1
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Paredes de la Fuente R, Sucre S, Ponce C, Rattani AAA, Peters MLB. Somatic Mutation Profile as a Predictor of Treatment Response and Survival in Unresectable Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma Treated with FOLFIRINOX and Gemcitabine Nab-Paclitaxel. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:2734. [PMID: 39123462 PMCID: PMC11312283 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16152734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2024] [Revised: 07/25/2024] [Accepted: 07/29/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) has low survival rates despite treatment advancements. Aim: This study aims to show how molecular profiling could possibly guide personalized treatment strategies, which may help improve survival outcomes in patients with PDAC. (2) Materials and Methods: A retrospective analysis of 142 PDAC patients from a single academic center was conducted. Patients underwent chemotherapy and next-generation sequencing for molecular profiling. Key oncogenic pathways were identified using the Reactome pathway database. Survival analysis was performed using Kaplan-Meier curves and Cox Proportional Hazards Regression. (3) Results: Patients mainly received FOLFIRINOX (n = 62) or gemcitabine nab-paclitaxel (n = 62) as initial chemotherapy. The median OS was 13.6 months. Longer median OS was noted in patients with NOTCH (15 vs. 12.3 months, p = 0.007) and KIT pathway mutations (21.3 vs. 12.12 months, p = 0.04). Combinatorial pathway analysis indicated potential synergistic effects on survival. In the PFS, PI3K pathway (6.6 vs. 5.7 months, p = 0.03) and KIT pathway (10.3 vs. 6.2 months, p = 0.03) mutations correlated with improved PFS within the gemcitabine nab-paclitaxel subgroup. (4) Conclusions: Molecular profiling could play a role in PDAC for predicting outcomes and responses to therapies like FOLFIRINOX and gemcitabine nab-paclitaxel. Integrating genomic data into clinical decision-making can benefit PDAC treatment, though further validation is needed to fully utilize precision oncology in PDAC management.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Santiago Sucre
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA (A.A.A.R.)
| | - Cristina Ponce
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA (A.A.A.R.)
| | - Ahmed Anwer Ali Rattani
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA (A.A.A.R.)
| | - Mary Linton B. Peters
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA (A.A.A.R.)
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2
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Metodiev D, Parvanov D, Ruseva M, Ganeva R, Handzhiyska M, Vidolova N, Chavoushian A, Hadjidekova S, Stamenov G. NOTCH1- and CD117-Positive Stem Cells in Human Endometriosis and Adenomyosis Lesions. Diagnostics (Basel) 2024; 14:1642. [PMID: 39125516 PMCID: PMC11311773 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics14151642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2024] [Revised: 07/22/2024] [Accepted: 07/24/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Adenomyosis and endometriosis are distinct gynecological disorders characterized by ectopic growth of endometrial tissue. Their etiology remains unclear, but stem cells have been implicated in both. The aim of this study was to investigate and compare the quantity of NOTCH1+ and CD117+ stem cells in endometriosis and adenomyosis lesions. Immunohistochemical staining of ectopic endometrium biopsies using antibodies against NOTCH1 and CD117 was performed. The quantity and spatial distribution of endometrial stromal cells positive for these markers were determined and compared between endometriosis and adenomyosis lesions. Additionally, their quantities were compared between endometriosis lesion types. Mann-Whitney U test showed that the median percentages of both NOTCH1+ and CD117+ cells in the endometriosis lesions were significantly higher than those in the adenomyosis lesions (2.26% vs. 0.13%, p = 0.002 and 0.44% vs. 0.26%, p = 0.016, respectively). Spearman's test showed a positive correlation between NOTCH1+ and CD117+ cells in endometriosis lesions (R = 0.45, p = 0.027) but no significant correlation in adenomyosis lesions (R = -0.11, p = 0.69). The quantity of both stem cell types was highest in extragenital endometriotic lesions. Unlike adenomyosis, endometriosis lesions are associated with higher quantities of NOTCH1+ and CD117+ stem cells and a coordinated increase in their number. These findings support the distinct origin of the two conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitar Metodiev
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Nadezhda Women’s Health Hospital, 1373 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Dimitar Parvanov
- Department of Research, Nadezhda Women’s Health Hospital, 1373 Sofia, Bulgaria; (D.P.); (R.G.); (M.H.); (N.V.)
| | - Margarita Ruseva
- Department of Research, Nadezhda Women’s Health Hospital, 1373 Sofia, Bulgaria; (D.P.); (R.G.); (M.H.); (N.V.)
| | - Rumiana Ganeva
- Department of Research, Nadezhda Women’s Health Hospital, 1373 Sofia, Bulgaria; (D.P.); (R.G.); (M.H.); (N.V.)
| | - Maria Handzhiyska
- Department of Research, Nadezhda Women’s Health Hospital, 1373 Sofia, Bulgaria; (D.P.); (R.G.); (M.H.); (N.V.)
| | - Nina Vidolova
- Department of Research, Nadezhda Women’s Health Hospital, 1373 Sofia, Bulgaria; (D.P.); (R.G.); (M.H.); (N.V.)
| | - Ani Chavoushian
- Department of Gastroenterology, Acibadem City Clinic UMBAL Mladost, 1784 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Savina Hadjidekova
- Department of Medical Genetics, Medical University of Sofia, 1431 Sofia, Bulgaria;
| | - Georgi Stamenov
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nadezhda Women’s Health Hospital, 1373 Sofia, Bulgaria
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3
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Lago JC, Ganzerla MD, Dias ALA, Savietto JP. The Influence of Blue Light Exposure on Reconstructed 3-Dimensional Skin Model: Molecular Changes and Gene Expression Profile. JID INNOVATIONS 2024; 4:100252. [PMID: 38328595 PMCID: PMC10848142 DOI: 10.1016/j.xjidi.2023.100252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have provided information about digital eye strain and the potential damage that blue light from digital devices can cause to the eyes. In this study, we analyzed the influence of blue light exposure on reconstructed 3-dimensional skin model using RNA sequencing to identify the expression of transcripts and abnormal events. Three-dimensional skin was exposed to visible light spectrum and isolated blue wavelength for 1, 2, and 4 hours to represent acute exposure and 1 hour over 4 sequential days to represent repeated exposure, respectively, in this in vitro model. We compared gene expression levels with those of unexposed control. Samples submitted to repeated exposure showed reduced AK2 and DDX47, whereas they showed increased PABPC3 gene expression, revealing a significantly negative impact. RT-PCR validation assay with exposed 3-dimensional skin compared with unexposed control regarding 1 and 4 days of incubation showed increased IL-6 signaling mechanism activation and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 gene STAT3 gene expression, whereas it showed decreased peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor signaling mechanism activation, suggesting an influence on inflammatory pathways. We also demonstrate upregulated gene expression of KIT, MAPK2, and PI3KC in samples from exposed condition, corroborating previous findings related to pigmentation signaling stimuli. These results reveal, to our knowledge, previously unreported data that enable studies on molecular response correlation of in vitro digital blue light exposure and human skin studies.
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McFadden A, Vierra M, Robilliard H, Martin K, Brooks SA, Everts RE, Lafayette C. Population Analysis Identifies 15 Multi-Variant Dominant White Haplotypes in Horses. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:517. [PMID: 38338160 PMCID: PMC10854588 DOI: 10.3390/ani14030517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The influence of a horse's appearance on health, sentimental and monetary value has driven the desire to understand the etiology of coat color. White markings on the coat define inclusion for multiple horse breeds, but they may disqualify a horse from registration in other breeds. In domesticated horses (Equus caballus), 35 KIT alleles are associated with or cause depigmentation and white spotting. It is a common misconception among the general public that a horse can possess only two KIT variants. To correct this misconception, we used BEAGLE 5.4-phased NGS data to identify 15 haplotypes possessing two or more KIT variants previously associated with depigmentation phenotypes. We sourced photos for 161 horses comprising 12 compound genotypes with three or more KIT variants and employed a standardized method to grade depigmentation, yielding average white scores for each unique compound genotype. We found that 7 of the 12 multi-variant haplotypes resulted in significantly more depigmentation relative to the single-variant haplotypes (ANOVA). It is clear horses can possess more than two KIT variants, and future work aims to document phenotypic variations for each compound genotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aiden McFadden
- Etalon Inc., Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA; (M.V.); (H.R.); (K.M.); (R.E.E.)
| | - Micaela Vierra
- Etalon Inc., Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA; (M.V.); (H.R.); (K.M.); (R.E.E.)
| | - Holly Robilliard
- Etalon Inc., Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA; (M.V.); (H.R.); (K.M.); (R.E.E.)
| | - Katie Martin
- Etalon Inc., Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA; (M.V.); (H.R.); (K.M.); (R.E.E.)
| | - Samantha A. Brooks
- Department of Animal Sciences, UF Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA;
| | - Robin E. Everts
- Etalon Inc., Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA; (M.V.); (H.R.); (K.M.); (R.E.E.)
| | - Christa Lafayette
- Etalon Inc., Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA; (M.V.); (H.R.); (K.M.); (R.E.E.)
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5
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McFadden A, Vierra M, Martin K, Brooks SA, Everts RE, Lafayette C. Spotting the Pattern: A Review on White Coat Color in the Domestic Horse. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:451. [PMID: 38338094 PMCID: PMC10854722 DOI: 10.3390/ani14030451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 01/27/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Traits such as shape, size, and color often influence the economic and sentimental value of a horse. Around the world, horses are bred and prized for the colors and markings that make their unique coat patterns stand out from the crowd. The underlying genetic mechanisms determining the color of a horse's coat can vary greatly in their complexity. For example, only two genetic markers are used to determine a horse's base coat color, whereas over 50 genetic variations have been discovered to cause white patterning in horses. Some of these white-causing mutations are benign and beautiful, while others have a notable impact on horse health. Negative effects range from slightly more innocuous defects, like deafness, to more pernicious defects, such as the lethal developmental defect incurred when a horse inherits two copies of the Lethal White Overo allele. In this review, we explore, in detail, the etiology of white spotting and its overall effect on the domestic horse to Spot the Pattern of these beautiful (and sometimes dangerous) white mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aiden McFadden
- Etalon Inc., Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA; (M.V.); (K.M.); (R.E.E.); (C.L.)
| | - Micaela Vierra
- Etalon Inc., Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA; (M.V.); (K.M.); (R.E.E.); (C.L.)
| | - Katie Martin
- Etalon Inc., Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA; (M.V.); (K.M.); (R.E.E.); (C.L.)
| | - Samantha A. Brooks
- Department of Animal Sciences, UF Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA;
| | - Robin E. Everts
- Etalon Inc., Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA; (M.V.); (K.M.); (R.E.E.); (C.L.)
| | - Christa Lafayette
- Etalon Inc., Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA; (M.V.); (K.M.); (R.E.E.); (C.L.)
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6
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McFadden A, Martin K, Foster G, Vierra M, Lundquist EW, Everts RE, Martin E, Volz E, McLoone K, Brooks SA, Lafayette C. Two Novel Variants in MITF and PAX3 Associated With Splashed White Phenotypes in Horses. J Equine Vet Sci 2023; 128:104875. [PMID: 37406837 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2023.104875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
Mutations causing depigmentation are relatively common in Equus caballus (horse). Over 40 alleles in multiple genes are associated with increased white spotting (as of February 2023). The splashed white phenotype, a coat spotting pattern described as appearing like the horse has been splashed with white paint, was previously associated with variants in the PAX3 and MITF genes. Both genes encode transcription factors known to control melanocyte migration and pigmentation. We report two novel mutations, a stop-gain mutation in PAX3 (XM_005610643.3:c.927C>T, ECA6:11,196,181, EquCab3.0) and a missense mutation in a binding domain of MITF (NM_001163874.1:c.993A>T, ECA16:21,559,940, EquCab3.0), each with a strong association with increased depigmentation in Pura Raza Española horses (P = 1.144E-11, N = 30, P = 4.441E-16, N = 39 respectively). Using a quantitative method to score depigmentation, the PAX3 and MITF mutations were found to have average white scores of 25.50 and 24.45, respectively, compared to the average white coat spotting score of 1.89 in the control set. The functional impact for each mutation was predicted to be moderate to extreme (I-TASSER, SMART, Variant Effect Predictor, SIFT). We propose to designate the MITF mutant allele as Splashed White 9 and the PAX3 mutant allele as Splashed White 10 per convention.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Samantha A Brooks
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
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7
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McFadden A, Martin K, Foster G, Vierra M, Lundquist EW, Everts RE, Martin E, Volz E, McLoone K, Brooks SA, Lafayette C. 5'UTR Variant in KIT Associated with White Spotting in Horses. J Equine Vet Sci 2023:104563. [PMID: 37182614 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2023.104563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Mutations in KIT, a gene that influences melanoblast migration and pigmentation, often result in mammalian white spotting. As of February 2023, over 30 KIT variants associated with white spotting were documented in Equus caballus (horse). Here we report an association of increased white spotting on the skin and coat with a variant in the 5'UTR of KIT (rs1149701677: g.79,618,649A>C). Horses possessing at least one alternate allele demonstrate phenotypic characteristics similar to other KIT mutations: clear borders around unpigmented regions on the body, face, and limbs. Using a quantitative measure of depigmentation, we observed an average white score of 10.70 among individuals with rs1149701677, while the average score of the control, homozygous reference sample was 2.23 (p=1.892e-11, n=109, t-test). The rs1149701677 site has a cross-species conservation score of 3.4, one of the highest scores across the KIT 5'UTR, implying regulatory importance for this site. Ensembl also predicted a "moderately impactful" functional effect for the rs1149701677 variant. We propose that this single nucleotide variant likely alters the regulation of KIT, which in turn may disrupt melanoblast migration causing an increase in white spotting on the coat. Alternatively, the rs1149701677 variant may be in linkage with another nearby variant with an as-yet-undiscovered functional impact. We propose to term this new allele "Holiday White" or W35 based on conventional nomenclature.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Erin Volz
- Etalon Inc, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | | | - Samantha A Brooks
- Department of Animal Sciences, UF Genetics Institute University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611-0910, USA
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8
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Choi YJ, Yoo JS, Jung K, Rice L, Kim D, Zlojutro V, Frimel M, Madden E, Choi UY, Foo SS, Choi Y, Jiang Z, Johnson H, Kwak MJ, Kang S, Hong B, Seo GJ, Kim S, Lee SA, Amini-Bavil-Olyaee S, Maazi H, Akbari O, Asosingh K, Jung JU. Lung-specific MCEMP1 functions as an adaptor for KIT to promote SCF-mediated mast cell proliferation. Nat Commun 2023; 14:2045. [PMID: 37041174 PMCID: PMC10090139 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-37873-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Lung mast cells are important in host defense, and excessive proliferation or activation of these cells can cause chronic inflammatory disorders like asthma. Two parallel pathways induced by KIT-stem cell factor (SCF) and FcεRI-immunoglobulin E interactions are critical for the proliferation and activation of mast cells, respectively. Here, we report that mast cell-expressed membrane protein1 (MCEMP1), a lung-specific surface protein, functions as an adaptor for KIT, which promotes SCF-mediated mast cell proliferation. MCEMP1 elicits intracellular signaling through its cytoplasmic immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif and forms a complex with KIT to enhance its autophosphorylation and activation. Consequently, MCEMP1 deficiency impairs SCF-induced peritoneal mast cell proliferation in vitro and lung mast cell expansion in vivo. Mcemp1-deficient mice exhibit reduced airway inflammation and lung impairment in chronic asthma mouse models. This study shows lung-specific MCEMP1 as an adaptor for KIT to facilitate SCF-mediated mast cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youn Jung Choi
- Department of Cancer Biology, Infection Biology Program, and Global Center for Pathogen and Human Health Research, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA.
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA.
| | - Ji-Seung Yoo
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
- School of Life Sciences, BK21 FOUR KNU Creative BioResearch Group, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, South Korea
| | - Kyle Jung
- Department of Cancer Biology, Infection Biology Program, and Global Center for Pathogen and Human Health Research, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Logan Rice
- Department of Cancer Biology, Infection Biology Program, and Global Center for Pathogen and Human Health Research, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
| | - Dokyun Kim
- Department of Cancer Biology, Infection Biology Program, and Global Center for Pathogen and Human Health Research, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Violetta Zlojutro
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
| | - Matthew Frimel
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
| | - Evan Madden
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
| | - Un Yung Choi
- Department of Cancer Biology, Infection Biology Program, and Global Center for Pathogen and Human Health Research, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Suan-Sin Foo
- Department of Cancer Biology, Infection Biology Program, and Global Center for Pathogen and Human Health Research, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Younho Choi
- Department of Cancer Biology, Infection Biology Program, and Global Center for Pathogen and Human Health Research, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
- Florida Research and Innovation Center, Cleveland Clinic, Port Saint Lucie, FL, 34987, USA
| | - Zhongyi Jiang
- Department of Cancer Biology, Infection Biology Program, and Global Center for Pathogen and Human Health Research, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Holly Johnson
- Department of Cancer Biology, Infection Biology Program, and Global Center for Pathogen and Human Health Research, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
| | - Mi-Jeong Kwak
- Department of Cancer Biology, Infection Biology Program, and Global Center for Pathogen and Human Health Research, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
| | - Seokmin Kang
- Department of Cancer Biology, Infection Biology Program, and Global Center for Pathogen and Human Health Research, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
| | - Brian Hong
- Department of Cancer Biology, Infection Biology Program, and Global Center for Pathogen and Human Health Research, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
| | - Gil Ju Seo
- Department of Cancer Biology, Infection Biology Program, and Global Center for Pathogen and Human Health Research, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Stephanie Kim
- Department of Cancer Biology, Infection Biology Program, and Global Center for Pathogen and Human Health Research, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Shin-Ae Lee
- Department of Cancer Biology, Infection Biology Program, and Global Center for Pathogen and Human Health Research, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Samad Amini-Bavil-Olyaee
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
- Biosafety Development Group, Cellular Sciences Department, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, CA, 91320, USA
| | - Hadi Maazi
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Omid Akbari
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Kewal Asosingh
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
| | - Jae U Jung
- Department of Cancer Biology, Infection Biology Program, and Global Center for Pathogen and Human Health Research, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA.
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA.
- Florida Research and Innovation Center, Cleveland Clinic, Port Saint Lucie, FL, 34987, USA.
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Plants as Modulators of Melanogenesis: Role of Extracts, Pure Compounds and Patented Compositions in Therapy of Pigmentation Disorders. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232314787. [PMID: 36499134 PMCID: PMC9736547 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232314787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The kingdom of plants as a "green biofabric" of valuable bioactive molecules has long been used in many ailments. Currently, extracts and pure compounds of plant origin are used to aid in pigmentation skin problems by influencing the process of melanogenesis. Melanin is a very important pigment that protects human skin against ultraviolet radiation and oxidative stress. It is produced by a complex process called melanogenesis. However, disturbances in the melanogenesis mechanism may increase or decrease the level of melanin and generate essential skin problems, such as hyperpigmentation and hypopigmentation. Accordingly, inhibitors or activators of pigment formation are desirable for medical and cosmetic industry. Such properties may be exhibited by molecules of plant origin. Therefore, that literature review presents reports on plant extracts, pure compounds and compositions that may modulate melanin production in living organisms. The potential of plants in the therapy of pigmentation disorders has been highlighted.
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10
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Gelmi MC, Houtzagers LE, Strub T, Krossa I, Jager MJ. MITF in Normal Melanocytes, Cutaneous and Uveal Melanoma: A Delicate Balance. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:6001. [PMID: 35682684 PMCID: PMC9181002 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23116001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF) is an important regulator of melanogenesis and melanocyte development. Although it has been studied extensively in cutaneous melanoma, the role of MITF in uveal melanoma (UM) has not been explored in much detail. We review the literature about the role of MITF in normal melanocytes, in cutaneous melanoma, and in UM. In normal melanocytes, MITF regulates melanocyte development, melanin synthesis, and melanocyte survival. The expression profile and the behaviour of MITF-expressing cells suggest that MITF promotes local proliferation and inhibits invasion, inflammation, and epithelial-to-mesenchymal (EMT) transition. Loss of MITF expression leads to increased invasion and inflammation and is more prevalent in malignant cells. Cutaneous melanoma cells switch between MITF-high and MITF-low states in different phases of tumour development. In UM, MITF loss is associated with loss of BAP1 protein expression, which is a marker of poor prognosis. These data indicate a dual role for MITF in benign and malignant melanocytic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Chiara Gelmi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Leiden University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands; (M.C.G.); (L.E.H.)
| | - Laurien E. Houtzagers
- Department of Ophthalmology, Leiden University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands; (M.C.G.); (L.E.H.)
| | - Thomas Strub
- Université Côte d’Azur, 06103 Nice, France; (T.S.); (I.K.)
- Inserm, Biology and Pathologies of Melanocytes, Team1, Equipe Labellisée Ligue 2020, Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire, 06204 Nice, France
| | - Imène Krossa
- Université Côte d’Azur, 06103 Nice, France; (T.S.); (I.K.)
- Inserm, Biology and Pathologies of Melanocytes, Team1, Equipe Labellisée Ligue 2020, Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire, 06204 Nice, France
| | - Martine J. Jager
- Department of Ophthalmology, Leiden University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands; (M.C.G.); (L.E.H.)
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11
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Nenclares P, Harrington KJ. Management of Head and Neck Mucosal Melanoma. Oral Maxillofac Surg Clin North Am 2022; 34:299-314. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coms.2021.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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12
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Jeon S, Kim MM. The down-regulation of melanogenesis via MITF and FOXO1 signaling pathways in SIRT1 knockout cells using CRISPR/Cas9 system. J Biotechnol 2021; 342:114-127. [PMID: 34757047 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2021.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Hair graying is processed by the inactivation of tyrosinase caused by the accumulation of oxidative stress and a decrease in the number of melanocytes. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of SIRT1 gene knockout using the CRISPR/Cas9 system on the protein and gene expressions related to melanogenesis. In this study, the mutation in the SIRT1 knockout(KO) gene was verified by T7EI assay and Sanger DNA sequencing. Furthermore, the expression levels of SIRT1 protein and gene in KO cells were remarkably decreased compared with normal cells. Therefore, the SIRT1 gene KO cell line was successfully established for further study. The KO cells also increased SA-β-galactosidase and decreased melanin production and the scavenging activity of hydrogen peroxide. In particular, the down-regulation of p38 and c-kit as well as the up-regulation of ERK resulted in the inactivation of MITF in the KO cells. Thus, KO cells reduced the expressions of Tyrosinase, Tyrosine hydroxylase, TRP-1 and TRP-2 through the negative modulation of MITF. Furthermore, SIRT1 gene KO cells negatively modulated antioxidant proteins such as Catalase, MnSOD, MsrA and MsrB3 through FOXO1 and Keap1. Therefore, it is suggested that SIRT1 could play a positive role in melanogenesis via MITF and FOXO1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sojeong Jeon
- Department of Chemistry & Biology, Dong-Eui University, Busan 614-714, South Korea
| | - Moon-Moo Kim
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Dong-Eui University, Busan 614-714, South Korea.
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13
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Pathania S, Pentikäinen OT, Singh PK. A holistic view on c-Kit in cancer: Structure, signaling, pathophysiology and its inhibitors. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2021; 1876:188631. [PMID: 34606974 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2021.188631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Receptor tyrosine kinases play an important role in many cellular processes, and their dysregulation leads to diseases, most importantly cancer. One such receptor tyrosine kinase is c-Kit, a type-III receptor tyrosine kinase, which is involved in various intracellular signaling pathways. The role of different mutant isoforms of c-Kit has been established in several types of cancers. Accordingly, promising c-Kit inhibition results have been reported for the treatment of different cancers (e.g., gastrointestinal stromal tumors, melanoma, acute myeloid leukemia, and other tumors). Therefore, lots of effort has been put to target c-Kit for the treatment of cancer. Here, we provide a comprehensive compilation to provide an insight into c-Kit inhibitor discovery. This compilation provides key information regarding the structure, signaling pathways related to c-Kit, and, more importantly, pharmacophores, binding modes, and SAR analysis for almost all small-molecule heterocycles reported for their c-Kit inhibitory activity. This work could be used as a guide in understanding the basic requirements for targeting c-Kit, and how the selectivity and efficacy of the molecules have been achieved till today.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shelly Pathania
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, ISF College of Pharmacy, Ghal Kalan, Ferozpur G.T. Road, Moga 142001, Punjab, India
| | - Olli T Pentikäinen
- Integrative Physiology and Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Turku, FI-20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Pankaj Kumar Singh
- Integrative Physiology and Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Turku, FI-20520 Turku, Finland.
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14
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Xu C, Ren W, Zhang Y, Zheng F, Zhao H, Shang H, Guo W, Yang S. KIT gene mutation causes deafness and hypopigmentation in Bama miniature pigs. Am J Transl Res 2020; 12:5095-5107. [PMID: 33042408 PMCID: PMC7540160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Waardenburg syndrome (WS) is a common syndromic hearing loss disease. A large group of patients affected by WS were found no mutations in the existed gene panel, indicating that there are still potential genes responsible for WS yet to be detected. In our previous study, we established an autosomal-dominant KIT (OMIM# 164920) mutation (c.2418T>A, p.Asp806Glu) pig pedigree which presented congenital bilateral severe sensorineural hearing loss and hypopigmentation, exact the same as human WS. Histological analysis showed nearly normal structures of the organ of Corti, stria vascularis (SV) and spiral neuron ganglions at E85. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) exhibited that hair cells started to degenerate at E100, and totally gone at P1. Transmission electron microscope (TEM) showed disorganization of SV and disappearance of intermediate cells. The absence of endocochlear potentials also demonstrated the dysfunction of stria. Our study demonstrated that KIT mutation (c.2418T>A, p.Asp806Glu) interrupted the development of melanocytes in cochlea, which led to SV malformation and dysfunction, resulting in degeneration of hair cells and finally hearing loss. Therefore, KIT was highly supposed to be a newly found gene associated with WS and be added to the WS related gene screening panel clinically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Xu
- College of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Chinese PLA Medical SchoolNo. 28 Fuxing Road, Beijing 100853, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Otolaryngologic DiseasesBeijing 100853, China
- State Key Lab of Hearing Science, Ministry of EducationBeijing 100853, China
- Beijing Key Lab of Hearing Impairment Prevention and TreatmentBeijing 100853, China
| | - Wei Ren
- College of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Chinese PLA Medical SchoolNo. 28 Fuxing Road, Beijing 100853, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Otolaryngologic DiseasesBeijing 100853, China
- State Key Lab of Hearing Science, Ministry of EducationBeijing 100853, China
- Beijing Key Lab of Hearing Impairment Prevention and TreatmentBeijing 100853, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- College of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Chinese PLA Medical SchoolNo. 28 Fuxing Road, Beijing 100853, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Otolaryngologic DiseasesBeijing 100853, China
- State Key Lab of Hearing Science, Ministry of EducationBeijing 100853, China
- Beijing Key Lab of Hearing Impairment Prevention and TreatmentBeijing 100853, China
| | - Fanjun Zheng
- College of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Chinese PLA Medical SchoolNo. 28 Fuxing Road, Beijing 100853, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Otolaryngologic DiseasesBeijing 100853, China
- State Key Lab of Hearing Science, Ministry of EducationBeijing 100853, China
- Beijing Key Lab of Hearing Impairment Prevention and TreatmentBeijing 100853, China
| | - Hui Zhao
- College of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Chinese PLA Medical SchoolNo. 28 Fuxing Road, Beijing 100853, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Otolaryngologic DiseasesBeijing 100853, China
- State Key Lab of Hearing Science, Ministry of EducationBeijing 100853, China
- Beijing Key Lab of Hearing Impairment Prevention and TreatmentBeijing 100853, China
| | - Haitao Shang
- Precision Medicine Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen UniversityGuangzhou 510080, Guangdong, China
- Department of Laboratory Animal Science, College of Basic Medical Science, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University)Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Weiwei Guo
- College of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Chinese PLA Medical SchoolNo. 28 Fuxing Road, Beijing 100853, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Otolaryngologic DiseasesBeijing 100853, China
- State Key Lab of Hearing Science, Ministry of EducationBeijing 100853, China
- Beijing Key Lab of Hearing Impairment Prevention and TreatmentBeijing 100853, China
| | - Shiming Yang
- College of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Chinese PLA Medical SchoolNo. 28 Fuxing Road, Beijing 100853, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Otolaryngologic DiseasesBeijing 100853, China
- State Key Lab of Hearing Science, Ministry of EducationBeijing 100853, China
- Beijing Key Lab of Hearing Impairment Prevention and TreatmentBeijing 100853, China
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15
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Yun CY, Roh E, Kim SH, Han J, Lee J, Jung DE, Kim GH, Jung SH, Cho WJ, Han SB, Kim Y. Stem Cell Factor-Inducible MITF-M Expression in Therapeutics for Acquired Skin Hyperpigmentation. Am J Cancer Res 2020; 10:340-352. [PMID: 31903124 PMCID: PMC6929618 DOI: 10.7150/thno.39066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Rationale: Microphthalmia-associated transcription factor M (MITF-M) plays important roles in the pigment production, differentiation and survival of melanocytes. Stem cell factor (SCF) and its receptor KIT stimulate MITF-M activity via phosphorylation at the post-translation level. However, the phosphorylation shortens half-life of MITF-M protein over the course of minutes. Here, we investigated novel hypotheses of (i) whether SCF/KIT can regulate MITF-M activity through gene expression as the alternative process, and (ii) whether chemical inhibition of KIT activity can mitigate the acquired pigmentation in skin by targeting the expression of MITF-M. Methods: We employed melanocyte cultures in vitro and pigmented skin samples in vivo, and applied immunoblotting, RT-PCR, siRNA-based gene knockdown and confocal microscopy. Results: The protein and mRNA levels of MITF-M in epidermal melanocytes and the promoter activity of MITF-M in B16-F0 melanoma cells demonstrated that SCF/KIT could trigger the expression of MITF-M de novo, following the phosphorylation-dependent proteolysis of pre-existing MITF-M protein. SCF/KIT regulated the transcription abilities of cAMP-responsive element-binding protein (CREB), CREB-regulated co-activator 1 (CRTC1) and SRY-related HMG-box 10 (SOX10) but not β-catenin at the MITF-M promoter. Meanwhile, chemical inhibition of KIT activity abolished SCF-induced melanin production in epidermal melanocyte cultures, as well as protected the skin from UV-B-induced hyperpigmentation in HRM2 mice or brownish guinea pigs, in which it down-regulated the expression of MITF-M de novo at the promoter level. Conclusion: We propose the targeting of SCF/KIT-inducible MITF-M expression as a strategy in the therapeutics for acquired pigmentary disorders.
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16
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Reyes-Sebastian J, Montiel-Cervantes LA, Reyes-Maldonado E, Dominguez-Lopez ML, Ortiz-Butron R, Castillo-Alvarez A, Lezama RA. Cell proliferation and inhibition of apoptosis are related to c-Kit activation in leukaemic lymphoblasts. Hematology 2018; 23:486-495. [DOI: 10.1080/10245332.2018.1444564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Josefina Reyes-Sebastian
- Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biologicas, Instituto Politecnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | | | - Elba Reyes-Maldonado
- Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biologicas, Instituto Politecnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | | | - Rocio Ortiz-Butron
- Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biologicas, Instituto Politecnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Aida Castillo-Alvarez
- Departamento de fisiologia, Centro de Investigacion y de estudios Avanzados-IPN, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Ruth Angélica Lezama
- Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biologicas, Instituto Politecnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, Mexico
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17
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Chen T, Zhao B, Liu Y, Wang R, Yang Y, Yang L, Dong C. MITF-M regulates melanogenesis in mouse melanocytes. J Dermatol Sci 2018; 90:253-262. [PMID: 29496358 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2018.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Revised: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although the impact of the microphthalamia-associated transcription factor (Mitf) signaling pathway on melanocytes progression has been extensively studied, the specific molecular mechanisms behind MITF-M-enhanced melanin production in melanocytes still need to be clarified. METHODS In this study, we analyzed the levels of Mitf-M in skin tissues of different coat mice in order to further reveal the relationship between Mitf-M and skin pigmentation. To address the function of Mitf-M on melanogenesis, we have used an overexpression system and combined morphological and biochemical methods to investigate its localization in different coat color mice and pigmentation-related genes' expression in mouse melanocytes. RESULTS The qRT-PCR assay and Western blotting analysis revealed that Mitf-M mRNA and protein were synthesized in all tested mice skin samples, with the highest expression level in brown skin, a moderate expression level in grey skin and the lowest expression level in black skin. Simultaneously, immunofluorescence staining revealed that MITF-M was mainly expressed in the hair follicle matrix and inner and outer root sheath in the skin tissues with different coat colors. Furthermore, overexpression of MITF-M led to increased melanin content and variable pigmentation-related gene expression. CONCLUSION These results directly demonstrate that MITF-M not only influences melanogenesis, but also determines the progression of melanosomal protein in mouse melanocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianzhi Chen
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, China; College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Bingling Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, China
| | - Yu Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Ruiwei Wang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, China
| | - Yujing Yang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, China
| | - Linpei Yang
- Shenzhou Vocational and Technical Education Center, Shenzhou 053800, China
| | - Changsheng Dong
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, China.
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18
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A preliminary immunohistochemical study of signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) proteins in primary oral malignant melanoma. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol 2018; 125:164-171. [DOI: 10.1016/j.oooo.2017.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Revised: 10/14/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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19
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Dai NT, Chang HI, Wang YW, Fu KY, Huang TC, Huang NC, Li JK, Hsieh PS, Dai LG, Hsu CK, Maitz PK. Restoration of skin pigmentation after deep partial or full-thickness burn injury. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2018; 123:155-164. [PMID: 29079536 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2017.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Revised: 09/28/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Significant skin pigmentation changes occur when patients suffer deep burn injuries. These pigmentation disorders may cause not only cosmetic and psychological issues, but more importantly it increases the risk of skin cancer or photoaging. Severe burns significantly effect on the process of repigmentation as the pigmentation is tightly regulated by cell proliferation and differentiation of melanocytes and melanocyte stem cells which are housing in the epidermis and hair follicles of the skin. In the present review, we discuss the possible mechanisms to replenish the melanocytes from the healthy epidermis and hair follicles surrounding burn wounds. The molecular mechanisms of skin repigmentation following healing of burn injuries includes the differentiation of melanoblasts into melanocytes, the distribution and responses of melanocytes and melanocyte stem cells after burn injury, and the regulation of melanin production. We also reviewed advanced therapeutic strategies to treat pigmentation disorders, such as convectional surgery, laser, UV treatment and emerging concepts in skin tissue-engineering.
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20
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Ramírez C, Mendoza L. Phenotypic stability and plasticity in GMP-derived cells as determined by their underlying regulatory network. Bioinformatics 2017; 34:1174-1182. [DOI: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btx736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 11/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Ramírez
- Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cd. Mx., México
| | - Luis Mendoza
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cd. Mx., México
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21
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Phung B, Kazi JU, Lundby A, Bergsteinsdottir K, Sun J, Goding CR, Jönsson G, Olsen JV, Steingrímsson E, Rönnstrand L. KIT D816V Induces SRC-Mediated Tyrosine Phosphorylation of MITF and Altered Transcription Program in Melanoma. Mol Cancer Res 2017; 15:1265-1274. [PMID: 28584020 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-17-0149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2017] [Revised: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The oncogenic D816V mutation of the KIT receptor is well characterized in systemic mastocytosis and acute myeloid leukemia. Although KITD816V has been found in melanoma, its function and involvement in this malignancy is not understood. Here we show that KITD816V induces tyrosine phosphorylation of MITF through a triple protein complex formation between KIT, MITF, and SRC family kinases. In turn, phosphorylated MITF activates target genes that are involved in melanoma proliferation, cell-cycle progression, suppression of senescence, survival, and invasion. By blocking the triple protein complex formation, thus preventing MITF phosphorylation, the cells became hypersensitive to SRC inhibitors. We have therefore delineated a mechanism behind the oncogenic effects of KITD816V in melanoma and provided a rationale for the heightened SRC inhibitor sensitivity in KITD816V transformed cells.Implications: This study demonstrates that an oncogenic tyrosine kinase mutant, KITD816V, can alter the transcriptional program of the transcription factor MITF in melanoma Mol Cancer Res; 15(9); 1265-74. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bengt Phung
- Division of Translational Cancer Research, Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund University, Medicon Village and Department of Oncology, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland.,Melanoma Genomics, Division of Oncology and Pathology, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Julhash U Kazi
- Division of Translational Cancer Research, Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund University, Medicon Village and Department of Oncology, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | - Alicia Lundby
- Faculty of Health Sciences, NNF Center for Protein Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kristin Bergsteinsdottir
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Jianmin Sun
- Division of Translational Cancer Research, Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund University, Medicon Village and Department of Oncology, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | - Colin R Goding
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Göran Jönsson
- Melanoma Genomics, Division of Oncology and Pathology, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Jesper V Olsen
- Faculty of Health Sciences, NNF Center for Protein Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Eiríkur Steingrímsson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland.
| | - Lars Rönnstrand
- Division of Translational Cancer Research, Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund University, Medicon Village and Department of Oncology, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden.
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22
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Oliveira LCFD, Danilucci TM, Chaves-Neto AH, Campanelli AP, Silva TCCD, Oliveira SHP. Tracheal Smooth Muscle Cells Stimulated by Stem Cell Factor-c-Kit Coordinate the Production of Transforming Growth Factor-β1 and Fibroblast Growth Factor-2 Mediated by Chemokine (C-C Motif) Ligand 3. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2016; 36:401-11. [PMID: 27123814 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2015.0102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the mechanism involved in the stem cell factor (SCF)-induced production of fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2), transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), and chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 3 (CCL3) in tracheal smooth muscle cells (tSMCs) and the signaling pathway involved in the process. tSMC primary cultures were stimulated with SCF and evaluated at 24 h. Cells treated with specific antibodies did not show any immunolabeling for cytokeratin or fibroblast activation protein, but were positive for α-smooth muscle actin, indicating the purity of the primary cell line. Western blot analysis showed constitutive phosphorylation of c-Kit, as well as increased total protein and phosphorylated c-Kit levels in tSMCs after SCF stimulation. Flow cytometry analysis also showed an increase in cell-surface c-Kit expression in the presence of SCF. SCF induced TGF-β mRNA expression in tSMCs, as well as the production of TGF-β1, CCL3, and FGF-2. Pretreatment with anti-CCL3 antibody blocked TGF-β1 expression and partially inhibited FGF-2 production. On the other hand, anti-c-Kit antibody blocked TGF-β1 expression and FGF-2 production. Thus, TGF-β1 and FGF-2 production were mediated by CCL3 production through c-Kit. Pretreatment with mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 1, p38, and Jun N-terminal kinase inhibitors showed that the effects mediated by SCF were involved with the modulation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways. Development of inhibitors targeting CCL3 through MAPK activation could thus be an attractive strategy to inhibit tSMC activation during asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Cezar Farias de Oliveira
- 1 Programa de Pós-graduação Multicêntrico em Ciências Fisiológicas-SBFis, Department of Basic Sciences, School of Dentistry of Araçatuba, Univ. Estadual Paulista-UNESP , Araçatuba, Brazil
| | - Taís Marolato Danilucci
- 1 Programa de Pós-graduação Multicêntrico em Ciências Fisiológicas-SBFis, Department of Basic Sciences, School of Dentistry of Araçatuba, Univ. Estadual Paulista-UNESP , Araçatuba, Brazil
| | - Antonio Hernandes Chaves-Neto
- 1 Programa de Pós-graduação Multicêntrico em Ciências Fisiológicas-SBFis, Department of Basic Sciences, School of Dentistry of Araçatuba, Univ. Estadual Paulista-UNESP , Araçatuba, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Campanelli
- 2 Department of Biological Sciences, School of Dentistry of Bauru, São Paulo University-USP , Bauru, Brazil
| | - Tereza Cristina Cardoso da Silva
- 3 Laboratory of Animal Virology and Cell Culture, School of Medicine Veterinary of Araçatuba, Univ. Estadual Paulista-UNESP , Araçatuba, Brazil
| | - Sandra Helena Penha Oliveira
- 1 Programa de Pós-graduação Multicêntrico em Ciências Fisiológicas-SBFis, Department of Basic Sciences, School of Dentistry of Araçatuba, Univ. Estadual Paulista-UNESP , Araçatuba, Brazil
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23
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Callahan SJ, Mica Y, Studer L. Feeder-free Derivation of Melanocytes from Human Pluripotent Stem Cells. J Vis Exp 2016:e53806. [PMID: 26967464 PMCID: PMC4828213 DOI: 10.3791/53806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) represent a platform to study human development in vitro under both normal and disease conditions. Researchers can direct the differentiation of hPSCs into the cell type of interest by manipulating the culture conditions to recapitulate signals seen during development. One such cell type is the melanocyte, a pigment-producing cell of neural crest (NC) origin responsible for protecting the skin against UV irradiation. This protocol presents an extension of a currently available in vitro Neural Crest differentiation protocol from hPSCs to further differentiate NC into fully pigmented melanocytes. Melanocyte precursors can be enriched from the Neural Crest protocol via a timed exposure to activators of WNT, BMP, and EDN3 signaling under dual-SMAD-inhibition conditions. The resultant melanocyte precursors are then purified and matured into fully pigmented melanocytes by culture in a selective medium. The resultant melanocytes are fully pigmented and stain appropriately for proteins characteristic of mature melanocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott J Callahan
- The Center for Stem Cell Biology, Developmental Biology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center; Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Gerstner Sloan-Kettering Graduate School, Sloan-Kettering Institute for Cancer Research
| | | | - Lorenz Studer
- The Center for Stem Cell Biology, Developmental Biology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center;
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24
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Baek S, Lee S. Sesamol decreases melanin biosynthesis in melanocyte cells and zebrafish: Possible involvement of MITF via the intracellular cAMP and p38/JNK signalling pathways. Exp Dermatol 2015; 24:761-6. [PMID: 26010596 PMCID: PMC4744993 DOI: 10.1111/exd.12765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The development of antimelanogenic agents is important for the prevention of serious aesthetic problems such as melasma, freckles, age spots and chloasma. The aim of this study was to investigate the antimelanogenic effect of sesamol, an active lignan isolated from Sesamum indicum, in melan-a cells. Sesamol strongly inhibited melanin biosynthesis and the activity of intracellular tyrosinase by decreasing cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) accumulation. Sesamol significantly decreased the expression of melanogenesis-related genes, such as tyrosinase, tyrosinase-related protein-1,2 (TRP-1,2), microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF) and melanocortin 1 receptor (MC1R). In addition, sesamol also induces phosphorylation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK) and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK). Moreover, sesamol dose-dependently decreased zebrafish pigment formation, tyrosinase activity and expression of melanogenesis-related genes. These findings indicate that sesamol inhibited melanin biosynthesis by down-regulating tyrosinase activity and melanin production via regulation of gene expression of melanogenesis-related proteins through modulation of MITF activity, which promoted phosphorylation of p38 and JNK in melan-a cells. Together, these results suggest that sesamol strongly inhibits melanin biosynthesis, and therefore, sesamol represents a new skin-whitening agent for use in cosmetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung‐hwa Baek
- Department of Food Science & BiotechnologyGraduate SchoolKyungpook National UniversityDaeguKorea
| | - Sang‐Han Lee
- Department of Food Science & BiotechnologyGraduate SchoolKyungpook National UniversityDaeguKorea
- Department of Nano‐Science & TechnologyGraduate SchoolKyungpook National UniversityDaeguKorea
- Food & Bio‐industry Research InstituteKyungpook National UniversityDaeguKorea
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25
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Li XY, Wang X. The role of human cervical cancer oncogene in cancer progression. Int J Clin Exp Med 2015; 8:8363-8368. [PMID: 26309489 PMCID: PMC4538137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 04/23/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Human cervical cancer oncogene (HCCR) was identified by differential display RT-PCR by screened abnormally expressed genes in cervical human cancers. The overexpressed gene is not only identified in cervical tissues, but also in various human cancers as leukemia/lymphoma, breast, stomach, colon, liver, kidney and ovarian cancer. For its special sensitivities and specificities in human breast cancer and hepatocellular carcinoma, it is expected to be a new biomarker to replace or combine with the existing biomarkers in the diagnose. The HCCR manifests as a negative regulator of the p53 tumor suppressor gene, and its expression is regulated by the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway, modulated by TCF/β-catenin, it also participates in induction of the c-kit proto-oncogene, in activation of PKC and telomerase activities, but the accurate biochemical mechanisms of how HCCR contributes to the malignancies is still unknown. The aim of this review is to summarize the roles of HCCR in cancer progression and the molecular mechanisms involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Yu Li
- Department of Hematology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong UniversityJinan 250021, P. R. China
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Hematology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong UniversityJinan 250021, P. R. China
- Department of Diagnostics, Shandong University School of MedicineJinan 250012, P. R. China
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Raghunath A, Sambarey A, Sharma N, Mahadevan U, Chandra N. A molecular systems approach to modelling human skin pigmentation: identifying underlying pathways and critical components. BMC Res Notes 2015; 8:170. [PMID: 25925987 PMCID: PMC4424494 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-015-1128-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2014] [Accepted: 04/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ultraviolet radiations (UV) serve as an environmental stress for human skin, and result in melanogenesis, with the pigment melanin having protective effects against UV induced damage. This involves a dynamic and complex regulation of various biological processes that results in the expression of melanin in the outer most layers of the epidermis, where it can exert its protective effect. A comprehensive understanding of the underlying cross talk among different signalling molecules and cell types is only possible through a systems perspective. Increasing incidences of both melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancers necessitate the need to better comprehend UV mediated effects on skin pigmentation at a systems level, so as to ultimately evolve knowledge-based strategies for efficient protection and prevention of skin diseases. METHODS A network model for UV-mediated skin pigmentation in the epidermis was constructed and subjected to shortest path analysis. Virtual knock-outs were carried out to identify essential signalling components. RESULTS We describe a network model for UV-mediated skin pigmentation in the epidermis. The model consists of 265 components (nodes) and 429 directed interactions among them, capturing the manner in which one component influences the other and channels information. Through shortest path analysis, we identify novel signalling pathways relevant to pigmentation. Virtual knock-outs or perturbations of specific nodes in the network have led to the identification of alternate modes of signalling as well as enabled determining essential nodes in the process. CONCLUSIONS The model presented provides a comprehensive picture of UV mediated signalling manifesting in human skin pigmentation. A systems perspective helps provide a holistic purview of interconnections and complexity in the processes leading to pigmentation. The model described here is extensive yet amenable to expansion as new data is gathered. Through this study, we provide a list of important proteins essential for pigmentation which can be further explored to better understand normal pigmentation as well as its pathologies including vitiligo and melanoma, and enable therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arathi Raghunath
- Molecular Connections Private Limited, Bangalore, 560004, India.
| | - Awanti Sambarey
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India.
| | - Neha Sharma
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India.
| | - Usha Mahadevan
- Molecular Connections Private Limited, Bangalore, 560004, India.
| | - Nagasuma Chandra
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India.
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Abstract
Activating mutations in KIT have been identified in melanomas of acral and mucosal types and in those arising in chronically sun-damaged skin. Until now, KIT has been considered an oncogenic driver and a potential therapeutic target. However, data presented by Dhal et al. show that in cutaneous melanomas the KIT promoter is a target for hypermethylation, leading to its downregulation. Their observations suggest that signaling pathways downstream of KIT may have distinct and opposing roles in the pathogenesis of melanoma subtypes. This will have important implications for the use of KIT inhibitors in treating melanomas.
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Amsterdam A, Shpigner L, Raanan C, Schreiber L, Melzer E, Seger R. Dynamic distribution of ERK, p38 and JNK during the development of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Acta Histochem 2014; 116:1434-42. [PMID: 25440531 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2014.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2014] [Revised: 09/21/2014] [Accepted: 09/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
We recently discovered that oncogenic c-kit is highly expressed concomitantly with the development of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). Since oncogenic c-kit may activate major pathways of protein tyrosine phosphorylation, we decided to investigate this issue in the major protein phosphorylation cascades. In normal pancreas labeling with antiphosphorylated ERK1/2 (pERK1/2) antibody was mainly confined to islets of Langerhans in close overlapping with insulin containing cells. Phosphorylated p38 (pp38) showed a similar pattern of distribution, while only weak labeling was evident for pJNK and no labeling of pMEK was observed. As expected, general ERK1/2 (gERK1/2), general p38 (gp38), general JNK (gJNK) as well as general MEK (gMEK) were all evident in islets of Langerhans and in the exocrine tissue. In early development of PDAC, pERK1/2 and pp38 retained their localization in islets of Langerhans. Intensive staining of pERK1/2 was also evident in the cancerous ducts, while the labeling with antibodies to pp38 was more moderate. While pJNK staining in islets of Langerhans was weak, with no labeling in the cancerous ducts, antibodies to gJNK revealed intensive staining suggesting the weak staining of pJNK is not due to the lack of the enzyme. In a more advanced stage of PDAC the carcinomas were clearly stained with pERK1/2 and pp38, while moderate staining with pJNK was also evident. In liver metastases, the cancer cells were heavily labeled with all three phospho-MAPKs. It should be noted that the localization of all three kinases was mainly in the cell nuclei. In the more advanced stage of PDAC, heavy labeling was evident using antibodies to gERK1/2, gp38, gJNK and gMEK. However, no labeling to pMEK was evident in parallel sections. Our data suggest that both in normal and cancerous pancreas, most of the MAPK activities are located in islets of Langerhans and cancerous ducts. It is suggested that using inhibitors to protein kinases may attenuate the progression of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abraham Amsterdam
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, 234 Herzl Street, Rehovot 76100, Israel.
| | - Lotem Shpigner
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, 234 Herzl Street, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Calanit Raanan
- Department of Veterinary Resources, The Weizmann Institute of Science, 234 Herzl Street, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | | | - Ehud Melzer
- Department of Gastroentrology, Kaplan Medical Center, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Rony Seger
- Department of Biological Regulation, The Weizmann Institute of Science, 234 Herzl Street, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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29
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Jiang N, Liu N, Yang F, Zhou Q, Cui R, Jiang W, He Q, Li W, Guo Y, Zeng J, Yun J, Chen X, Zhou B, Sun Y, Wang H, Chen ZG, Ma J. Hotspot mutations in common oncogenes are infrequent in nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Oncol Rep 2014; 32:1661-9. [PMID: 25109408 DOI: 10.3892/or.2014.3376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2014] [Accepted: 07/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncogene mutations contribute to carcinogenesis and can provide potential therapeutic targets for clinical anticancer management. However, oncogene mutation patterns in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) have yet to be fully elucidated. To gain insight into mutation patterns in NPC, a high-throughput OncoCarta panel assay was used to determine 238 hotspot mutations across 19 common oncogenes in 8 NPC cell lines and 160 NPC patient samples from southern China. Statistical analyses were further conducted to identify associations between oncogene mutations and selected clinicopathological characteristics. In total, we identified 24 mutations across 11 oncogenes in 17 (10.6%) NPC patients. Four patients exhibited mutations in at least one oncogene. We also identified a PIK3CA H1047R mutant in 7 NPC cell lines. In addition, oncogene mutations showed no correlation with either risk habits (smoking and drinking) or other clinical characteristics except for TNM stage. KIT mutations were associated with poorer overall and relapse-free survival. Furthermore, KIT mutations together with age and N stage were independent prognostic factors in NPC. Taken together, the present study is the first report on mutations in multiple oncogenes in NPC. We found that hotspot oncogene mutations are infrequent in NPC patients from southern China. The lack of hotspot mutations requires a comprehensive characterization of gene mutations in NPC for developing new therapeutic targets in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, P.R. China
| | - Na Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, P.R. China
| | - Fan Yang
- Shenzhen Institute of Liver Diseases, The Third People's Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518112, P.R. China
| | - Qiming Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, P.R. China
| | - Ruixue Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, P.R. China
| | - Wei Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, P.R. China
| | - Qingmei He
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, P.R. China
| | - Wenfei Li
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, P.R. China
| | - Ying Guo
- National Clinical Study Center for Anticancer Drugs, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, P.R. China
| | - Jing Zeng
- Department of Pathology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, P.R. China
| | - Jingping Yun
- Department of Pathology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, P.R. China
| | - Xinchun Chen
- Shenzhen Institute of Liver Diseases, The Third People's Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518112, P.R. China
| | - Boping Zhou
- Shenzhen Institute of Liver Diseases, The Third People's Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518112, P.R. China
| | - Ying Sun
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, P.R. China
| | - Huiyun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, P.R. China
| | - Zhuo G Chen
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Jun Ma
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, P.R. China
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Carvajal RD, Hamid O, Antonescu CR. Selecting patients for KIT inhibition in melanoma. Methods Mol Biol 2014; 1102:137-62. [PMID: 24258978 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-62703-727-3_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
For many years, melanoma has been regarded as a single disease in terms of therapeutic considerations. The more recent identification of multiple molecular mechanisms underlying the development, progression, and prognosis of melanoma has led to a new paradigm for the management of this disease, has created new therapeutic opportunities, and has led to improved clinical outcomes. Such advances, however, are dependent upon methods that can reproducibly identify key molecular alterations within an individual tumor, define clinically relevant genetic subgroups of disease, and permit improved patient selection for targeted therapies.Melanomas harboring genetic alterations of KIT have been demonstrated to constitute one such molecular subgroup of disease. In this chapter, we will discuss the biology of KIT in melanoma, review the rationale for and clinical data regarding KIT inhibition in melanomas harboring activating alterations of KIT, propose guidelines for the selection of patients for KIT inhibitor therapy, and, finally, present laboratory methods for KIT assessment in melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard D Carvajal
- Melanoma/Sarcoma Medical Oncology Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
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32
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Lade-Keller J, Riber-Hansen R, Guldberg P, Schmidt H, Hamilton-Dutoit SJ, Steiniche T. Immunohistochemical analysis of molecular drivers in melanoma identifies p16 as an independent prognostic biomarker. J Clin Pathol 2014; 67:520-8. [DOI: 10.1136/jclinpath-2013-202127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Yang J, Wang J, Pan L, Li H, Rao C, Zhang X, Niu G, Qu J, Hou L. BMP4 is required for the initial expression of MITF in melanocyte precursor differentiation from embryonic stem cells. Exp Cell Res 2013; 320:54-61. [PMID: 24080013 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2013.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2013] [Revised: 09/06/2013] [Accepted: 09/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Although the differentiation of melanoblasts to melanocytes is known to depend on many distinct factors, it is still poorly understood which factors lead to the induction of melanoblasts. To determine which factors might induce melanoblasts, we examined a set of candidate factors for their ability to induce expression of MITF, a master regulator of melanoblast development, in an ES cell-based melanocyte differentiation system. It appears that BMP4 is capable of inducing MITF expression in stem cells. In contrast, a number of other factors normally implicated in the development of the melanocyte lineage, including WNT1, WNT3a, SCF, EDN3, IGF1, PDGF, and RA, cannot induce MITF expression. Nevertheless, BMP4 alone does not allow MITF-expressing precursors to become differentiated melanocytes, but the addition of EDN3 further promotes differentiation of the precursors into mature melanocytes. Our results support a model in which BMP4 induces MITF expression in pluripotent stem cells and EDN3 subsequently promotes differentiation of these MITF expressing cells along the melanocyte lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Yang
- Developmental Cell Biology and Disease Program, School of Ophthalmology and Optometry and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325003, China; State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base and Key Laboratory of Vision Science of Ministry of Health and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Wenzhou 325003, China
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Phung B, Steingrímsson E, Rönnstrand L. Differential activity of c-KIT splice forms is controlled by extracellular peptide insert length. Cell Signal 2013; 25:2231-8. [PMID: 23880320 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2013.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2013] [Revised: 06/17/2013] [Accepted: 07/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Understanding receptor activation is important for disease intervention. Activation of the receptor tyrosine kinase c-KIT is involved in numerous diseases including melanoma, mastocytosis, multiple myeloma and gastrointestinal stromal tumors. To better understand the regulation of activation, we studied the two c-KIT isoforms, c-KIT(-) and c-KIT(+), which differ by a tetrapeptide insert GNNK, located in the extracellular juxtamembrane domain of the c-KIT(+) isoform. This region is important for regulating receptor activation. Here we show that the consecutive elimination of one amino acid at a time from the GNNK tetrapeptide insert gradually increases receptor tyrosine phosphorylation, ubiquitination, internalization and downstream MAP kinase-ERK activation. Successively decreasing the insert length progressively improves cell survival during drug treatment. Our results indicate that the length of the tetrapeptide fine-tunes receptor activity, thus providing deeper insight into c-KIT activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bengt Phung
- Experimental Clinical Chemistry, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Wallenberg Laboratory, Inga Marie Nilssons gata 53, SE-205 02 Malmö, Sweden.
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Human mast cells arise from a common circulating progenitor. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2013; 132:463-9.e3. [PMID: 23582567 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2013.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2012] [Revised: 02/13/2013] [Accepted: 02/13/2013] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human tissue mast cells (MCs) have the potential to express several neutral granule proteases, which are the most precise markers of the phenotypic heterogeneity of MCs. However, the full extent of such heterogeneity is limited by the fact that MCs containing either tryptase only or tryptase and chymase have long been considered to be the sole MC phenotypes. Moreover, the potential developmental relationship between human MCs of different protease phenotypes has remained a matter of dispute. OBJECTIVE We attempted to define how human MCs with different protease phenotypes relate to their circulating progenitors. METHODS MCs were generated from human peripheral blood-derived CD34(+) progenitors in the presence of kit ligand (KITLG) and the cytokines IL-3, IL-9, and IL-6 under serum-free conditions, or by KITLG alone in the presence or absence of serum. The expression of chymase, carboxypeptidase A3, cathepsin G, granzyme B, and the tryptases derived from the TPSAB1, TPSB2, TPSD1, and TPSG1/PRSS31 genes were determined weekly at the mRNA and/or protein levels. RESULTS Incubation of CD34(+) progenitors in the presence of KITLG and the cytokines IL-3, IL-9, and IL-6 promoted the development of a single population of MCs with a uniform tryptase(+), chymase(+), CPA3(+), cathepsin G(+), and granzyme B(+) phenotype. Interestingly, the presence of KITLG alone was sufficient to induce the expression of all the above proteases. CONCLUSION All circulating human MC progenitors have the potential to differentiate into MCs expressing the complete panel of neutral granule proteases, implying that human MCs originate from a common MC-committed progenitor.
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Liu W, Peng Y, Tobin DJ. A new 12-gene diagnostic biomarker signature of melanoma revealed by integrated microarray analysis. PeerJ 2013; 1:e49. [PMID: 23638386 PMCID: PMC3628745 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2012] [Accepted: 02/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Genome-wide microarray technology has facilitated the systematic discovery of diagnostic biomarkers of cancers and other pathologies. However, meta-analyses of published arrays often uncover significant inconsistencies that hinder advances in clinical practice. Here we present an integrated microarray analysis framework, based on a genome-wide relative significance (GWRS) and genome-wide global significance (GWGS) model. When applied to five microarray datasets on melanoma published between 2000 and 2011, this method revealed a new signature of 200 genes. When these were linked to so-called ‘melanoma driver’ genes involved in MAPK, Ca2+, and WNT signaling pathways we were able to produce a new 12-gene diagnostic biomarker signature for melanoma (i.e., EGFR, FGFR2, FGFR3, IL8, PTPRF, TNC, CXCL13, COL11A1, CHP2, SHC4, PPP2R2C, and WNT4). We have begun to experimentally validate a subset of these genes involved in MAPK signaling at the protein level, including CXCL13, COL11A1, PTPRF and SHC4 and found these to be over-expressed in metastatic and primary melanoma cells in vitro and in situ compared to melanocytes cultured from healthy skin epidermis and normal healthy human skin. While SHC4 has been reported previously to be associated to melanoma, this is the first time CXCL13, COL11A1, and PTPRF have been associated with melanoma on experimental validation. Our computational evaluation indicates that this 12-gene biomarker signature achieves excellent diagnostic power in distinguishing metastatic melanoma from normal skin and benign nevus. Further experimental validation of the role of these 12 genes in a new signaling network may provide new insights into the underlying biological mechanisms driving the progression of melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanting Liu
- Department of Computing, University of Bradford , Great Britain ; Centre of Skin Sciences, University of Bradford , Great Britain
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Lennartsson J, Rönnstrand L. Stem Cell Factor Receptor/c-Kit: From Basic Science to Clinical Implications. Physiol Rev 2012; 92:1619-49. [DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00046.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 485] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Stem cell factor (SCF) is a dimeric molecule that exerts its biological functions by binding to and activating the receptor tyrosine kinase c-Kit. Activation of c-Kit leads to its autophosphorylation and initiation of signal transduction. Signaling proteins are recruited to activated c-Kit by certain interaction domains (e.g., SH2 and PTB) that specifically bind to phosphorylated tyrosine residues in the intracellular region of c-Kit. Activation of c-Kit signaling has been found to mediate cell survival, migration, and proliferation depending on the cell type. Signaling from c-Kit is crucial for normal hematopoiesis, pigmentation, fertility, gut movement, and some aspects of the nervous system. Deregulated c-Kit kinase activity has been found in a number of pathological conditions, including cancer and allergy. The observation that gain-of-function mutations in c-Kit can promote tumor formation and progression has stimulated the development of therapeutics agents targeting this receptor, e.g., the clinically used inhibitor imatinib mesylate. Also other clinically used multiselective kinase inhibitors, for instance, sorafenib and sunitinib, have c-Kit included in their range of targets. Furthermore, loss-of-function mutations in c-Kit have been observed and shown to give rise to a condition called piebaldism. This review provides a summary of our current knowledge regarding structural and functional aspects of c-Kit signaling both under normal and pathological conditions, as well as advances in the development of low-molecular-weight molecules inhibiting c-Kit function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan Lennartsson
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; and Experimental Clinical Chemistry, Wallenberg Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Lars Rönnstrand
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; and Experimental Clinical Chemistry, Wallenberg Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
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Segura MF, Greenwald HS, Hanniford D, Osman I, Hernando E. MicroRNA and cutaneous melanoma: from discovery to prognosis and therapy. Carcinogenesis 2012; 33:1823-32. [PMID: 22693259 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgs205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Melanoma incidence and associated mortality continue to increase worldwide. The lack of treatments with durable responses for stage IV melanoma may be due, at least in part, to an incomplete understanding of the molecular mechanisms that regulate tumor initiation and/or progression to metastasis. Recent evidence supports miRNA dysregulation in melanoma impacting several well-known pathways such as the PI3K/AKT or RAS/MAPK pathways, but also underexplored cellular processes like protein glycosylation and immune modulation. There is also increasing evidence that miRNA can improve patient prognostic classification over the classical staging system and provide new therapeutic opportunities. The integration of this recently acquired knowledge with known molecular alterations in protein coding genes characteristic of these tumors (i.e., BRAF and NRAS mutations, CDKN2A inactivation) is critical for a complete understanding of melanoma pathogenesis. Here, we compile the evidence of the functional roles of miRNAs in melanomagenesis and progression, and of their clinical utility as biomarkers, prognostic tools and potential therapeutic targets. Characterization of miRNA alterations in melanoma may provide new angles for therapeutic intervention, help to decipher mechanisms of drug resistance, and improve patient classification for disease surveillance and clinical benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel F Segura
- Department of Pathology, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
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39
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Abstract
Melanoma, the most aggressive form of skin cancer, has increased in incidence more rapidly than any other cancer. The completion of the human genome project and advancements in genomics technologies has allowed us to investigate genetic alterations of melanoma at a scale and depth that is unprecedented. Here, we survey the history of the different approaches taken to understand the genomics of melanoma - from early candidate genes, to gene families, to genome-wide studies. The new era of whole-exome and whole-genome sequencing has paved the way for an in-depth understanding of melanoma biology, identification of new therapeutic targets, and development of novel personalized therapies for melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay Walia
- The Cancer Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Euphemia W. Mu
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jimmy C. Lin
- Division of Laboratory and Genomic Medicine, Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Yardena Samuels
- The Cancer Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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40
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Nys K, Agostinis P. Bcl-2 family members: essential players in skin cancer. Cancer Lett 2012; 320:1-13. [PMID: 22281242 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2012.01.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2011] [Revised: 01/17/2012] [Accepted: 01/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Skin cancer has reached epidemic proportions and is considered to be a direct consequence of ultraviolet (UV) radiation exposure. Excessive exposure of epidermal cells to UV results in apoptosis of irreparably damaged cells to avoid malignant transformation. The Bcl-2 family of proteins is emerging as a crucial regulator of epidermal homeostasis and cell's fate in the stressed skin. Not surprisingly, deregulation of Bcl-2 family members is also chiefly involved in skin carcinogenesis and response to cancer therapy. Here we discuss the physiopathological role of epidermal Bcl-2 family members, their implications in skin carcinogenesis and as potential targets in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kris Nys
- Cell Death Research & Therapy Unit, Department for Molecular Cell Biology, Catholic University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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