G Lane
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care, Angell Animal Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Denise F LaLonde-Paul
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
| | - Andrea Steele
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ana Avellaneda
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Antimicrobial Resistance of Enterococcus Faecium Isolated from the Urinary System Of Dogs. MACEDONIAN VETERINARY REVIEW 2019. [DOI: 10.2478/macvetrev-2018-0026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to determine the antimicrobial susceptibility of vancomycin-resistant and Enterococcus faecium strains isolated from urine samples of dogs. A total of 22 Enterococcus sp. samples were isolated and identified from 100 urine samples collected by cystocentesis from dogs of both sexes. The identification with species specific primers for multiplex PCR revealed that all 22 isolates (100%) belonged to E. faecium. Vancomycin resistance was found in 10 (45%) samples of E. faecium strains with PCR study by vanA and vanB primers.
Collapse
|
15
|
Abstract
Enterococci are natural inhabitants of the intestinal tract in humans and many animals, including food-producing and companion animals. They can easily contaminate the food and the environment, entering the food chain. Moreover, Enterococcus is an important opportunistic pathogen, especially the species E. faecalis and E. faecium, causing a wide variety of infections. This microorganism not only contains intrinsic resistance mechanisms to several antimicrobial agents, but also has the capacity to acquire new mechanisms of antimicrobial resistance. In this review we analyze the diversity of enterococcal species and their distribution in the intestinal tract of animals. Moreover, resistance mechanisms for different classes of antimicrobials of clinical relevance are reviewed, as well as the epidemiology of multidrug-resistant enterococci of animal origin, with special attention given to beta-lactams, glycopeptides, and linezolid. The emergence of new antimicrobial resistance genes in enterococci of animal origin, such as optrA and cfr, is highlighted. The molecular epidemiology and the population structure of E. faecalis and E. faecium isolates in farm and companion animals is presented. Moreover, the types of plasmids that carry the antimicrobial resistance genes in enterococci of animal origin are reviewed.
Collapse
|
16
|
Lee T, Pang S, Abraham S, Coombs GW. Antimicrobial-resistant CC17 Enterococcus faecium: The past, the present and the future. J Glob Antimicrob Resist 2018; 16:36-47. [PMID: 30149193 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgar.2018.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Revised: 08/17/2018] [Accepted: 08/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Enterococcus faecium is a robust opportunistic pathogen that is most commonly found as a commensal of the human and animal gut but can also survive in the environment. Since the introduction and use of antimicrobials, E. faecium has been found to rapidly acquire resistance genes that, when expressed, can effectively circumvent the effects of most antimicrobials. The rapid acquisition of multiple antimicrobial resistances has led to the adaptation of specific E. faecium clones in the hospital environment, collectively known as clonal complex 17 (CC17). CC17 E. faecium are responsible for a significant proportion of hospital-associated infections, which can cause severe morbidity and mortality. Here we review the history of E. faecium from commensal to a significant hospital-associated pathogen, its robust phenotypic characteristics, commonly used laboratory typing schemes, and antimicrobial resistances with a focus on vancomycin and its associated mechanism of resistance. Finally, we review the global epidemiology of vancomycin-resistant E. faecium and potential solutions to problems faced in public health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Terence Lee
- Antimicrobial Resistance and Infectious Diseases Research Laboratory, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Stanley Pang
- Antimicrobial Resistance and Infectious Diseases Research Laboratory, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia; PathWest Laboratory Medicine, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Sam Abraham
- Antimicrobial Resistance and Infectious Diseases Research Laboratory, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Geoffrey W Coombs
- Antimicrobial Resistance and Infectious Diseases Research Laboratory, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia; PathWest Laboratory Medicine, Nedlands, WA, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Holzapfel W, Arini A, Aeschbacher M, Coppolecchia R, Pot B. Enterococcus faecium SF68 as a model for efficacy and safety evaluation of pharmaceutical probiotics. Benef Microbes 2018; 9:375-388. [DOI: 10.3920/bm2017.0148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
As normal inhabitants of diverse ecosystems, including the human gastrointestinal tract, the enterococci, and especially the two species Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium, can be considered ubiquitous with regard to our natural environment. E. faecium has gained special importance thanks to beneficial strains marketed as probiotics, and because of its beneficial role in traditional fermented foods such as artisanal cheeses in some Southern European countries. Yet, following reports on the increasing association of some enterococcal strains with nosocomial infections such as endocarditis and bacteraemia, it became evident that strains from clinical origin are frequently highly resistant to ‘last-defence-line’ antibiotics such as the glycopeptide derivatives. For this reason enterococci have been classified in risk group 2 in the European Directive 93/88. With this paper it is intended to clarify the uncertain situation around the safety of the species E. faecium, also with referring to intra-species heterogeneity. In fact, well established scientific and surveillance data support the safety of some probiotic E. faecium strains for both human and animal applications. As a model, summarising yet extensive information is provided on the efficacy and safety of E. faecium SF68®, a pharmaceutical probiotic with a long history of safe use. We propose the approach presented in this review as a model for the evaluation of safety of probiotic strains of this species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- W. Holzapfel
- Handong Global University, 3 Namsong-ri Heunghae Buk-gu, Pohang Gyungbuk, 791-708, Republic of Korea
| | - A. Arini
- Cerbios-Pharma SA, Via Figino 6, 6917 Barbengo/Lugano, Switzerland
| | - M. Aeschbacher
- Cerbios-Pharma SA, Via Figino 6, 6917 Barbengo/Lugano, Switzerland
| | - R. Coppolecchia
- Cerbios-Pharma SA, Via Figino 6, 6917 Barbengo/Lugano, Switzerland
| | - B. Pot
- Research Group of Industrial Microbiology, Fermentation Technology and Downstream Processing (IMDO), Department of Applied Biological Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Bang K, An JU, Kim W, Dong HJ, Kim J, Cho S. Antibiotic resistance patterns and genetic relatedness of Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium isolated from military working dogs in Korea. J Vet Sci 2018; 18:229-236. [PMID: 27659717 PMCID: PMC5489470 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2017.18.2.229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Revised: 06/14/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterococcus spp. are normally present in the gastrointestinal tracts of animals and humans, but can cause opportunistic infections that can be transmitted to other animals or humans with integrated antibiotic resistance. To investigate if this is a potential risk in military working dogs (MWDs), we analyzed antibiotic resistance patterns and genetic relatedness of Enterococcus spp. isolated from fecal samples of MWDs of four different age groups. Isolation rates of Enterococcus spp., Enterococcus (E.) faecalis, and E. faecium, were 87.7% (57/65), 59.6% (34/57), and 56.1% (32/57), respectively, as determined by bacterial culture and multiplex PCR. The isolation rate of E. faecalis gradually decreased with age (puppy, 100%; adolescent, 91.7%; adult, 36.4%; and senior, 14.3%). Rates of resistance to the antibiotics ciprofloxacin, gentamicin, streptomycin, sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim, imipenem, and kanamycin among Enterococcus spp. increased in adolescents and adults and decreased in senior dogs, with some isolates having three different antibiotic resistance patterns. There were indistinguishable pulsed-field gel electrophoresis patterns among the age groups. The results suggest that Enterococcus is horizontally transferred, regardless of age. As such, periodic surveillance studies should be undertaken to monitor changes in antibiotic resistance, which may necessitate modification of antibiotic regimens to manage antibiotic resistance transmission.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kiman Bang
- BK21 PLUS Program for Creative Veterinary Science Research, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Jae-Uk An
- BK21 PLUS Program for Creative Veterinary Science Research, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Woohyun Kim
- BK21 PLUS Program for Creative Veterinary Science Research, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Hee-Jin Dong
- BK21 PLUS Program for Creative Veterinary Science Research, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Junhyung Kim
- BK21 PLUS Program for Creative Veterinary Science Research, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Seongbeom Cho
- BK21 PLUS Program for Creative Veterinary Science Research, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Ahmed MO, Baptiste KE. Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococci: A Review of Antimicrobial Resistance Mechanisms and Perspectives of Human and Animal Health. Microb Drug Resist 2017; 24:590-606. [PMID: 29058560 DOI: 10.1089/mdr.2017.0147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 220] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) are both of medical and public health importance associated with serious multidrug-resistant infections and persistent colonization. Enterococci are opportunistic environmental inhabitants with a remarkable adaptive capacity to evolve and transmit antimicrobial-resistant determinants. The VRE gene operons show distinct genetic variability and apparently continued evolution leading to a variety of antimicrobial resistance phenotypes and various environmental and livestock reservoirs for the most common van genes. Such complex diversity renders a number of important therapeutic options including "last resort antibiotics" ineffective and poses a particular challenge for clinical management. Enterococci resistance to glycopeptides and multidrug resistance warrants attention and continuous monitoring.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed O Ahmed
- 1 Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tripoli , Tripoli, Libya
| | - Keith E Baptiste
- 2 Department of Veterinary Medicine, Danish Medicines Agency , Copenhagen South, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Occurrence of ampicillin-resistant Enterococcus faecium carrying esp gene in pet animals: An upcoming threat for pet lovers. J Glob Antimicrob Resist 2017; 9:115-117. [PMID: 28499907 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgar.2017.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2016] [Revised: 02/16/2017] [Accepted: 02/17/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study was carried out to investigate oral colonisation by Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium in pet dogs and cats, with special reference to antibiotic resistance. METHODS Oral swabs were collected from 63 pet dogs and 57 pet cats with no known history of hospitalisation. All samples were enriched in Kenner Fecal (KF) broth before being cultured on KF agar to isolate enterococci. E. faecalis and E. faecium were identified by biochemical and molecular techniques. Antimicrobial resistance was determined by the disk diffusion method, and ampicillin-resistant strains were further examined by PCR to detect the esp gene. RESULTS Oral prevalence rates of E. faecalis among pet dogs and cats were 3.2% and 5.3%, respectively, whilst those for E. faecium were 22.2% and 15.8%, respectively. None of the isolated enterococci were resistant to vancomycin. However, ampicillin-resistant E. faecium (AREfm) was detected in the examined dogs and cats at rates of 14.3% and 5.3%, respectively. Moreover, among the isolated enterococci, six isolates showed multidrug resistance (all AREfm). Whilst the esp gene was detected in only two of nine canine AREfm isolates (multidrug-resistant strains), none of feline AREfm isolates harboured esp. CONCLUSIONS The occurrence of AREfm and the esp gene among oral isolates from pet dogs and cats represents a great public health hazard for pet owners and highlights possible zoonotic transmission of such a nosocomial pathogen outside healthcare facilities.
Collapse
|
21
|
Wijesekara PNK, Kumbukgolla WW, Jayaweera JAAS, Rawat D. Review on Usage of Vancomycin in Livestock and Humans: Maintaining Its Efficacy, Prevention of Resistance and Alternative Therapy. Vet Sci 2017; 4:vetsci4010006. [PMID: 29056665 PMCID: PMC5606620 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci4010006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2016] [Revised: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 01/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Vancomycin is one of the “last-line” classes of antibiotics used in the treatment of life-threatening infections caused by Gram-positive bacteria. Even though vancomycin was discovered in the 1950s, it was widely used after the 1980s for the treatment of infections caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococci, as the prevalence of these strains were increased. However, it is currently evident that vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and vancomycin-resistant Enterococci have developed for various reasons, including the use of avaparcin—an analog of vancomycin—as a feed additive in livestock. Therefore, prophylactic and empiric use of antibiotics and their analogues need to be minimized. Herein we discuss the rational use of vancomycin in treating humans, horses, farm animals, and pet animals such as dogs, cats, and rabbits. In present day context, more attention should be paid to the prevention of the emergence of resistance to antibiotics in order to maintain their efficacy. In order to prevent emergence of resistance, proper guidance for the responsible use of antimicrobials is indispensable. Therefore, almost all stakeholders who use antibiotics should have an in-depth understanding of the antibiotic that they use. As such, it is imperative to be aware of the important aspects of vancomycin. In the present review, efforts have been made to discuss the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, indications, emergence of resistance, control of resistance, adverse effects, and alternative therapy for vancomycin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Wikum Widuranga Kumbukgolla
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Allied Sciences, Rajarata University Mihintale, Mihintale 50008, Sri Lanka.
| | | | - Diwan Rawat
- Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Nolff MC, Pieper K, Meyer-Lindenberg A. Treatment of a perforating thoracic bite wound in a dog with negative pressure wound therapy. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2016; 249:794-800. [DOI: 10.2460/javma.249.7.794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
23
|
Hubert J, Kopecky J, Sagova-Mareckova M, Nesvorna M, Zurek L, Erban T. Assessment of Bacterial Communities in Thirteen Species of Laboratory-Cultured Domestic Mites (Acari: Acaridida). JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2016; 109:1887-96. [PMID: 27122496 DOI: 10.1093/jee/tow089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/01/2016] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
House dust mites (HDMs) and stored-product mites (SPMs) of various species inhabit human homes and stored agricultural products. These mites are carriers and hosts of microorganisms that enable their survival. The bacteriome from 13 species of SPMs and HDMs was analyzed and compared by 454 pyrosequencing of partial 16S rRNA gene amplicons. Altogether 128,052 sequences were obtained and assigned to 71 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) at the 97% identity level. The number of sequences in the OTUs between species of mites ranged from 6 to 31 in the individual mite species. We did not find any significant effect of diet or evolutionary origin of mites or their interaction on the composition of the mite bacteriome. In mite species with low bacterial diversity, the bacterial communities were dominated by potential symbiotic or parasitic bacteria, i.e., Cardinium in Dermatophagoides farinae (Hughes, 1961) and Aeroglyphus robustus (Banks 1906) and the enteric bacteria Erwinia in Blomia tropicalis Van Bronswijk, de Cock & Oshima, 1974 and Xenorhabdus in Tyroborus lini (Oudemans, 1924). Among the bacterial species identified, Staphylococcus, Bacillus, Kocuria, Brevibacterium, Corynebacterium, and Brachybacterium likely serve as food sources for the mites. The domestic acaridid mites carried high numbers of various bacteria that are potential threats to human health. These results contribute to the general understanding of the ecology of mite adaptation to human-made habitats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jan Hubert
- Crop Research Institute, Prague, Czechia (; ; ; ; ),
| | - Jan Kopecky
- Crop Research Institute, Prague, Czechia (; ; ; ; )
| | | | | | - Ludek Zurek
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, Kansas State University, KS
| | - Tomas Erban
- Crop Research Institute, Prague, Czechia (; ; ; ; )
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Pinson DM. Frustrations, requirements, and expectations of skin biopsy for diagnosing skin disease. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2016; 248:1112-4. [PMID: 27135663 DOI: 10.2460/javma.248.10.1112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
25
|
Nolff MC, Reese S, Fehr M, Dening R, Meyer-Lindenberg A. Assessment of wound bio-burden and prevalence of multi-drug resistant bacteria during open wound management. J Small Anim Pract 2016; 57:255-9. [DOI: 10.1111/jsap.12476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Revised: 12/11/2015] [Accepted: 01/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M. C. Nolff
- Clinic for Small Animal Surgery and Reproduction; Ludwig-Maximilians-University; Veterinärstrasse 13 Munich 80539 Germany
| | - S. Reese
- Department for Basic Veterinary Sciences; Ludwig-Maximilians-University; Professor-Huber-Platz 2 Munich 80539 Germany
| | - M. Fehr
- Small Animal Clinic; University of Veterinary Medicine of Hannover; Bünteweg 2 30559 Hannover Germany
| | - R. Dening
- Small Animal Clinic; University of Veterinary Medicine of Hannover; Bünteweg 2 30559 Hannover Germany
| | - A. Meyer-Lindenberg
- Clinic for Small Animal Surgery and Reproduction; Ludwig-Maximilians-University; Veterinärstrasse 13 Munich 80539 Germany
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Virulence Genes among Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium Isolated from Coastal Beaches and Human and Nonhuman Sources in Southern California and Puerto Rico. J Pathog 2016; 2016:3437214. [PMID: 27144029 PMCID: PMC4842068 DOI: 10.1155/2016/3437214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2015] [Revised: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Most Enterococcus faecalis and E. faecium are harmless to humans; however, strains harboring virulence genes, including esp, gelE, cylA, asa1, and hyl, have been associated with human infections. E. faecalis and E. faecium are present in beach waters worldwide, yet little is known about their virulence potential. Here, multiplex PCR was used to compare the distribution of virulence genes among E. faecalis and E. faecium isolated from beaches in Southern California and Puerto Rico to isolates from potential sources including humans, animals, birds, and plants. All five virulence genes were found in E. faecalis and E. faecium from beach water, mostly among E. faecalis. gelE was the most common among isolates from all source types. There was a lower incidence of asa1, esp, cylA, and hyl genes among isolates from beach water, sewage, septage, urban runoff, sea wrack, and eelgrass as compared to human isolates, indicating that virulent strains of E. faecalis and E. faecium may not be widely disseminated at beaches. A higher frequency of asa1 and esp among E. faecalis from dogs and of asa1 among birds (mostly seagull) suggests that further studies on the distribution and virulence potential of strains carrying these genes may be warranted.
Collapse
|
27
|
Leite-Martins L, Mahú MI, Costa AL, Bessa LJ, Vaz-Pires P, Loureiro L, Niza-Ribeiro J, de Matos AJF, Martins da Costa P. Prevalence of antimicrobial resistance in faecal enterococci from vet-visiting pets and assessment of risk factors. Vet Rec 2015; 176:674. [PMID: 26078332 DOI: 10.1136/vr.102888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) exhibited by enterococci isolated from faeces of pets and its underlying risk factors. From September 2009 to May 2012, rectal swabs were collected from 74 dogs and 17 cats, selected from the population of animals visiting the Veterinary Hospital of University of Porto, UPVet, through a systematic random procedure. Animal owners answered a questionnaire about the risk factors that could influence the presence of AMR in faecal enterococci. Enterococci isolation, identification and antimicrobial (AM) susceptibility testing were performed. Data analyses of multilevel, univariable and multivariable generalised linear mixed models were conducted. From all enterococci isolated (n=315), 61 per cent were considered multidrug-resistant, whereas only 9.2 per cent were susceptible to all AMs tested. Highest resistance was found to tetracycline (67.0 per cent), rifampicin (60.3 per cent), azithromycin (58.4 per cent), quinupristin/dalfopristin (54.0 per cent) and erythromycin (53.0 per cent). Previous fluoroquinolone treatments and coprophagic habits were the features more consistently associated with the presence of AMR for three (chloramphenicol, ciprofloxacin and azithromycin) and seven (tetracycline, rifampicin, gentamicin, chloramphenicol, ciprofloxacin, erythromycin and azithromycin), respectively, out of nine AMs assessed. Evaluating risk factors that determine the presence of drug-resistant bacteria in pets, a possible source of resistance determinants to human beings, is crucial for the selection of appropriate treatment guidelines by veterinary practitioners.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L Leite-Martins
- Department of Veterinary Clinics - UPVet, Abel Salazar Institute for the Biomedical Sciences (ICBAS), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal Department of Aquatic Production, ICBAS, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - M I Mahú
- Department of Aquatic Production, ICBAS, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal Gulbenkian Science Institute, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - A L Costa
- Department of Aquatic Production, ICBAS, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - L J Bessa
- Department of Aquatic Production, ICBAS, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal Interdisciplinary Centre for Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - P Vaz-Pires
- Department of Aquatic Production, ICBAS, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - L Loureiro
- Department of Global Community Health and Behavioral Sciences, Tulane School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, USA
| | - J Niza-Ribeiro
- Department of Population Studies, ICBAS, and Institute of Public Health (ISPUP), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - A J F de Matos
- Department of Veterinary Clinics - UPVet, Abel Salazar Institute for the Biomedical Sciences (ICBAS), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal Animal Science and Study Centre/Food and Agrarian Sciences and Technologies Institute (CECA/ICETA), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - P Martins da Costa
- Department of Aquatic Production, ICBAS, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal Interdisciplinary Centre for Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Prevalence, diversity and characterization of enterococci from three coraciiform birds. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 2015; 107:1281-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s10482-015-0422-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
|
29
|
|
30
|
Leite-Martins L, Meireles D, Bessa LJ, Mendes Â, de Matos AJ, Martins da Costa P. Spread of Multidrug-ResistantEnterococcus faecalisWithin the Household Setting. Microb Drug Resist 2014; 20:501-7. [DOI: 10.1089/mdr.2013.0217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Liliana Leite-Martins
- Veterinary Clinics Department–UPVET, Abel Salazar Institute for the Biomedical Sciences (ICBAS), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Microbiology and Food Technology Laboratory, ICBAS, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Diana Meireles
- Microbiology and Food Technology Laboratory, ICBAS, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Lucinda J. Bessa
- Interdisciplinary Center for Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ângelo Mendes
- Microbiology and Food Technology Laboratory, ICBAS, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Augusto J. de Matos
- Veterinary Clinics Department–UPVET, Abel Salazar Institute for the Biomedical Sciences (ICBAS), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Paulo Martins da Costa
- Microbiology and Food Technology Laboratory, ICBAS, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Interdisciplinary Center for Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
|
32
|
Hayes GM, Gibson TWG, Moens NMM, Monteiro B, Johnson RJ. Intra-articular pharmacokinetics of a gentamicin impregnated collagen sponge in the canine stifle: an experimental study. Vet Surg 2014; 43:166-73. [PMID: 24410710 DOI: 10.1111/j.1532-950x.2014.12115.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2011] [Accepted: 09/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate local and systemic pharmacokinetics of gentamicin after intra-articular implantation of a gentamicin impregnated collagen sponge (GICS) in the inflamed canine joint. STUDY DESIGN Descriptive repeated measures experimental study. ANIMALS Dogs (n = 9). METHODS Stifle joint inflammation was caused by urate injection. Twenty-four hours later a GICS (gentamicin dose, 6 mg/kg) was arthroscopically implanted. Synovial fluid and plasma gentamicin concentrations were measured for 14 days after implantation, and pharmacokinetic parameters modeled using statistical moment analyses. RESULTS Intra-articular gentamicin concentrations fell to sub-MIC for Staphylococcus sp. (4 µg/mL) by 22.4 hours (95% CI: 18.6-26.2) after sponge implantation. Cmax synovial was 2397 µg/mL (95%CI: 1161-3634 µg/mL) at 1.2 hours (95%CI: 0.5-1.8 hours). Plasma gentamicin concentrations achieved levels of Cmax plasma = 8.0 µg/mL (95%CI: 6.1-10.0 µg/mL) at 1.5 hours (95%CI: 0.8-2.1) after GICS placement and fell below target trough of 2.0 µg/mL by 5.6 hours (95%CI: 4.7-6.5 hours) after GICS placement. CONCLUSIONS Intra-articular gentamicin concentration after GICS placement at an IV-equivalent dose reached high levels and declined rapidly. The maximum plasma levels attained were ∼1/3 of the recommended sub-toxic target for people after parenteral gentamicin administration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Galina M Hayes
- Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Jiménez E, Ladero V, Chico I, Maldonado-Barragán A, López M, Martín V, Fernández L, Fernández M, Álvarez MA, Torres C, Rodríguez JM. Antibiotic resistance, virulence determinants and production of biogenic amines among enterococci from ovine, feline, canine, porcine and human milk. BMC Microbiol 2013; 13:288. [PMID: 24325647 PMCID: PMC4029345 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2180-13-288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2013] [Accepted: 12/04/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Recent studies have shown that mammalian milk represents a continuous supply of commensal bacteria, including enterococci. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the presence of enterococci in milk of different species and to screen them for several genetic and phenotypic traits of clinical significance among enterococci. Results Samples were obtained from, at least, nine porcine, canine, ovine, feline and human healthy hosts. Enterococci could be isolated, at a concentration of 1.00 × 102 -1.16 × 103 CFU/ml, from all the porcine samples and, also from 85, 50, 25 and 25% of the human, canine, feline and ovine ones, respectively. They were identified as Enterococcus faecalis, Enterococcus faecium, Enterococcus hirae, Enterococcus casseliflavus and Enterococcus durans. Among the 120 initial enterococcal isolates, 36 were selected on the basis of their different PFGE profiles and further characterized. MLST analysis revealed a wide diversity of STs among the E. faecalis and E. faecium strains, including some frequently associated to hospital infections and novel STs. All the E. faecalis strains possessed some of the potential virulence determinants (cad, ccf, cob, cpd, efaAfs, agg2, gelE, cylA, espfs) assayed while the E. faecium ones only harboured the efaAfm gene. All the tested strains were susceptible to tigecycline, linezolid and vancomycin, and produced tyramine. Their susceptibility to the rest of the antimicrobials and their ability to produce other biogenic amines varied depending on the strain. Enterococci strains isolated from porcine samples showed the widest spectrum of antibiotic resistance. Conclusions Enterococci isolated from milk of different mammals showed a great genetic diversity. The wide distribution of virulence genes and/or antibiotic resistance among the E. faecalis and E. faecium isolates indicates that they can constitute a reservoir of such traits and a risk to animal and human health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Juan M Rodríguez
- Departamento de Nutrición, Bromatología y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria, Avda, Puerta de Hierro, Madrid s/n, 28040, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Tremblay CL, Charlebois A, Masson L, Archambault M. Characterization of hospital-associated lineages of ampicillin-resistant Enterococcus faecium from clinical cases in dogs and humans. Front Microbiol 2013; 4:245. [PMID: 23986753 PMCID: PMC3750202 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2013.00245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2013] [Accepted: 08/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Ampicillin-resistant Enterococcus faecium (ARE) has rapidly emerged worldwide and is one of the most important nosocomial pathogens. However, very few reports are available on ARE isolates from canine clinical cases. The objective of this study was to characterize ARE strains of canine clinical origin from a veterinary teaching hospital in Canada and to compare them with human strains. Ten ARE strains from dogs and humans were characterized by multilocus sequence typing (MLST), pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), antibiotic susceptibility and biofilm activities, presence of rep-families, CRISPR-cas and putative virulence genes. All ARE strains (n = 10) were resistant to ciprofloxacin and lincomycin. Resistances to tetracycline (n = 6), macrolides (n = 6), and to high concentrations of gentamicin, kanamycin and streptomycin (n = 5) were also observed. Canine ARE isolates were found to be susceptible to vancomycin whereas resistance to this antibiotic was observed in human strains. Ampicillin resistance was linked to PBP5 showing mutations at 25 amino acid positions. Fluoroquinolone resistance was attributable to ParC, GyrA, and GyrB mutations. Data demonstrated that all canine ARE were acm (collagen binding protein)-positive and that most harbored the efaAfm gene, encoding for a cell wall adhesin. Biofilm formation was observed in two human strains but not in canine strains. Two to five rep-families were observed per strain but no CRISPR sequences were found. A total of six STs (1, 18, 65, 202, 205, and 803) were found with one belonging to a new ST (ST803). These STs were identical or closely related to human hospital-associated lineages. This report describes for the first time the characterization of canine ARE hospital-associated strains in Canada and also supports the importance of prudent antibiotic use in veterinary medicine to avoid zoonotic spread of canine ARE.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cindy-Love Tremblay
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, CRIPA Research Group Quebec, QC, Canada
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Environmental and Public Health Implications of Water Reuse: Antibiotics, Antibiotic Resistant Bacteria, and Antibiotic Resistance Genes. Antibiotics (Basel) 2013; 2:367-99. [PMID: 27029309 PMCID: PMC4790270 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics2030367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2013] [Revised: 07/19/2013] [Accepted: 07/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Water scarcity is a global problem, and is particularly acute in certain regions like Africa, the Middle East, as well as the western states of America. A breakdown on water usage revealed that 70% of freshwater supplies are used for agricultural irrigation. The use of reclaimed water as an alternative water source for agricultural irrigation would greatly alleviate the demand on freshwater sources. This paradigm shift is gaining momentum in several water scarce countries like Saudi Arabia. However, microbial problems associated with reclaimed water may hinder the use of reclaimed water for agricultural irrigation. Of particular concern is that the occurrence of antibiotic residues in the reclaimed water can select for antibiotic resistance genes among the microbial community. Antibiotic resistance genes can be associated with mobile genetic elements, which in turn allow a promiscuous transfer of resistance traits from one bacterium to another. Together with the pathogens that are present in the reclaimed water, antibiotic resistant bacteria can potentially exchange mobile genetic elements to create the “perfect microbial storm”. Given the significance of this issue, a deeper understanding of the occurrence of antibiotics in reclaimed water, and their potential influence on the selection of resistant microorganisms would be essential. In this review paper, we collated literature over the past two decades to determine the occurrence of antibiotics in municipal wastewater and livestock manure. We then discuss how these antibiotic resistant bacteria may impose a potential microbial risk to the environment and public health, and the knowledge gaps that would have to be addressed in future studies. Overall, the collation of the literature in wastewater treatment and agriculture serves to frame and identify potential concerns with respect to antibiotics, antibiotic resistant bacteria, and antibiotic resistance genes in reclaimed water.
Collapse
|
36
|
Baquero F, Tedim AP, Coque TM. Antibiotic resistance shaping multi-level population biology of bacteria. Front Microbiol 2013; 4:15. [PMID: 23508522 PMCID: PMC3589745 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2013.00015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2012] [Accepted: 01/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibiotics have natural functions, mostly involving cell-to-cell signaling networks. The anthropogenic production of antibiotics, and its release in the microbiosphere results in a disturbance of these networks, antibiotic resistance tending to preserve its integrity. The cost of such adaptation is the emergence and dissemination of antibiotic resistance genes, and of all genetic and cellular vehicles in which these genes are located. Selection of the combinations of the different evolutionary units (genes, integrons, transposons, plasmids, cells, communities and microbiomes, hosts) is highly asymmetrical. Each unit of selection is a self-interested entity, exploiting the higher hierarchical unit for its own benefit, but in doing so the higher hierarchical unit might acquire critical traits for its spread because of the exploitation of the lower hierarchical unit. This interactive trade-off shapes the population biology of antibiotic resistance, a composed-complex array of the independent "population biologies." Antibiotics modify the abundance and the interactive field of each of these units. Antibiotics increase the number and evolvability of "clinical" antibiotic resistance genes, but probably also many other genes with different primary functions but with a resistance phenotype present in the environmental resistome. Antibiotics influence the abundance, modularity, and spread of integrons, transposons, and plasmids, mostly acting on structures present before the antibiotic era. Antibiotics enrich particular bacterial lineages and clones and contribute to local clonalization processes. Antibiotics amplify particular genetic exchange communities sharing antibiotic resistance genes and platforms within microbiomes. In particular human or animal hosts, the microbiomic composition might facilitate the interactions between evolutionary units involved in antibiotic resistance. The understanding of antibiotic resistance implies expanding our knowledge on multi-level population biology of bacteria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Baquero
- Department of Microbiology, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación SanitariaMadrid, Spain
- Centros de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud PúblicaMadrid, Spain
- Unidad de Resistencia a Antibióticos y Virulencia Bacteriana asociada al Consejo Superior de Investigaciones CientíficasMadrid, Spain
| | - Ana P. Tedim
- Department of Microbiology, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación SanitariaMadrid, Spain
- Centros de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud PúblicaMadrid, Spain
| | - Teresa M. Coque
- Department of Microbiology, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación SanitariaMadrid, Spain
- Centros de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud PúblicaMadrid, Spain
- Unidad de Resistencia a Antibióticos y Virulencia Bacteriana asociada al Consejo Superior de Investigaciones CientíficasMadrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Kwon KH, Hwang SY, Moon BY, Park YK, Shin S, Hwang CY, Park YH. Occurrence of antimicrobial resistance and virulence genes, and distribution of enterococcal clonal complex 17 from animals and human beings in Korea. J Vet Diagn Invest 2012; 24:924-31. [PMID: 22855376 DOI: 10.1177/1040638712455634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Enterococci are major zoonotic bacteria that cause opportunistic infections in human beings and animals. Moreover, pathogenic strains can be disseminated between human beings and animals, particularly companion animals that come into frequent contact with people. Recently, Enterococcus faecium clonal complex 17 (CC17) has emerged as a pandemic clone. Most CC17 strains are ampicillin resistant and possess virulence genes such as esp and hyl. Despite the possible dissemination of CC17 between human beings and animals, prevalence data about CC17 in animals is limited. In the present study, the phenotypes and genotypes of antimicrobial resistance were compared, as well as virulence gene profiles from 184 enterococci strains isolated from chickens, pigs, companion animals, and human patients in Korea. Ampicillin-resistant E. faecium (AREF) strains were selected, and multilocus sequence typing was performed to investigate the dispersion of CC17 among animals and human beings. The companion animal and human isolates showed high resistance rates to ampicillin and ciprofloxacin, whereas food animal isolates showed high tetracycline and erythromycin resistance rates. Ampicillin-resistant E. faecium was only detected in human (21/21 E. faecium, 100%) and companion animal (3/5 E. faecium, 60%) isolates, and all human AREF strains and 1 canine AREF strain were confirmed as CC17. In conclusion, the occurrence of antimicrobial resistance and virulence genes, and the distribution of enterococcal CC17 in companion animal enterococcal strains were similar to those of human strains rather than to those of food animal strains.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ka Hee Kwon
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Brain Korea 21 Program for Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Hanelt B, Bolek MG, Schmidt-Rhaesa A. Going solo: discovery of the first parthenogenetic gordiid (Nematomorpha: Gordiida). PLoS One 2012; 7:e34472. [PMID: 22529916 PMCID: PMC3329510 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0034472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2011] [Accepted: 03/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the severe fitness costs associated with sexual reproduction, its persistence and pervasiveness among multicellular organisms testifies to its intrinsic, short-term advantages. However, the reproductive assurance hypothesis predicts selection favoring asexual reproduction in sparse populations and when mate finding is difficult. Difficulties in finding mates is especially common in parasites, whose life cycles involve multiple hosts, or being released from the host into the external environment where the parasite can find itself trapped without a sexual partner. To solve this problem and guarantee reproduction, parasites in numerous phyla have evolved reproductive strategies, as predicted by the reproductive assurance hypothesis, such as hermaphroditism or parthenogenesis. However, this type of strategy has not been reported from species in the phylum Nematomorpha, whose populations have often been described as sparse. A new Nematomorpha species, Paragordius obamai n. sp., was discovered from Kenya, Africa, and appears to have solved the problem of being trapped without a mate by eliminating the need for males. Paragordius obamai n. sp. represents the first and only known species within this phylum to reproduce asexually. To determine the mechanism of this mating strategy, we ruled out the involvement of reproduction manipulating endosymbionts by use of next generation sequencing data, thus suggesting that parthenogenesis is determined genetically and may have evolved as a means to assure reproduction. Since this new parthenogenetic species and a closely related gonochoristic North American congener, P. varius, are easy to propagate in the laboratory, these gordiids can be used as model systems to test hypotheses on the genetic advantages and disadvantages of asexual reproduction and the genetic determinants of reproductive strategies in parasites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ben Hanelt
- Center for Evolutionary and Theoretical Immunology, Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States of America.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Kwon KH, Moon BY, Hwang SY, Park YH. Detection of CC17 Enterococcus faecium in Dogs and a Comparison with Human Isolates. Zoonoses Public Health 2012; 59:375-8. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1863-2378.2012.01466.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
40
|
Ghosh A, Kukanich K, Brown CE, Zurek L. Resident Cats in Small Animal Veterinary Hospitals Carry Multi-Drug Resistant Enterococci and are Likely Involved in Cross-Contamination of the Hospital Environment. Front Microbiol 2012; 3:62. [PMID: 22363334 PMCID: PMC3282945 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2012.00062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2011] [Accepted: 02/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In the USA, small animal veterinary hospitals (SAVHs) commonly keep resident cats living permanently as pets within their facilities. Previously, multi-drug resistant (MDR) enterococci were found as a contaminant of multiple surfaces within such veterinary hospitals, and nosocomial infections are a concern. The objectives of this study were to determine whether resident cats carry MDR enterococci and to compare the feline isolates genotypically to those obtained from SAVH surfaces in a previous study. Enterococcal strains (n = 180) were isolated from the feces of six healthy resident cats from different SAVHs. The concentration of enterococci ranged from 1.1 × 105 to 6.0 × 108 CFU g−1 of feces, and the population comprised Enterococcus hirae (38.3 ± 18.6%), E. faecium (35.0 ± 14.3%), E. faecalis (23.9 ± 11.0%), and E. avium (2.8 ± 2.2%). Testing of phenotypic resistance to 14 antimicrobial agents revealed multi-drug resistance (≥3 antimicrobials) in 48.9% of all enterococcal isolates with most frequent resistance to tetracycline (75.0%), erythromycin (50.0%), and rifampicin (36.1%). Vancomycin resistant E. faecalis (3.9%) with vanB not horizontally transferable in in vitro conjugation assays were detected from one cat. Genotyping with pulsed-field gel electrophoresis demonstrated a host-specific clonal population of MDR E. faecalis and E. faecium. Importantly, several feline isolates were genotypically identical or closely related to isolates from surfaces of cage door, thermometer, and stethoscope of the corresponding SAVHs. These data demonstrate that healthy resident cats at SAVHs carry MDR enterococci and likely contribute to contamination of the SAVH environment. Proper disposal and handling of fecal material and restricted movement of resident cats within the ward are recommended.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anuradha Ghosh
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University Manhattan, KS, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|