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Manco L, Albuquerque D, Aranda B, Rodrigues D, Machado-Rodrigues AM, Padez C. Differential sex-association between PCSK1 polymorphisms and obesity risk in Portuguese children. Am J Hum Biol 2024; 36:e24023. [PMID: 38009939 DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.24023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The proprotein convertase subtilisin/Kexin type 1 gene (PCSK1) is implicated in hypothalamic appetite control. Several studies have addressed the relationship between PCSK1 polymorphisms and obesity, although conflicting results were observed. We tested the potential association of four PCSK1 variants with the risk of overweight/obesity and related variables in Portuguese children. METHODS This is a case-control study, where four PCSK1 variants, rs6230 (c.-101T>C), rs6232 (p.N221D), rs6235 (p.S690T), and rs3811942 (c.*265T>C), were analyzed in Portuguese children (aged 5-13 years-old). Anthropometric measures were objectively collected and used to provide weight-for-age, height-for-age, and body mass index (BMI) for age. The indices generated were compared to standard reference values of WHO to obtain the corresponding Z-scores. RESULTS Logistic regression, in the dominant model, revealed no significant associations between the four individual PCSK1 variants and the risk of overweight/obesity in the total population. However, stratifying the sample by sex, a marginally significant association was found between the rs6235 minor C-allele and increased overweight/obesity in boys (n = 345) (OR 1.55 [1.01-2.38] p = .044), but not in girls (n = 340) (OR 0.73 [0.46-1.14] p = .169). Consistently, boys with genotype GG presented lower BMI Z-score (0.62) when compared to those with the genotypes GC + CC (1.04). Testing for different effects in males versus females, a significant interaction was found between the rs6235 polymorphism and sex for BMI Z-score (p = .025). CONCLUSIONS Results of this study suggest for a sex-differentiated association between PCSK1 rs6235 and overweight/ obesity in Portuguese children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Licínio Manco
- Research Centre for Anthropology and Health (CIAS), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - David Albuquerque
- Research Centre for Anthropology and Health (CIAS), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Beatriz Aranda
- Research Centre for Anthropology and Health (CIAS), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Daniela Rodrigues
- Research Centre for Anthropology and Health (CIAS), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Aristides M Machado-Rodrigues
- Research Centre for Anthropology and Health (CIAS), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Faculty of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Cristina Padez
- Research Centre for Anthropology and Health (CIAS), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
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McBride N, Fernández-Sanlés A, Arab MA, Bond TA, Zheng J, Magnus MC, Corfield EC, Clayton GL, Hwang LD, Beaumont RN, Evans DM, Freathy RM, Gaunt TR, Lawlor DA, Borges MC. Effects of the maternal and fetal proteome on birth weight: a Mendelian randomization analysis. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2023:2023.10.20.23297135. [PMID: 37904919 PMCID: PMC10615012 DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.20.23297135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2023]
Abstract
Fetal growth is an indicator of fetal survival, regulated by maternal and fetal factors, but little is known about the underlying molecular mechanisms. We used Mendelian randomization to explore the effects of maternal and fetal genetically-instrumented plasma proteins on birth weight using genome-wide association summary data (n=406,063 with maternal and/or fetal genotype), with independent replication (n=74,932 mothers and n=62,108 offspring), and colocalisation. Higher genetically-predicted maternal levels of PCSK1 increased birthweight (mean-difference: 9g (95% CI: 5g, 13g) per 1 standard deviation protein level). Higher maternal levels of LGALS4 decreased birthweight (-54g (-29g, -80g)), as did VCAM1, RAD51D and GP1BA. In the offspring, higher genetically-predicted fetal levels of LGALS4 (46g (23g, 70g)) increased birthweight, alongside FCGR2B. Higher offspring levels of PCSK1 decreased birth weight (-9g (-16g, 4g), alongside LEPR. Results support maternal and fetal protein effects on birth weight, implicating roles for glucose metabolism, energy homeostasis, endothelial function and adipocyte differentiation.
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Velazquez-Roman J, Angulo-Zamudio UA, Leon-Sicairos N, Flores-Villaseñor H, Benitez-Baez M, Espinoza-Salomón A, Karam-León A, Villamil-Ramírez H, Canizales-Quinteros S, Macías-Kauffer L, Monroy-Higuera J, Acosta-Smith E, Canizalez-Roman A. Association of PCSK1 and PPARG1 Allelic Variants with Obesity and Metabolic Syndrome in Mexican Adults. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:1775. [PMID: 37761915 PMCID: PMC10531047 DOI: 10.3390/genes14091775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolic diseases, including obesity, diabetes, and metabolic syndrome, are among the most important public health challenges worldwide. Metabolic diseases are classified as multifactorial diseases in which genetic variants such as single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) may play an important role. The present study aimed to identify associations linking allelic variants of the PCSK1, TMEM18, GPX5, ZPR1, ZBTB16, and PPARG1 genes with anthropometric and biochemical traits and metabolic diseases (obesity or metabolic syndrome) in an adult population from northwestern Mexico. METHODS Blood samples were collected from 523 subjects, including 247 with normal weight, 276 with obesity, and 147 with metabolic syndrome. Anthropometric and biochemical characteristics were recorded, and single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were genotyped by real-time PCR. RESULTS PCSK1 was significantly (p < 0.05) associated with BMI, weight, and waist-to-hip ratio; TMEM18 was significantly associated with systolic blood pressure and triglyceride levels; GPX5 was significantly associated with HDL cholesterol levels. In addition, PCSK1 was associated with obesity (p = 1.0 × 10-4) and metabolic syndrome (p = 3.0 × 10-3), whereas PPARG1 was associated with obesity (p = 0.044). CONCLUSIONS The associations found in this study, mainly between allelic variants of PCSK1 and metabolic traits, obesity, and metabolic syndrome, may represent a risk for developing metabolic diseases in adult subjects from northwestern Mexico.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Velazquez-Roman
- School of Medicine, Autonomous University of Sinaloa, Culiacan Sinaloa 80019, Mexico; (J.V.-R.); (U.A.A.-Z.); (N.L.-S.); (H.F.-V.); (A.E.-S.); (E.A.-S.)
| | - Uriel A. Angulo-Zamudio
- School of Medicine, Autonomous University of Sinaloa, Culiacan Sinaloa 80019, Mexico; (J.V.-R.); (U.A.A.-Z.); (N.L.-S.); (H.F.-V.); (A.E.-S.); (E.A.-S.)
| | - Nidia Leon-Sicairos
- School of Medicine, Autonomous University of Sinaloa, Culiacan Sinaloa 80019, Mexico; (J.V.-R.); (U.A.A.-Z.); (N.L.-S.); (H.F.-V.); (A.E.-S.); (E.A.-S.)
- Pediatric Hospital of Sinaloa, Constitución 530, Jorge Almada, Culiacan Sinaloa 80200, Mexico
| | - Hector Flores-Villaseñor
- School of Medicine, Autonomous University of Sinaloa, Culiacan Sinaloa 80019, Mexico; (J.V.-R.); (U.A.A.-Z.); (N.L.-S.); (H.F.-V.); (A.E.-S.); (E.A.-S.)
- The Sinaloa State Public Health Laboratory, Secretariat of Health, Culiacan Sinaloa 80020, Mexico
| | - Miriam Benitez-Baez
- Programa de Doctorado, Posgrado Integral en Biotecnología, FCQB, UAS, Culiacan Sinaloa 80013, Mexico; (M.B.-B.); (A.K.-L.); (J.M.-H.)
| | - Ana Espinoza-Salomón
- School of Medicine, Autonomous University of Sinaloa, Culiacan Sinaloa 80019, Mexico; (J.V.-R.); (U.A.A.-Z.); (N.L.-S.); (H.F.-V.); (A.E.-S.); (E.A.-S.)
| | - Alejandra Karam-León
- Programa de Doctorado, Posgrado Integral en Biotecnología, FCQB, UAS, Culiacan Sinaloa 80013, Mexico; (M.B.-B.); (A.K.-L.); (J.M.-H.)
| | - Hugo Villamil-Ramírez
- Unidad de Genómica de Poblaciones Aplicada a la Salud, Facultad de Química, UNAM/INMEGEN, Mexico City 04510, Mexico; (H.V.-R.); (S.C.-Q.); (L.M.-K.)
| | - Samuel Canizales-Quinteros
- Unidad de Genómica de Poblaciones Aplicada a la Salud, Facultad de Química, UNAM/INMEGEN, Mexico City 04510, Mexico; (H.V.-R.); (S.C.-Q.); (L.M.-K.)
| | - Luis Macías-Kauffer
- Unidad de Genómica de Poblaciones Aplicada a la Salud, Facultad de Química, UNAM/INMEGEN, Mexico City 04510, Mexico; (H.V.-R.); (S.C.-Q.); (L.M.-K.)
| | - Jose Monroy-Higuera
- Programa de Doctorado, Posgrado Integral en Biotecnología, FCQB, UAS, Culiacan Sinaloa 80013, Mexico; (M.B.-B.); (A.K.-L.); (J.M.-H.)
| | - Erika Acosta-Smith
- School of Medicine, Autonomous University of Sinaloa, Culiacan Sinaloa 80019, Mexico; (J.V.-R.); (U.A.A.-Z.); (N.L.-S.); (H.F.-V.); (A.E.-S.); (E.A.-S.)
| | - Adrian Canizalez-Roman
- School of Medicine, Autonomous University of Sinaloa, Culiacan Sinaloa 80019, Mexico; (J.V.-R.); (U.A.A.-Z.); (N.L.-S.); (H.F.-V.); (A.E.-S.); (E.A.-S.)
- The Women’s Hospital, Secretariat of Health, Culiacan Sinaloa 80020, Mexico
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Jarvela TS, Shakya M, Bachor T, White A, Low MJ, Lindberg I. Reduced Stability and pH-Dependent Activity of a Common Obesity-Linked PCSK1 Polymorphism, N221D. Endocrinology 2019; 160:2630-2645. [PMID: 31504391 PMCID: PMC6892424 DOI: 10.1210/en.2019-00418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Common mutations in the human prohormone convertase (PC)1/3 gene (PCKSI) are linked to increased risk of obesity. Previous work has shown that the rs6232 single-nucleotide polymorphism (N221D) results in slightly decreased activity, although whether this decrease underlies obesity risk is not clear. We observed significantly decreased activity of the N221D PC1/3 enzyme at the pH of the trans-Golgi network; at this pH, the mutant enzyme was less stable than wild-type enzyme. Recombinant N221D PC1/3 also showed enhanced susceptibility to heat stress. Enhanced susceptibility to tunicamycin-induced endoplasmic reticulum stress was observed in AtT-20/PC2 cell clones in which murine PC1/3 was replaced by human N221D PC1/3, as compared with wild-type human PC1/3. However, N221D PC1/3-expressing AtT-20/PC2 clones processed proopiomelanocortin to α-MSH similarly to wild-type PC1/3. We also generated a CRISPR-edited mouse line expressing the N221D mutation in the PCKSI gene. When homozygous N221D mice were fed either a standard or a high-fat diet, we found no increase in body weight compared with their wild-type sibling controls. Sexual dimorphism was observed in pituitary ACTH for both genotypes, with females exhibiting lower levels of pituitary ACTH. In contrast, hypothalamic α-MSH content for both genotypes was higher in females compared with males. Hypothalamic corticotropin-like intermediate peptide content was higher in wild-type females compared with wild-type, but not N221D, males. Taken together, these data suggest that the increased obesity risk linked to the N221D allele in humans may be due in part to PC1/3-induced loss of resilience to stressors rather than strictly to decreased enzymatic activity on peptide precursors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy S Jarvela
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Surbhi
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Manita Shakya
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Tomas Bachor
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Anne White
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Gastroenterology, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Malcolm J Low
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Iris Lindberg
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- Correspondence: Iris Lindberg, PhD, Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 20 Penn Street, Room S267, Baltimore, Maryland 21210. E-mail:
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Stijnen P, Ramos-Molina B, O'Rahilly S, Creemers JWM. PCSK1 Mutations and Human Endocrinopathies: From Obesity to Gastrointestinal Disorders. Endocr Rev 2016; 37:347-71. [PMID: 27187081 DOI: 10.1210/er.2015-1117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Prohormone convertase 1/3, encoded by the PCSK1 gene, is a serine endoprotease that is involved in the processing of a variety of proneuropeptides and prohormones. Humans who are homozygous or compound heterozygous for loss-of-function mutations in PCSK1 exhibit a variable and pleiotropic syndrome consisting of some or all of the following: obesity, malabsorptive diarrhea, hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, altered thyroid and adrenal function, and impaired regulation of plasma glucose levels in association with elevated circulating proinsulin-to-insulin ratio. Recently, more common variants in the PCSK1 gene have been found to be associated with alterations in body mass index, increased circulating proinsulin levels, and defects in glucose homeostasis. This review provides an overview of the endocrinopathies and other disorders observed in prohormone convertase 1/3-deficient patients, discusses the possible biochemical basis for these manifestations of the disease, and proposes a model whereby certain missense mutations in PCSK1 may result in proteins with a dominant negative action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pieter Stijnen
- Laboratory for Biochemical Neuroendocrinology (P.S., B.R.-M., J.W.M.C.), Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium; and Medical Research Council (MRC) Metabolic Diseases Unit (S.O.), Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, National Institute for Health Research, Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Bruno Ramos-Molina
- Laboratory for Biochemical Neuroendocrinology (P.S., B.R.-M., J.W.M.C.), Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium; and Medical Research Council (MRC) Metabolic Diseases Unit (S.O.), Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, National Institute for Health Research, Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen O'Rahilly
- Laboratory for Biochemical Neuroendocrinology (P.S., B.R.-M., J.W.M.C.), Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium; and Medical Research Council (MRC) Metabolic Diseases Unit (S.O.), Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, National Institute for Health Research, Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom
| | - John W M Creemers
- Laboratory for Biochemical Neuroendocrinology (P.S., B.R.-M., J.W.M.C.), Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium; and Medical Research Council (MRC) Metabolic Diseases Unit (S.O.), Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, National Institute for Health Research, Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom
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Amato A, Baldassano S, Mulè F. GLP2: an underestimated signal for improving glycaemic control and insulin sensitivity. J Endocrinol 2016; 229:R57-66. [PMID: 27048234 DOI: 10.1530/joe-16-0035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Accepted: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Glucagon-like peptide 2 (GLP2) is a proglucagon-derived peptide produced by intestinal enteroendocrine L-cells and by a discrete population of neurons in the brainstem, which projects mainly to the hypothalamus. The main biological actions of GLP2 are related to the regulation of energy absorption and maintenance of mucosal morphology, function and integrity of the intestine; however, recent experimental data suggest that GLP2 exerts beneficial effects on glucose metabolism, especially in conditions related to increased uptake of energy, such as obesity, at least in the animal model. Indeed, mice lacking GLP2 receptor selectively in hypothalamic neurons that express proopiomelanocortin show impaired postprandial glucose tolerance and hepatic insulin resistance (by increased gluconeogenesis). Moreover, GLP2 acts as a beneficial factor for glucose metabolism in mice with high-fat diet-induced obesity. Thus, the aim of this review is to update and summarize current knowledge about the role of GLP2 in the control of glucose homeostasis and to discuss how this molecule could exert protective effects against the onset of related obesity type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Amato
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF)Università di Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Sara Baldassano
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF)Università di Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Flavia Mulè
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF)Università di Palermo, Palermo, Italy
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Ramos-Molina B, Martin MG, Lindberg I. PCSK1 Variants and Human Obesity. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2016; 140:47-74. [PMID: 27288825 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2015.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PCSK1, encoding prohormone convertase 1/3 (PC1/3), was one of the first genes linked to monogenic early-onset obesity. PC1/3 is a protease involved in the biosynthetic processing of a variety of neuropeptides and prohormones in endocrine tissues. PC1/3 activity is essential for the activating cleavage of many peptide hormone precursors implicated in the regulation of food ingestion, glucose homeostasis, and energy homeostasis, for example, proopiomelanocortin, proinsulin, proglucagon, and proghrelin. A large number of genome-wide association studies in a variety of different populations have now firmly established a link between three PCSK1 polymorphisms frequent in the population and increased risk of obesity. Human subjects with PC1/3 deficiency, a rare autosomal-recessive disorder caused by the presence of loss-of-function mutations in both alleles, are obese and display a complex set of endocrinopathies. Increasing numbers of genetic diagnoses of infants with persistent diarrhea has recently led to the finding of many novel PCSK1 mutations. PCSK1-deficient infants experience severe intestinal malabsorption during the first years of life, requiring controlled nutrition; these children then become hyperphagic, with associated obesity. The biochemical characterization of novel loss-of-function PCSK1 mutations has resulted in the discovery of new pathological mechanisms affecting the cell biology of the endocrine cell beyond simple loss of enzyme activity, for example, dominant-negative effects of certain mutants on wild-type PC1/3 protein, and activation of the cellular unfolded protein response by endoplasmic reticulum-retained mutants. A better understanding of these molecular and cellular pathologies may illuminate possible treatments for the complex endocrinopathy of PCSK1 deficiency, including obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Ramos-Molina
- Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - M G Martin
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Mattel Children's Hospital and the David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - I Lindberg
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, United States of America.
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Stijnen P, Brouwers B, Dirkx E, Ramos-Molina B, Van Lommel L, Schuit F, Thorrez L, Declercq J, Creemers JWM. Endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation of the mouse PC1/3-N222D hypomorph and human PCSK1 mutations contributes to obesity. Int J Obes (Lond) 2016; 40:973-81. [PMID: 26786350 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2016.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Revised: 12/03/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The proprotein convertase 1/3 (PC1/3), encoded by proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 1 (PCSK1), cleaves and hence activates several orexigenic and anorexigenic proproteins. Congenital inactivation of PCSK1 leads to obesity in human but not in mice. However, a mouse model harboring the hypomorphic mutation N222D is obese. It is not clear why the mouse models differ in phenotype. METHODS Gene expression analysis was performed with pancreatic islets from Pcsk1(N222D/N222D) mice. Subsequently, biosynthesis, maturation, degradation and activity were studied in islets, pituitary, hypothalamus and cell lines. Coimmunoprecipitation of PC1/3-N222D and human PC1/3 variants associated with obesity with the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) chaperone BiP was studied in cell lines. RESULTS Gene expression analysis of islets of Pcsk1(N222D/N222D) mice showed enrichment of gene sets related to the proteasome and the unfolded protein response. Steady-state levels of PC1/3-N222D and in particular the carboxy-terminally processed form were strongly reduced in islets, pituitary and hypothalamus. However, impairment of substrate cleavage was tissue dependent. Proinsulin processing was drastically reduced, while processing of proopiomelanocortin (POMC) to adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) in pituitary was only mildly impaired. Growth hormone expression and IGF-1 levels were normal, indicating near-normal processing of hypothalamic proGHRH. PC1/3-N222D binds to BiP and is rapidly degraded by the proteasome. Analysis of human PC1/3 obesity-associated mutations showed increased binding to BiP and prolonged intracellular retention for all investigated mutations, in particular for PC1/3-T175M, PC1/3-G226R and PC1/3-G593R. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates that the hypomorphic mutation in Pcsk1(N222D) mice has an effect on catalytic activity in pancreatic islets, pituitary and hypothalamus. Reduced substrate processing activity in Pcsk1(N222D/N222D) mice is due to enhanced degradation in addition to reduced catalytic activity of the mutant. PC1/3-N222D binds to BiP, suggesting impaired folding and reduced stability. Enhanced BiP binding is also observed in several human obesity-associated PC1/3 variants, suggesting a common mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Stijnen
- Laboratory for Biochemical Neuroendocrinology, Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - B Brouwers
- Laboratory for Biochemical Neuroendocrinology, Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - E Dirkx
- Laboratory for Biochemical Neuroendocrinology, Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - B Ramos-Molina
- Laboratory for Biochemical Neuroendocrinology, Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - L Van Lommel
- Gene Expression Unit, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - F Schuit
- Gene Expression Unit, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - L Thorrez
- Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - J Declercq
- Laboratory for Biochemical Neuroendocrinology, Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - J W M Creemers
- Laboratory for Biochemical Neuroendocrinology, Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Blanco EH, Ramos-Molina B, Lindberg I. Revisiting PC1/3 Mutants: Dominant-Negative Effect of Endoplasmic Reticulum-Retained Mutants. Endocrinology 2015; 156. [PMID: 26207343 PMCID: PMC4588832 DOI: 10.1210/en.2015-1068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Prohormone convertase 1/3 (PC1/3), encoded by the gene PCSK1, is critical for peptide hormone synthesis. An increasing number of studies have shown that inactivating mutations in PCSK1 are correlated with endocrine pathologies ranging from intestinal dysfunction to morbid obesity, whereas the common nonsynonymous polymorphisms rs6232 (N221D) and rs6234-rs6235 (Q665E-S690T) are highly associated with obesity risk. In this report, we revisited the biochemical and cellular properties of PC1/3 variants in the context of a wild-type PC1/3 background instead of the S357G hypermorph background used for all previous studies. In the wild-type background the PC1/3 N221D variant exhibited 30% lower enzymatic activity in a fluorogenic assay than wild-type PC1/3; this inhibition was greater than that detected in an equivalent experiment using the PC1/3 S357G background. A PC1/3 variant with the linked carboxyl-terminal polymorphisms Q665E-S690T did not show this difference. We also analyzed the biochemical properties of 2 PC1/3 mutants, G209R and G593R, which are retained in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), and studied their effects on wild-type PC1/3. The expression of ER-retained mutants induced ER stress markers and also resulted in dominant-negative blockade of wild-type PC1/3 prodomain cleavage and decreased expression of wild-type PC1/3, suggesting facilitation of the entry of wild-type protein to a degradative proteasomal pathway. Dominant-negative effects of PC1/3 mutations on the expression and maturation of wild-type protein, with consequential effects on PC1/3 availability, add a new element which must be considered in population and clinical studies of this gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elias H Blanco
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland 21201
| | - Bruno Ramos-Molina
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland 21201
| | - Iris Lindberg
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland 21201
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Nead KT, Li A, Wehner MR, Neupane B, Gustafsson S, Butterworth A, Engert JC, Davis AD, Hegele RA, Miller R, den Hoed M, Khaw KT, Kilpeläinen TO, Wareham N, Edwards TL, Hallmans G, Varga TV, Kardia SLR, Smith JA, Zhao W, Faul JD, Weir D, Mi J, Xi B, Quinteros SC, Cooper C, Sayer AA, Jameson K, Grøntved A, Fornage M, Sidney S, Hanis CL, Highland HM, Häring HU, Heni M, Lasky-Su J, Weiss ST, Gerhard GS, Still C, Melka MM, Pausova Z, Paus T, Grant SFA, Hakonarson H, Price RA, Wang K, Scherag A, Hebebrand J, Hinney A, Franks PW, Frayling TM, McCarthy MI, Hirschhorn JN, Loos RJ, Ingelsson E, Gerstein HC, Yusuf S, Beyene J, Anand SS, Meyre D. Contribution of common non-synonymous variants in PCSK1 to body mass index variation and risk of obesity: a systematic review and meta-analysis with evidence from up to 331 175 individuals. Hum Mol Genet 2015; 24:3582-94. [PMID: 25784503 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddv097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2014] [Accepted: 03/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Polymorphisms rs6232 and rs6234/rs6235 in PCSK1 have been associated with extreme obesity [e.g. body mass index (BMI) ≥ 40 kg/m(2)], but their contribution to common obesity (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m(2)) and BMI variation in a multi-ethnic context is unclear. To fill this gap, we collected phenotypic and genetic data in up to 331 175 individuals from diverse ethnic groups. This process involved a systematic review of the literature in PubMed, Web of Science, Embase and the NIH GWAS catalog complemented by data extraction from pre-existing GWAS or custom-arrays in consortia and single studies. We employed recently developed global meta-analytic random-effects methods to calculate summary odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) or beta estimates and standard errors (SE) for the obesity status and BMI analyses, respectively. Significant associations were found with binary obesity status for rs6232 (OR = 1.15, 95% CI 1.06-1.24, P = 6.08 × 10(-6)) and rs6234/rs6235 (OR = 1.07, 95% CI 1.04-1.10, P = 3.00 × 10(-7)). Similarly, significant associations were found with continuous BMI for rs6232 (β = 0.03, 95% CI 0.00-0.07; P = 0.047) and rs6234/rs6235 (β = 0.02, 95% CI 0.00-0.03; P = 5.57 × 10(-4)). Ethnicity, age and study ascertainment significantly modulated the association of PCSK1 polymorphisms with obesity. In summary, we demonstrate evidence that common gene variation in PCSK1 contributes to BMI variation and susceptibility to common obesity in the largest known meta-analysis published to date in genetic epidemiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin T Nead
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB1 8RN, UK, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Aihua Li
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics
| | - Mackenzie R Wehner
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Binod Neupane
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics
| | - Stefan Gustafsson
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Adam Butterworth
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB1 8RN, UK
| | - James C Engert
- Population Health Research Institute, McMaster University, and Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton General Hospital, Hamilton, ON, Canada L8L 2X
| | | | - Robert A Hegele
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada L8S 4L8, Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Epidemiology and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala SE 751 05, Sweden
| | | | - Marcel den Hoed
- The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada H3H 2R9, Six Nations Health Services, Ohsweken, Canada N0A 1M0
| | - Kay-Tee Khaw
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB1 8RN, UK
| | - Tuomas O Kilpeläinen
- The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada H3H 2R9, Blackburn Cardiovascular Genetics Laboratory, Robarts Research Institute, London, ON, Canada N6A 5K8
| | - Nick Wareham
- The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada H3H 2R9
| | - Todd L Edwards
- Department of Medicine, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada N6A 3K7
| | - Göran Hallmans
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Tibor V Varga
- Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Epidemiology and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sharon L R Kardia
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark
| | - Jennifer A Smith
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark
| | - Wei Zhao
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark
| | - Jessica D Faul
- Center for Human Genetics Research, Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
| | - David Weir
- Center for Human Genetics Research, Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
| | - Jie Mi
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå 901 87, Sweden
| | - Bo Xi
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Genetic and Molecular Epidemiology Unit, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital Malmö, Malmö 205 02, Sweden
| | | | - Cyrus Cooper
- Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48104, USA, Department of Epidemiology, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing 100020, China, Department of Maternal and Child Health Care, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Avan Aihie Sayer
- Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48104, USA
| | - Karen Jameson
- Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48104, USA
| | - Anders Grøntved
- Unidad de Genómica de Poblaciones Aplicada a la Salud, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Myriam Fornage
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Stephen Sidney
- National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre, University of Southampton and University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Craig L Hanis
- National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LE, UK
| | - Heather M Highland
- National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LE, UK
| | - Hans-Ulrich Häring
- Department of Sport Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense DK-5230, Denmark, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston Institute of Molecular Medicine and Division of Epidemiology Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences, School of Public Health, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Martin Heni
- Department of Sport Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense DK-5230, Denmark, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston Institute of Molecular Medicine and Division of Epidemiology Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences, School of Public Health, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jessica Lasky-Su
- Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente of Northern California, Oakland, CA 94612, USA, The Human Genetics Center, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Scott T Weiss
- Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente of Northern California, Oakland, CA 94612, USA, The Human Genetics Center, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Glenn S Gerhard
- Internal Medicine IV (Endocrinology, Diabetology, Angiology, Nephrology, and Clinical Chemistry), University Hospital of Tuebingen, Tübingen 72076, Germany
| | | | - Melkaey M Melka
- The Department of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Zdenka Pausova
- The Department of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Tomáš Paus
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Struan F A Grant
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute for Personalized Medicine, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA 17033, USA, Geisinger Obesity Institute, Danville, PA 17822, USA
| | - Hakon Hakonarson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute for Personalized Medicine, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA 17033, USA, Geisinger Obesity Institute, Danville, PA 17822, USA
| | - R Arlen Price
- The Hospital for Sick Children, Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada M5G 1X
| | - Kai Wang
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK, Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada M6A 2E1
| | - Andre Scherag
- Center for Applied Genomics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | | | | | | | - Paul W Franks
- Department of Medicine, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada N6A 3K7, MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK, Center for Neurobiology and Behavior, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Timothy M Frayling
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Department of Psychiatry and Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Mark I McCarthy
- Clinical Epidemiology, Integrated Research and Treatment Center, Center for Sepsis Control and Care (CSCC), Jena University Hospital, Jena 07740, Germany
| | - Joel N Hirschhorn
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen 45141, Germany, Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA, Genetics of Complex Traits, Peninsula College of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Exeter, Exeter EX2 4TH, UK
| | - Ruth J Loos
- The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada H3H 2R9, Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Erik Ingelsson
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Hertzel C Gerstein
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA, Divisions of Genetics and Endocrinology, Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Salim Yusuf
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA, Divisions of Genetics and Endocrinology, Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Joseph Beyene
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics
| | - Sonia S Anand
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA, Divisions of Genetics and Endocrinology, Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - David Meyre
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Divisions of Genetics and Endocrinology, Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA, Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA,
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Stijnen P, Tuand K, Varga TV, Franks PW, Aertgeerts B, Creemers JWM. The association of common variants in PCSK1 with obesity: a HuGE review and meta-analysis. Am J Epidemiol 2014; 180:1051-65. [PMID: 25355447 DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwu237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Congenital deficiency of the proprotein convertase subtilisine/kexin type 1 gene (PCSK1), which encodes proprotein convertase 1/3, causes a severe multihormonal disorder marked by early-onset obesity. The single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) rs6232 and rs6234-rs6235 in PCSK1 have been associated with obesity. However, case-control studies carried out in populations of different ethnicities have only partly replicated this association. Moreover, these SNPs have only weakly been associated with body mass index (weight (kg)/height (m)(2)) at a genome-wide level of significance. To investigate this discrepancy, we conducted a systematic search for studies published before December 2013 and extracted relevant data. Pooled estimates were calculated for overall and subgroup analyses. This meta-analysis confirmed the association of PCSK1 SNPs with obesity and provides the first evidence that the association between PCSK1 rs6232 and obesity is stronger for childhood obesity than for adult obesity. Moreover, we identified weak associations with body mass index and significantly stronger associations with waist circumference for rs6234-rs6235. No difference was found in the association with different obesity grades, and no association of PCSK1 rs6234-rs6235 with obesity was identified in Asian populations. This systematic Human Genome Epidemiology (HuGE) review showed convincingly that the SNPs rs6232, rs6234, and rs6235 in PCSK1 are associated with obesity in Caucasians.
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12
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Blanco EH, Peinado JR, Martín MG, Lindberg I. Biochemical and cell biological properties of the human prohormone convertase 1/3 Ser357Gly mutation: a PC1/3 hypermorph. Endocrinology 2014; 155:3434-47. [PMID: 24932808 PMCID: PMC4138575 DOI: 10.1210/en.2013-2151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Satiety and appetite signaling are accomplished by circulating peptide hormones. These peptide hormones require processing from larger precursors to become bioactive, often by the proprotein convertase 1/3 (PC1/3). Several subcellular maturation steps are necessary for PC1/3 to achieve its optimal enzymatic activity. Certain PC1/3 variants found in the general population slightly attenuate its enzymatic activity and are associated with obesity and diabetes. However, mutations that increase PC1/3 activity and/or affect its specificity could also have physiological consequences. We here present data showing that the known human Ser357Gly PC1/3 mutant (PC1/3(S357G)) represents a PC1/3 hypermorph. Conditioned media from human embryonic kidney-293 cells transfected with PC1/3(WT) and PC1/3(S357G) were collected and enzymatic activity characterized. PC1/3(S357G) exhibited a lower calcium dependence; a higher pH optimum (neutral); and a higher resistance to peptide inhibitors than the wild-type enzyme. PC1/3(S357G) exhibited increased cleavage to the C-terminally truncated form, and kinetic parameters of the full-length and truncated mutant enzymes were also altered. Lastly, the S357G mutation broadened the specificity of the enzyme; we detected PC2-like specificity on the substrate proCART, the precursor of the cocaine- and amphetamine regulated transcript neuropeptide known to be associated with obesity. The production of another anorexigenic peptide normally synthesized only by PC2, αMSH, was increased when proopiomelanocortin was coexpressed with PC1/3(S357G). Considering the aberrant enzymatic profile of PC1/3(S357G), we hypothesize that this enzyme possesses unusual processing activity that may significantly change the profile of circulating peptide hormones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elias H Blanco
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology (E.H.B., J.R.P., I.L.), University of Maryland Medical School, Baltimore, Maryland 21201; and Department of Pediatrics (M.G.M.), Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Mattel Children's Hospital and the David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095
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13
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Association of genetic variants of the incretin-related genes with quantitative traits and occurrence of type 2 diabetes in Japanese. Mol Genet Metab Rep 2014; 1:350-361. [PMID: 27896108 PMCID: PMC5121356 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgmr.2014.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2014] [Revised: 07/26/2014] [Accepted: 07/26/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background None of the high frequency variants of the incretin-related genes has been found by genome-wide association study (GWAS) for association with occurrence of type 2 diabetes in Japanese. However, low frequency and rare and/or high frequency variants affecting glucose metabolic traits remain to be investigated. Method We screened all exons of the incretin-related genes (GCG, GLP1R, DPP4, PCSK1, GIP, and GIPR) in 96 patients with type 2 diabetes and investigated for association of genetic variants of these genes with quantitative metabolic traits upon test meal with 38 young healthy volunteers and with the occurrence of type 2 diabetes in Japanese subjects comprising 1303 patients with type 2 diabetes and 1014 controls. Result Two mutations of GIPR, p.Thr3Alafsx21 and Arg183Gln, were found only in patients with type 2 diabetes, and both of them were treated with insulin. Of ten tagSNPs, we found that risk allele C of SNP393 (rs6235) of PCSK1 was nominally associated with higher fasting insulin and HOMA-R (P = 0.034 and P = 0.030), but not with proinsulin level, incretin level or BMI. The variant showed significant association with occurrence of type 2 diabetes after adjustment for age, sex, and BMI (P = 0.0043). Conclusion Rare variants of GIPR may contribute to the development of type 2 diabetes, possibly through insulin secretory defects. Furthermore, the genetic variant of PCSK1 might influence glucose homeostasis by altered insulin resistance independently of BMI, incretin level or proinsulin conversion, and may be associated with the occurrence of type 2 diabetes in Japanese.
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Key Words
- BMI, body mass index
- CPR, c-peptide immunoreactivity
- DPP4, dipeptidyl peptidase 4
- GCG, proglucagon gene
- GIP, glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide
- GIPR, GIP receptor
- GLP-1, glucagon-like peptide 1
- GLP1R, GLP-1 receptor
- GWAS, genome-wide association study
- HOMA-B, homeostasis model assessment as an index of insulin secretion
- HOMA-R, homeostasis model assessment as an index of insulin resistance
- HbA1c, hemoglobin A1c
- IRI, immunoreactive insulin
- Incretin
- LD, linkage disequilibrium
- OR, odds ratio
- Obesity
- PCR, polymerase chain reaction
- PCSK1
- PCSK1, prohormone convertase (PC) enzymes. PC1/3
- Polymorphism
- SNP, single nucleotide polymorphism
- Type 2 diabetes
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Prabhu Y, Blanco EH, Liu M, Peinado JR, Wheeler MC, Gekakis N, Arvan P, Lindberg I. Defective transport of the obesity mutant PC1/3 N222D contributes to loss of function. Endocrinology 2014; 155:2391-401. [PMID: 24828610 PMCID: PMC4060179 DOI: 10.1210/en.2013-1985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in the PCSK1 gene encoding prohormone convertase 1/3 (PC1/3) are strongly associated with obesity in humans. The PC1/3(N222D) mutant mouse thus far represents the only mouse model that mimics the PC1/3 obesity phenotype in humans. The present investigation addresses the cell biology of the N222D mutation. Metabolic labeling experiments reveal a clear defect in the kinetics of insulin biosynthesis in islets from PC1/3(N222D) mutant mice, resulting in an increase in both proinsulin and its processing intermediates, predominantly lacking cleavage at the Arg-Arg site. Although the mutant PC1/3 zymogen is correctly processed to the 87-kDa form, pulse-chase immunoprecipitation experiments, labeling, and immunohistochemical experiments using uncleavable variants all demonstrate that the PC1/3-N222D protein is largely mislocalized compared with similar wild-type (WT) constructs, being predominantly retained in the endoplasmic reticulum. The PC1/3-N222D mutant also undergoes more efficient degradation via the ubiquitin-proteasome system than the WT enzyme. Lastly, the mutant PC1/3-N222D protein coimmunoprecipitates with WT PC1/3 and exerts a modest effect on intracellular retention of the WT enzyme. These profound alterations in the cell biology of PC1/3-N222D are likely to contribute to the defective insulin biosynthetic events observed in the mutant mice and may be relevant to the dramatic contributions of polymorphisms in this gene to human obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yogikala Prabhu
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology (Y.P., E.H.B., J.R.P., I.L.), University of Maryland-Baltimore, Baltimore, Maryland 21201; Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes (M.L., P.A.), University of Michigan, Michigan 48105; and Department of Cell and Molecular Biology (M.C.W., N.G.), The Scripps Research Institute, San Diego, California 92037
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Wei X, Ma X, Lu R, Bai G, Zhang J, Deng R, Gu N, Feng N, Guo X. Genetic variants in PCSK1 gene are associated with the risk of coronary artery disease in type 2 diabetes in a Chinese Han population: a case control study. PLoS One 2014; 9:e87168. [PMID: 24489861 PMCID: PMC3904973 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0087168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2013] [Accepted: 12/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Insulin and glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1), converted by proprotein convertase 1 (PC1/3) from proinsulin and proglucagon, are associated with type 2 diabetes (T2DM) and coronary artery disease (CAD). The aim of this study is to investigate the association of PCSK1 gene, which encodes PC1/3, with the risk of CAD in Chinese patients with T2DM. Methods We selected and genotyped 5 haplotype-tagging single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) at PCSK1 gene (across 39873bp locus) in a case-control study of Chinese Han population involving 425 diabetic patients (62.1% male, mean age 63.2 years) with CAD as positive cases and 258 diabetic patients (44.2% male, mean age 62.0 years) without CAD as controls. Results The allele frequencies at rs3811951 were significantly different between cases and controls (30.7% vs. 37.2%), with the allele G associated with decreased risk for CAD (OR = 0.75, 95% CI = 0.59–0.94, p = 0.013). In recessive inheritance mode, the carriers of GG had a lower risk (OR = 0.50, 95%CI = 0.31–0.82, p = 0.005), even after adjusted for gender, age, BMI and smoking (OR = 0.43, 95%CI = 0.24–0.77, p = 0.004). The carriers of the minor allele A at rs156019 had a higher risk (OR = 1.66, 95%CI = 1.10–2.50, p = 0.016 after adjustment) in dominant inheritance mode. The SNP rs6234 was also significantly associated with CAD risk in women, with the carriers of the minor allele G at rs6234 associated with a reduced CAD risk in recessive inheritance mode (OR = 0.42, 95% CI = 0.18–0.95, p = 0.036 after adjustment). Conclusions Our results found that common genetic variants in PCSK1 were associated with CAD in Chinese patients with T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowei Wei
- Department of Endocrinology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaowei Ma
- Department of Endocrinology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
- * E-mail:
| | - Ran Lu
- Department of Endocrinology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Ge Bai
- Department of Endocrinology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jianwei Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Ruifen Deng
- Department of Endocrinology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Nan Gu
- Department of Endocrinology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Nan Feng
- Department of Endocrinology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaohui Guo
- Department of Endocrinology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
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Turpeinen H, Ortutay Z, Pesu M. Genetics of the first seven proprotein convertase enzymes in health and disease. Curr Genomics 2014; 14:453-67. [PMID: 24396277 PMCID: PMC3867721 DOI: 10.2174/1389202911314050010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2013] [Revised: 09/13/2013] [Accepted: 09/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Members of the substilisin/kexin like proprotein convertase (PCSK) protease family cleave and convert immature pro-proteins into their biologically active forms. By cleaving for example prohormones, cytokines and cell membrane proteins, PCSKs participate in maintaining the homeostasis in a healthy human body. Conversely, erratic enzymatic function is thought to contribute to the pathogenesis of a wide variety of diseases, including obesity and hypercholestrolemia. The first characterized seven PCSK enzymes (PCSK1-2, FURIN, PCSK4-7) process their substrates at a motif made up of paired basic amino acid residues. This feature results in a variable degree of biochemical redundancy in vitro, and consequently, shared substrate molecules between the different PCSK enzymes. This redundancy has confounded our understanding of the specific biological functions of PCSKs. The physiological roles of these enzymes have been best illustrated by the phenotypes of genetically engineered mice and patients that carry mutations in the PCSK genes. Recent developments in genome-wide methodology have generated a large amount of novel information on the genetics of the first seven proprotein convertases. In this review we summarize the reported genetic alterations and their associated phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannu Turpeinen
- Immunoregulation, Institute of Biomedical Technology, University of Tampere, and BioMediTech, Tampere, Finland
| | - Zsuzsanna Ortutay
- Immunoregulation, Institute of Biomedical Technology, University of Tampere, and BioMediTech, Tampere, Finland
| | - Marko Pesu
- Immunoregulation, Institute of Biomedical Technology, University of Tampere, and BioMediTech, Tampere, Finland; ; Fimlab laboratories, Pirkanmaa Hospital District, Finland
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Hsiao TJ, Hwang Y, Chang HM, Lin E. Association of the rs6235 variant in the proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 1 (PCSK1) gene with obesity and related traits in a Taiwanese population. Gene 2013; 533:32-7. [PMID: 24140494 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2013.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2013] [Revised: 09/25/2013] [Accepted: 10/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
One particularly interesting single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), rs6235 (encoding an S690T substitution), in the proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 1 (PCSK1) gene has been widely associated with obesity in several European cohorts. The present study was intended to investigate the association between the PCSK1 rs6235 SNP and the prevalence of overweight or obesity, or obesity-related metabolic traits in a Taiwanese population. A total of 964 Taiwanese subjects with general health examinations were analyzed. Our data revealed no association of PCSK1 rs6235 with the risk of obesity or overweight in the complete subjects. However, the PCSK1 rs6235 SNP exhibited a significant association with overweight among the male subjects (P=0.03), but not among the female subjects. Furthermore, the carriers of GG variant had a significantly higher waist circumference than those with the CC variant (82.5 ± 11.5 vs. 81.2 ± 10.2 cm; P=0.01) and those with the CG variant (82.5 ± 11.5 vs. 81.4 ± 10.4 cm; P=0.021). In addition, the carriers of GG variant had a higher diastolic blood pressure than those with the CC variant (81.9 ± 14.2 vs. 80.3 ± 12.9 mm Hg; P=0.023). Our study indicates that the PCSK1 rs6235 SNP may contribute to the risk of overweight in men and predict obesity-related metabolic traits such as waist circumference and diastolic blood pressure in Taiwanese subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tun-Jen Hsiao
- College of Public Health and Nutrition, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Hayes MG, Urbanek M, Hivert MF, Armstrong LL, Morrison J, Guo C, Lowe LP, Scheftner DA, Pluzhnikov A, Levine DM, McHugh CP, Ackerman CM, Bouchard L, Brisson D, Layden BT, Mirel D, Doheny KF, Leya MV, Lown-Hecht RN, Dyer AR, Metzger BE, Reddy TE, Cox NJ, Lowe WL. Identification of HKDC1 and BACE2 as genes influencing glycemic traits during pregnancy through genome-wide association studies. Diabetes 2013; 62:3282-91. [PMID: 23903356 PMCID: PMC3749326 DOI: 10.2337/db12-1692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Maternal metabolism during pregnancy impacts the developing fetus, affecting offspring birth weight and adiposity. This has important implications for metabolic health later in life (e.g., offspring of mothers with pre-existing or gestational diabetes mellitus have an increased risk of metabolic disorders in childhood). To identify genetic loci associated with measures of maternal metabolism obtained during an oral glucose tolerance test at ∼28 weeks' gestation, we performed a genome-wide association study of 4,437 pregnant mothers of European (n = 1,367), Thai (n = 1,178), Afro-Caribbean (n = 1,075), and Hispanic (n = 817) ancestry, along with replication of top signals in three additional European ancestry cohorts. In addition to identifying associations with genes previously implicated with measures of glucose metabolism in nonpregnant populations, we identified two novel genome-wide significant associations: 2-h plasma glucose and HKDC1, and fasting C-peptide and BACE2. These results suggest that the genetic architecture underlying glucose metabolism may differ, in part, in pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Geoffrey Hayes
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
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Villalobos-Comparán M, Villamil-Ramírez H, Villarreal-Molina T, Larrieta-Carrasco E, León-Mimila P, Romero-Hidalgo S, Jacobo-Albavera L, Liceaga-Fuentes AE, Campos-Pérez FJ, López-Contreras BE, Tusié-Luna T, del Río-Navarro BE, Aguilar-Salinas CA, Canizales-Quinteros S. PCSK1 rs6232 is associated with childhood and adult class III obesity in the Mexican population. PLoS One 2012; 7:e39037. [PMID: 22737226 PMCID: PMC3380862 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0039037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2012] [Accepted: 05/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Common variants rs6232 and rs6235 in the PCSK1 gene have been associated with obesity in European populations. We aimed to evaluate the contribution of these variants to obesity and related traits in Mexican children and adults. Methodology/Principal Findings Rs6232 and rs6235 were genotyped in 2382 individuals, 1206 children and 1176 adults. Minor allele frequencies were 0.78% for rs6232 and 19.99% for rs6235. Rs6232 was significantly associated with childhood obesity and adult class III obesity (OR = 3.01 95%CI 1.64–5.53; P = 4×10−4 in the combined analysis). In addition, this SNP was significantly associated with lower fasting glucose levels (P = 0.01) and with increased insulin levels and HOMA-B (P = 0.05 and 0.01, respectively) only in non-obese children. In contrast, rs6235 showed no significant association with obesity or with glucose homeostasis parameters in any group. Conclusion/Significance Although rs6232 is rare in the Mexican population, it should be considered as an important risk factor for extreme forms of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marisela Villalobos-Comparán
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Mexico City, Mexico
- Unidad de Biología Molecular y Medicina Genómica, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición “Salvador Zubirán” (INCMNSZ), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Hugo Villamil-Ramírez
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Mexico City, Mexico
- Unidad de Biología Molecular y Medicina Genómica, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición “Salvador Zubirán” (INCMNSZ), Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Elena Larrieta-Carrasco
- Unidad de Biología Molecular y Medicina Genómica, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición “Salvador Zubirán” (INCMNSZ), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Paola León-Mimila
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Mexico City, Mexico
- Unidad de Biología Molecular y Medicina Genómica, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición “Salvador Zubirán” (INCMNSZ), Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Leonor Jacobo-Albavera
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Mexico City, Mexico
- Unidad de Biología Molecular y Medicina Genómica, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición “Salvador Zubirán” (INCMNSZ), Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | | | - Blanca E. López-Contreras
- Unidad de Biología Molecular y Medicina Genómica, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición “Salvador Zubirán” (INCMNSZ), Mexico City, Mexico
- Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica (INMEGEN), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Teresa Tusié-Luna
- Unidad de Biología Molecular y Medicina Genómica, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición “Salvador Zubirán” (INCMNSZ), Mexico City, Mexico
- Instituto de investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Blanca E. del Río-Navarro
- Departamento de Alergia e Inmunología Clínica, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Samuel Canizales-Quinteros
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Mexico City, Mexico
- Unidad de Biología Molecular y Medicina Genómica, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición “Salvador Zubirán” (INCMNSZ), Mexico City, Mexico
- * E-mail:
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Allelic clustering and ancestry-dependent frequencies of rs6232, rs6234, and rs6235 PCSK1 SNPs in a Northern Ontario population sample. J Community Genet 2012; 3:319-22. [PMID: 22307923 DOI: 10.1007/s12687-012-0081-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2011] [Accepted: 01/20/2012] [Indexed: 10/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The PCSK1 (proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 1) locus encodes proprotein convertase 1/3, an endoprotease that converts prohormones and proneuropeptides to their active forms. Spontaneous loss-of-function mutations in the coding sequence of its gene have been linked to obesity in humans. Minor alleles of two common non-synonymous single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), rs6232 (T > C, N221D) and rs6235 (C > G, S690T), have been associated with increased risk of obesity in European populations. In this study, we compared the frequencies of the rs6232 and rs6234 (G > C, Q665E) SNPs in Aboriginal and Caucasian populations of Northern Ontario. The two SNPs were all relatively less frequent in Aboriginals: The minor allele frequency of the rs6232 SNP was 0.01 in Aboriginals and 0.08 in Caucasians (P < 4.10(-6)); for the rs6234 SNP, it was 0.20 and 0.32, respectively (P < 0.001). Resequencing revealed that the rs6234 SNP variation was tightly linked to that of the rs6235 SNP, as previously reported. Most interestingly, all carriers of the rs6232 SNP variation also carried the rs6234/rs6235 SNP clustered variations, but not the reverse, suggesting the former occurred later on an allele already carrying the latter. These data indicate that, in Northern Ontario Aboriginals, the triple-variant PCSK1 allele is relatively rare and might be of lesser significance for obesity risk in this population.
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