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Selcho M. Octopamine in the mushroom body circuitry for learning and memory. Learn Mem 2024; 31:a053839. [PMID: 38862169 PMCID: PMC11199948 DOI: 10.1101/lm.053839.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
Octopamine, the functional analog of noradrenaline, modulates many different behaviors and physiological processes in invertebrates. In the central nervous system, a few octopaminergic neurons project throughout the brain and innervate almost all neuropils. The center of memory formation in insects, the mushroom bodies, receive octopaminergic innervations in all insects investigated so far. Different octopamine receptors, either increasing or decreasing cAMP or calcium levels in the cell, are localized in Kenyon cells, further supporting the release of octopamine in the mushroom bodies. In addition, different mushroom body (MB) output neurons, projection neurons, and dopaminergic PAM cells are targets of octopaminergic neurons, enabling the modulation of learning circuits at different neural sites. For some years, the theory persisted that octopamine mediates rewarding stimuli, whereas dopamine (DA) represents aversive stimuli. This simple picture has been challenged by the finding that DA is required for both appetitive and aversive learning. Furthermore, octopamine is also involved in aversive learning and a rather complex interaction between these biogenic amines seems to modulate learning and memory. This review summarizes the role of octopamine in MB function, focusing on the anatomical principles and the role of the biogenic amine in learning and memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mareike Selcho
- Department of Animal Physiology, Institute of Biology, Leipzig University, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
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2
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Ohta H, Mitsumasu K, Asaoka K. Involvement of a silkworm D2-like dopamine receptor in the promotion of feeding and related behaviors. Behav Brain Res 2024; 456:114696. [PMID: 37793438 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2023.114696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
The biogenic amine dopamine (DA) regulates various physiological and behavioral processes in insects through binding with specific receptors. Three types of typical receptors are known to date. Previously, we achieved functional and pharmacological characterization of the three DA receptors in the silkworm Bombyx mori (BmDopR1-3). BmDopR1 and BmDopR2 are functionally classified as D1-like DA receptors, and BmDopR3 as D2-like. The present pharmacological data and our previous studies suggested that bromocriptine (Bro), which acts as an agonist on the DA D2 receptors and also interacts with various serotonin and adrenergic receptors in vertebrates, is an agonist that also acts specifically on BmDopR3, with little effect on BmDopR1 and BmDopR2 in silkworms. Exploiting this subtype specificity of Bro, to offer clues on the involvement of DA and its receptors in silkworm feeding behavior, Bro was injected into fifth instar larvae and subsequent feeding and related behaviors (feeding amount, excretion amount, mandibular movement, and feeding behavior observation) were quantitatively evaluated. Bro injection increased feeding and excretion amounts but did not affect mandibular chewing speed. Visual observation of feeding behavior for 1 h revealed the prolongation of feeding and related moving time in Bro-injected larvae. Collectively, these results suggest that Bro directly acted on BmDopR3 as an agonist and promoted feeding and related behaviors in silkworm larvae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroto Ohta
- Department of Applied Microbial Engineering, Faculty of Life Sciences, Sojo University, 4-22-1 Ikeda, Nishi-ku, Kumamoto 860-0082, Japan.
| | - Kanako Mitsumasu
- Department of Nutritional Science, Faculty of Human Life Science, Shokei University, 2-6-78 Kuhonji, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 862-8678, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Asaoka
- Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Owashi 1-2, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8634, Japan
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3
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Caminer MA, Libbrecht R, Majoe M, Ho DV, Baumann P, Foitzik S. Task-specific odorant receptor expression in worker antennae indicates that sensory filters regulate division of labor in ants. Commun Biol 2023; 6:1004. [PMID: 37783732 PMCID: PMC10545721 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-05273-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Division of labor (DOL) is a characteristic trait of insect societies, where tasks are generally performed by specialized individuals. Inside workers focus on brood or nest care, while others take risks by foraging outside. Theory proposes that workers have different thresholds to perform certain tasks when confronted with task-related stimuli, leading to specialization and consequently DOL. Workers are presumed to vary in their response to task-related cues rather than in how they perceive such information. Here, we test the hypothesis that DOL instead stems from workers varying in their efficiency to detect stimuli of specific tasks. We use transcriptomics to measure mRNA expression levels in the antennae and brain of nurses and foragers of the ant Temnothorax longispinosus. We find seven times as many genes to be differentially expressed between behavioral phenotypes in the antennae compared to the brain. Moreover, half of all odorant receptors are differentially expressed, with an overrepresentation of the 9-exon gene family upregulated in the antennae of nurses. Nurses and foragers thus apparently differ in the perception of their olfactory environment and task-related signals. Our study supports the hypothesis that antennal sensory filters predispose workers to specialize in specific tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel A Caminer
- Institute of Organismic and Molecular Evolution, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany.
| | - Romain Libbrecht
- Institute of Organismic and Molecular Evolution, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte, UMR 7261, CNRS, University of Tours, Tours, France
| | - Megha Majoe
- Institute of Organismic and Molecular Evolution, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - David V Ho
- Institute of Developmental and Neurobiology, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Peter Baumann
- Institute of Developmental and Neurobiology, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Mainz, Germany
| | - Susanne Foitzik
- Institute of Organismic and Molecular Evolution, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
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4
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Sato Matsumoto C, Matsumoto Y, Mizunami M. Roles of octopamine neurons in the vertical lobe of the mushroom body for the execution of a conditioned response in cockroaches. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2023:107778. [PMID: 37257558 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2023.107778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Aminergic neurons mediate reward signals in mammals and insects. In crickets, we showed that blockade of synaptic transmission from octopamine neurons (OANs) impairs conditioning of an odor (conditioned stimulus, CS) with water or sucrose (unconditioned stimulus, US) and execution of a conditioned response (CR) to the CS. It has not yet been established, however, whether findings in crickets can be applied to other species of insects. In this study, we investigated the roles of OANs in conditioning of salivation, monitored by activities of salivary neurons, and in execution of the CR in cockroaches (Periplaneta americana). We showed that injection of epinastine (an OA receptor antagonist) into the head hemolymph impaired both conditioning and execution of the CR, in accordance with findings in crickets. Moreover, local injection of epinastine into the vertical lobes of the mushroom body (MB), the center for associative learning and control of the CR, impaired execution of the CR, whereas injection of epinastine into the calyces of the MB or the antennal lobes (primary olfactory centers) did not. We propose that OANs in the MB vertical lobes play critical roles in the execution of the CR in cockroaches. This is analogous to the fact that midbrain dopamine neurons govern execution of learned actions in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yukihisa Matsumoto
- Tokyo Dental and Medical University, Department of Biology, Ichikawa, Japan
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5
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Kobayashi N, Hasegawa Y, Okada R, Sakura M. Visual learning in tethered bees modifies flight orientation and is impaired by epinastine. J Comp Physiol A Neuroethol Sens Neural Behav Physiol 2023:10.1007/s00359-023-01623-z. [PMID: 36930349 DOI: 10.1007/s00359-023-01623-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
Visual-orientation learning of a tethered flying bee was investigated using a flight simulator and a novel protocol in which orientation preference toward trained visual targets was assessed in tests performed before and after appetitive conditioning. Either a blue or a green rectangle (conditioned stimulus, CS) was associated with 30% sucrose solution (unconditioned stimulus, US), whereas the other rectangle was not paired with US. Bees were tested in a closed-looped flight simulator 5 min after ten pairings of the US and CS. Conditioned bees were preferentially oriented to the CS after such training. This increase in preference for CS was maintained for 24 h, indicating the presence of long-term memory. Because the total orienting time was not altered by conditioning, conditioning did not enhance orientation activity itself but increased the relative time for orientation to CS. When 0.4 or 4 mM epinastine (an antagonist of octopamine receptors) was injected into the bee's head 30 min prior to the experiment, both short- and long-term memory formation were significantly impaired, suggesting that octopamine, which is crucial for appetitive olfactory learning in insects, is also involved in visual orientation learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norihiro Kobayashi
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai-cho, Nada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, 657-8501, Japan
| | | | - Ryuichi Okada
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai-cho, Nada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, 657-8501, Japan.
| | - Midori Sakura
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai-cho, Nada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, 657-8501, Japan.
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Lin S, Wang K, Yang B, Li B, Shen X, Du Z. Dopamine receptor (DAR) and dopa decarboxylase (DDC) mediate hepatopancreas antibacterial innate immune reactions in Procambarus clarkii. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 214:140-151. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.05.200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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7
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Wissink M, Nehring V. Appetitive olfactory learning suffers in ants when octopamine or dopamine receptors are blocked. J Exp Biol 2021; 224:271209. [PMID: 34357377 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.242732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Associative learning relies on the detection of coincidence between a stimulus and a reward or punishment. In the insect brain, this process is carried out in the mushroom bodies under the control of octopaminergic and dopaminergic neurons. It was assumed that appetitive learning is governed by octopaminergic neurons, while dopamine is required for aversive learning. This view has recently been challenged: both neurotransmitters are involved in both types of learning in bees and flies. Here, we tested which neurotransmitters are required for appetitive learning in ants. We trained Lasius niger workers to discriminate two mixtures of linear hydrocarbons and to associate one of them with a sucrose reward. We analysed the walking paths of the ants using machine learning and found that the ants spent more time near the rewarded odour than near the other, a preference that was stable for at least 24 h. We then treated the ants before learning with either epinastine, an octopamine receptor blocker, or flupentixol, a dopamine receptor blocker. Ants with blocked octopamine receptors did not prefer the rewarded odour. Octopamine signalling is thus necessary for appetitive learning of olfactory cues, probably because it signals information about odours or reward to the mushroom body. In contrast, ants with blocked dopamine receptors initially learned the rewarded odour but failed to retrieve this memory 24 h later. Dopamine is thus probably required for long-term memory consolidation, independent of short-term memory formation. Our results show that appetitive olfactory learning depends on both octopamine and dopamine signalling in ants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maarten Wissink
- Evolutionary Biology & Ecology, Institute for Biology I (Zoology), University of Freiburg, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Volker Nehring
- Evolutionary Biology & Ecology, Institute for Biology I (Zoology), University of Freiburg, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
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8
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Guo YF, Qiu JR, Chen T, Gao SJ, Su-Hong B, Wang R, Wang JD. Characterization and functional analysis of a β-adrenergic-like octopamine receptor from the oriental armyworm (Mythimna separata Walker). ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 106:e21772. [PMID: 33719088 DOI: 10.1002/arch.21772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The β-adrenergic-like octopamine receptor (OA2B2), which binds the biogenic amine octopamine, belongs to the class of G-protein coupled receptors and significantly regulates many physiological and behavioral processes in insects. In this study, the putative open reading frame sequence of the MsOA2B2 gene in Mythimna separata was cloned, the full-length complementary DNA was 1191 bp and it encoded a 396-amino acid protein (GenBank accession number MN822800). Orthologous sequence alignment, phylogenetic tree analysis, and protein sequence analysis all showed that the cloned receptor belongs to the OA2B2 protein family. Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction of spatial and temporal expression analysis revealed that the MsOAB2 gene was expressed in all developmental stages of M. separata and was most abundant in egg stages and second and fourth instars compared with other developmental stages, while the expression level during the pupal stage was much lower than that at the other stages. Further analysis with sixth instar M. separata larvae showed that the MsOA2B2 gene was expressed 1.81 times higher in the head than in integument and gut tissues. Dietary ingestion of dsMsOA2B2 significantly reduced the messenger RNA level of MsOA2B2 and decreased mortality following amitraz treatment. This study provides both a pharmacological characterization and the gene expression patterns of OA2B2 in M. separata, facilitating further research for insecticides using MsOA2B2 as a target.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Gene Expression/drug effects
- Genes, Insect
- Insect Control
- Insect Proteins/chemistry
- Insect Proteins/genetics
- Insect Proteins/metabolism
- Insecticides/pharmacology
- Larva/genetics
- Larva/metabolism
- Moths/genetics
- Moths/metabolism
- Phylogeny
- Pupa/genetics
- Pupa/metabolism
- Receptors, Adrenergic, beta/chemistry
- Receptors, Adrenergic, beta/drug effects
- Receptors, Adrenergic, beta/genetics
- Receptors, Adrenergic, beta/metabolism
- Receptors, Biogenic Amine/chemistry
- Receptors, Biogenic Amine/drug effects
- Receptors, Biogenic Amine/genetics
- Receptors, Biogenic Amine/metabolism
- Toluidines/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Fang Guo
- National Engineering Research Center of Sugarcane, Fujian Agricultural and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jia-Ren Qiu
- National Engineering Research Center of Sugarcane, Fujian Agricultural and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Tao Chen
- National Engineering Research Center of Sugarcane, Fujian Agricultural and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - San-Ji Gao
- National Engineering Research Center of Sugarcane, Fujian Agricultural and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Bu Su-Hong
- National Engineering Research Center of Sugarcane, Fujian Agricultural and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Ran Wang
- Institute of Plant and Environment Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jin-da Wang
- National Engineering Research Center of Sugarcane, Fujian Agricultural and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
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9
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AmOctα2R: Functional Characterization of a Honeybee Octopamine Receptor Inhibiting Adenylyl Cyclase Activity. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21249334. [PMID: 33302363 PMCID: PMC7762591 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21249334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The catecholamines norepinephrine and epinephrine are important regulators of vertebrate physiology. Insects such as honeybees do not synthesize these neuroactive substances. Instead, they use the phenolamines tyramine and octopamine for similar physiological functions. These biogenic amines activate specific members of the large protein family of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). Based on molecular and pharmacological data, insect octopamine receptors were classified as either α- or β-adrenergic-like octopamine receptors. Currently, one α- and four β-receptors have been molecularly and pharmacologically characterized in the honeybee. Recently, an α2-adrenergic-like octopamine receptor was identified in Drosophila melanogaster (DmOctα2R). This receptor is activated by octopamine and other biogenic amines and causes a decrease in intracellular cAMP ([cAMP]i). Here, we show that the orthologous receptor of the honeybee (AmOctα2R), phylogenetically groups in a clade closely related to human α2-adrenergic receptors. When heterologously expressed in an eukaryotic cell line, AmOctα2R causes a decrease in [cAMP]i. The receptor displays a pronounced preference for octopamine over tyramine. In contrast to DmOctα2R, the honeybee receptor is not activated by serotonin. Its activity can be blocked efficiently by 5-carboxamidotryptamine and phentolamine. The functional characterization of AmOctα2R now adds a sixth member to this subfamily of monoaminergic receptors in the honeybee and is an important step towards understanding the actions of octopamine in honeybee behavior and physiology.
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10
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Arenas A, Lajad R, Peng T, Grüter C, Farina W. Correlation between octopaminergic signalling and foraging task specialisation in honeybees. GENES BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR 2020; 20:e12718. [PMID: 33251675 DOI: 10.1111/gbb.12718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Regulation of pollen and nectar foraging in honeybees is linked to differences in the sensitivity to the reward. Octopamine (OA) participates in the processing of reward-related information in the bee brain, being a candidate to mediate and modulate the division of labour among pollen and nectar foragers. Here we tested the hypothesis that OA affects the resource preferences of foragers. We first investigated whether oral administration of OA is involved in the transition from nectar to pollen foraging. We quantified the percentage of OA-treated bees that switched from a sucrose solution to a pollen feeder when the sugar concentration was decreased experimentally. We also evaluated if feeding the colonies sucrose solution containing OA increases the rate of bees collecting pollen. Finally, we quantified OA and tyramine (TYR) receptor genes expression of pollen and nectar foragers in different parts of the brain, as a putative mechanism that affects the decision-making process regarding the resource type collected. Adding OA in the food modified the probability that foragers switch from nectar to pollen collection. The proportion of pollen foragers also increased after feeding colonies with OA-containing food. Furthermore, the expression level of the AmoctαR1 was upregulated in foragers arriving at pollen sources compared with those arriving at sugar-water feeders. Using age-matched pollen and nectar foragers that returned to the hive, we detected an upregulated expression of a TYR receptor gene in the suboesophageal ganglia. These findings support our prediction that OA signalling affects the decision in honeybee foragers to collect pollen or nectar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés Arenas
- Laboratorio de Insectos Sociales, Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Instituto de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Neurociencias, CONICET - Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Rocío Lajad
- Laboratorio de Insectos Sociales, Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Instituto de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Neurociencias, CONICET - Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Tianfei Peng
- Institute of Organismic and Molecular Evolutionary Biology, Johannes-Gutenberg University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Christoph Grüter
- Institute of Organismic and Molecular Evolutionary Biology, Johannes-Gutenberg University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany.,School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Walter Farina
- Laboratorio de Insectos Sociales, Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Instituto de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Neurociencias, CONICET - Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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11
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Assessment of Insecticidal Activity of Benzylisoquinoline Alkaloids from Chilean Rhamnaceae Plants against Fruit-Fly Drosophila melanogaster and the Lepidopteran Crop Pest Cydia pomonella. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25215094. [PMID: 33153001 PMCID: PMC7663414 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25215094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The Chilean plants Discaria chacaye, Talguenea quinquenervia (Rhamnaceae), Peumus boldus (Monimiaceae), and Cryptocarya alba (Lauraceae) were evaluated against Codling moth: Cydia pomonella L. (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) and fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster (Diptera: Drosophilidae), which is one of the most widespread and destructive primary pests of Prunus (plums, cherries, peaches, nectarines, apricots, almonds), pear, walnuts, and chestnuts, among other. Four benzylisoquinoline alkaloids (coclaurine, laurolitsine, boldine, and pukateine) were isolated from the above mentioned plant species and evaluated regarding their insecticidal activity against the codling moth and fruit fly. The results showed that these alkaloids possess acute and chronic insecticidal effects. The most relevant effect was observed at 10 µg/mL against D. melanogaster and at 50 µg/mL against C. pomonella, being the alteration of the feeding, deformations, failure in the displacement of the larvae in the feeding medium of D. melanogaster, and mortality visible effects. In addition, the docking results show that these type of alkaloids present a good interaction with octopamine and ecdysone receptor showing a possible action mechanism.
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12
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Linn M, Glaser SM, Peng T, Grüter C. Octopamine and dopamine mediate waggle dance following and information use in honeybees. Proc Biol Sci 2020; 287:20201950. [PMID: 33049176 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2020.1950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Honeybees can be directed to profitable food sources by following waggle dances performed by other bees. Followers can often choose between using this social information or relying on memories about food sources they have visited in the past, so-called private information. While the circumstances that favour the use of either social or private information have received considerable attention, still little is known about the neurophysiological basis of information use. We hypothesized that octopamine and dopamine, two biogenic amines with important functions in reward signalling and learning, affect dance use in honeybees. We orally administered octopamine and dopamine when bees collected food at artificial feeders and tested if this affected interest in dance information about a new food source. We predicted that octopamine reduces interest in dances and strengthens private information use via an increase in the perceived value of the previously exploited resource. Since dopamine has been shown to lower reward perception, we expected it to act in the opposite direction. Octopamine-treated foragers indeed followed 32% fewer dances than control bees and increased the use of private information. Conversely, dopamine-treated bees followed dances 15% longer than control bees, but surprisingly did not use social information more. Overall, our results suggest that biogenic amine signalling affects interactions among dancers and dance followers and, thus, information flow about high-quality food sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Linn
- Institute of Organismic and Molecular Evolution, Johannes Gutenberg-University of Mainz, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Simone M Glaser
- Institute of Organismic and Molecular Evolution, Johannes Gutenberg-University of Mainz, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Tianfei Peng
- Institute of Organismic and Molecular Evolution, Johannes Gutenberg-University of Mainz, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Christoph Grüter
- Institute of Organismic and Molecular Evolution, Johannes Gutenberg-University of Mainz, 55128 Mainz, Germany
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13
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Lai Y, Despouy E, Sandoz JC, Su S, de Brito Sanchez MG, Giurfa M. Degradation of an appetitive olfactory memory via devaluation of sugar reward is mediated by 5-HT signaling in the honey bee. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2020; 173:107278. [PMID: 32652234 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2020.107278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Conditioned taste aversion (CTA) learning induces the devaluation of a preferred food through its pairing with a stimulus inducing internal illness. In invertebrates, it is still unclear how this aversive learning impairs the memories of stimuli that had been associated with the appetitive food prior to its devaluation. Here we studied this phenomenon in the honey bee and characterized its neural underpinnings. We first trained bees to associate an odorant (conditioned stimulus, CS) with appetitive fructose solution (unconditioned stimulus, US) using a Pavlovian olfactory conditioning. We then subjected the bees that learned the association to a CTA training during which the antennal taste of fructose solution was contingent or not to the ingestion of quinine solution, which induces malaise a few hours after ingestion. Only the group experiencing contingent fructose stimulation and quinine-based malaise exhibited a decrease in responses to the fructose and a concomitant decrease in odor-specific retention in tests performed 23 h after the original odor conditioning. Furthermore, injection of dopamine- and serotonin-receptor antagonists after CTA learning revealed that this long-term decrease was mediated by serotonergic signaling as its blockade rescued both the responses to fructose and the odor-specific memory 23 h after conditioning. The impairment of a prior CS memory by subsequent CTA conditioning confirms that bees retrieve a devaluated US representation when presented with the CS. Our findings further highlight the importance of serotonergic signaling in aversive learning in the bee and uncover mechanisms underlying aversive memories induced by internal illness in invertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Lai
- College of Animal Science (College of Bee Science), Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; Research Centre on Animal Cognition, Center for Integrative Biology, CNRS, University of Toulouse, 118 route de Narbonne, F-31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Elodie Despouy
- Research Centre on Animal Cognition, Center for Integrative Biology, CNRS, University of Toulouse, 118 route de Narbonne, F-31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Jean-Christophe Sandoz
- Evolution, Genomes, Behavior and Ecology, Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, IRD, 1 avenue de la Terrasse, F-91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Songkun Su
- College of Animal Science (College of Bee Science), Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Maria Gabriela de Brito Sanchez
- Research Centre on Animal Cognition, Center for Integrative Biology, CNRS, University of Toulouse, 118 route de Narbonne, F-31062 Toulouse, France.
| | - Martin Giurfa
- College of Animal Science (College of Bee Science), Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; Research Centre on Animal Cognition, Center for Integrative Biology, CNRS, University of Toulouse, 118 route de Narbonne, F-31062 Toulouse, France; Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), France.
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14
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Xu G, Chang XF, Gu GX, Jia WX, Guo L, Huang J, Ye GY. Molecular and pharmacological characterization of a β-adrenergic-like octopamine receptor from the green rice leafhopper Nephotettix cincticeps. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 120:103337. [PMID: 32109588 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2020.103337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Revised: 02/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
As the counterparts of noradrenaline and adrenaline in vertebrates, octopamine (OA) regulates multiple physiological and behavioral processes in invertebrate. OA mediates its effects via binding to specific octopamine receptors (OARs). Functional and pharmacological characterization of OARs have been reported in several insects. However, little work was documented in hemipteran insects. We cloned a β-adrenergic-like OAR (NcOA2B2) from Nephotettix cincticeps. NcOA2B2 shares high similarity with members of the OA2B2 receptor class. Transcript level of NcOA2B2 varied in various tissues and was highly expressed in the leg. After heterologous expression in CHO-K1 cells, NcOA2B2 was dose-dependently activated by OA (EC50 = 2.56 nM) and tyramine (TA) (EC50 = 149 nM). Besides putative octopaminergic agonists, dopaminergic agonists and amitraz and DPMF potently activated NcOA2B2 in a dose-dependent manner. Receptor activity was blocked by potential antagonists and was most efficiently antagonized by asenapine. Phentolamine showed both antagonist and agonist effects on NcOA2B2. Our results offer the important information about molecular and pharmacological characterization of an OAR from N. cincticeps that will provide the basis for forthcoming studies on its roles in physiological processes and behaviors, and facilitate the design of novel insecticides for pest control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology & Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China; College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China.
| | - Xue-Fei Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology & Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
| | - Gui-Xiang Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology & Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
| | - Wen-Xi Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology & Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
| | - Lei Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology & Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
| | - Jia Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology & Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
| | - Gong-Yin Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology & Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
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15
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Menthol Increases Bendiocarb Efficacy Through Activation of Octopamine Receptors and Protein Kinase A. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24203775. [PMID: 31635151 PMCID: PMC6832705 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24203775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Revised: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Great effort is put into seeking a new and effective strategies to control insect pests. One of them is to combine natural products with chemical insecticides to increase their effectiveness. In the study presented, menthol which is an essential oil component was evaluated on its ability to increase the efficiency of bendiocarb, carbamate insecticide. A multi-approach study was conducted using biochemical method (to measure acetylcholinesterase enzyme activity), electrophysiological technique (microelectrode recordings in DUM neurons in situ), and confocal microscopy (for calcium imaging). In the electrophysiological experiments, menthol caused hyperpolarization, which was blocked by an octopamine receptor antagonist (phentolamine) and an inhibitor of protein kinase A (H-89). It also raised the intracellular calcium level. The effect of bendiocarb was potentiated by menthol and this phenomenon was abolished by phentolamine and H-89 but not by protein kinase C inhibitor (bisindolylmaleimide IX). The results indicate that menthol increases carbamate insecticide efficiency by acting on octopamine receptors and triggering protein kinase A phosphorylation pathway.
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16
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Marchal P, Villar ME, Geng H, Arrufat P, Combe M, Viola H, Massou I, Giurfa M. Inhibitory learning of phototaxis by honeybees in a passive-avoidance task. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 26:1-12. [PMID: 31527185 PMCID: PMC6749929 DOI: 10.1101/lm.050120.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Honeybees are a standard model for the study of appetitive learning and memory. Yet, fewer attempts have been performed to characterize aversive learning and memory in this insect and uncover its molecular underpinnings. Here, we took advantage of the positive phototactic behavior of bees kept away from the hive in a dark environment and established a passive-avoidance task in which they had to suppress positive phototaxis. Bees placed in a two-compartment box learned to inhibit spontaneous attraction to a compartment illuminated with blue light by associating and entering into that chamber with shock delivery. Inhibitory learning resulted in an avoidance memory that could be retrieved 24 h after training and that was specific to the punished blue light. The memory was mainly operant but involved a Pavlovian component linking the blue light and the shock. Coupling conditioning with transcriptional analyses in key areas of the brain showed that inhibitory learning of phototaxis leads to an up-regulation of the dopaminergic receptor gene Amdop1 in the calyces of the mushroom bodies, consistently with the role of dopamine signaling in different forms of aversive learning in insects. Our results thus introduce new perspectives for uncovering further cellular and molecular underpinnings of aversive learning and memory in bees. Overall, they represent an important step toward comparative learning studies between the appetitive and the aversive frameworks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Marchal
- Centre de Recherches sur la Cognition Animale (CRCA), Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, F-31062 Toulouse cedex 09, France
| | - Maria Eugenia Villar
- Centre de Recherches sur la Cognition Animale (CRCA), Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, F-31062 Toulouse cedex 09, France
| | - Haiyang Geng
- Centre de Recherches sur la Cognition Animale (CRCA), Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, F-31062 Toulouse cedex 09, France.,College of Bee Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Patrick Arrufat
- Centre de Recherches sur la Cognition Animale (CRCA), Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, F-31062 Toulouse cedex 09, France
| | - Maud Combe
- Centre de Recherches sur la Cognition Animale (CRCA), Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, F-31062 Toulouse cedex 09, France
| | - Haydée Viola
- Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencias (IBCN) "Dr Eduardo De Robertis," CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires (C1121ABG), Argentina
| | - Isabelle Massou
- Centre de Recherches sur la Cognition Animale (CRCA), Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, F-31062 Toulouse cedex 09, France
| | - Martin Giurfa
- Centre de Recherches sur la Cognition Animale (CRCA), Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, F-31062 Toulouse cedex 09, France.,College of Bee Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
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17
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Jankowska M, Lapied B, Jankowski W, Stankiewicz M. The unusual action of essential oil component, menthol, in potentiating the effect of the carbamate insecticide, bendiocarb. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 158:101-111. [PMID: 31378344 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2019.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Revised: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Standard chemical insecticides present mainly neurotoxic effects and are becoming less and less effective due to insects developing resistance to them. One of the innovative strategies to control insects pests is to find a way to increase the sensitivity of the target sites in the insect nervous system to the applied insecticides. In the presented research, we proposed menthol, a component of essential oils, as a factor increasing the effectiveness of bendiocarb, a carbamate insecticide. The aim of our study was to evaluate the potentiation of the bendiocarb effect by menthol. In toxicity tests performed on Periplaneta americana, menthol (0.1 μM) accelerated the lethal effect of bendiocarb, primarily in its low concentrations (lower than 0.05 mM). In the presence of menthol (1 and 0.1 μM), the ability of insects to turn back from its dorsal to the normal ventral side was significantly lower than with bendiocarb (1 μM) alone. We also evaluated the effectiveness of chemicals on the activity of the ventral nerve cord of the cockroach. In this preparation, bendiocarb (1 μM and higher concentrations) caused an irregular, spontaneous bursts of action potentials. The total nerve activity (including the response to stimulation and spontaneous firing) was much higher when bendiocarb was applied in the presence of menthol (1 μM). The effect of menthol was similar to the octopamine effect and was abolished by phentolamine, the octopamine receptor antagonist. Our results clearly indicated a strengthening effect of menthol on bendiocarb effectiveness; potentiation occurred through octopamine receptors activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milena Jankowska
- Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland.
| | - Bruno Lapied
- Laboratoire SiFCIR UPRES EA 2647/USC INRA 1330, Université d'Angers, UFR Sciences, Angers, France
| | - Waldemar Jankowski
- Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland
| | - Maria Stankiewicz
- Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland
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18
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Gassias E, Durand N, Demondion E, Bourgeois T, Aguilar P, Bozzolan F, Debernard S. A critical role for Dop1-mediated dopaminergic signaling in the plasticity of behavioral and neuronal responses to sex pheromone in a moth. J Exp Biol 2019; 222:jeb.211979. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.211979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Most animal species, including insects, are able to modulate their responses to sexual chemosignals and this flexibility originates from the remodeling of olfactory areas under the influence of dopaminergic system. In the moth Agrotis ipsilon, the behavioral response of males to the female-emitted sex pheromone increases throughout adult life and after a prior exposure to pheromone signal and this change is accompanied by an increase in neuronal sensitivity within the primary olfactory centers, the antennal lobes (ALs). To identify the underlying neuromodulatory mechanisms, we examined whether this age- and experience-dependent olfactory plasticity is mediated by dopamine (DA) through the Dop1 receptor, an ortholog of the vertebrate D1-type dopamine receptors, which is positively coupled to adenylyl cyclase. We cloned A. ipsilon Dop1 (AiDop1) which is expressed predominantly in brain and especially in ALs and its knockdown induced decreased AL cAMP amounts and altered sex pheromone-orientated flight. The levels of DA, AiDop1 expression and cAMP in ALs increased from the third day of adult life and at 24h and 48h following pre-exposure to sex pheromone and the dynamic of these changes correlated with the increased responsiveness to sex pheromone. These results demonstrate that Dop1 is required for the display of male sexual behavior and that age- and experience-related neuronal and behavioral changes are sustained by DA-Dop1 signaling that operates within ALs probably through cAMP-dependent mechanisms in A. ipsilon. Thus, this study expands our understanding of the neuromodulatory mechanisms underlying olfactory plasticity, mechanisms that appear to be highly conserved between insects and mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edmundo Gassias
- Institute of Biology, Complutense University of Madrid, Pozuelo de Alarcon, 28223 Madrid, Spain
| | - Nicolas Durand
- FRE CNRS 3498, Ecologie et Dynamique des Systèmes Anthropisés, Université de Picardie, Jules Verne, 80039 Amiens, France
| | - Elodie Demondion
- Sorbonne Université, INRA, CNRS, UPEC, IRD, Univ. P7, Institute of Ecology and Environmental Sciences of Paris, 78026 Versailles, France
| | - Thomas Bourgeois
- Sorbonne Université, INRA, CNRS, UPEC, IRD, Univ. P7, Institute of Ecology and Environmental Sciences of Paris, 78026 Versailles, France
| | - Paleo Aguilar
- Institute of Biology, Complutense University of Madrid, Pozuelo de Alarcon, 28223 Madrid, Spain
| | - Françoise Bozzolan
- Sorbonne Université, INRA, CNRS, UPEC, IRD, Univ. P7, Institute of Ecology and Environmental Sciences of Paris, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Stéphane Debernard
- Sorbonne Université, INRA, CNRS, UPEC, IRD, Univ. P7, Institute of Ecology and Environmental Sciences of Paris, 75005 Paris, France
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19
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Matsushima K, Watanabe T, Sasaki K. Functional gene expression of dopamine receptors in the male reproductive organ during sexual maturation in the honey bee (Apis mellifera L.). JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 112:9-14. [PMID: 30471250 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2018.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Revised: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Dopamine is a potential integrator between the central nervous system and reproductive system in insects. To test for a possible action of dopamine on the male reproductive organ via hemolymph in honey bees, relative expression levels of dopamine receptor genes and second messenger levels responding to dopamine in the reproductive organ were quantified. Protein content of the three parts of the reproductive organ (testes, seminal vesicles, and mucus glands) differed depending on the age of bees: the protein content of the testes decreased, whereas that of the seminal vesicles and mucus glands increased as males aged. Relative expression levels of dopamine receptor genes (Amdop1, Amdop2, Amdop3 and Amgpcr19) in each part of the reproductive organ were detected and were lower than those in the brain. Expression of all these genes was significantly higher in the seminal vesicles than in testes and mucus glands. Expression of Amgpcr19 was significantly higher in testes of 8-day-old males than in males of other ages, and was highest in the seminal vesicles of 4-day-old males. Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) levels responding to dopamine in seminal vesicles were significantly higher in 10-3 M dopamine immersion than in 10-4 M, 10-5 M dopamine, and controls. However, no significant differences in cAMP levels between control and dopamine immersion were detected in testes and mucus glands. These results suggest that the dopamine receptors in seminal vesicles can be driven by dopamine for reproduction, including sperm transfer and storage in the male reproductive organ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Matsushima
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Tamagawa University, Machida, Tokyo 194-8610, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Watanabe
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Tamagawa University, Machida, Tokyo 194-8610, Japan
| | - Ken Sasaki
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Tamagawa University, Machida, Tokyo 194-8610, Japan.
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20
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Abstract
Trace amines are endogenous compounds classically regarded as comprising β-phenylethyalmine, p-tyramine, tryptamine, p-octopamine, and some of their metabolites. They are also abundant in common foodstuffs and can be produced and degraded by the constitutive microbiota. The ability to use trace amines has arisen at least twice during evolution, with distinct receptor families present in invertebrates and vertebrates. The term "trace amine" was coined to reflect the low tissue levels in mammals; however, invertebrates have relatively high levels where they function like mammalian adrenergic systems, involved in "fight-or-flight" responses. Vertebrates express a family of receptors termed trace amine-associated receptors (TAARs). Humans possess six functional isoforms (TAAR1, TAAR2, TAAR5, TAAR6, TAAR8, and TAAR9), whereas some fish species express over 100. With the exception of TAAR1, TAARs are expressed in olfactory epithelium neurons, where they detect diverse ethological signals including predators, spoiled food, migratory cues, and pheromones. Outside the olfactory system, TAAR1 is the most thoroughly studied and has both central and peripheral roles. In the brain, TAAR1 acts as a rheostat of dopaminergic, glutamatergic, and serotonergic neurotransmission and has been identified as a novel therapeutic target for schizophrenia, depression, and addiction. In the periphery, TAAR1 regulates nutrient-induced hormone secretion, suggesting its potential as a novel therapeutic target for diabetes and obesity. TAAR1 may also regulate immune responses by regulating leukocyte differentiation and activation. This article provides a comprehensive review of the current state of knowledge of the evolution, physiologic functions, pharmacology, molecular mechanisms, and therapeutic potential of trace amines and their receptors in vertebrates and invertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raul R Gainetdinov
- Institute of Translational Biomedicine, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia (R.R.G.); Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology (Skoltech), Moscow, Russia (R.R.G.); Neuroscience, Ophthalmology, and Rare Diseases Discovery and Translational Area, pRED, Roche Innovation Centre Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Basel, Switzerland (M.C.H.); and Department of Biochemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada (M.D.B.)
| | - Marius C Hoener
- Institute of Translational Biomedicine, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia (R.R.G.); Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology (Skoltech), Moscow, Russia (R.R.G.); Neuroscience, Ophthalmology, and Rare Diseases Discovery and Translational Area, pRED, Roche Innovation Centre Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Basel, Switzerland (M.C.H.); and Department of Biochemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada (M.D.B.)
| | - Mark D Berry
- Institute of Translational Biomedicine, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia (R.R.G.); Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology (Skoltech), Moscow, Russia (R.R.G.); Neuroscience, Ophthalmology, and Rare Diseases Discovery and Translational Area, pRED, Roche Innovation Centre Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Basel, Switzerland (M.C.H.); and Department of Biochemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada (M.D.B.)
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21
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Hewlett SE, Delahunt Smoleniec JD, Wareham DM, Pyne TM, Barron AB. Biogenic amine modulation of honey bee sociability and nestmate affiliation. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0205686. [PMID: 30359390 PMCID: PMC6201892 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0205686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Biogenic amines modulate a range of social behaviours, including sociability and mechanisms of group cohesion, in both vertebrates and invertebrates. Here, we tested if the biogenic amines modulate honey bee (Apis mellifera) sociability and nestmate affiliation. We examined the consequences of treatments with biogenic amines, agonists and antagonists on a bee’s approach to, and subsequent social interactions with, conspecifics in both naturally hive-reared bees and isolated bees. We used two different treatment methods. Bees were first treated topically with compounds dissolved in the solvent dimethylformamide (dMF) applied to the dorsal thorax, but dMF had a significant effect on the locomotion and behaviour of the bees during the behavioural test that interfered with their social responses. Our second method used microinjection to deliver biogenic amines to the head capsule via the ocellar tract. Microinjection of dopamine and a dopamine antagonist had strong effects on bee sociability, likelihood of interaction with bees, and nestmate affiliation. Octopamine treatment reduced social interaction with other bees, and serotonin increased the likelihood of social interactions. HPLC measurements showed that isolation reduced brain levels of biogenic amines compared to hive-reared bees. Our findings suggest that dopamine is an important neurochemical component of social motivation in bees. This finding advances a comparative understanding of the processes of social evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susie E. Hewlett
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- * E-mail: (SH); (AB)
| | | | - Deborah M. Wareham
- Department of Health Professions, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Thomas M. Pyne
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Andrew B. Barron
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- * E-mail: (SH); (AB)
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22
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Verlinden H. Dopamine signalling in locusts and other insects. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 97:40-52. [PMID: 29680287 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2018.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Revised: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/08/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Dopamine is an important catecholamine neurotransmitter in invertebrates and vertebrates. It is biochemically derived from tyrosine via L-DOPA. It is most abundant in the central nervous system, but can also be produced in e.g. epidermal cells. Dopamine has conserved roles in the control of movement, pleasure, motivation, arousal and memory between invertebrate and vertebrate animals. It is crucial for melanisation and sclerotisation, important processes for the formation of the exoskeleton of insects and immune function. In this brief review I will discuss some general aspects of insect dopamine biosynthesis and breakdown, dopamine receptors and their pharmacology. In addition, I will provide a glance on the multitude of biological functions of dopamine in insects. More detail is provided concerning the putative roles of dopamine in phase related phenomena in locusts. Finally, molecular and pharmacological adjustments of insect dopamine signalling are discussed in the light of possible approaches towards insect pest management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heleen Verlinden
- Department of Animal Physiology and Neurobiology, Zoological Institute, KU Leuven, Naamsestraat 59, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
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23
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Widmann A, Eichler K, Selcho M, Thum AS, Pauls D. Odor-taste learning in Drosophila larvae. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 106:47-54. [PMID: 28823531 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2017.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Revised: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The Drosophila larva is an attractive model system to study fundamental questions in the field of neuroscience. Like the adult fly, the larva offers a seemingly unlimited genetic toolbox, which allows one to visualize, silence or activate neurons down to the single cell level. This, combined with its simplicity in terms of cell numbers, offers a useful system to study the neuronal correlates of complex processes including associative odor-taste learning and memory formation. Here, we summarize the current knowledge about odor-taste learning and memory at the behavioral level and integrate the recent progress on the larval connectome to shed light on the sub-circuits that allow Drosophila larvae to integrate present sensory input in the context of past experience and to elicit an appropriate behavioral response.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Katharina Eichler
- Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, D-78464 Konstanz, Germany; HHMI Janelia Research Campus, 19700 Helix Drive, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
| | - Mareike Selcho
- Department of Neurobiology and Genetics, Theodor-Boveri-Institute, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Andreas S Thum
- Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, D-78464 Konstanz, Germany; Department of Genetics, University of Leipzig, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Dennis Pauls
- Department of Neurobiology and Genetics, Theodor-Boveri-Institute, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany.
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24
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Suenami S, Iino S, Kubo T. Pharmacologic inhibition of phospholipase C in the brain attenuates early memory formation in the honeybee ( Apis mellifera L.). Biol Open 2018; 7:bio.028191. [PMID: 29330349 PMCID: PMC5829494 DOI: 10.1242/bio.028191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the molecular mechanisms involved in learning and memory in insects have been studied intensively, the intracellular signaling mechanisms involved in early memory formation are not fully understood. We previously demonstrated that phospholipase C epsilon (PLCe), whose product is involved in calcium signaling, is almost selectively expressed in the mushroom bodies, a brain structure important for learning and memory in the honeybee. Here, we pharmacologically examined the role of phospholipase C (PLC) in learning and memory in the honeybee. First, we identified four genes for PLC subtypes in the honeybee genome database. Quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction revealed that, among these four genes, three, including PLCe, were expressed higher in the brain than in sensory organs in worker honeybees, suggesting their main roles in the brain. Edelfosine and neomycin, pan-PLC inhibitors, significantly decreased PLC activities in homogenates of the brain tissues. These drugs injected into the head of foragers significantly attenuated memory acquisition in comparison with the control groups, whereas memory retention was not affected. These findings suggest that PLC in the brain is involved in early memory formation in the honeybee. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a role for PLC in learning and memory in an insect. Summary: Intracellular signaling involved in early memory formation in insects is not fully understood. Here, we pharmacologically elucidated the role of phospholipase C in learning and memory in the honeybee.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shota Suenami
- Bioproduction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Ibaraki 305-8566, Japan
| | - Shiori Iino
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Takeo Kubo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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25
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Rodrigues Vieira A, Salles N, Borges M, Mota T. Visual discrimination transfer and modulation by biogenic amines in honeybees. J Exp Biol 2018; 221:jeb.178830. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.178830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
For more than a century, visual learning and memory has been studied in the honeybee Apis mellifera using operant appetitive conditioning. Although honeybees show impressive visual learning capacities in this well-established protocol, operant training of free-flying animals can hardly be combined with invasive protocols for studying the neurobiological basis of visual learning. In view of that, different efforts have been made to develop new classical conditioning protocols for studying visual learning in harnessed honeybees, though learning performances remain considerably poorer than those obtained in free-flying animals. Here we investigated the ability of honeybees to use visual information acquired during classical conditioning in a new operant context. We performed differential visual conditioning of the proboscis extension reflex (PER) followed by visual orientation tests in Y-maze. Classical conditioning and Y-maze retention tests were performed using a same pair of perceptually isoluminant monochromatic stimuli, to avoid the influence of phototaxis during free-flying orientation. Visual discrimination transfer was clearly observed, with pre-trained honeybees significantly orienting their flights towards the former positive conditioned stimulus (CS+). We thus show that visual memories acquired by honeybees are resistant to context changes between conditioning and retention test. We combined this visual discrimination approach with selective pharmacological injections to evaluate the effect of dopamine and octopamine in appetitive visual learning. Both octopaminergic and dopaminergic antagonists impaired visual discrimination performances, suggesting that both these biogenic amines modulate appetitive visual learning in honeybees. Our study brings new insights into cognitive and neurobiological mechanisms underlying visual learning in honeybees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Rodrigues Vieira
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Neurosciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Nayara Salles
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Marco Borges
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Theo Mota
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Neurosciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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Mizunami M, Matsumoto Y. Roles of Octopamine and Dopamine Neurons for Mediating Appetitive and Aversive Signals in Pavlovian Conditioning in Crickets. Front Physiol 2017; 8:1027. [PMID: 29311961 PMCID: PMC5733098 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.01027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Revealing neural systems that mediate appetite and aversive signals in associative learning is critical for understanding the brain mechanisms controlling adaptive behavior in animals. In mammals, it has been shown that some classes of dopamine neurons in the midbrain mediate prediction error signals that govern the learning process, whereas other classes of dopamine neurons control execution of learned actions. In this review, based on the results of our studies on Pavlovian conditioning in the cricket Gryllus bimaculatus and by referring to the findings in honey bees and fruit-flies, we argue that comparable aminergic systems exist in the insect brain. We found that administrations of octopamine (the invertebrate counterpart of noradrenaline) and dopamine receptor antagonists impair conditioning to associate an olfactory or visual conditioned stimulus (CS) with water or sodium chloride solution (appetitive or aversive unconditioned stimulus, US), respectively, suggesting that specific octopamine and dopamine neurons mediate appetitive and aversive signals, respectively, in conditioning in crickets. These findings differ from findings in fruit-flies. In fruit-flies, appetitive and aversive signals are mediated by different dopamine neuron subsets, suggesting diversity in neurotransmitters mediating appetitive signals in insects. We also found evidences of “blocking” and “auto-blocking” phenomena, which suggested that the prediction error, the discrepancy between actual US and predicted US, governs the conditioning in crickets and that octopamine neurons mediate prediction error signals for appetitive US. Our studies also showed that activations of octopamine and dopamine neurons are needed for the execution of an appetitive conditioned response (CR) and an aversive CR, respectively, and we, thus, proposed that these neurons mediate US prediction signals that drive appetitive and aversive CRs. Our findings suggest that the basic principles of functioning of aminergic systems in associative learning, i.e., to transmit prediction error signals for conditioning and to convey US prediction signals for execution of CR, are conserved among insects and mammals, on account of the fact that the organization of the insect brain is much simpler than that of the mammalian brain. Further investigation of aminergic systems that govern associative learning in insects should lead to a better understanding of commonalities and diversities of computational rules underlying associative learning in animals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yukihisa Matsumoto
- College of Liberal Arts and Science, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Ichikawa, Japan
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PeaTAR1B: Characterization of a Second Type 1 Tyramine Receptor of the American Cockroach, Periplaneta americana. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18112279. [PMID: 29084141 PMCID: PMC5713249 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18112279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Revised: 10/22/2017] [Accepted: 10/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The catecholamines norepinephrine and epinephrine regulate important physiological functions in vertebrates. In insects; these neuroactive substances are functionally replaced by the phenolamines octopamine and tyramine. Phenolamines activate specific guanine nucleotide-binding (G) protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). Type 1 tyramine receptors are better activated by tyramine than by octopamine. In contrast; type 2 tyramine receptors are almost exclusively activated by tyramine. Functionally; activation of type 1 tyramine receptors leads to a decrease in the intracellular concentration of cAMP ([cAMP]i) whereas type 2 tyramine receptors can mediate Ca2+ signals or both Ca2+ signals and effects on [cAMP]i. Here; we report that the American cockroach (Periplaneta americana) expresses a second type 1 tyramine receptor (PeaTAR1B) in addition to PeaTAR1A (previously called PeaTYR1). When heterologously expressed in flpTM cells; activation of PeaTAR1B by tyramine leads to a concentration-dependent decrease in [cAMP]i. Its activity can be blocked by a series of established antagonists. The functional characterization of two type 1 tyramine receptors from P. americana; PeaTAR1A and PeaTAR1B; which respond to tyramine by changing cAMP levels; is a major step towards understanding the actions of tyramine in cockroach physiology and behavior; particularly in comparison to the effects of octopamine.
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28
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Zhukovskaya MI, Polyanovsky AD. Biogenic Amines in Insect Antennae. Front Syst Neurosci 2017; 11:45. [PMID: 28701930 PMCID: PMC5487433 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2017.00045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Insect antenna is a multisensory organ, each modality of which can be modulated by biogenic amines. Octopamine (OA) and its metabolic precursor tyramine (TA) affect activity of antennal olfactory receptor neurons. There is some evidence that dopamine (DA) modulates gustatory neurons. Serotonin can serve as a neurotransmitter in some afferent mechanosensory neurons and both as a neurotransmitter and neurohormone in efferent fibers targeted at the antennal vessel and mechanosensory organs. As a neurohormone, serotonin affects the generation of the transepithelial potential by sensillar accessory cells. Other possible targets of biogenic amines in insect antennae are hygro- and thermosensory neurons and epithelial cells. We suggest that the insect antenna is partially autonomous in the sense that biologically active substances entering its hemolymph may exert their effects and be cleared from this compartment without affecting other body parts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianna I Zhukovskaya
- Laboratory of Evolution of Sense Organs, Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Biochemistry and Physiology, Russian Academy of SciencesSaint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Andrey D Polyanovsky
- Laboratory of Evolution of Sense Organs, Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Biochemistry and Physiology, Russian Academy of SciencesSaint Petersburg, Russia
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Lapied B, Defaix A, Stankiewicz M, Moreau E, Raymond V. Modulation of Low-Voltage-Activated Inward Current Permeable to Sodium and Calcium by DARPP-32 Drives Spontaneous Firing of Insect Octopaminergic Neurosecretory Cells. Front Syst Neurosci 2017; 11:31. [PMID: 28579948 PMCID: PMC5437719 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2017.00031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Identification of the different intracellular pathways that control phosphorylation/dephosphorylation process of ionic channels represents an exciting alternative approach for studying the ionic mechanisms underlying neuronal pacemaker activity. In the central nervous system of the cockroach Periplaneta americana, octopaminergic neurons, called dorsal unpaired median (DUM; DUM neurons), generate spontaneous repetitive action potentials. Short-term cultured adult DUM neurons isolated from the terminal abdominal ganglion (TAG) of the nerve cord were used to study the regulation of a tetrodotoxin-sensitive low-voltage-activated (LVA) channel permeable to sodium and calcium (Na/Ca), under whole cell voltage- and current-clamp conditions. A bell-shaped curve illustrating the regulation of the amplitude of the maintained current vs. [ATP]i was observed. This suggested the existence of phosphorylation mechanisms. The protein kinase A (PKA) inhibitor, H89 and elevating [cyclic adenosine 3′, 5′ monophosphate, cAMP]i, increased and decreased the current amplitude, respectively. This indicated a regulation of the current via a cAMP/PKA cascade. Furthermore, intracellular application of PP2B inhibitors, cyclosporine A, FK506 and PP1/2A inhibitor, okadaic acid decreased the current amplitude. From these results and because octopamine (OA) regulates DUM neuron electrical activity via an elevation of [cAMP]i, we wanted to know if, like in vertebrate dopaminergic neurons, OA receptor (OAR) stimulation could indirectly affect the current via PKA-mediated phosphorylation of Dopamine- and cAMP-regulated Phosphoprotein-32 (DARPP-32) known to inhibit PP1/2A. Experiments were performed using intracellular application of phospho-DARPP-32 and non-phospho-DARPP-32. Phospho-DARPP-32 strongly reduced the current amplitude whereas non-phospho-DARPP-32 did not affect the current. All together, these results confirm that DARPP-32-mediated inhibition of PP1/2A regulates the maintained sodium/calcium current, which contributes to the development of the pre-depolarizing phase of the DUM neuron pacemaker activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Lapied
- Laboratoire SiFCIR UPRES EA 2647/USC INRA 1330, Université Bretagne Loire, University of Angers, UFR SciencesAngers, France
| | - Antoine Defaix
- Laboratoire SiFCIR UPRES EA 2647/USC INRA 1330, Université Bretagne Loire, University of Angers, UFR SciencesAngers, France
| | - Maria Stankiewicz
- Faculty of Biology and Environment Protection, N. Copernicus UniversityTorun, Poland
| | - Eléonore Moreau
- Laboratoire SiFCIR UPRES EA 2647/USC INRA 1330, Université Bretagne Loire, University of Angers, UFR SciencesAngers, France
| | - Valérie Raymond
- Laboratoire SiFCIR UPRES EA 2647/USC INRA 1330, Université Bretagne Loire, University of Angers, UFR SciencesAngers, France
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30
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Xu G, Wu SF, Gu GX, Teng ZW, Ye GY, Huang J. Pharmacological characterization of dopamine receptors in the rice striped stem borer, Chilo suppressalis. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2017; 83:80-93. [PMID: 28302436 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2017.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2016] [Revised: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/12/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Dopamine is an important neurotransmitter and neuromodulator in both vertebrates and invertebrates and is the most abundant monoamine present in the central nervous system of insects. A complement of functionally distinct dopamine receptors mediate the signal transduction of dopamine by modifying intracellular Ca2+ and cAMP levels. In the present study, we pharmacologically characterized three types of dopamine receptors, CsDOP1, CsDOP2 and CsDOP3, from the rice striped stem borer, Chilo suppressalis. All three receptors show considerable sequence identity with orthologous dopamine receptors. The phylogenetic analysis also clusters the receptors within their respective groups. Transcript levels of CsDOP1, CsDOP2 and CsDOP3 were all expressed at high levels in the central nervous system, indicating their important roles in neural processes. After heterologous expression in HEK 293 cells, CsDOP1, CsDOP2 and CsDOP3 were dose-dependently activated by dopamine and synthetic dopamine receptor agonists. They can also be blocked by different series of antagonists. This study offers important information on three dopamine receptors from C. suppressalis that will provide the basis for forthcoming studies investigating their roles in behaviors and physiology, and facilitate the development of new insecticides for pest control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology & Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Shun-Fan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology & Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Gui-Xiang Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology & Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Zi-Wen Teng
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology & Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Gong-Yin Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology & Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Jia Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology & Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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31
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Scheiner R, Reim T, Søvik E, Entler BV, Barron AB, Thamm M. Learning, gustatory responsiveness and tyramine differences across nurse and forager honeybees. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 220:1443-1450. [PMID: 28167800 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.152496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Honeybees are well known for their complex division of labor. Each bee sequentially performs a series of social tasks during its life. The changes in social task performance are linked to gross differences in behavior and physiology. We tested whether honeybees performing different social tasks (nursing versus foraging) would differ in their gustatory responsiveness and associative learning behavior in addition to their daily tasks in the colony. Further, we investigated the role of the biogenic amine tyramine and its receptors in the behavior of nurse bees and foragers. Tyramine is an important insect neurotransmitter, which has long been neglected in behavioral studies as it was believed to only act as the metabolic precursor of the better-known amine octopamine. With the increasing number of characterized tyramine receptors in diverse insects, we need to understand the functions of tyramine on its own account. Our findings suggest an important role for tyramine and its two receptors in regulating honeybee gustatory responsiveness, social organization and learning behavior. Foragers, which were more responsive to gustatory stimuli than nurse bees and performed better in appetitive learning, also differed from nurse bees in their tyramine brain titers and in the mRNA expression of a tyramine receptor in the brain. Pharmacological activation of tyramine receptors increased gustatory responsiveness of nurse bees and foragers and improved appetitive learning in nurse bees. These data suggest that a large part of the behavioral differences between honeybees may be directly linked to tyramine signaling in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricarda Scheiner
- University of Würzburg, Behavioral Physiology & Sociobiology, Biocenter, Am Hubland, Würzburg 97074, Germany .,University of Potsdam, Institute for Biochemistry and Biology, Potsdam 14476, Germany
| | - Tina Reim
- University of Potsdam, Institute for Biochemistry and Biology, Potsdam 14476, Germany
| | - Eirik Søvik
- Macquarie University, Department of Biological Sciences, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia.,Volda University College, Department of Science and Mathematics, Volda 6100, Norway
| | - Brian V Entler
- Macquarie University, Department of Biological Sciences, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Andrew B Barron
- Macquarie University, Department of Biological Sciences, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Markus Thamm
- University of Würzburg, Behavioral Physiology & Sociobiology, Biocenter, Am Hubland, Würzburg 97074, Germany
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32
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Xu L, Li L, Yang P, Ma Z. Calmodulin as a downstream gene of octopamine-OAR α1 signalling mediates olfactory attraction in gregarious locusts. INSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2017; 26:1-12. [PMID: 27717101 DOI: 10.1111/imb.12266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The migratory locust (Locusta migratoria) shows aggregative traits in nymph marching bands and swarm formations through mutual olfactory attraction of conspecifics. However, olfactory preference in different nymph stages in gregarious locusts is not sufficiently explored. In this study, we found that the nymph olfactory preference for gregarious volatiles exhibited obvious variations at different developmental stages. The gregarious locusts show attractive response to conspecific volatiles from the third stadium. Transcriptome comparison between third- and fourth-stadium nymphs showed that the G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) pathways are significantly enriched. Amongst the genes present in GPCR pathways, the expression level of calmodulin in locust brains significantly increased from the third- to the fourth-stadium nymphs. Amongst the four octopamine receptors (OARs) belonging to the GPCR family, only OAR α1 showed similar expression patterns to those of calmodulin, and knockdown of OAR α1 reduced the expression level of calmodulin. RNA interference of calmodulin decreased locomotion and induced the loss of olfactory attraction in gregarious locusts. Moreover, the activation of OAR α1 in calmodulin-knockdown locusts did not induce olfactory attraction of the nymphs to gregarious volatiles. Thus, calmodulin as a downstream gene of octopamine-OAR α1 (OA-OAR α1) signalling mediates olfactory attraction in gregarious locusts. Overall, this study provides novel insights into the mechanism of OA-OAR α1 signalling involved in olfactory attraction of gregarious locusts.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - L Li
- Beijing Institutes of Life Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - P Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Beijing Institutes of Life Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Z Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Beijing Institutes of Life Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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Reim T, Balfanz S, Baumann A, Blenau W, Thamm M, Scheiner R. AmTAR2: Functional characterization of a honeybee tyramine receptor stimulating adenylyl cyclase activity. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2017; 80:91-100. [PMID: 27939988 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2016.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2016] [Revised: 12/02/2016] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The biogenic monoamines norepinephrine and epinephrine regulate important physiological functions in vertebrates. Insects such as honeybees do not synthesize these neuroactive substances. Instead, they employ octopamine and tyramine for comparable physiological functions. These biogenic amines activate specific guanine nucleotide-binding (G) protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). Based on pharmacological data obtained on heterologously expressed receptors, α- and β-adrenergic-like octopamine receptors are better activated by octopamine than by tyramine. Conversely, GPCRs forming the type 1 tyramine receptor clade (synonymous to octopamine/tyramine receptors) are better activated by tyramine than by octopamine. More recently, receptors were characterized which are almost exclusively activated by tyramine, thus forming an independent type 2 tyramine receptor clade. Functionally, type 1 tyramine receptors inhibit adenylyl cyclase activity, leading to a decrease in intracellular cAMP concentration ([cAMP]i). Type 2 tyramine receptors can mediate Ca2+ signals or both Ca2+ signals and effects on [cAMP]i. We here provide evidence that the honeybee tyramine receptor 2 (AmTAR2), when heterologously expressed in flpTM cells, exclusively causes an increase in [cAMP]i. The receptor displays a pronounced preference for tyramine over octopamine. Its activity can be blocked by a series of established antagonists, of which mianserin and yohimbine are most efficient. The functional characterization of two tyramine receptors from the honeybee, AmTAR1 (previously named AmTYR1) and AmTAR2, which respond to tyramine by changing cAMP levels in opposite direction, is an important step towards understanding the actions of tyramine in honeybee behavior and physiology, particularly in comparison to the effects of octopamine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina Reim
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Sabine Balfanz
- Institute of Complex Systems, ICS-4, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Arnd Baumann
- Institute of Complex Systems, ICS-4, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Blenau
- Zoological Institute, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Markus Thamm
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany; Behavioral Physiology and Sociobiology (Zoology II), Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Ricarda Scheiner
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany; Behavioral Physiology and Sociobiology (Zoology II), Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.
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Søvik E, Plath JA, Devaud JM, Barron AB. Neuropharmacological Manipulation of Restrained and Free-flying Honey Bees, Apis mellifera. J Vis Exp 2016. [PMID: 27929455 DOI: 10.3791/54695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Honey bees demonstrate astonishing learning abilities and advanced social behavior and communication. In addition, their brain is small, easy to visualize and to study. Therefore, bees have long been a favored model amongst neurobiologists and neuroethologists for studying the neural basis of social and natural behavior. It is important, however, that the experimental techniques used to study bees do not interfere with the behaviors being studied. Because of this, it has been necessary to develop a range of techniques for pharmacological manipulation of honey bees. In this paper we demonstrate methods for treating restrained or free-flying honey bees with a wide range of pharmacological agents. These include both noninvasive methods such as oral and topical treatments, as well as more invasive methods that allow for precise drug delivery in either systemic or localized fashion. Finally, we discuss the advantages and disadvantages of each method and describe common hurdles and how to best overcome them. We conclude with a discussion on the importance of adapting the experimental method to the biological questions rather than the other way around.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eirik Søvik
- Department of Science and Mathematics, Volda University College; Department of Biology, Washington University in St. Louis;
| | - Jenny A Plath
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University; Department of Biology, University of Konstanz
| | - Jean-Marc Devaud
- Research Center on Animal Cognition, CNRS, Universite de Toulouse
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Widmann A, Artinger M, Biesinger L, Boepple K, Peters C, Schlechter J, Selcho M, Thum AS. Genetic Dissection of Aversive Associative Olfactory Learning and Memory in Drosophila Larvae. PLoS Genet 2016; 12:e1006378. [PMID: 27768692 PMCID: PMC5074598 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1006378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Memory formation is a highly complex and dynamic process. It consists of different phases, which depend on various neuronal and molecular mechanisms. In adult Drosophila it was shown that memory formation after aversive Pavlovian conditioning includes—besides other forms—a labile short-term component that consolidates within hours to a longer-lasting memory. Accordingly, memory formation requires the timely controlled action of different neuronal circuits, neurotransmitters, neuromodulators and molecules that were initially identified by classical forward genetic approaches. Compared to adult Drosophila, memory formation was only sporadically analyzed at its larval stage. Here we deconstruct the larval mnemonic organization after aversive olfactory conditioning. We show that after odor-high salt conditioning larvae form two parallel memory phases; a short lasting component that depends on cyclic adenosine 3’5’-monophosphate (cAMP) signaling and synapsin gene function. In addition, we show for the first time for Drosophila larvae an anesthesia resistant component, which relies on radish and bruchpilot gene function, protein kinase C activity, requires presynaptic output of mushroom body Kenyon cells and dopamine function. Given the numerical simplicity of the larval nervous system this work offers a unique prospect for studying memory formation of defined specifications, at full-brain scope with single-cell, and single-synapse resolution. Learning and memory helps organisms to predict and adapt to events in their environment. Gained experience leaves traces of memory in the nervous system. Yet, memory formation in vertebrates and invertebrates is a highly complex and dynamic process that consists of different phases, which depend on various neuronal and molecular mechanisms. To understand which changes occur in a brain when it learns, we applied a reductionist approach. Instead of studying complex cases, we analyzed learning and memory in Drosophila larvae that have a simple brain that is genetically and behaviorally accessible and consists of only about 10,000 neurons. Drosophila larvae are able to learn to associate an odor with punishing high salt concentrations. It is therefore possible to correlate changes in larval behavior with molecular events in identifiable neurons after classical olfactory conditioning. We show that under these circumstances larvae form two parallel memory phases; a short lasting component (lSTM) that is molecularly conserved throughout the animal kingdom as it depends on the classical cAMP pathway. In parallel they establish a larval anesthesia resistant memory (lARM) that relies on a different molecular signal. lARM has not been described in larvae before.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marc Artinger
- Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | - Mareike Selcho
- Department of Neurobiology and Genetics, Theodor-Boveri-Institute, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Germany
| | - Andreas S. Thum
- Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Germany
- Zukunftskolleg, University of Konstanz, Germany
- * E-mail:
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36
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Dopamine- and Tyrosine Hydroxylase-Immunoreactive Neurons in the Brain of the American Cockroach, Periplaneta americana. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0160531. [PMID: 27494326 PMCID: PMC4975486 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0160531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The catecholamine dopamine plays several vital roles in the central nervous system of many species, but its neural mechanisms remain elusive. Detailed neuroanatomical characterization of dopamine neurons is a prerequisite for elucidating dopamine’s actions in the brain. In the present study, we investigated the distribution of dopaminergic neurons in the brain of the American cockroach, Periplaneta americana, using two antisera: 1) an antiserum against dopamine, and 2) an antiserum against tyrosine hydroxylase (TH, an enzyme required for dopamine synthesis), and identified about 250 putatively dopaminergic neurons. The patterns of dopamine- and TH-immunoreactive neurons were strikingly similar, suggesting that both antisera recognize the same sets of “dopaminergic” neurons. The dopamine and TH antibodies intensively or moderately immunolabeled prominent brain neuropils, e.g. the mushroom body (memory center), antennal lobe (first-order olfactory center) and central complex (motor coordination center). All subdivisions of the mushroom body exhibit both dopamine and TH immunoreactivity. Comparison of immunolabeled neurons with those filled by dye injection revealed that a group of immunolabeled neurons with cell bodies near the calyx projects into a distal region of the vertical lobe, which is a plausible site for olfactory memory formation in insects. In the antennal lobe, ordinary glomeruli as well as macroglomeruli exhibit both dopamine and TH immunoreactivity. It is noteworthy that the dopamine antiserum labeled tiny granular structures inside the glomeruli whereas the TH antiserum labeled processes in the marginal regions of the glomeruli, suggesting a different origin. In the central complex, all subdivisions excluding part of the noduli and protocerebral bridge exhibit both dopamine and TH immunoreactivity. These anatomical findings will accelerate our understanding of dopaminergic systems, specifically in neural circuits underlying aversive memory formation and arousal, in insects.
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Awata H, Wakuda R, Ishimaru Y, Matsuoka Y, Terao K, Katata S, Matsumoto Y, Hamanaka Y, Noji S, Mito T, Mizunami M. Roles of OA1 octopamine receptor and Dop1 dopamine receptor in mediating appetitive and aversive reinforcement revealed by RNAi studies. Sci Rep 2016; 6:29696. [PMID: 27412401 PMCID: PMC4944188 DOI: 10.1038/srep29696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Revealing reinforcing mechanisms in associative learning is important for elucidation of brain mechanisms of behavior. In mammals, dopamine neurons are thought to mediate both appetitive and aversive reinforcement signals. Studies using transgenic fruit-flies suggested that dopamine neurons mediate both appetitive and aversive reinforcements, through the Dop1 dopamine receptor, but our studies using octopamine and dopamine receptor antagonists and using Dop1 knockout crickets suggested that octopamine neurons mediate appetitive reinforcement and dopamine neurons mediate aversive reinforcement in associative learning in crickets. To fully resolve this issue, we examined the effects of silencing of expression of genes that code the OA1 octopamine receptor and Dop1 and Dop2 dopamine receptors by RNAi in crickets. OA1-silenced crickets exhibited impairment in appetitive learning with water but not in aversive learning with sodium chloride solution, while Dop1-silenced crickets exhibited impairment in aversive learning but not in appetitive learning. Dop2-silenced crickets showed normal scores in both appetitive learning and aversive learning. The results indicate that octopamine neurons mediate appetitive reinforcement via OA1 and that dopamine neurons mediate aversive reinforcement via Dop1 in crickets, providing decisive evidence that neurotransmitters and receptors that mediate appetitive reinforcement indeed differ among different species of insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroko Awata
- Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0810, Japan
| | - Ryo Wakuda
- Graduate School of Live Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0810, Japan
| | - Yoshiyasu Ishimaru
- Department of Life Systems, Institute of Technology and Science, Tokushima University, Tokushima 770-8506, Japan
| | - Yuji Matsuoka
- Department of Life Systems, Institute of Technology and Science, Tokushima University, Tokushima 770-8506, Japan
| | - Kanta Terao
- Graduate School of Live Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0810, Japan
| | - Satomi Katata
- Graduate School of Live Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0810, Japan
| | - Yukihisa Matsumoto
- Faculty of Liberal Arts, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Ichikawa 272-0827, Japan
| | | | - Sumihare Noji
- Department of Life Systems, Institute of Technology and Science, Tokushima University, Tokushima 770-8506, Japan
| | - Taro Mito
- Department of Life Systems, Institute of Technology and Science, Tokushima University, Tokushima 770-8506, Japan
| | - Makoto Mizunami
- Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0810, Japan
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Regna K, Kurshan PT, Harwood BN, Jenkins AM, Lai CQ, Muskavitch MAT, Kopin AS, Draper I. A critical role for the Drosophila dopamine D1-like receptor Dop1R2 at the onset of metamorphosis. BMC DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2016; 16:15. [PMID: 27184815 PMCID: PMC4868058 DOI: 10.1186/s12861-016-0115-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2015] [Accepted: 05/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Insect metamorphosis relies on temporal and spatial cues that are precisely controlled. Previous studies in Drosophila have shown that untimely activation of genes that are essential to metamorphosis results in growth defects, developmental delay and death. Multiple factors exist that safeguard these genes against dysregulated expression. The list of identified negative regulators that play such a role in Drosophila development continues to expand. RESULTS By using RNAi transgene-induced gene silencing coupled to spatio/temporal assessment, we have unraveled an important role for the Drosophila dopamine 1-like receptor, Dop1R2, in development. We show that Dop1R2 knockdown leads to pre-adult lethality. In adults that escape death, abnormal wing expansion and/or melanization defects occur. Furthermore we show that salivary gland expression of this GPCR during the late larval/prepupal stage is essential for the flies to survive through adulthood. In addition to RNAi-induced effects, treatment of larvae with the high affinity D1-like receptor antagonist flupenthixol, also results in developmental arrest, and in morphological defects comparable to those seen in Dop1R2 RNAi flies. To examine the basis for pupal lethality in Dop1R2 RNAi flies, we carried out transcriptome analysis. These studies revealed up-regulation of genes that respond to ecdysone, regulate morphogenesis and/or modulate defense/immunity. CONCLUSION Taken together our findings suggest a role for Dop1R2 in the repression of genes that coordinate metamorphosis. Premature release of this inhibition is not tolerated by the developing fly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly Regna
- Department of Biology, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, 02467, USA
| | - Peri T Kurshan
- Molecular Cardiology Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, 02111, USA.,Present Address: Department of Biology, Stanford University, California, 94305, USA
| | - Benjamin N Harwood
- Molecular Cardiology Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, 02111, USA
| | - Adam M Jenkins
- Department of Biology, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, 02467, USA
| | - Chao-Qiang Lai
- Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, MA, 02111, USA
| | - Marc A T Muskavitch
- Department of Biology, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, 02467, USA.,Discovery Research, Biogen Idec, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Alan S Kopin
- Molecular Cardiology Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, 02111, USA
| | - Isabelle Draper
- Molecular Cardiology Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, 02111, USA.
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Yaguchi H, Inoue T, Sasaki K, Maekawa K. Dopamine regulates termite soldier differentiation through trophallactic behaviours. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2016; 3:150574. [PMID: 26998327 PMCID: PMC4785978 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.150574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2015] [Accepted: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Caste polyphenism in social insects is regulated by social interactions among colony members. Trophallaxis is one of the most frequently observed interactions, but no studies have been conducted identifying the intrinsic factors involved in this behaviour and caste differentiation. Dopamine (DA) has multiple roles in the modulation of behaviours and physiology, and it produces species-specific behaviours in animals. Here, to verify the role of DA in termite soldier differentiation, we focused on the first soldier in an incipient colony of Zootermopsis nevadensis, which always differentiates from the oldest 3rd instar (No. 1 larva) via a presoldier. First, brain DA levels of the No. 1 larva at day 3 after its appearance were significantly higher than day 0. Second, DA synthesis gene expression levels were extraordinarily high in the No. 1 larva at day 0-1 after appearance. Finally, injection of a DA receptor antagonist into the No. 1 larva resulted in the inhibition of presoldier differentiation. Behavioural observations of the antagonist or control-injected larvae suggested that brain DA and signalling activity regulate the frequencies of trophallaxis from reproductives and presoldier differentiation. Because trophallaxis is a social behaviour frequently observed in natural conditions, the role of DA should be investigated in other social insects with frequent trophallactic and allogrooming behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hajime Yaguchi
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Takaya Inoue
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Ken Sasaki
- Department of Bioresource Science, Tamagawa University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kiyoto Maekawa
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
- Author for correspondence: Kiyoto Maekawa e-mail:
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Knockout crickets for the study of learning and memory: Dopamine receptor Dop1 mediates aversive but not appetitive reinforcement in crickets. Sci Rep 2015; 5:15885. [PMID: 26521965 PMCID: PMC4629116 DOI: 10.1038/srep15885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Elucidation of reinforcement mechanisms in associative learning is an important subject in neuroscience. In mammals, dopamine neurons are thought to play critical roles in mediating both appetitive and aversive reinforcement. Our pharmacological studies suggested that octopamine and dopamine neurons mediate reward and punishment, respectively, in crickets, but recent studies in fruit-flies concluded that dopamine neurons mediates both reward and punishment, via the type 1 dopamine receptor Dop1. To resolve the discrepancy between studies in different insect species, we produced Dop1 knockout crickets using the CRISPR/Cas9 system and found that they are defective in aversive learning with sodium chloride punishment but not appetitive learning with water or sucrose reward. The results suggest that dopamine and octopamine neurons mediate aversive and appetitive reinforcement, respectively, in crickets. We suggest unexpected diversity in neurotransmitters mediating appetitive reinforcement between crickets and fruit-flies, although the neurotransmitter mediating aversive reinforcement is conserved. This study demonstrates usefulness of the CRISPR/Cas9 system for producing knockout animals for the study of learning and memory.
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Wu SF, Xu G, Stanley D, Huang J, Ye GY. Dopamine modulates hemocyte phagocytosis via a D1-like receptor in the rice stem borer, Chilo suppressalis. Sci Rep 2015; 5:12247. [PMID: 26179416 PMCID: PMC4503959 DOI: 10.1038/srep12247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2015] [Accepted: 06/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Dopamine (DA) is a signal moiety bridging the nervous and immune systems. DA dysregulation is linked to serious human diseases, including addiction, schizophrenia, and Parkinson's disease. However, DA actions in the immune system remain incompletely understood. In this study, we found that DA modulates insect hemocyte phagocytosis using hemocytes prepared from the rice stem borer (RSB), Chilo suppressalis. We investigated whether insect hemocytes are capable of de novo DA production. Here we show that exposing hemocytes to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) led to induction of DA-generating enzymes. Exogenous DA induced rapid phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) in naïve hemocytes. Activation of ERK was inhibited by preincubating with a DOP1 receptor antagonist. Thus, DA signaling via the DOP1 receptor may contribute to early hemocyte activation. DA synthesized and released from hemocytes may act in an autocrine mechanism to stimulate or maintain phagocytic activity. Consistent with this hypothesis, we found that inhibition of DA synthesis with α-methyl-DL-tyrosine methyl ester hydrochloride or blockage of DOP1 receptor with antagonist SCH23390 impaired hemocyte phagocytosis. Topical DA application also significantly decreased RSB mortality following challenge with the insect pathogenic fungus, Beauveria bassiana. We infer that a DA-dependent signaling system operates in hemocytes to mediate phagocytotic functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shun-Fan Wu
- 1] State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology &Key Laboratory of Agricultural Entomology of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China [2] College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; State &Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application
| | - Gang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology &Key Laboratory of Agricultural Entomology of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - David Stanley
- USDA - Agricultural Research Service, BCIRL, 1503 S. Providence Road, Columbia MO 65203 USA
| | - Jia Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology &Key Laboratory of Agricultural Entomology of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Gong-Yin Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology &Key Laboratory of Agricultural Entomology of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
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Nuss AB, Ejendal KFK, Doyle TB, Meyer JM, Lang EG, Watts VJ, Hill CA. Dopamine receptor antagonists as new mode-of-action insecticide leads for control of Aedes and Culex mosquito vectors. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2015; 9:e0003515. [PMID: 25793586 PMCID: PMC4368516 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0003515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2014] [Accepted: 01/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background New mode-of-action insecticides are sought to provide continued control of pesticide resistant arthropod vectors of neglected tropical diseases (NTDs). We previously identified antagonists of the AaDOP2 D1-like dopamine receptor (DAR) from the yellow fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti, with toxicity to Ae. aegypti larvae as leads for novel insecticides. To extend DAR-based insecticide discovery, we evaluated the molecular and pharmacological characteristics of an orthologous DAR target, CqDOP2, from Culex quinquefasciatus, the vector of lymphatic filariasis and West Nile virus. Methods/Results CqDOP2 has 94.7% amino acid identity to AaDOP2 and 28.3% identity to the human D1-like DAR, hD1. CqDOP2 and AaDOP2 exhibited similar pharmacological responses to biogenic amines and DAR antagonists in cell-based assays. The antagonists amitriptyline, amperozide, asenapine, chlorpromazine and doxepin were between 35 to 227-fold more selective at inhibiting the response of CqDOP2 and AaDOP2 in comparison to hD1. Antagonists were toxic to both C. quinquefasciatus and Ae. aegypti larvae, with LC50 values ranging from 41 to 208 μM 72 h post-exposure. Orthologous DOP2 receptors identified from the African malaria mosquito, Anopheles gambiae, the sand fly, Phlebotomus papatasi and the tsetse fly, Glossina morsitans, had high sequence similarity to CqDOP2 and AaDOP2. Conclusions DAR antagonists represent a putative new insecticide class with activity against C. quinquefasciatus and Ae. aegypti, the two most important mosquito vectors of NTDs. There has been limited change in the sequence and pharmacological properties of the DOP2 DARs of these species since divergence of the tribes Culicini and Aedini. We identified antagonists selective for mosquito versus human DARs and observed a correlation between DAR pharmacology and the in vivo larval toxicity of antagonists. These data demonstrate that sequence similarity can be predictive of target potential. On this basis, we propose expanded insecticide discovery around orthologous DOP2 targets from additional dipteran vectors. New mode-of-action insecticides are required to control arthropod vectors of neglected tropical diseases (NTDs). Rational drug design approaches offer attractive methods to identify new insecticidal chemistries that are potent and selective for molecular targets of arthropod vectors. Previously identified antagonists of a D1-like dopamine receptor (DAR) from the yellow fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti were toxic to the larvae of this species and are candidate novel insecticide leads. Building on this work, here we evaluated the molecular and pharmacological characteristics of an orthologous DAR from Culex quinquefasciatus, the vector of lymphatic filariasis and West Nile virus. We show that orthologous mosquito DARs have similar pharmacological profiles in vitro and that Ae. aegypti-active DAR antagonists are toxic to C. quinquefasciatus larvae in vivo. Sequence similarity between orthologous targets can be indicative of DAR target potential for discovery of potent, selective inhibitors. These findings justify expansion of insecticide discovery efforts to orthologous DARs from additional dipteran vectors of NTDs and provide support for DAR antagonists as a new class of chemistries for taxon-selective insecticides for vector control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew B. Nuss
- Department of Entomology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Karin F. K. Ejendal
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Trevor B. Doyle
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Jason M. Meyer
- Department of Entomology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Emma G. Lang
- Department of Entomology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Val J. Watts
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Catherine A. Hill
- Department of Entomology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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El-Kholy S, Stephano F, Li Y, Bhandari A, Fink C, Roeder T. Expression analysis of octopamine and tyramine receptors in Drosophila. Cell Tissue Res 2015; 361:669-84. [PMID: 25743690 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-015-2137-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2014] [Accepted: 01/27/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The monoamines octopamine and tyramine, which are the invertebrate counterparts of epinephrine and norepinephrine, transmit their action through sets of G protein-coupled receptors. Four different octopamine receptors (Oamb, Octß1R, Octß2R, Octß3R) and 3 different tyramine receptors (TyrR, TyrRII, TyrRIII) are present in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster. Utilizing the presumptive promoter regions of all 7 octopamine and tyramine receptors, the Gal4/UAS system is utilized to elucidate their complete expression pattern in larvae as well as in adult flies. All these receptors show strong expression in the nervous system but their exact expression patterns vary substantially. Common to all octopamine and tyramine receptors is their expression in mushroom bodies, centers for learning and memory in insects. Outside the central nervous system, the differences in the expression patterns are more conspicuous. However, four of them are present in the tracheal system, where they show different regional preferences within this organ. On the other hand, TyrR appears to be the only receptor present in the heart muscles and TyrRII the only one expressed in oenocytes. Skeletal muscles express octß2R, Oamb and TyrRIII, with octß2R being present in almost all larval muscles. Taken together, this study provides comprehensive information about the sites of expression of all octopamine and tyramine receptors in the fruit fly, thus facilitating future research in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samar El-Kholy
- Zoological Institute, Molecular Physiology, Christian-Albrechts University Kiel, Kiel, Germany
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Verlinden H, Vleugels R, Verdonck R, Urlacher E, Vanden Broeck J, Mercer A. Pharmacological and signalling properties of a D2-like dopamine receptor (Dop3) in Tribolium castaneum. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2015; 56:9-20. [PMID: 25449128 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2014.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2014] [Revised: 11/05/2014] [Accepted: 11/06/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Dopamine is an important neurotransmitter in the central nervous system of vertebrates and invertebrates. Despite their evolutionary distance, striking parallels exist between deuterostomian and protostomian dopaminergic systems. In both, signalling is achieved via a complement of functionally distinct dopamine receptors. In this study, we investigated the sequence, pharmacology and tissue distribution of a D2-like dopamine receptor from the red flour beetle Tribolium castaneum (TricaDop3) and compared it with related G protein-coupled receptors in other invertebrate species. The TricaDop3 receptor-encoding cDNA shows considerable sequence similarity with members of the Dop3 receptor class. Real time qRT-PCR showed high expression in both the central brain and the optic lobes, consistent with the role of dopamine as neurotransmitter. Activation of TricaDop3 expressed in mammalian cells increased intracellular Ca(2+) signalling and decreased NKH-477 (a forskolin analogue)-stimulated cyclic AMP levels in a dose-dependent manner. We studied the pharmacological profile of the TricaDop3 receptor and demonstrated that the synthetic vertebrate dopamine receptor agonists, 2 - amino- 6,7 - dihydroxy - 1,2,3,4 - tetrahydronaphthalene hydrobromide (6,7-ADTN) and bromocriptine acted as agonists. Methysergide was the most potent of the antagonists tested and showed competitive inhibition in the presence of dopamine. This study offers important information on the Dop3 receptor from Tribolium castaneum that will facilitate functional analyses of dopamine receptors in insects and other invertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heleen Verlinden
- Department of Animal Physiology and Neurobiology, Zoological Institute, KU Leuven, Naamsestraat 59, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Department of Zoology, University of Otago, 340 Great King Street, Dunedin, New Zealand.
| | - Rut Vleugels
- Department of Animal Physiology and Neurobiology, Zoological Institute, KU Leuven, Naamsestraat 59, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Rik Verdonck
- Department of Animal Physiology and Neurobiology, Zoological Institute, KU Leuven, Naamsestraat 59, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Elodie Urlacher
- Department of Zoology, University of Otago, 340 Great King Street, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Jozef Vanden Broeck
- Department of Animal Physiology and Neurobiology, Zoological Institute, KU Leuven, Naamsestraat 59, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Alison Mercer
- Department of Zoology, University of Otago, 340 Great King Street, Dunedin, New Zealand
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Characterization of a prawn OA/TA receptor in Xenopus oocytes suggests functional selectivity between octopamine and tyramine. PLoS One 2014; 9:e111314. [PMID: 25350749 PMCID: PMC4211885 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0111314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2014] [Accepted: 09/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Here we report the characterization of an octopamine/tyramine (OA/TA or TyrR1) receptor (OA/TAMac) cloned from the freshwater prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii, an animal used in the study of agonistic social behavior. The invertebrate OA/TA receptors are seven trans-membrane domain G-protein coupled receptors that are related to vertebrate adrenergic receptors. Behavioral studies in arthropods indicate that octopaminergic signaling systems modulate fight or flight behaviors with octopamine and/or tyramine functioning in a similar way to the adrenalins in vertebrate systems. Despite the importance of octopamine signaling in behavioral studies of decapod crustaceans there are no functional data available for any of their octopamine or tyramine receptors. We expressed OA/TAMac in Xenopus oocytes where agonist-evoked trans-membrane currents were used as readouts of receptor activity. The currents were most effectively evoked by tyramine but were also evoked by octopamine and dopamine. They were effectively blocked by yohimbine. The electrophysiological approach we used enabled the continuous observation of complex dynamics over time. Using voltage steps, we were able to simultaneously resolve two types of endogenous currents that are affected over different time scales. At higher concentrations we observe that octopamine and tyramine can produce different and opposing effects on both of these currents, presumably through the activity of the single expressed receptor type. The pharmacological profile and apparent functional-selectivity are consistent with properties first observed in the OA/TA receptor from the insect Drosophila melanogaster. As the first functional data reported for any crustacean OA/TA receptor, these results suggest that functional-selectivity between tyramine and octopamine is a feature of this receptor type that may be conserved among arthropods.
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Rillich J, Stevenson PA. A fighter's comeback: dopamine is necessary for recovery of aggression after social defeat in crickets. Horm Behav 2014; 66:696-704. [PMID: 25268421 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2014.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2014] [Revised: 08/27/2014] [Accepted: 09/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Social defeat, i.e. losing an agonistic dispute with a conspecific, is followed by a period of suppressed aggressiveness in many animal species, and is generally regarded as a major stressor, which may play a role in psychiatric disorders such as depression and post-traumatic stress disorder. Despite numerous animal models, the mechanisms underlying loser depression and subsequent recovery are largely unknown. This study on crickets is the first to show that a neuromodulator, dopamine (DA), is necessary for recovery of aggression after social defeat. Crickets avoid any conspecific male just after defeat, but regain their aggressiveness over 3 h. This recovery was prohibited after depleting nervous stores of DA and octopamine (OA, the invertebrate analogue of noradrenaline) with α-methyl-tyrosine (AMT). Loser recovery was also prohibited by the insect DA-receptor (DAR) antagonist fluphenazine, but not the OA-receptor (OAR) blocker epinastine, or yohimbine, which blocks receptors for OA's precursor tyramine. Conversely, aggression was restored prematurely in both untreated and amine depleted losers given either chlordimeform (CDM), a tissue permeable OAR-agonist, or the DA-metabolite homovanillyl alcohol (HVA), a component of the honeybee queen mandibular pheromone. As in honeybees, HVA acts in crickets as a DAR-agonist since its aggression promoting effect on losers was selectively blocked by the DAR-antagonist, but not by the OAR-antagonist. Conversely, CDM's aggression promoting effect was selectively blocked by the OAR-antagonist, but not the DAR-antagonist. Hence, only DA is necessary for recovery of aggressiveness after social defeat, although OA can promote loser aggression independently to enable experience dependent adaptive responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Rillich
- Institute for Neurobiology, Free University of Berlin, Koenigin-Luise-Str. 28-30, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Paul A Stevenson
- Institute for Biology, Leipzig University, Talstr. 33, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
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Scheiner R, Toteva A, Reim T, Søvik E, Barron AB. Differences in the phototaxis of pollen and nectar foraging honey bees are related to their octopamine brain titers. Front Physiol 2014; 5:116. [PMID: 24734024 PMCID: PMC3975121 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2014.00116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2014] [Accepted: 03/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The biogenic amine octopamine is an important neuromodulator, neurohormone and neurotransmitter in insects. We here investigate the role of octopamine signaling in honey bee phototaxis. Our results show that groups of bees differ naturally in their phototaxis. Pollen forgers display a lower light responsiveness than nectar foragers. The lower phototaxis of pollen foragers coincides with higher octopamine titers in the optic lobes but is independent of octopamine receptor gene expression. Increasing octopamine brain titers reduces responsiveness to light, while tyramine application enhances phototaxis. These findings suggest an involvement of octopamine signaling in honey bee phototaxis and possibly division of labor, which is hypothesized to be based on individual differences in sensory responsiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricarda Scheiner
- Department of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam Potsdam, Germany
| | - Anna Toteva
- Department of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam Potsdam, Germany
| | - Tina Reim
- Department of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam Potsdam, Germany
| | - Eirik Søvik
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Andrew B Barron
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Characterization of an invertebrate-type dopamine receptor of the American cockroach, Periplaneta americana. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:629-53. [PMID: 24398985 PMCID: PMC3907829 DOI: 10.3390/ijms15010629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2013] [Revised: 12/20/2013] [Accepted: 12/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We have isolated a cDNA coding for a putative invertebrate-type dopamine receptor (Peadop2) from P. americana brain by using a PCR-based strategy. The mRNA is present in samples from brain and salivary glands. We analyzed the distribution of the PeaDOP2 receptor protein with specific affinity-purified polyclonal antibodies. On Western blots, PeaDOP2 was detected in protein samples from brain, subesophageal ganglion, thoracic ganglia, and salivary glands. In immunocytochemical experiments, we detected PeaDOP2 in neurons with their somata being located at the anterior edge of the medulla bilaterally innervating the optic lobes and projecting to the ventro-lateral protocerebrum. In order to determine the functional and pharmacological properties of the cloned receptor, we generated a cell line constitutively expressing PeaDOP2. Activation of PeaDOP2-expressing cells with dopamine induced an increase in intracellular cAMP. In contrast, a C-terminally truncated splice variant of this receptor did not exhibit any functional property by itself. The molecular and pharmacological characterization of the first dopamine receptor from P. americana provides the basis for forthcoming studies focusing on the significance of the dopaminergic system in cockroach behavior and physiology.
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Balfanz S, Jordan N, Langenstück T, Breuer J, Bergmeier V, Baumann A. Molecular, pharmacological, and signaling properties of octopamine receptors from honeybee (Apis mellifera) brain. J Neurochem 2013; 129:284-96. [PMID: 24266860 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.12619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2013] [Revised: 11/07/2013] [Accepted: 11/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors are important regulators of cellular signaling processes. Within the large family of rhodopsin-like receptors, those binding to biogenic amines form a discrete subgroup. Activation of biogenic amine receptors leads to transient changes of intracellular Ca²⁺-([Ca²⁺](i)) or 3',5'-cyclic adenosine monophosphate ([cAMP](i)) concentrations. Both second messengers modulate cellular signaling processes and thereby contribute to long-lasting behavioral effects in an organism. In vivo pharmacology has helped to reveal the functional effects of different biogenic amines in honeybees. The phenolamine octopamine is an important modulator of behavior. Binding of octopamine to its receptors causes elevation of [Ca²⁺](i) or [cAMP](i). To date, only one honeybee octopamine receptor that induces Ca²⁺ signals has been molecularly and pharmacologically characterized. Here, we examined the pharmacological properties of four additional honeybee octopamine receptors. When heterologously expressed, all receptors induced cAMP production after binding to octopamine with EC₅₀(s) in the nanomolar range. Receptor activity was most efficiently blocked by mianserin, a substance with antidepressant activity in vertebrates. The rank order of inhibitory potency for potential receptor antagonists was very similar on all four honeybee receptors with mianserin >> cyproheptadine > metoclopramide > chlorpromazine > phentolamine. The subroot of octopamine receptors activating adenylyl cyclases is the largest that has so far been characterized in arthropods, and it should now be possible to unravel the contribution of individual receptors to the physiology and behavior of honeybees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Balfanz
- Institute of Complex Systems, ICS-4, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
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Function and distribution of 5-HT2 receptors in the honeybee (Apis mellifera). PLoS One 2013; 8:e82407. [PMID: 24324783 PMCID: PMC3855752 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0082407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2013] [Accepted: 10/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Serotonin plays a pivotal role in regulating and modulating physiological and behavioral processes in both vertebrates and invertebrates. In the honeybee (Apis mellifera), serotonin has been implicated in division of labor, visual processing, and learning processes. Here, we present the cloning, heterologous expression, and detailed functional and pharmacological characterization of two honeybee 5-HT2 receptors. Methods Honeybee 5-HT2 receptor cDNAs were amplified from brain cDNA. Recombinant cell lines were established constitutively expressing receptor variants. Pharmacological properties of the receptors were investigated by Ca2+ imaging experiments. Quantitative PCR was applied to explore the expression patterns of receptor mRNAs. Results The honeybee 5-HT2 receptor class consists of two subtypes, Am5-HT2α and Am5-HT2β. Each receptor gene also gives rise to alternatively spliced mRNAs that possibly code for truncated receptors. Only activation of the full-length receptors with serotonin caused an increase in the intracellular Ca2+ concentration. The effect was mimicked by the agonists 5-methoxytryptamine and 8-OH-DPAT at low micromolar concentrations. Receptor activities were blocked by established 5-HT receptor antagonists such as clozapine, methiothepin, or mianserin. High transcript numbers were detected in exocrine glands suggesting that 5-HT2 receptors participate in secretory processes in the honeybee. Conclusions This study marks the first molecular and pharmacological characterization of two 5-HT2 receptor subtypes in the same insect species. The results presented should facilitate further attempts to unravel central and peripheral effects of serotonin mediated by these receptors.
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