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Correia-Neves M, Nigou J, Mousavian Z, Sundling C, Källenius G. Immunological hyporesponsiveness in tuberculosis: The role of mycobacterial glycolipids. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1035122. [PMID: 36544778 PMCID: PMC9761185 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1035122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycolipids constitute a major part of the cell envelope of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). They are potent immunomodulatory molecules recognized by several immune receptors like pattern recognition receptors such as TLR2, DC-SIGN and Dectin-2 on antigen-presenting cells and by T cell receptors on T lymphocytes. The Mtb glycolipids lipoarabinomannan (LAM) and its biosynthetic relatives, phosphatidylinositol mannosides (PIMs) and lipomannan (LM), as well as other Mtb glycolipids, such as phenolic glycolipids and sulfoglycolipids have the ability to modulate the immune response, stimulating or inhibiting a pro-inflammatory response. We explore here the downmodulating effect of Mtb glycolipids. A great proportion of the studies used in vitro approaches although in vivo infection with Mtb might also lead to a dampening of myeloid cell and T cell responses to Mtb glycolipids. This dampened response has been explored ex vivo with immune cells from peripheral blood from Mtb-infected individuals and in mouse models of infection. In addition to the dampening of the immune response caused by Mtb glycolipids, we discuss the hyporesponse to Mtb glycolipids caused by prolonged Mtb infection and/or exposure to Mtb antigens. Hyporesponse to LAM has been observed in myeloid cells from individuals with active and latent tuberculosis (TB). For some myeloid subsets, this effect is stronger in latent versus active TB. Since the immune response in individuals with latent TB represents a more protective profile compared to the one in patients with active TB, this suggests that downmodulation of myeloid cell functions by Mtb glycolipids may be beneficial for the host and protect against active TB disease. The mechanisms of this downmodulation, including tolerance through epigenetic modifications, are only partly explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarida Correia-Neves
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute, School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal,Life and Health Sciences Research Institute/Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics Research Group (ICVS/3B's), Portuguese (PT) Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Portugal,Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jérôme Nigou
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, Université de Toulouse, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Zaynab Mousavian
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden,School of Mathematics, Statistics, and Computer Science, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran,Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Christopher Sundling
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden,Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden,Department of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gunilla Källenius
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden,Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden,*Correspondence: Gunilla Källenius,
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2
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Holzheimer M, Buter J, Minnaard AJ. Chemical Synthesis of Cell Wall Constituents of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Chem Rev 2021; 121:9554-9643. [PMID: 34190544 PMCID: PMC8361437 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
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The pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), causing
tuberculosis disease, features an extraordinary
thick cell envelope, rich in Mtb-specific lipids,
glycolipids, and glycans. These cell wall components are often directly
involved in host–pathogen interaction and recognition, intracellular
survival, and virulence. For decades, these mycobacterial natural
products have been of great interest for immunology and synthetic
chemistry alike, due to their complex molecular structure and the
biological functions arising from it. The synthesis of many of these
constituents has been achieved and aided the elucidation of their
function by utilizing the synthetic material to study Mtb immunology. This review summarizes the synthetic efforts of a quarter
century of total synthesis and highlights how the synthesis layed
the foundation for immunological studies as well as drove the field
of organic synthesis and catalysis to efficiently access these complex
natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mira Holzheimer
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jeffrey Buter
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Adriaan J Minnaard
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
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3
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Li M, Gašparovič H, Weng X, Chen S, Korduláková J, Jessen-Trefzer C. The Two-Component Locus MSMEG_0244/0246 Together With MSMEG_0243 Affects Biofilm Assembly in M. smegmatis Correlating With Changes in Phosphatidylinositol Mannosides Acylation. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:570606. [PMID: 33013801 PMCID: PMC7516205 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.570606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Ferric and ferrous iron is an essential transition metal for growth of many bacterial species including mycobacteria. The genomic region msmeg_0234 to msmeg_0252 from Mycobacterium smegmatis is putatively involved in iron/heme metabolism. We investigate the genes encoding the presumed two component system MSMEG_0244/MSMEG_0246, the neighboring gene msmeg_0243 and their involvement in this process. We show that purified MSMEG_0243 indeed is a heme binding protein. Deletion of msmeg_0243/msmeg_0244/msmeg_0246 in Mycobacterium smegmatis leads to a defect in biofilm formation and colony growth on solid agar, however, this phenotype is independent of the supplied iron source. Further, analysis of the corresponding mutant and its lipids reveals that changes in morphology and biofilm formation correlate with altered acylation patterns of phosphatidylinositol mannosides (PIMs). We provide the first evidence that msmeg_0244/msmeg_0246 work in concert in cellular lipid homeostasis, especially in the maintenance of PIMs, with the heme-binding protein MSMEG_0243 as potential partner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miaomaio Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology and Biotechnology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Henrich Gašparovič
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Xing Weng
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology and Biotechnology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Si Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology and Biotechnology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jana Korduláková
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Claudia Jessen-Trefzer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology and Biotechnology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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4
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Tăbăran AF, Matea CT, Mocan T, Tăbăran A, Mihaiu M, Iancu C, Mocan L. Silver Nanoparticles for the Therapy of Tuberculosis. Int J Nanomedicine 2020; 15:2231-2258. [PMID: 32280217 PMCID: PMC7127828 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s241183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 02/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Rapid emergence of aggressive, multidrug-resistant Mycobacteria strain represents the main cause of the current antimycobacterial-drug crisis and status of tuberculosis (TB) as a major global health problem. The relatively low-output of newly approved antibiotics contributes to the current orientation of research towards alternative antibacterial molecules such as advanced materials. Nanotechnology and nanoparticle research offers several exciting new-concepts and strategies which may prove to be valuable tools in improving the TB therapy. A new paradigm in antituberculous therapy using silver nanoparticles has the potential to overcome the medical limitations imposed in TB treatment by the drug resistance which is commonly reported for most of the current organic antibiotics. There is no doubt that AgNPs are promising future therapeutics for the medication of mycobacterial-induced diseases but the viability of this complementary strategy depends on overcoming several critical therapeutic issues as, poor delivery, variable intramacrophagic antimycobacterial efficiency, and residual toxicity. In this paper, we provide an overview of the pathology of mycobacterial-induced diseases, andhighlight the advantages and limitations of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) in TB treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandru-Flaviu Tăbăran
- Department of Pathology, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- Department of Nanomedicine, Regional Institute of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Cristian Tudor Matea
- Department of Nanomedicine, Regional Institute of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Teodora Mocan
- Department of Nanomedicine, Regional Institute of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- Department of Physiology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Alexandra Tăbăran
- Department of Public Health and Food Hygiene, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Marian Mihaiu
- Department of Public Health and Food Hygiene, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Cornel Iancu
- Department of Nanomedicine, Regional Institute of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- Third Surgery Department, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Lucian Mocan
- Department of Nanomedicine, Regional Institute of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- Department of Physiology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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5
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Singh P, Rameshwaram NR, Ghosh S, Mukhopadhyay S. Cell envelope lipids in the pathophysiology of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Future Microbiol 2018; 13:689-710. [PMID: 29771143 DOI: 10.2217/fmb-2017-0135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis is an intracellular bacterium that persists and replicates inside macrophages. The bacterium possesses an unusual lipid-rich cell envelope that provides a hydrophobic impermeable barrier against many environmental stressors and allows it to survive extremely hostile intracellular surroundings. Since the lipid-rich envelope is crucial for M. tuberculosis virulence, the components of the cell wall lipid biogenesis pathways constitute an attractive target for the development of vaccines and antimycobacterial chemotherapeutics. In this review, we provide a detailed description of the mycobacterial cell envelope lipid components and their contributions to the physiology and pathogenicity of mycobacteria. We also discussed the current status of the antimycobacterial drugs that target biosynthesis, export and regulation of cell envelope lipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parul Singh
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Centre for DNA Fingerprinting & Diagnostics (CDFD), Inner Ring Road, Uppal, Hyderabad, 500 039, India.,Graduate Studies, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 576 104, India
| | - Nagender Rao Rameshwaram
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Centre for DNA Fingerprinting & Diagnostics (CDFD), Inner Ring Road, Uppal, Hyderabad, 500 039, India
| | - Sudip Ghosh
- Molecular Biology Division, National Institute of Nutrition (ICMR), Jamai-Osmania PO, Hyderabad, 500 007, India
| | - Sangita Mukhopadhyay
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Centre for DNA Fingerprinting & Diagnostics (CDFD), Inner Ring Road, Uppal, Hyderabad, 500 039, India
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6
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Kalichman SC, Kalichman MO, Cherry C, Grebler T. HIV Disclosure and Transmission Risks to Sex Partners Among HIV-Positive Men. AIDS Patient Care STDS 2017; 30:221-8. [PMID: 27158850 DOI: 10.1089/apc.2015.0333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Disclosure of HIV-positive status to sex partners is critical to protecting uninfected partners. In addition, people living with HIV often risk criminal prosecution when they do not inform sex partners of their HIV status. The current study examined factors associated with nondisclosure of HIV status by men living with HIV in Atlanta, GA (92% African African, mean age = 43.8), who engage in condomless sex with uninfected sex partners. Sexually active HIV-positive men (N = 538) completed daily electronic sexual behavior assessments over the course of 28 days and completed computerized interviews, drug testing, medication adherence assessments, and HIV viral load retrieved from medical records. Results showed that 166 (30%) men had engaged in condomless vaginal or anal intercourse with an HIV-uninfected or unknown HIV status sex partner to whom they had not disclosed their HIV status. Men who engaged in nondisclosed condomless sex were less adherent to their HIV treatment, more likely to have unsuppressed HIV, demonstrated poorer disclosure self-efficacy, enacted fewer risk reduction communication skills, and held more beliefs that people with HIV are less infectious when treated with antiretroviral therapy. We conclude that undisclosed HIV status is common and related to condomless sex with uninfected partners. Men who engage in nondisclosed condomless sex may also be more infectious given their nonadherence and viral load. Interventions are needed in HIV treatment as prevention contexts that attend to disclosure laws and enhance disclosure self-efficacy, improve risk reduction communication skills, and increase understanding of HIV infectiousness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seth C. Kalichman
- Department of Psychology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut
| | - Moira O. Kalichman
- Department of Psychology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut
| | - Chauncey Cherry
- Department of Psychology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut
| | - Tamar Grebler
- Department of Psychology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut
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7
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Toyonaga K, Torigoe S, Motomura Y, Kamichi T, Hayashi JM, Morita YS, Noguchi N, Chuma Y, Kiyohara H, Matsuo K, Tanaka H, Nakagawa Y, Sakuma T, Ohmuraya M, Yamamoto T, Umemura M, Matsuzaki G, Yoshikai Y, Yano I, Miyamoto T, Yamasaki S. C-Type Lectin Receptor DCAR Recognizes Mycobacterial Phosphatidyl-Inositol Mannosides to Promote a Th1 Response during Infection. Immunity 2016; 45:1245-1257. [PMID: 27887882 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2016.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2016] [Revised: 07/25/2016] [Accepted: 08/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Phosphatidyl-inositol mannosides (PIM) are glycolipids unique to mycobacteria and other related bacteria that stimulate host immune responses and are implicated in mycobacteria pathogenicity. Here, we found that the FcRγ-coupled C-type lectin receptor DCAR (dendritic cell immunoactivating receptor; gene symbol Clec4b1) is a direct receptor for PIM. Mycobacteria activated reporter cells expressing DCAR, and delipidation of mycobacteria abolished this activity. Acylated PIMs purified from mycobacteria were identified as ligands for DCAR. DCAR was predominantly expressed in small peritoneal macrophages and monocyte-derived inflammatory cells in lungs and spleen. These cells produced monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) upon PIM treatment, and absence of DCAR or FcRγ abrogated MCP-1 production. Upon mycobacterial infection, Clec4b1-deficient mice showed reduced numbers of monocyte-derived inflammatory cells at the infection site, impaired IFNγ production by T cells, and an increased bacterial load. Thus, DCAR is a critical receptor for PIM that functions to promote T cell responses against mycobacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Toyonaga
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Shota Torigoe
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Yoshitomo Motomura
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Takane Kamichi
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan; Department of Medicine and Biosystemic Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Jennifer M Hayashi
- Department of Microbiology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Yasu S Morita
- Department of Microbiology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Naoto Noguchi
- Division of Host Defense, Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | | | | | | | - Hiroshi Tanaka
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
| | - Yoshiko Nakagawa
- Center for Animal Resources and Development, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan
| | - Tetsushi Sakuma
- Department of Mathematical and Life Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
| | - Masaki Ohmuraya
- Center for Animal Resources and Development, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan
| | - Takashi Yamamoto
- Department of Mathematical and Life Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
| | - Masayuki Umemura
- Molecular Microbiology Group, Department of Infectious Diseases, Tropical Biosphere Research Center, and Department of Host Defense, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa 903-0213, Japan
| | - Goro Matsuzaki
- Molecular Microbiology Group, Department of Infectious Diseases, Tropical Biosphere Research Center, and Department of Host Defense, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa 903-0213, Japan
| | - Yasunobu Yoshikai
- Division of Host Defense, Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Ikuya Yano
- Japan BCG Laboratory, Kiyose 204-0022, Japan
| | - Tomofumi Miyamoto
- Department of Natural Products Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Sho Yamasaki
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan; Division of Molecular Immunology, Medical Mycology Research Center, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8673, Japan.
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8
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Flacher V, Neuberg P, Point F, Daubeuf F, Muller Q, Sigwalt D, Fauny JD, Remy JS, Frossard N, Wagner A, Mueller CG, Schaeffer E. Mannoside Glycolipid Conjugates Display Anti-inflammatory Activity by Inhibition of Toll-like Receptor-4 Mediated Cell Activation. ACS Chem Biol 2015; 10:2697-705. [PMID: 26389521 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.5b00552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Inhibition of excessive Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) signaling is a therapeutic approach pursued for many inflammatory diseases. We report that Mannoside Glycolipid Conjugates (MGCs) selectively blocked TLR4-mediated activation of human monocytes and monocyte-derived dendritic cells (DCs) by lipopolysaccharide (LPS). They potently suppressed pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion and maturation of DCs exposed to LPS, leading to impaired T cell stimulation. MGCs did not interfere with LPS and could act in a delayed manner, hours after LPS stimulation. Their inhibitory action required both the sugar heads and the lipid chain, although the nature of the sugar and the structure of the lipid tail could be modified. They blocked early signaling events at the cell membrane, enhanced internalization of CD14 receptors, and prevented colocalization of CD14 and TLR4, thereby abolishing NF-κB nuclear translocation. When the best lead conjugate was tested in a mouse model of LPS-induced acute lung inflammation, it displayed an anti-inflammatory action by suppressing the recruitment of neutrophils. Thus, MGCs could serve as promising leads for the development of selective TLR4 antagonistic agents for inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Flacher
- Laboratory of Immunopathology and Therapeutic Chemistry, CNRS UPR 3572/Laboratory of Excellence MEDALIS, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire , 15 rue René Descartes, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | | | - Floriane Point
- Laboratory of Immunopathology and Therapeutic Chemistry, CNRS UPR 3572/Laboratory of Excellence MEDALIS, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire , 15 rue René Descartes, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - François Daubeuf
- Laboratory of Therapeutic Innovation, CNRS-University of Strasbourg UMR 7200/Laboratory of Excellence MEDALIS, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Strasbourg , 74 route du Rhin, 67400 Illkirch, France
| | - Quentin Muller
- Laboratory of Immunopathology and Therapeutic Chemistry, CNRS UPR 3572/Laboratory of Excellence MEDALIS, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire , 15 rue René Descartes, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | | | - Jean-Daniel Fauny
- Laboratory of Immunopathology and Therapeutic Chemistry, CNRS UPR 3572/Laboratory of Excellence MEDALIS, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire , 15 rue René Descartes, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | | | - Nelly Frossard
- Laboratory of Therapeutic Innovation, CNRS-University of Strasbourg UMR 7200/Laboratory of Excellence MEDALIS, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Strasbourg , 74 route du Rhin, 67400 Illkirch, France
| | | | - Christopher G Mueller
- Laboratory of Immunopathology and Therapeutic Chemistry, CNRS UPR 3572/Laboratory of Excellence MEDALIS, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire , 15 rue René Descartes, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Evelyne Schaeffer
- Laboratory of Immunopathology and Therapeutic Chemistry, CNRS UPR 3572/Laboratory of Excellence MEDALIS, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire , 15 rue René Descartes, 67000 Strasbourg, France
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Prakhar P, Holla S, Ghorpade DS, Gilleron M, Puzo G, Udupa V, Balaji KN. Ac2PIM-responsive miR-150 and miR-143 target receptor-interacting protein kinase 2 and transforming growth factor beta-activated kinase 1 to suppress NOD2-induced immunomodulators. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:26576-86. [PMID: 26391398 PMCID: PMC4646315 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.662817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2015] [Revised: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Specific and coordinated regulation of innate immune receptor-driven signaling networks often determines the net outcome of the immune responses. Here, we investigated the cross-regulation of toll-like receptor (TLR)2 and nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD)2 pathways mediated by Ac2PIM, a tetra-acylated form of mycobacterial cell wall component and muramyl dipeptide (MDP), a peptidoglycan derivative respectively. While Ac2PIM treatment of macrophages compromised their ability to induce NOD2-dependent immunomodulators like cyclooxygenase (COX)-2, suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS)-3, and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9, no change in the NOD2-responsive NO, TNF-α, VEGF-A, and IL-12 levels was observed. Further, genome-wide microRNA expression profiling identified Ac2PIM-responsive miR-150 and miR-143 to target NOD2 signaling adaptors, RIP2 and TAK1, respectively. Interestingly, Ac2PIM was found to activate the SRC-FAK-PYK2-CREB cascade via TLR2 to recruit CBP/P300 at the promoters of miR-150 and miR-143 and epigenetically induce their expression. Loss-of-function studies utilizing specific miRNA inhibitors establish that Ac2PIM, via the miRNAs, abrogate NOD2-induced PI3K-PKCδ-MAPK pathway to suppress β-catenin-mediated expression of COX-2, SOCS-3, and MMP-9. Our investigation has thus underscored the negative regulatory role of Ac2PIM-TLR2 signaling on NOD2 pathway which could broaden our understanding on vaccine potential or adjuvant utilities of Ac2PIM and/or MDP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Praveen Prakhar
- From the Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, Karnataka, India and
| | - Sahana Holla
- From the Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, Karnataka, India and
| | - Devram Sampat Ghorpade
- From the Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, Karnataka, India and
| | - Martine Gilleron
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale (IPBS), CNRS and Université de Toulouse, 31077 Toulouse, France
| | - Germain Puzo
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale (IPBS), CNRS and Université de Toulouse, 31077 Toulouse, France
| | - Vibha Udupa
- From the Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, Karnataka, India and
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10
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Källenius G, Correia-Neves M, Buteme H, Hamasur B, Svenson SB. Lipoarabinomannan, and its related glycolipids, induce divergent and opposing immune responses to Mycobacterium tuberculosis depending on structural diversity and experimental variations. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2015; 96:120-30. [PMID: 26586646 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2015.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2015] [Accepted: 09/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) may lead to active or latent tuberculosis, or clearance of Mtb, depending essentially on the quality of the host's immune response. This response is initiated through the interaction of Mtb cell wall surface components, mostly glycolipids, with cells of the innate immune system, particularly macrophages (Mφs) and dendritic cells (DCs). The way Mφs and DC alter their cytokine secretome, activate or inhibit different microbicidal mechanisms and present antigens and consequently trigger the T cell-mediated immune response impacts the host immune response against Mtb. Lipoarabinomannan (LAM) is one of the major cell wall components of Mtb. Mannosyl-capped LAM (ManLAM), and its related cell wall-associated types of glycolipids/lipoglycans, namely phosphatidylinositol mannosides (PIMs) and lipomannan (LM), exhibit important and distinct immunomodulatory properties. The structure, internal heterogeneity and abundance of these molecules vary between Mtb strains exhibiting distinct degrees of virulence. Thus ManLAM, LM and PIMs may be considered crucial Mtb-associated virulence factors in the pathogenesis of tuberculosis. Of particular relevance for this review, there is controversy about the specific immunomodulatory properties of these distinct glycolipids, particularly when tested as purified molecules in vitro. In addition to the variability in the glycolipid composition conflicting reports may also result from differences in the protocols used for glycolipid isolation and for in vitro experiments including immune cell types and procedures to generate them. Understanding the immunomodulatory properties of these cell wall glycolipids, how they differ between distinct Mtb strains, and how they influence the degree of Mtb virulence, is of utmost relevance to understand how the host mounts a protective or otherwise pathologic immune response. This is essential for the design of preventive strategies against tuberculosis. Thus, since clarifying the controversy on this matter is crucial we here review, summarize and discuss reported data from in vitro stimulation with the three major Mtb complex cell wall glycolipids (ManLAM, PIMs and LM) in an attempt to conciliate the conflicting findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunilla Källenius
- Department of Clinical Science and Education, Karolinska Institutet, Södersjukhuset, 118 83 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Margarida Correia-Neves
- Department of Clinical Science and Education, Karolinska Institutet, Södersjukhuset, 118 83 Stockholm, Sweden; Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal; ICVS/3B's, PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Helen Buteme
- Department of Clinical Science and Education, Karolinska Institutet, Södersjukhuset, 118 83 Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, P.O Box 7072, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Beston Hamasur
- Department of Clinical Science and Education, Karolinska Institutet, Södersjukhuset, 118 83 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Stefan B Svenson
- Department of Clinical Science and Education, Karolinska Institutet, Södersjukhuset, 118 83 Stockholm, Sweden
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11
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Highly purified mycobacterial phosphatidylinositol mannosides drive cell-mediated responses and activate NKT cells in cattle. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2014; 22:178-84. [PMID: 25499010 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00638-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterial lipids play an important role in the modulation of the immune response upon contact with the host. Using novel methods, we have isolated highly purified phosphatidylinositol mannoside (PIM) molecules (phosphatidylinositol dimannoside [PIM2], acylphosphatidylinositol dimannoside [AcPIM2], diacyl-phosphatidylinositol dimannoside [Ac2PIM2], acylphosphatidylinositol hexamannoside [AcPIM6], and diacylphosphatidylinositol hexamannoside [Ac2PIM6]) from virulent Mycobacterium tuberculosis to assess their potential to stimulate peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) responses in Mycobacterium bovis-infected cattle. Of these molecules, one (AcPIM6) induced significant levels of gamma interferon (IFN-γ) in bovine PBMCs. Three PIM molecules (AcPIM6, Ac2PIM2, and Ac2PIM6) were shown to drive significant proliferation in bovine PBMCs. AcPIM6 was subsequently used to phenotype the proliferating cells by flow cytometry. This analysis demonstrated that AcPIM6 was predominantly recognized by CD3(+) CD335(+) NKT cells. In conclusion, we have identified PIM lipid molecules that interact with bovine lymphocyte populations, and these lipids may be useful as future subunit vaccines or diagnostic reagents. Further, these data demonstrate, for the first time, lipid-specific NKT activation in cattle.
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12
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Wilensky A, Tzach-Nahman R, Potempa J, Shapira L, Nussbaum G. Porphyromonas gingivalis gingipains selectively reduce CD14 expression, leading to macrophage hyporesponsiveness to bacterial infection. J Innate Immun 2014; 7:127-135. [PMID: 25228314 DOI: 10.1159/000365970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2013] [Accepted: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Cysteine proteases (gingipains) from Porphyromonas gingivalis are key virulence factors in chronic periodontitis. Innate immune receptors CD14, Toll-like receptor (TLR) 2 and TLR4 are important in P. gingivalis recognition. We examined the ability of gingipains to cleave CD14, TLR2 and TLR4, and the consequences for the cellular response to bacterial challenge. Macrophages were exposed to Arg (RgpA and RgpB)- and Lys (Kgp)-gingipains, and residual expression of TLR2, TLR4 and CD14 was determined by flow cytometry. The cellular response to live bacteria following exposure to purified gingipains was evaluated by TNFα production and bacterial phagocytosis. RgpA and Kgp decreased CD14 detection in a concentration (p = 0.0000002)- and time (p = 0.03)-dependent manner, whereas RgpB had no significant effect. TLR2 and TLR4 expression were unaffected. Reduction in CD14 expression was more efficient with Lys-gingipain than with Arg-gingipain. A reduced CD14 surface level correlated with decreased TNFα secretion and bacterial phagocytosis following challenge with live P. gingivalis, but the response to heat-killed bacteria was unaffected. Therefore, gingipains reduce CD14 expression without affecting expression of the bacterial-sensing TLRs. Reduced CD14 expression depends on the gingipain hemagglutinin/adhesion site and results in macrophage hyporesponsiveness to bacterial challenge. Further studies are needed to determine if reduced CD14 expression is linked to periodontitis induced by P. gingivalis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asaf Wilensky
- Department of Periodontology , Faculty of Dental Medicine, Hadassah Medical Center, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Rinat Tzach-Nahman
- Department of Periodontology , Faculty of Dental Medicine, Hadassah Medical Center, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel.,Institute of Dental Sciences, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Hadassah Medical Center, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Jan Potempa
- Center of Oral Health and Systemic Disease, School of Dentistry, University of Louisville, KY, USA.,Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Lior Shapira
- Department of Periodontology , Faculty of Dental Medicine, Hadassah Medical Center, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Gabriel Nussbaum
- Institute of Dental Sciences, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Hadassah Medical Center, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
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13
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Qu X, Cinar MU, Fan H, Pröll M, Tesfaye D, Tholen E, Looft C, Hölker M, Schellander K, Uddin MJ. Comparison of the innate immune responses of porcine monocyte-derived dendritic cells and splenic dendritic cells stimulated with LPS. Innate Immun 2014; 21:242-54. [PMID: 24648487 DOI: 10.1177/1753425914526266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cell (DC) subsets form a remarkable cellular network that regulate innate and adaptive immune responses. Although pigs are the most approximate model to humans, little is known about the regulation of monocyte-derived DCs (moDCs) and splenic DCs (SDCs) in the initiation of immune responses under inflammatory conditions. We investigated the activation and maturation of porcine moDC and SDC subpopulations following LPS stimulation. Porcine monocytes that would differentiate into moDCs were isolated. SDCs were isolated directly from the porcine spleen. Following LPS stimulation, phagocytosis activity, TLR4/MyD88-dependent gene expression, co-stimulatory molecule, and pro-inflammatory cytokine (TNF-α, IL-1β) and chemokine (IL-8) expressions were increased in both cell subsets. Furthermore, moDCs showed higher levels of gene and protein expression compared with SDCs. Interestingly, moDCs were found to be more responsive via the TLR4/TRAF-dependent signalling pathway of activation. Only SDCs expressed higher level of IL-12p40 gene and protein, whereas, IFN-γ gene and protein expression were likely to be unchanged after LPS stimulation in both cell subtypes. These data demonstrate that porcine moDCs display a greater ability to initiate innate immune responses, and could be used as a model to investigate immune responses against Ags.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueqi Qu
- Institute of Animal Science, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Mehmet U Cinar
- Institute of Animal Science, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Huitao Fan
- Institute of Animal Science, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany Department of Basic Medical Science and Centre for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Maren Pröll
- Institute of Animal Science, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Dawit Tesfaye
- Institute of Animal Science, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Ernst Tholen
- Institute of Animal Science, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Christian Looft
- Institute of Animal Science, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Michael Hölker
- Institute of Animal Science, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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Jiménez-Dalmaroni MJ, Radcliffe CM, Harvey DJ, Wormald MR, Verdino P, Ainge GD, Larsen DS, Painter GF, Ulevitch R, Beutler B, Rudd PM, Dwek RA, Wilson IA. Soluble human TLR2 ectodomain binds diacylglycerol from microbial lipopeptides and glycolipids. Innate Immun 2014; 21:175-93. [PMID: 24591200 DOI: 10.1177/1753425914524077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
TLRs are key innate immune receptors that recognize conserved features of biological molecules that are found in microbes. In particular, TLR2 has been reported to be activated by different kinds of microbial ligands. To advance our understanding of the interaction of TLR2 with its ligands, the recombinant human TLR2 ectodomain (hTLR2ED) was expressed using a baculovirus/insect cell expression system and its biochemical, as well as ligand binding, properties were investigated. The hTLR2ED binds synthetic bacterial and mycoplasmal lipopeptides, lipoteichoic acid from Staphylococcus aureus, and synthetic lipoarabinomannan precursors from Mycobacterium at extracellular physiological conditions, in the absence of its co-receptors TLR1 and TLR6. We also determined that lipopeptides and glycolipids cannot bind simultaneously to hTLR2ED and that the phosphatidyl inositol mannoside 2 (Pim2) is the minimal lipoarabinomannan structure for binding to hTLR2ED. Binding of hTLR2ED to Pim4, which contains a diacylglycerol group with one of its acyl chains containing 19 carbon atoms, indicates that hTLR2ED can bind ligands with acyl chains longer than 16 carbon atoms. In summary, our data indicate that diacylglycerol is the ligand moiety of microbial glycolipids and lipoproteins that bind to hTLR2ED and that both types of ligands bind to the same binding site of hTLR2ED.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximiliano J Jiménez-Dalmaroni
- Glycobiology Institute, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, and the Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Catherine M Radcliffe
- Glycobiology Institute, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - David J Harvey
- Glycobiology Institute, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Mark R Wormald
- Glycobiology Institute, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Petra Verdino
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, and the Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Gary D Ainge
- Department of Chemistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - David S Larsen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Gavin F Painter
- The Ferrier Research Institute, Victoria University Of Wellington, Gracefield Research Centre, Lower Hutt, New Zealand
| | - Richard Ulevitch
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Bruce Beutler
- Department of Genetics, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Pauline M Rudd
- Glycobiology Institute, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Raymond A Dwek
- Glycobiology Institute, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Ian A Wilson
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, and the Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
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15
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Role of toll-interacting protein gene polymorphisms in leprosy Mexican patients. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:459169. [PMID: 24294608 PMCID: PMC3835875 DOI: 10.1155/2013/459169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2013] [Revised: 09/09/2013] [Accepted: 09/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Background. Leprosy is a debilitating infectious disease of human skin and nerves. Genetics factors of the host play an important role in the disease susceptibility. Toll-interacting protein (TOLLIP) is an inhibitory adaptor protein within the toll-like receptor (TLR) pathway, which recognizes structurally conserved molecular patterns of microbial pathogens, initiating immune responses. The objective of this study was to investigate the association of variants in the TOLLIP gene with susceptibility to leprosy in Mexican patients. Methods. TOLLIP polymorphisms were studied using a case-control design of Mexican patients with lepromatous leprosy (LL). The polymorphisms of TOLLIP at loci −526 C>G (rs5743854), 1309956C>T (rs3750920), 1298430C>A (rs5744015), and 1292831 G>A (rs3750919) were analyzed by PCR, with sequence-specific primers in LL patients and healthy subjects (HS) as controls. Results. Genotype distributions were in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium for all sites except for rs3750920. Neither genotype nor allele frequencies were statistically different between LL patients and controls (P > 0.05). The maximum pairwise D' coefficient reached was 0.44 of linkage (P = 0.01) for all the polymorphisms except for rs5743854. The three loci haplotype comparison yielded no significant differences between groups. Conclusions. Just the individuals with genotype C/C of rs3750920 have a trend of protective effect to developing LL.
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16
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Feruglio SL, Trøseid M, Damås JK, Kvale D, Dyrhol-Riise AM. Soluble markers of the Toll-like receptor 4 pathway differentiate between active and latent tuberculosis and are associated with treatment responses. PLoS One 2013; 8:e69896. [PMID: 23875007 PMCID: PMC3713063 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0069896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2013] [Accepted: 06/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Biomarkers to differentiate between active tuberculosis (TB) and latent TB infection (LTBI) and to monitor treatment responses are requested to complement TB diagnostics and control, particularly in patients with multi-drug resistant TB. We have studied soluble markers of the Toll-like-receptor 4 (TLR-4) pathway in various stages of TB disease and during anti-TB treatment. METHODS Plasma samples from patients with culture confirmed drug-sensitive TB (n = 19) were collected before and after 2, 8 and 24 weeks of efficient anti-TB treatment and in a LTBI group (n = 6). Soluble (s) CD14 and myeloid differentiation-2 (MD-2) were analyzed by the Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was analyzed by the Limulus Amebocyte Lysate colorimetric assay. Nonparametric statistics were applied. RESULTS Plasma levels of sCD14 (p<0.001), MD-2 (p = 0.036) and LPS (p = 0.069) were elevated at baseline in patients with untreated active TB compared to the LTBI group. MD-2 concentrations decreased after 2 weeks of treatment (p = 0.011), while LPS levels decreased after 8 weeks (p = 0.005). In contrast, sCD14 levels increased after 2 weeks (p = 0.047) with a subsequent modest decrease throughout the treatment period. There was no significant difference in concentrations of any of these markers between patients with pulmonary and extrapulmonary TB or between patients with or without symptoms. CONCLUSION Our data suggest that plasma levels of LPS, MD-2 and sCD14 can discriminate between active TB and LTBI. A decline in LPS and MD-2 concentrations was associated with response to anti-TB treatment. The clinical potential of these soluble TLR-4 pathway proteins needs to be further explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siri L. Feruglio
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Marius Trøseid
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jan Kristian Damås
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
- Institute of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Dag Kvale
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Anne Ma Dyrhol-Riise
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
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Hubert M, Compton BJ, Hayman CM, Larsen DS, Painter GF, Rades T, Hook S. Physicochemical and biological characterization of synthetic phosphatidylinositol dimannosides and analogues. Mol Pharm 2013; 10:1928-39. [PMID: 23469864 DOI: 10.1021/mp300707a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Native phosphatidylinositol mannosides (PIMs), isolated from the cell wall of Mycobacterium bovis, and synthetic PIM analogues have been reported to offer a variety of immunomodulating properties, including both suppressive and stimulatory activity. While numerous studies have examined the biological activity of these molecules, the aim of this research was to assess the physicochemical properties at a molecular level and correlate these characteristics with biological activity in a mouse model of airway eosinophilia. To accomplish this, we varied the flexibility and lipophilicity of synthetic PIMs by changing the polar headgroup (inositol- vs glycerol-based core) and the length of the acyl chains of the fatty acid residues (C0, C10, C16, and C18). A series of six phosphatidylinositol dimannosides (PIM2s) and phosphatidylglycerol dimannosides (PGM2s) were synthesized and characterized in this study. Langmuir monolayer studies showed that surface pressure-area (π-A) isotherms were greatly influenced by the length of the lipid acyl chains as well as the steric hindrance and volume of the headgroups. In aqueous solution, lipidated PIM2 and PGM2 compounds were observed to self-assemble into circular aggregates, as confirmed by dynamic light scattering and transmission electron microscopic investigations. Removal of the inositol ring but retention of the three-carbon glycerol unit maintained biological activity. We found that the deacylated PGM2, which did not show self-organization, had no effect on the eosinophil numbers but did have an impact on the expansion of OVA-specific CD4(+) Vα2Vβ5 T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madlen Hubert
- School of Pharmacy, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
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18
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Front S, Bourigault ML, Rose S, Noria S, Quesniaux VFJ, Martin OR. Synthesis and biological investigation of PIM mimics carrying biotin or a fluorescent label for cellular imaging. Bioconjug Chem 2012. [PMID: 23190446 DOI: 10.1021/bc3004974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Phosphatidyl inositol mannosides (PIMs) are constituents of the mycobacterial cell wall; these glycolipids are known to exhibit potent inhibitory activity toward the LPS-induced production of cytokines by macrophages, and therefore have potential as anti-inflammatory agents. Recently, heterocyclic analogues of PIMs in which the inositol is replaced by a piperidine (aza-PIM mimics) or a tetrahydropyran moiety (oxa-PIM mimics) have been prepared by short synthetic sequences and shown to retain the biological activity of the parent PIM structures. In this investigation, the aza-PIM analogue was used as a convenient scaffold to link biotin or a fluorescent label (tetramethyl-rhodamine) by way of an aminocaproyl spacer, with the goal of using these conjugates for intracellular localization and for the study of the mechanism of their antiinflammatory action. The synthesis of these compounds is reported, as well as the evaluation of their activities as inhibitors of LPS-induced cytokine production by macrophages (TNFα, IL12p40); preliminary investigations by FACS and confocal microscopy indicated that PIM-biotin conjugate binds to macrophage membranes with rapid kinetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Front
- Institut de Chimie Organique et Analytique, Université d'Orléans, CNRS UMR 7311, Rue de Chartres, 45067 Orléans, France
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Effects of helminths and Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection on HIV-1: a cellular immunological perspective. Curr Opin HIV AIDS 2012; 7:260-7. [PMID: 22411452 DOI: 10.1097/coh.0b013e3283521144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW In many regions of the world, a high prevalence of HIV-1, helminthic and Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infections can be found. Here, we summarize the types of immune responses induced and/or modulated by these pathogens and the consequences for HIV-1 disease. RECENT FINDINGS Helminths predominantly induce strong T helper (Th) 2 cellular responses which are downregulated in chronic disease. The anatomical niche populated by helminths plays a key factor in the effect these parasites have on HIV-1 transmission and subsequent replication. Gut-associated helminths have been found to increase HIV-1 transmission via the lesions they provide. In spite of this, the many immune modulatory molecules secreted by the parasites may inhibit or slow HIV-1 infection. In contrast, Mtb is mainly restricted to the lung and the Mtb-specific Th cells induced are highly susceptible to HIV-1 infection and replication. Antigens from both pathogens have immunomodulatory activity that can skew cellular immune responses in specific directions. SUMMARY The effect of helminths and Mtb on modulating immune responses is varied and complex with both their location and phenotype potentially influencing HIV-1 disease. These pathogens have evolved a complex array of molecules which have the capacity to modulate immunity and preserve pathogen survival.
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