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Shahid M, Hussain R, Nawaz Z, Aslam B, Ahmad MZ, Siddique AB, Ahsan H, Fatima A, Khan I, Mustafa B, Iqbal R, Al Syaad KM, Shami A. Occurrence of Virulence Genes among Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Isolated from Subclinical Bovine Mastitis. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:38111-38117. [PMID: 37867719 PMCID: PMC10586173 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c04206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence of Staphylococcus aureus-induced subclinical mastitis holds significant implications for public health. This specific microorganism possesses a wide array of pathogenic factors that enable it to adhere to, colonize, invade, and infect the host. The objective of the current study was to assess the prevalence of S. aureus, determine antimicrobial resistance patterns, and identify virulence genes of methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) strains responsible for subclinical mastitis in bovines. A total of 249 milk samples were collected from various farms in the district of Faisalabad. The presence of subclinical mastitis was assessed by using the California mastitis test. Positive milk samples (n = 100) were then subjected to standard microbiological techniques for isolation and identification of S. aureus. Antibiogram analysis was conducted by using the disc diffusion method to assess antimicrobial resistance. For the molecular detection of S. aureus and its virulence genes, the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed with species-specific primers. The overall prevalence of S. aureus was found to be 40% (40/100), which was confirmed through molecular detection of the nuc gene in 40/40 (100%) of samples using PCR. Antimicrobial susceptibility tests indicated the highest susceptibility to vancomycin, sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim, erythromycin, gentamicin, ciprofloxacin, and chloramphenicol, while the highest resistance rate was observed against tetracycline. Additionally, 30% of samples (12/40) tested positive for methicillin resistance. PCR analysis revealed that 100% of MRSA-tested isolates harbored the mecA and clfA genes. Furthermore, the MRSA isolates showed the presence of pvl, hla, hlb, sec, icaA, icaD, icaB, and icaC genes at rates of 92, 75, 67, 42, 42, 75, 8, and 25%, respectively. These findings underscore the need for stricter aseptic control in dairy farms to prevent disease transmission between animals and ensure the production of safe and uncontaminated food for human consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Shahid
- Institute
of Microbiology, Government College University, Faisalabad 38040, Pakistan
| | - Riaz Hussain
- Department
of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur 63100, Pakistan
| | - Zeeshan Nawaz
- Institute
of Microbiology, Government College University, Faisalabad 38040, Pakistan
| | - Bilal Aslam
- Institute
of Microbiology, Government College University, Faisalabad 38040, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Zishan Ahmad
- Department
Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, PMAS Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi, Rawalpindi 46000, Pakistan
| | - Abu Baker Siddique
- Institute
of Microbiology, Government College University, Faisalabad 38040, Pakistan
| | - Hira Ahsan
- Institute
of Microbiology, Government College University, Faisalabad 38040, Pakistan
| | - Aiman Fatima
- Institute
of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics University of the Punjab Lahore, Lahore 54590 Pakistan
| | - Iahtasham Khan
- Section
of Epidemiology and Public Health, Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore Sub-Campus, Jhang 35200, Pakistan
| | - Bilal Mustafa
- University
of Oxford, Department of Biology, Wildlife
Conservation Research Unit (WildCRU), Oxford Ox13 5QL, U.K.
| | - Rashid Iqbal
- Department
of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture and Environment, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur Pakistan, Bahawalpur 63100, Pakistan
| | - Khalid M. Al Syaad
- Biology
Department, College of Science, King Khalid
University, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ashwag Shami
- Department
of Biology, College of Science, Princess
Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia
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Le Page T, Buczinski S, Dubuc J, Labonté J, Roy JP. Development of a Nomogram to Estimate the 60-Day Probability of Death or Culling Due to Severe Clinical Mastitis in Dairy Cows at First Veterinary Clinical Evaluation. Vet Sci 2023; 10:vetsci10040268. [PMID: 37104423 PMCID: PMC10141895 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10040268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Revised: 02/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe clinical mastitis is a frequent disease of dairy cattle. An effective mean of predicting survival despite treatment would be helpful for making euthanasia decisions in poor prognosis cases. The objective was to develop a nomogram for prediction of death or culling in the 60 days following a severe mastitis episode in dairy cows at first veterinary visit in farm settings. A total of 224 dairy cows presenting severe clinical mastitis and examined for the first time by a veterinarian were included in a prospective study. Clinical and laboratory (complete blood cell count, L-lactate, cardiac troponin I, milk culture) variables were recorded. Animals were followed for 60 days. A nomogram was built with an adaptive elastic-net Cox proportional hazards model. Performances and relevance were evaluated by area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC), Harrell’s concordance index (C-index), calibration curve, decision curve analysis (DCA) and misclassification cost term (MCT). The nomogram included: lactation number, recumbency, depression intensity, capillary refilling time, ruminal motility rate, dehydration level, lactates concentration, hematocrit, band neutrophils count, monocyte count, and milk bacteriology. The AUC and C-index showed a good calibration and ability to discriminate. The DCA suggested that the nomogram was clinically relevant. Euthanizing animals having less than 25% probability of survival is economically optimal. It could be used for early euthanasia decisions in animals that would not survive despite treatment. To facilitate the use of this nomogram by veterinarians, a web-based app was developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Le Page
- Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Sébastien Buczinski
- Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Jocelyn Dubuc
- Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Josiane Labonté
- Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Jean-Philippe Roy
- Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
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Lima A, Carolina Barbosa Caetano A, Hurtado Castillo R, Gonçalves Dos Santos R, Lucas Neres Rodrigues D, de Jesus Sousa T, Kato RB, Vinicius Canário Viana M, Cybelle Pinto Gomide A, Figueira Aburjaile F, Tiwari S, Jaiswal A, Gala-García A, Seyffert N, Luiz de Paula Castro T, Brenig B, Matiuzzi da Costa M, Maria Seles Dorneles E, Le Loir Y, Azevedo V. Comparative genomic analysis of ovine and other host associated isolates of Staphylococcus aureus exhibit the important role of mobile genetic elements and virulence factors in host adaptation. Gene 2023; 855:147131. [PMID: 36539044 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2022.147131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is the main etiological agent of mastitis in small ruminants worldwide. This disease has a difficult cure and possible relapse, leading to significant economic losses in production, milk quality and livestock. This study performed comparative genomic analyses between 73 S. aureus genomes from different hosts (human, bovine, pig and others). This work isolated and sequenced 12 of these genomes from ovine. This study contributes to the knowledge of genomic specialization and the role of specific genes in establishing infection in ovine mastitis-associated S. aureus. The genomes of S. aureus isolated from sheep maintained a higher representation when grouped with clonal complexes 130 and 133. The genomes showed high genetic similarity, the species pan-genome consisting of 4200 genes (central = 2008, accessory = 1559 and unique = 634). Among these, 277 unique genes were related to the genomes isolated from sheep, with 39.6 % as hypothetical proteins, 6.4 % as phages, 6.4 % as toxins, 2.9 % as transporters, and 44.7 % as related to other proteins. Furthermore, at the pathogen level, they showed 80 genes associated with virulence factors and 19 with antibiotic resistance shared in almost all isolates. Although S. aureus isolated from ovine showed susceptibility to antimicrobials in vitro, ten genes were predicted to be associated with antibiotic inactivation and efflux pump, suggesting resistance to gentamicin and penicillin. This work may contribute to identifying genes acquired by horizontal transfer and their role in host adaptation, virulence, bacterial resistance, and characterization of strains affecting ovine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Lima
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Raquel Hurtado Castillo
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Diego Lucas Neres Rodrigues
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Thiago de Jesus Sousa
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Bentes Kato
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Anne Cybelle Pinto Gomide
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Flavia Figueira Aburjaile
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Sandeep Tiwari
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Programa de Pós-graduação em Imunologia, Instituto De Biologia, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, BA, Brasil.; Programa de Pós-graduação em Microbiologia, Instituto De Biologia, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, BA, Brasil
| | - Arun Jaiswal
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Alfonso Gala-García
- Faculdade de Odontologia, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | - Núbia Seyffert
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Imunologia, Instituto De Biologia, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, BA, Brasil
| | - Thiago Luiz de Paula Castro
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Imunologia, Instituto De Biologia, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, BA, Brasil
| | - Bertram Brenig
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, University of Göttingen, Burckhardtweg 2, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Mateus Matiuzzi da Costa
- Laboratório de Microbiologia e Imunologia Animal, Campus Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal do Vale do São Francisco (UNIVASF), Petrolina, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Elaine Maria Seles Dorneles
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Faculdade de Zootecnia e Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Lavras, Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Yves Le Loir
- Institut National de recherche pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (INRAE), Paris, France
| | - Vasco Azevedo
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
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Engler C, Renna MS, Beccaria C, Silvestrini P, Pirola SI, Pereyra EAL, Baravalle C, Camussone CM, Monecke S, Calvinho LF, Dallard BE. Differential immune response to two Staphylococcus aureus strains with distinct adaptation genotypes after experimental intramammary infection of dairy cows. Microb Pathog 2022; 172:105789. [PMID: 36176246 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2022.105789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the ability of two S. aureus strains with different adaptation genotypes (low and high) to the bovine mammary gland (MG) to establish an intramammary infection (IMI) and induce an immune response after an experimental challenge in lactating cows. Two isolates (designated 806 and 5011) from bovine IMI with different genotypic profiles, harboring genes involved in adherence and biofilm production, belonging to different capsular polysaccharide (CP) type, accessory gene regulator (agr) group, pulsotype (PT) and sequence type/clonal complex (ST/CC) were selected. Strains 806 and 5011 were associated with low (nonpersistent-NP) and high (persistent-P) adaptation to the MG, respectively. Strain 806 (NP) was characterized as agr group II, cap5 positive and ST350; strain 5011 (P) agr group I, cap8 positive and CC188. Three groups of clinically healthy cows, 4 cows/treatment group, were inoculated by the intramammary route with strain 806 (NP), strain 5011 (P) and pyrogen-free saline solution. All mammary quarters challenged with strain 806 (NP) developed mild clinical mastitis between 1 and 7 d post inoculation (pi). Quarters challenged with strain 5011 (P) developed a persistent IMI; bacteria were recovered from milk from d 7 pi and up to d 56 pi. In quarters inoculated with strain 806 (NP) the inflammatory response induced was greater and earlier than the one induced by strain 5011 (P), since a somatic cell count (SCC) peak was observed at d 2 pi, while in quarters inoculated with strain 5011 (P) no variations in SCC were observed until d 4 pi reaching the maximum values at d 14 pi; indicating a lower and delayed initial inflammatory response. The highest levels of nitric oxide (NO) and lactoferrin (Lf) detected in milk from quarters inoculated with both S. aureus strains coincided with the highest SCC at the same time periods, indicating an association with the magnitude of inflammation. The high levels of IL-1β induced by strain 806 (NP) were associated with the highest SCC detected (d 2 pi); while quarters inoculated with strain 5011 (P) showed similar IL-1β levels to those found in control quarters. In quarters inoculated with strain 806 (NP) two peaks of IL-6 levels on d 2 and 14 pi were observed; while in quarters inoculated with strain 5011 (P) IL-6 levels were similar to those found in control quarters. The strain 806 (NP) induced a higher total IgG and IgG1 response; while strain 5011 (P) generated a higher IgG2 response (even against the heterologous strain). The present study demonstrated that S. aureus strains with different genotype and adaptability to bovine MG influence the local host immune response and the course and severity of the infectious process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Engler
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular y Molecular Aplicada, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Argentina; Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral (ICIVET-Litoral), Universidad Nacional del Litoral - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas, (UNL-CONICET), Argentina
| | - María S Renna
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular y Molecular Aplicada, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Argentina; Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral (ICIVET-Litoral), Universidad Nacional del Litoral - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas, (UNL-CONICET), Argentina
| | - Camila Beccaria
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular y Molecular Aplicada, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Argentina; Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral (ICIVET-Litoral), Universidad Nacional del Litoral - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas, (UNL-CONICET), Argentina
| | - Paula Silvestrini
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular y Molecular Aplicada, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Argentina; Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral (ICIVET-Litoral), Universidad Nacional del Litoral - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas, (UNL-CONICET), Argentina
| | - Silvana I Pirola
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular y Molecular Aplicada, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Argentina; Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral (ICIVET-Litoral), Universidad Nacional del Litoral - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas, (UNL-CONICET), Argentina
| | - Elizabet A L Pereyra
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular y Molecular Aplicada, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Argentina; Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral (ICIVET-Litoral), Universidad Nacional del Litoral - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas, (UNL-CONICET), Argentina
| | - Celina Baravalle
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular y Molecular Aplicada, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Argentina; Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral (ICIVET-Litoral), Universidad Nacional del Litoral - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas, (UNL-CONICET), Argentina
| | - Cecilia M Camussone
- Instituto de Investigación de la Cadena Láctea (INTA-CONICET), Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Rafaela, Ruta 34 Km 227, Rafaela, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Stefan Monecke
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany; Alere Technologies GmbH, Jena, Germany
| | - Luis F Calvinho
- Cátedra de Enfermedades Infecciosas. Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Argentina; Instituto de Investigación de la Cadena Láctea (INTA-CONICET), Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Rafaela, Ruta 34 Km 227, Rafaela, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Bibiana E Dallard
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular y Molecular Aplicada, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Argentina; Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral (ICIVET-Litoral), Universidad Nacional del Litoral - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas, (UNL-CONICET), Argentina.
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Staphylococcus aureus Exfoliative Toxin E, Oligomeric State and Flip of P186: Implications for Its Action Mechanism. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23179857. [PMID: 36077258 PMCID: PMC9456352 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23179857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcal exfoliative toxins (ETs) are glutamyl endopeptidases that specifically cleave the Glu381-Gly382 bond in the ectodomains of desmoglein 1 (Dsg1) via complex action mechanisms. To date, four ETs have been identified in different Staphylococcus aureus strains and ETE is the most recently characterized. The unusual properties of ETs have been attributed to a unique structural feature, i.e., the 180° flip of the carbonyl oxygen (O) of the nonconserved residue 192/186 (ETA/ETE numbering), not conducive to the oxyanion hole formation. We report the crystal structure of ETE determined at 1.61 Å resolution, in which P186(O) adopts two conformations displaying a 180° rotation. This finding, together with free energy calculations, supports the existence of a dynamic transition between the conformations under the tested conditions. Moreover, enzymatic assays showed no significant differences in the esterolytic efficiency of ETE and ETE/P186G, a mutant predicted to possess a functional oxyanion hole, thus downplaying the influence of the flip on the activity. Finally, we observed the formation of ETE homodimers in solution and the predicted homodimeric structure revealed the participation of a characteristic nonconserved loop in the interface and the partial occlusion of the protein active site, suggesting that monomerization is required for enzymatic activity.
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Saenz-de-Juano MD, Silvestrelli G, Weber A, Röhrig C, Schmelcher M, Ulbrich SE. Inflammatory Response of Primary Cultured Bovine Mammary Epithelial Cells to Staphylococcus aureus Extracellular Vesicles. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11030415. [PMID: 35336789 PMCID: PMC8944978 DOI: 10.3390/biology11030415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Mastitis, the inflammation of the mammary gland, is one of the most common and costly diseases worldwide, and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is among the most prevalent microorganisms that cause it. To obtain new insights into S. aureus mammary gland infections, we have isolated S. aureus extracellular vesicles to challenge in vitro primary bovine mammary epithelial cells. Despite the toxic content of the vesicles, we observed only a minor pro-inflammatory response. The latter can contribute to the explanation of how S. aureus evades mammary epithelial defence mechanisms and successfully colonizes the mammary gland. Abstract In dairy cows, Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is among the most prevalent microorganisms worldwide, causing mastitis, an inflammation of the mammary gland. Production of extracellular vesicles (EVs) is a common feature of S. aureus strains, which contributes to its pathogenesis by delivering bacterial effector molecules to host cells. In the current study, we evaluated the differences between five S. aureus mastitis isolates regarding their EV production. We found that different mastitis-related S. aureus strains differ in their behaviour of shedding EVs, with M5512VL producing the largest amount of EVs containing alpha-haemolysin, a strong cytotoxic agent. We stimulated primary cultured bovine mammary epithelial cells (pbMECs) with EVs from the S. aureus strain M5512VL. After 24 h of incubation, we observed a moderate increase in gene expression of tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) but, surprisingly, a lack of an associated pronounced pro-inflammatory response. Our results contribute to understanding the damaging nature of S. aureus in its capacity to effectively affect mammary epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mara D. Saenz-de-Juano
- Animal Physiology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland; (M.D.S.-d.-J.); (G.S.); (A.W.)
| | - Giulia Silvestrelli
- Animal Physiology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland; (M.D.S.-d.-J.); (G.S.); (A.W.)
| | - Andres Weber
- Animal Physiology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland; (M.D.S.-d.-J.); (G.S.); (A.W.)
| | - Christian Röhrig
- Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland; (C.R.); (M.S.)
| | - Mathias Schmelcher
- Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland; (C.R.); (M.S.)
| | - Susanne E. Ulbrich
- Animal Physiology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland; (M.D.S.-d.-J.); (G.S.); (A.W.)
- Correspondence:
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7
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Silva BC, Aguilar AP, Dutra L, Moon KM, Sébastien A, Foster LJ, Mendes TAO, de Oliveira Barros Ribon A. Proteomic Profiles of Staphylococcus aureus Strains Associated with Subclinical Bovine Mastitis. Curr Microbiol 2022; 79:101. [PMID: 35150342 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-022-02796-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is the main pathogen associated with bovine mastitis, an intramammary inflammation that leads to significant economic losses in dairy herds. Efforts have been made to identify the bacterial determinants important to the infective process but most of the studies are focused on surface and secreted proteins. Considering that virulence is affected by metabolism, in this study we contrasted the proteome of strains of S. aureus causing persistent subclinical (Sau302 and Sau340) and clinical bovine mastitis (RF122). Protein expressions from cytosolic fractions of bacteria grown under conditions mimicking the mastitic mammary glands are reported. A total of 342 proteins was identified, 52 of which were differentially expressed. Among those down-regulated in the subclinical strains were the two-component sensor histidine kinase SaeS and PurH, both involved in bacterial virulence. The ribosome hibernation promotion factor and the 50S ribosomal protein L13 were up-regulated suggesting that Sau302 and Sau340 modulate protein translation, a condition that may contribute to bacterial survival under stressful conditions. TRAP, a regulator possibly involved in pathogenesis, was expressed only in RF122 while proteins from the Isd system, involved in heme acquisition, were exclusive to Sau302 and Sau340. In summary, the metabolic differences suggest a reduced virulence of the strains causing subclinical mastitis which may contribute to the persistent infection seen in the animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Campos Silva
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, 36.570-900, Brazil
| | - Ananda Pereira Aguilar
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, 36.570-900, Brazil
| | - Luana Dutra
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, 36.570-900, Brazil
| | - Kyung-Mee Moon
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michael Smith Laboratories, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Alexandra Sébastien
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michael Smith Laboratories, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Leonard J Foster
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michael Smith Laboratories, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Tiago Antônio Oliveira Mendes
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, 36.570-900, Brazil
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8
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Addis MF, Pisanu S, Monistero V, Gazzola A, Penati M, Filipe J, Di Mauro S, Cremonesi P, Castiglioni B, Moroni P, Pagnozzi D, Tola S, Piccinini R. Comparative secretome analysis of Staphylococcus aureus strains with different within-herd intramammary infection prevalence. Virulence 2022; 13:174-190. [PMID: 35030987 PMCID: PMC8765078 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2021.2024014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a major pathogen causing intramammary infection and mastitis in dairy cows. S. aureus genotypes (GT) can differ significantly in their ability to diffuse and persist in the herd; while the association of virulence gene carriage with epidemiological behavior remains unclear, a role for secreted proteins has been postulated. We characterized the secretome of six S. aureus strains belonging to two genotypes with opposite within-herd prevalence, GTB (high) and GTS (low), corresponding to sequence types (ST) 8 and 398, by high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry and differential analysis with Proteome Discoverer. Data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD029571. Out of 720 identified proteins, 98 were unique or more abundant in GTB/ST8 and 68 in GTS/ST398. GTB/ST8 released more immunoglobulin-binding proteins, complement and antimicrobial peptide inhibitors, enterotoxins, and metabolic enzymes, while GTS/ST398 released more leukocidins, hemolysins, lipases, and peptidases. Furthermore, GTB/ST8 released the von Willebrand factor protein, staphylokinase, and clumping factor B, while GTS released the staphylococcal coagulase and clumping factor A. Hence, GTB/ST8 secretomes indicated a higher propensity for immune evasion and chronicity and GTS/ST398 secretomes for cellular damage and inflammation, consistent with their epidemiological characteristics. Accordingly, GTS/ST398 secretions were significantly more cytotoxic against bovine PBMCs in vitro. Our findings confirm the crucial role of extracellular virulence factors in S. aureus pathogenesis and highlight the need to investigate their differential release adding to gene carriage for a better understanding of the relationship of S. aureus genotypes with epidemiological behavior and, possibly, disease severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Filippa Addis
- Dipartimento Di Medicina Veterinaria, Università Degli Studi Di Milano, Lodi, Italy
| | | | - Valentina Monistero
- Dipartimento Di Medicina Veterinaria, Università Degli Studi Di Milano, Lodi, Italy
| | - Alessandra Gazzola
- Dipartimento Di Medicina Veterinaria, Università Degli Studi Di Milano, Lodi, Italy
| | - Martina Penati
- Dipartimento Di Medicina Veterinaria, Università Degli Studi Di Milano, Lodi, Italy
| | - Joel Filipe
- Dipartimento Di Medicina Veterinaria, Università Degli Studi Di Milano, Lodi, Italy
| | - Susanna Di Mauro
- Dipartimento Di Medicina Veterinaria, Università Degli Studi Di Milano, Lodi, Italy
| | - Paola Cremonesi
- Institute of Agricultural Biology and Biotechnology, National Research Council, Lodi, Italy
| | - Bianca Castiglioni
- Institute of Agricultural Biology and Biotechnology, National Research Council, Lodi, Italy
| | - Paolo Moroni
- Dipartimento Di Medicina Veterinaria, Università Degli Studi Di Milano, Lodi, Italy.,Quality Milk Production Services, Animal Health Diagnostic Center, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | | | - Sebastiana Tola
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Della Sardegna "G. Pegreffi", Sassari, Italy
| | - Renata Piccinini
- Dipartimento Di Medicina Veterinaria, Università Degli Studi Di Milano, Lodi, Italy
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9
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Zhao X, Hu M, Zhao C, Zhang Q, Li L, Zhang Y, Luo Y, Liu Y. Whole-Genome Epidemiology and Characterization of Methicillin-Susceptible Staphylococcus aureus ST398 From Retail Pork and Bulk Tank Milk in Shandong, China. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:764105. [PMID: 34917050 PMCID: PMC8670001 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.764105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is now regarded as a zoonotic agent. Methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA) ST398 is a livestock-associated bacterium that is most prevalent in China, but there are currently no data available for Shandong. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the epidemiology and characterization of MSSA ST398 from retail pork and bulk tank milk (BTM) in Shandong. A total of 67 S. aureus isolates were collected from retail pork between November 2017 and June 2018. Among the isolates, high antimicrobial resistance rates were observed for penicillin (97.0%), and 92.5% of the isolates were multi-drug resistant (MDR). Eight sequence types (STs) were identified in the retail pork isolates, and the predominant type was ST15 (n=26), which was followed by ST398 (n=14). Staphylococcal protein A gene (spa) typing identified spa types t034 and t1255 in MSSA ST398 from retail pork. Using whole-genome sequencing analysis, we described the phylogeny of 29 MSSA ST398 isolates that were obtained from retail pork (n=14) and BTM (n=15). The phylogenetic tree showed that the MSSA ST398 isolates from different sources had the same lineage. Among the 29 MSSA ST398 isolates, five resistance genes were detected, and all isolates carried DHA-1. Fifteen toxin genes were detected, and all isolates carried eta, hla, and hlb. In conclusion, this study found that a high risk for MSSA ST398 was present in retail pork and BTM. These findings have major implications for how investigations of MSSA ST398 outbreaks should be conducted in the One-Health context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaonan Zhao
- Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shandong, China
| | - Ming Hu
- Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shandong, China
| | - Cui Zhao
- Tai'an animal disease prevention and control center, Shandong, China
| | - Qing Zhang
- Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shandong, China
| | - Lulu Li
- Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shandong, China
| | - Yin Zhang
- Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shandong, China
| | - Yanbo Luo
- Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shandong, China
| | - Yuqing Liu
- Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shandong, China
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10
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The Genetic Relatedness and Antimicrobial Resistance Patterns of Mastitis-Causing Staphylococcus aureus Strains Isolated from New Zealand Dairy Cattle. Vet Sci 2021; 8:vetsci8110287. [PMID: 34822660 PMCID: PMC8625616 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci8110287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is one of the leading causes of bovine mastitis worldwide and is a common indication for use of antimicrobials on dairy farms. This study aims to investigate the association between on-farm antimicrobial usage and the antimicrobial resistance (AMR) profiles of mastitis-causing S. aureus. Whole-genome sequencing was performed on 57 S. aureus isolates derived from cows with either clinical or subclinical mastitis from 17 dairy herds in New Zealand. The genetic relatedness between isolates was examined using the core single nucleotide polymorphism alignment whilst AMR and virulence genes were identified in-silico. The association between gene presence-absence and sequence type (ST), antimicrobial susceptibility and dry cow therapy treatment was investigated using Scoary. Altogether, eight STs were identified with 61.4% (35/57) belonging to ST-1. Furthermore, 14 AMR-associated genes and 76 virulence-associated genes were identified, with little genetic diversity between isolates belonging to the same ST. Several genes including merR1 which is thought to play a role in ciprofloxacin-resistance were found to be significantly overrepresented in isolates sampled from herds using ampicillin/cloxacillin dry cow therapy. Overall, the presence of resistance genes remains low and current antimicrobial usage patterns do not appear to be driving AMR in S. aureus associated with bovine mastitis.
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11
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Patel K, Godden SM, Royster EE, Crooker BA, Johnson TJ, Smith EA, Sreevatsan S. Prevalence, antibiotic resistance, virulence and genetic diversity of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from bulk tank milk samples of U.S. dairy herds. BMC Genomics 2021; 22:367. [PMID: 34016049 PMCID: PMC8135151 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-021-07603-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Colonization of dairy cows by Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), especially those which are multi-drug resistant and toxin producing, is a concern for animal health and well-being as well as public health. The objective of this study was to investigate the prevalence, antibiotic resistance, gene content and virulence determinants of S. aureus in bulk tank milk samples (BTM) from U.S. dairy herds. Results BTM samples were collected, once in winter and once in summer, from 189 U.S. dairy herds. Of 365 BTM samples cultured, the sample and herd prevalence of S. aureus in BTM was 46.6% (170 of 365 samples) and 62.4% (118 of 189 herds), respectively. Among a subset of 138 S. aureus isolates that were stored for further analysis, 124 were genome sequenced after being confirmed as S. aureus using phenotypic tests. The most commonly identified antimicrobial resistance-associated gene was norA (99.2%) and mecA gene responsible for methicillin resistance (MRSA) was identified in one isolate (0.8%). The most frequently detected putative virulence genes were aur (100%), hlgB (100%), hlgA, hlgC, hlb (99.2%), lukE (95.9%) and lukD (94.3%). In the 53 staphylococcal enterotoxin positive isolates, sen (37.9%), sem (35.5%), sei (35.5%) and seg (33.1%) were the most frequently detected enterotoxin genes. Among the 14 sequence types (ST) and 18 spa types identified, the most common was ST2187 (20.9%) and t529 (28.2%), respectively. The most predominant clone was CC97 (47.6%) followed by CC unknown (36.3%). The single MRSA isolate belonged to ST72-CC8, spa type t126 and was negative for the tst gene but harbored all the other virulence genes investigated. Conclusion Our findings indicated a high prevalence of S. aureus in BTM of U.S. dairy herds, with isolates showing little evidence of resistance to antibiotics commonly used to treat mastitis. However, isolates often carried genes for the various enterotoxins. This study identified predominant genetic clones. Despite lower prevalence, the presence of MRSA and multi-drug resistant strains in BTM poses a significant risk to animal and public health if their number were to increase in dairy environment. Therefore, it is necessary to continuously monitor the use of antibiotics in dairy cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kruthika Patel
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, 55108, USA.
| | - Sandra M Godden
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, 55108, USA
| | - Erin E Royster
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, 55108, USA
| | - Brian A Crooker
- Department of Animal Science, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, 55108, USA
| | - Timothy J Johnson
- Department of Veterinary & Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, 55108, USA
| | - Emily A Smith
- Department of Veterinary & Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, 55108, USA
| | - Srinand Sreevatsan
- Pathobiology & Diagnostic Investigation, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
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12
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Diab MS, Ibrahim NA, Elnaker YF, Zidan SA, Saad MA. Molecular detection of Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxin genes isolated from mastitic milk and humans in El-Behira, Egypt. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ONE HEALTH 2021. [DOI: 10.14202/ijoh.2021.70-77] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim: Milk is a chief source of many nutrients. However, we must also bear in mind that it is a potential source for many cases of food poisoning. This study was conducted to investigate the prevalence of cow mastitis and evaluate the presence of enterotoxins and antibiotic resistance patterns in Staphylococcus aureus isolated from milk and contact humans in El-Behira Province, Egypt.
Materials and Methods: A total of 680 milk samples from 170 cows and 86 human samples consisting of 43 hand swabs and 43 nasal swabs were analyzed. The milk samples were subjected to the California mastitis test.
Results: The general occurrence was 23.1% (157/680) where 48 quarters had clinical mastitis and 109 had subclinical mastitis. Subsequently, S. aureus was isolated in Baird-Parker agar where typical and atypical colonies were selected and submitted to coagulase and complementary tests. Out of 48 samples of mastitic milk studied, 16 (33.3%) showed contamination by S. aureus whereas 109 samples of subclinical mastitis showed contamination in only 18 (16.5%). On the opposite hand, of the 86 human samples, 33 revealed S. aureus contamination, corresponding to 38.37% of the samples. Furthermore, multiplex polymerase chain reaction targeting nuc and the staphylococcal enterotoxin-encoding genes sea, seb, sec, sed, and see were performed after culture, revealing that 88.2% (30/34) of milk samples and 93.9% (31/33) of human samples were variably positive to those genes.
Conclusion: The use of nuc gene based PCR is an accurate and rapid method for S aureus isolates detection. A high prevalence of multiple drug-resistant isolates of S. aureus recovered from both human and milk represents further evidence for possible veterinary hazards as well as public hazards, especially to those that consume milk from this region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed S. Diab
- Department of Animal Hygiene and Zoonoses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, New Valley University, Egypt
| | - Nermin A. Ibrahim
- Department of Bacteriology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Egypt
| | - Yasser F. Elnaker
- Department of Animal Medicine (Infectious Diseases), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, New Valley University, Egypt
| | - Sherif A. Zidan
- Department of Animal Hygiene and Zoonoses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sadat City, Egypt
| | - Marwa A. Saad
- Department of Food Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, ShebinAl-Kom, Menofia University, Menofia, Egypt
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13
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Genomic Analysis of Bovine Staphylococcus aureus Isolates from Milk To Elucidate Diversity and Determine the Distributions of Antimicrobial and Virulence Genes and Their Association with Mastitis. mSystems 2020; 5:5/4/e00063-20. [PMID: 32636332 PMCID: PMC7343304 DOI: 10.1128/msystems.00063-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus causes persistent clinical and subclinical bovine intramammary infections (IMI) worldwide. However, there is a lack of comprehensive information regarding genetic diversity, the presence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR), and virulence genes for S. aureus in bovine milk in Canada. Here, we performed whole-genome sequencing (WGS) of 119 Canadian bovine milk S. aureus isolates and determined they belonged to 8 sequence types (ST151, ST352, ST351, ST2187, ST2270, ST126, ST133, and ST8), 5 clonal complexes (CC151, CC97, CC126, CC133, and CC8), and 18 distinct Spa types. Pan-, core, and accessory genomes were composed of 6,340, 1,279, and 2,431 genes, respectively. Based on phenotypic screening for AMR, resistance was common against beta-lactams (19% of isolates) and sulfonamides (7% of isolates), whereas resistance against pirlimycin, tetracycline, ceftiofur, and erythromycin and to the combination of penicillin and novobiocin was uncommon (3, 3, 3, 2, and 2% of all isolates, respectively). We also determined distributions of 191 virulence factors (VFs) in 119 S. aureus isolates after classifying them into 5 functional categories (adherence [n = 28], exoenzymes [n = 21], immune evasion [n = 20], iron metabolism [n = 29], and toxins [n = 93]). Additionally, we calculated the pathogenic potential of distinct CCs and STs and determined that CC151 (ST151 and ST351) had the highest pathogenic potential (calculated by subtracting core-VFs from total VFs), followed by CC97 (ST352 and ST2187) and CC126 (ST126 and ST2270), potentially linked to their higher prevalence in bovine IMI worldwide. However, there was no statistically significant link between the presence of VF genes and mastitis.IMPORTANCE Staphylococcus aureus is a major cause of bovine intramammary infections, leading to significant economic losses to dairy industry in Canada and worldwide. There is a lack of knowledge regarding genetic diversity, the presence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR), and virulence genes for S. aureus isolated from bovine milk in Canada. Based on whole-genome sequencing and genomic analysis, we have determined the phylogeny and diversity of S. aureus in bovine milk and concluded that it had a large accessory genome, limited distribution of AMR genes, variable VF gene profiles and sequence types (ST), and clonal complex (CC)-specific pathogenic potentials. Comprehensive information on the population structure, as well as the virulence and resistance characteristics of S. aureus from bovine milk, will allow for source attribution, risk assessment, and improved therapeutic approaches in cattle.
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14
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Shi C, Yu Z, Ho H, Wang J, Wu W, Xing M, Wang Y, Rahman SME, Han R. Occurrence, Antimicrobial Resistance Patterns, and Genetic Characterization of Staphylococcus aureus Isolated from Raw Milk in the Dairy Farms over Two Seasons in China. Microb Drug Resist 2020; 27:99-110. [PMID: 32498596 DOI: 10.1089/mdr.2019.0358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the occurrence and resistance rates of Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from raw milk in the dairy farms over two seasons (spring and autumn) and across four regions that included 11 provinces in China. In total, 750 raw milk samples from the 405 dairy farms were collected. Fifteen antimicrobial agents were tested for antimicrobial resistance via disk diffusion tests, and PCR tests were performed to identify drug resistance genes of S. aureus isolates. Out of 750 samples, 276 (36.8%) were positive for S. aureus, with 150 (41.1%) being positive in spring and 126 (32.7%) being positive in autumn. The occurrence rate of S. aureus in northeastern China (45%) was higher than that in western China (33%) and southern China (31.9%), respectively, and the rate significantly (p < 0.05) differed from those of western China and southern China. Of 276 isolates, 261 (94.6%) strains were resistant to more than 1 antimicrobial drug, and 193 (69.9%) strains were multidrug resistant. The blaZ (46.3%), dfrG (35.5%), and tetM (27.2%) genes were detected at a high frequency in the S. aureus strains. Our data revealed a variation (p < 0.05) in the resistance patterns in the different regions and across the two seasons. The occurrence and drug resistance rates of S. aureus isolated from raw milk obtained from dairy farms may still cause severe problems in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuiping Shi
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao City, China
| | - Zhongna Yu
- Haidu College.Qingdao Agricultural University, Laiyang, China
| | - Harvey Ho
- Auckland Bioengineering Institute, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Jun Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao City, China
| | - Wei Wu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao City, China
| | - Mengru Xing
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao City, China
| | - Yutao Wang
- Institute of Quality Standard and Test Technology for Agro-products, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - S M E Rahman
- Department of Animal Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
| | - Rongwei Han
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao City, China
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15
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Whole-Genome Comparisons of Staphylococcus agnetis Isolates from Cattle and Chickens. Appl Environ Microbiol 2020; 86:AEM.00484-20. [PMID: 32245765 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00484-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus agnetis has been previously associated with subclinical or clinically mild cases of mastitis in dairy cattle and is one of several staphylococcal species that have been isolated from the bones and blood of lame broilers. We reported that S. agnetis could be obtained frequently from bacterial chondronecrosis with osteomyelitis (BCO) lesions of lame broilers (A. Al-Rubaye et al., PLoS One 10:e0143336, 2015 [https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0143336]). A particular isolate, S. agnetis 908, can induce lameness in over 50% of exposed chickens, exceeding normal BCO incidences in broiler operations. We reported the assembly and annotation of the genome of isolate 908. To better understand the relationship between dairy cattle and broiler isolates, we assembled 11 additional genomes for S. agnetis isolates, an additional chicken BCO strain, and ten isolates from cattle milk, mammary gland secretions, or udder skin from the collection at the University of Missouri. To trace phylogenetic relationships, we constructed phylogenetic trees based on multilocus sequence typing and genome-to-genome distance comparisons. Chicken isolate 908 clustered with two of the cattle isolates, along with three isolates from chickens in Denmark and an isolate of S. agnetis we isolated from a BCO lesion on a commercial broiler farm in Arkansas. We used a number of BLAST tools to compare the chicken isolates to those from cattle and identified 98 coding sequences distinguishing isolate 908 from the cattle isolates. None of the identified genes explain the differences in host or tissue tropism. These analyses are critical to understanding how staphylococci colonize and infect different hosts and potentially how they can transition to alternative niches (bone versus dermis).IMPORTANCE Staphylococcus agnetis has been recently recognized as associated with disease in dairy cattle and meat-type chickens. The infections appear to be limited in cattle and systemic in broilers. This report details the molecular relationships between cattle and chicken isolates in order to understand how this recently recognized species infects different hosts with different disease manifestations. The data show that the chicken and cattle isolates are very closely related, but the chicken isolates all cluster together, suggesting a single jump from cattle to chickens.
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16
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Extracellular vesicles produced by human and animal Staphylococcus aureus strains share a highly conserved core proteome. Sci Rep 2020; 10:8467. [PMID: 32439871 PMCID: PMC7242376 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-64952-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is an important opportunistic pathogen of humans and animals. It produces extracellular vesicles (EVs) that are involved in cellular communication and enable inter-kingdom crosstalk, the delivery of virulence factors and modulation of the host immune response. The protein content of EVs determines their biological functions. Clarifying which proteins are selected, and how, is of crucial value to understanding the role of EVs in pathogenesis and the development of molecular delivery systems. Here, we postulated that S. aureus EVs share a common proteome containing components involved in cargo sorting. The EV proteomes of five S. aureus strains originating from human, bovine, and ovine hosts were characterised. The clustering of EV proteomes reflected the diversity of the producing strains. A total of 253 proteins were identified, 119 of which composed a core EV proteome with functions in bacterial survival, pathogenesis, and putatively in EV biology. We also identified features in the sequences of EV proteins and the corresponding genes that could account for their packaging into EVs. Our findings corroborate the hypothesis of a selective sorting of proteins into EVs and offer new perspectives concerning the roles of EVs in S. aureus pathogenesis in specific host niches.
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17
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Cunha AF, Andrade HM, Souza FN, Fialho Júnior LC, Rosa DLSO, Ramos Sanchez EM, Gidlund M, Goto H, Brito MAVP, Guimarães AS, Lage AP, Reis LC, Della Libera AMMP, Heinemann MB, Cerqueira MMOP. Comparison of antibody repertories against Staphylococcus aureus in healthy and infected dairy cows with a distinct mastitis history and vaccinated with a polyvalent mastitis vaccine. J Dairy Sci 2020; 103:4588-4605. [PMID: 32113759 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2019-17084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is one of the pathogens most frequently isolated from cases of mastitis worldwide. To decrease the effect of S. aureus mastitis in dairy farming, alternative strategies for controlling mastitis are needed that depend on a better knowledge of cow-to-cow variations in S. aureus antibody production. The present study sought to explore the diversity of S. aureus antibodies produced by dairy cows with a distinct mastitis history and vaccinated with a polyvalent mastitis vaccine. We obtained protein extracts from S. aureus isolates derived from persistent subclinical mastitis. Proteins were fractionated using 2-dimensional gel electrophoresis and Western blotting. Then, Western blotting membranes were exposed to sera from 24 dairy cows that had been divided into the following groups: vaccinated dairy cows that were infected with S. aureus, further subdivided according to whether they (a) remained infected by S. aureus or (b) recovered from the intramammary infection; unvaccinated dairy cows infected with S. aureus; and vaccinated healthy dairy cows with no history of S. aureus mastitis. Proteins found to be reactive by Western blot were identified by mass spectrometry (MALDI/TOF-TOF). Our most important finding was that F0F1 ATP synthase subunit α, succinyl-diaminopimelate desuccinylase, and cysteinyl-tRNA synthetase were potential candidate proteins for the prevention of S. aureus mastitis. This study strengthens the notion that variations among animals should not be ignored and shows that the heterogeneity of antibody production against anti-staphylococcal antigens in animals may enable the identification of new immunotherapy targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- A F Cunha
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-010, Brazil; Departamento de Tecnologia e Inspeção de Produtos de Origem Animal, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-010, Brazil.
| | - H M Andrade
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil
| | - F N Souza
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-010, Brazil; Departamento de Tecnologia e Inspeção de Produtos de Origem Animal, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-010, Brazil; Veterinary Clinical Immunology Research Group, Departamento de Clínica Médica, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-270, Brazil; Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciência Animal, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Areia 58397-000, Brazil
| | - L C Fialho Júnior
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil
| | - D L S O Rosa
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-010, Brazil; Departamento de Tecnologia e Inspeção de Produtos de Origem Animal, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-010, Brazil
| | - E M Ramos Sanchez
- Laboratório de Sorologia e Imunobiologia, Instituto de Medicina Tropical, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05403-000, Brazil; Departamento de Salud Publica, Facultad de Ciencias de La Salud, Universidad Nacional Toribio Rodriguez de Mendoza de Amazonas, Chachapoyas 01000, Peru
| | - M Gidlund
- Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-900, Brazil
| | - H Goto
- Laboratório de Sorologia e Imunobiologia, Instituto de Medicina Tropical, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05403-000, Brazil
| | - M A V P Brito
- EMBRAPA-Gado de Leite, Avenida Eugênio do Nascimento, 610, Juiz de Fora 36038-330, Brazil
| | - A S Guimarães
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Lavras, Lavras 37200-000, Brazil
| | - A P Lage
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-010, Brazil
| | - L C Reis
- Laboratório de Sorologia e Imunobiologia, Instituto de Medicina Tropical, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05403-000, Brazil
| | - A M M P Della Libera
- Veterinary Clinical Immunology Research Group, Departamento de Clínica Médica, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-270, Brazil
| | - M B Heinemann
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Saúde Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-270, Brazil
| | - M M O P Cerqueira
- Departamento de Tecnologia e Inspeção de Produtos de Origem Animal, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-010, Brazil
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Panda BSK, Mohapatra SK, Alhussien MN, Dang AK. Amount of Milk Neutrophil Percentage and Associated CD Molecular Changes on the Compositional and Technological Properties of Milk. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.2174/187407070190130129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Background:Changes occurring in the activity and expression of neutrophils and their transmigration through the blood mammary barrier owing to a mammary infection affecting milk quality and outcome of mastitis.Objective:To understand the role played by various neutrophil molecules on mastitis and milk quality.Methods:18 Karan Fries cows of similar parity, milk yield and lactation stage were selected and screened for mastitis based upon milk Somatic Cell Counts (SCC) as well as California mastitis test and divided into 3 groups of 6 eachi.e., healthy, sub-clinical (SCM), Clinical Mastitis (CM). Milk samples were analyzed for milk composition and technological properties. Milk neutrophils were isolated and their percentage, Phagocytic Activity (PA), viability were estimated. Activities of neutrophil enzymesi.e. Elastase 2, Collagenase and Cathepsin G were analyzed using ELISA. Relative mRNA expression of cell surface molecules like selectin (CD-62L), integrin (CD-11b), chemokine receptors (CXCR1 and CXCR2), CD-44 and chemotactic factor (IL-8) in milk neutrophil were also studied.Results:In the present study, neutrophil percentage (%) was significantly (p˂0.05) higher in SCM and CM milk samples compared to healthy milk samples, whereas neutrophil PA, viability were significantly (p˂0.05) lower in both samples contrast to healthy samples. Activities of Elastase 2 and Collagenase were significantly (p˂0.05) more in SCM milk. There was a significant (p˂0.05) difference in protein, pH, and lactose between healthy, SCM and SCM and CM milk. Significantly (p˂0.05) high Electrical Conductivity (EC) was observed in CM milk than SCM and CM milk. No significant changes in milk fat, Solid Not Fat (SNF) and density were found among any of the groups. The relative mRNA expression of CXCR1, CXCR2 and IL-8 were significantly (p˂0.05) high in milk neutrophils with the progression of SCM and CM, whereas significantly higher expression of CD11b CD-11b was found only in CM cows but there was no change in the expression of CD62L CD-62L in any of the groups. Expression of CD-44 molecule increased significantly in SCM cows, whereas it decreased significantly in clinically infected mastitis cows.Conclusion:This study highlights the changes occurring in the activity of milk neutrophils in healthy, subclinical and clinical mastitis crossbred cows.
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Imanishi I, Nicolas A, Caetano ACB, Castro TLDP, Tartaglia NR, Mariutti R, Guédon E, Even S, Berkova N, Arni RK, Seyffert N, Azevedo V, Nishifuji K, Le Loir Y. Exfoliative toxin E, a new Staphylococcus aureus virulence factor with host-specific activity. Sci Rep 2019; 9:16336. [PMID: 31704997 PMCID: PMC6841975 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-52777-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Exfoliative toxins (ETs) are secreted virulence factors produced by staphylococci. These serine proteases specifically cleave desmoglein 1 (Dsg1) in mammals and are key elements in staphylococcal skin infections. We recently identified a new et gene in S. aureus O46, a strain isolated from ovine mastitis. In the present study, we characterized the new et gene at a genetic level and the enzymatic activity of the deduced protein. The S. aureus O46 genome was re-assembled, annotated and compared with other publicly available S. aureus genomes. The deduced amino acid sequence of the new et gene shared 40%, 53% and 59% sequence identity to those of ETA, ETB and ETD, respectively. The new et gene shared the same genetic vicinity and was similar in other S. aureus strains bearing this gene. The recombinant enzyme of the new et gene caused skin exfoliation in vivo in neonatal mice. The new et-gene was thus named ete, encoding a new type (type E) of exfoliative toxin. We showed that ETE degraded the extracellular segments of Dsg1 in murine, ovine and caprine epidermis, as well as in ovine teat canal epithelia, but not that in bovine epidermis. We further showed that it directly hydrolyzed human and swine Dsg1 as well as murine Dsg1α and Dsg1β, but not canine Dsg1 or murine Dsg1γ. Molecular modeling revealed a correlation between the preferred orientation of ETE docking on its Dsg1 cleavage site and species-specific cleavage activity, suggesting that the docking step preceding cleavage accounts for the ETE species-specificity. This new virulence factor may contribute to the bacterial colonization on the stratified epithelia in certain ruminants with mastitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ichiro Imanishi
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Division of Animal Life Science, Graduate School, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan
| | | | - Ana-Carolina Barbosa Caetano
- Cellular and Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, 270-901, Brazil
| | - Thiago Luiz de Paula Castro
- Cellular and Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, 270-901, Brazil.,Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, BA, 40110-100, Brazil
| | - Natayme Rocha Tartaglia
- STLO, INRA, Agrocampus Ouest, F-35042, Rennes, France.,Cellular and Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, 270-901, Brazil
| | | | - Eric Guédon
- STLO, INRA, Agrocampus Ouest, F-35042, Rennes, France
| | - Sergine Even
- STLO, INRA, Agrocampus Ouest, F-35042, Rennes, France
| | - Nadia Berkova
- STLO, INRA, Agrocampus Ouest, F-35042, Rennes, France
| | | | - Nubia Seyffert
- Cellular and Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, 270-901, Brazil.,Institute of Biology, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, BA, 40170-115, Brazil
| | - Vasco Azevedo
- Cellular and Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, 270-901, Brazil
| | - Koji Nishifuji
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Division of Animal Life Science, Graduate School, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan
| | - Yves Le Loir
- STLO, INRA, Agrocampus Ouest, F-35042, Rennes, France.
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20
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Supa-Amornkul S, Mongkolsuk P, Summpunn P, Chaiyakunvat P, Navaratdusit W, Jiarpinitnun C, Chaturongakul S. Alternative Sigma Factor B in Bovine Mastitis-Causing Staphylococcus aureus: Characterization of Its Role in Biofilm Formation, Resistance to Hydrogen Peroxide Stress, Regulon Members. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:2493. [PMID: 31787937 PMCID: PMC6853994 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
This study examines treatments of the bacterial pathogen Staphylococcus aureus, namely, in the context of its being a major cause of subclinical bovine mastitis. Such infections caused by S. aureus among dairy cows are difficult to detect and can easily become chronic, leading to reduced productivity and large losses for dairy manufacturers. In this study, the role of alternative sigma factor B (σB), which has been shown to be a global regulator for S. aureus infections, was explored in a mastitis-causing S. aureus strain, RF122. For comparison with the wild-type strain, a sigB null (ΔsigB) mutant was constructed and analyzed for its phenotypes and transcriptome. Our study found that σB is essential for biofilm formation as the ΔsigB mutant strain produced significantly less biofilm than did the wild-type strain at 48 h. σB is involved in response to H2O2 stress. However, σB plays a minor or no role in resistance to antiseptics (e.g., povidone-iodine and chlorhexidine), resistance to tested antibiotics, hemolysin activity, and invasion ability. RNA sequencing identified 225 σB-dependent genes, of which 171 are positively regulated and 54 are negatively regulated. The identified genes are involved in stress response, pathogenesis, and metabolic mechanisms. Quantitative TaqMan RT-PCR was performed to verify the RNA sequencing results; i.e., σB is a positive regulator for asp23, sarA, katA, yabJ, sodA, SAB2006c, and nrdD expressions. In the RF122 strain, σB plays a role in biofilm formation, general stress response (e.g., H2O2), and regulation of virulence factors and virulence-associated genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sirirak Supa-Amornkul
- Mahidol International Dental School, Faculty of Dentistry, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Paninee Mongkolsuk
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Pijug Summpunn
- Food Technology and Innovation Research Center of Excellence, School of Agricultural Technology, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand
| | - Pongkorn Chaiyakunvat
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Innovation in Chemistry (PERCH-CIC), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Warisara Navaratdusit
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Innovation in Chemistry (PERCH-CIC), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Chutima Jiarpinitnun
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Innovation in Chemistry (PERCH-CIC), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Soraya Chaturongakul
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
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21
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Partial prediction of the duration and the clinical status of Staphylococcus aureus bovine intramammary infections based on the phenotypic and genotypic analysis of isolates. Vet Microbiol 2019; 228:188-195. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2018.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Revised: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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22
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Côté-Gravel J, Malouin F. Symposium review: Features of Staphylococcus aureus mastitis pathogenesis that guide vaccine development strategies. J Dairy Sci 2018; 102:4727-4740. [PMID: 30580940 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2018-15272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Bovine mastitis affects animal health and welfare and milk production and quality, and it challenges the economic success of dairy farms. Staphylococcus aureus is one of the most commonly found pathogens in clinical mastitis but it also causes subclinical, persistent, and difficult-to-treat intramammary infections. Because of the failure of conventional antibiotic treatments and increasing pressure and concern from experts and consumers over the use of antibiotics in the dairy industry, many attempts have been made over the years to develop a vaccine for the prevention and control of Staph. aureus intramammary infections. Still, no commercially available vaccine formulation demonstrates sufficient protection and cost-effective potential. Multiple factors account for the lack of protection, including inadequate vaccine targets, high diversity among mastitis-provoking strains, cow-to-cow variation in immune response, and a failure to elicit an immune response that is appropriate for protection against a highly complex pathogen. The purpose of this review is to summarize key concepts related to the pathogenesis of Staph. aureus, and its interaction with the host, as well as to describe recent vaccine development strategies for prevention and control of Staph. aureus mastitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Côté-Gravel
- Centre d'Étude et de Valorisation de la Diversité Microbienne (CEVDM), Département de biologie, Faculté des sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Canada, J1K 2R1
| | - François Malouin
- Centre d'Étude et de Valorisation de la Diversité Microbienne (CEVDM), Département de biologie, Faculté des sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Canada, J1K 2R1.
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23
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Sohail M, Latif Z. Molecular analysis, biofilm formation, and susceptibility of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains causing community- and health care-associated infections in central venous catheters. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2018; 51:603-609. [PMID: 30304265 DOI: 10.1590/0037-8682-0373-2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The behavior of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) isolated from central venous catheter-related infection was evaluated to determine its biofilm potential, antimicrobial resistance, and adhesion genes. METHODS A total of 1,156 central venous catheters (CVC) were evaluated to screen for pathogens. Antimicrobial sensitivity, biofilm formation potential, and molecular analysis of MRSA were examined following standard guidelines. RESULTS Of the 1,156 samples, 882 (76%) were colonized by bacteria or candida. Among the infected patients, 69% were male and 36% were female with median age of 32 years. Staphylococcus aureus infected 39% (344/882) of CVCs in patients. Of the 59% (208/344) of patients with MRSA, 57% had community acquired MRSA and 43% had hospital acquired MRSA. Linezolid and vancomycin killed 100% of MRSA; resistance levels to fusidic acid, doxycycline, clindamycin, azithromycin, amikacin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, gentamycin, tobramycin, and ofloxacin were 21%, 42%, 66%, 68%, 72%, 85%, 95%, 97%, and 98% respectively. Strong biofilm was produced by 23% of samples, moderate by 27%, and weak by 50% of MRSA. The presence of adhesion genes, sdrC and sdrD (90%), eno (87%), fnbA (80%), clfA and sdrE (67%), fnbB, sdrD (61%), and cna (51%), in most MRSA samples suggested that the adhesion genes are associated with biofilm synthesis. CONCLUSIONS The superbug MRSA is a major cause of CVC-related infection. Antibiotic resistance to major classes of antibiotics and biofilm formation potential enhanced superbug MRSA virulence, leading to complicated infection. MRSA causes infection in hospitals, communities, and livestock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Sohail
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Quaid-e-Azam Campus, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Zakia Latif
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Quaid-e-Azam Campus, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
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24
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Tartaglia NR, Breyne K, Meyer E, Cauty C, Jardin J, Chrétien D, Dupont A, Demeyere K, Berkova N, Azevedo V, Guédon E, Le Loir Y. Staphylococcus aureus Extracellular Vesicles Elicit an Immunostimulatory Response in vivo on the Murine Mammary Gland. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2018; 8:277. [PMID: 30186772 PMCID: PMC6113362 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2018.00277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a major pathogen responsible for bovine mastitis, the most common and costly disease affecting dairy cattle. S. aureus naturally releases extracellular vesicles (EVs) during its growth. EVs play an important role in the bacteria-bacteria and bacteria-host interactions and are notably considered as nanocarriers that deliver virulence factors to the host tissues. Whether EVs play a role in a mastitis context is still unknown. In this work, we showed that S. aureus Newbould 305 (N305), a bovine mastitis isolate, has the ability to generate EVs in vitro with a designated protein content. Purified S. aureus N305-secreted EVs were not cytotoxic when tested in vitro on MAC-T and PS, two bovine mammary epithelial cell lines. However, they induced the gene expression of inflammatory cytokines at levels similar to those induced by live S. aureus N305. The in vivo immune response to purified S. aureus N305-secreted EVs was tested in a mouse model for bovine mastitis and their immunogenic effect was compared to that of live S. aureus N305, heat-killed S. aureus N305 and to S. aureus lipoteichoic acid (LTA). Clinical and histopathological signs were evaluated and pro-inflammatory and chemotactic cytokine levels were measured in the mammary gland 24 h post-inoculation. Live S. aureus induced a significantly stronger inflammatory response than that of any other condition tested. Nevertheless, S. aureus N305-secreted EVs induced a dose-dependent neutrophil recruitment and the production of a selected set of pro-inflammatory mediators as well as chemokines. This immune response elicited by intramammary S. aureus N305-secreted EVs was comparable to that of heat-killed S. aureus N305 and, partly, by LTA. These results demonstrated that S. aureus N305-secreted EVs induce a mild inflammatory response distinct from the live pathogen after intramammary injection. Overall, our combined in vitro and in vivo data suggest that EVs are worth to be investigated to better understand the S. aureus pathogenesis and are relevant tools to develop strategies against bovine S. aureus mastitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natayme R. Tartaglia
- STLO, INRA, Agrocampus Ouest, Rennes, France
- Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Koen Breyne
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Evelyne Meyer
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | | | | | - Denis Chrétien
- CNRS, Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes - UMR 6290, Université de Rennes, Rennes, France
| | - Aurélien Dupont
- CNRS, INSERM, Biologie, Santé, Innovation Technologique de Rennes - UMS 3480, Université de Rennes, Rennes, France
| | - Kristel Demeyere
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | | | - Vasco Azevedo
- Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Eric Guédon
- STLO, INRA, Agrocampus Ouest, Rennes, France
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25
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Rainard P, Gitton C, Chaumeil T, Fassier T, Huau C, Riou M, Tosser-Klopp G, Krupova Z, Chaize A, Gilbert FB, Rupp R, Martin P. Host factors determine the evolution of infection with Staphylococcus aureus to gangrenous mastitis in goats. Vet Res 2018; 49:72. [PMID: 30045763 PMCID: PMC6060506 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-018-0564-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is the major cause of very severe mastitis of dairy goats. The initial objective of our study was to fine-tune an experimental model of infection of the goat mammary gland with two strains of S. aureus and two lines of goats (low and high somatic cell score lines). Following the challenge, the 10 infected goats divided in two clear-cut severity groups, independently of the S. aureus strain and the goat line. Five goats developed very severe mastitis (of which four were gangrenous) characterized by uncontrolled infection (UI group), whereas the other five kept the infection under control (CI group). The outcome of the infection was determined by 18 h post-infection (hpi), as heralded by the bacterial milk concentration at 18 hpi: more than 107/mL in the UI group, about 106/mL in the CI group. Leukocyte recruitment and composition did not differ between the groups, but the phagocytic killing at 18 hpi efficiency did. Contributing factors involved milk concentrations of α-toxin and LukMF′ leukotoxin, but not early expression of the genes encoding the pentraxin PTX3, the cytokines IL-1α and IL-1β, and the chemokines IL-8 and CCL5. Concentrations of TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-17A, and IL-22 rose sharply in the milk of UI goats when infection was out of control. The results indicate that defenses mobilized by the mammary gland at an early stage of infection were essential to prevent staphylococci from reaching critical concentrations. Staphylococcal exotoxin production appeared to be a consequent event inducing the evolution to gangrenous mastitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Rainard
- ISP, INRA, UMR 1282, Université Tours, 37380, Nouzilly, France.
| | | | | | | | - Christophe Huau
- GenPhySE, INRA, UMR 1388, Université de Toulouse, 31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | | | - Gwenola Tosser-Klopp
- GenPhySE, INRA, UMR 1388, Université de Toulouse, 31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Zuzana Krupova
- GABI, INRA, UMR 1313, Université Paris Saclay, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France.,EXCILONE, 78990, Elancourt, France
| | - Anne Chaize
- GABI, INRA, UMR 1313, Université Paris Saclay, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | | | - Rachel Rupp
- GenPhySE, INRA, UMR 1388, Université de Toulouse, 31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Patrice Martin
- GABI, INRA, UMR 1313, Université Paris Saclay, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
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26
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Maia NL, de Barros M, de Oliveira LL, Cardoso SA, Dos Santos MH, Pieri FA, Ramalho TC, da Cunha EFF, Moreira MAS. Synergism of Plant Compound With Traditional Antimicrobials Against Streptococcus spp. Isolated From Bovine Mastitis. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1203. [PMID: 29928266 PMCID: PMC5998740 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Mastitis is an inflammation of the mammary gland that causes major losses in the dairy industry. Streptococcus spp. are among the main agents of this disease. Increased resistance to antibiotics is one of the causes of therapeutic failure. Plants, due to their broad chemodiversity, are an interesting source of new molecules with antibacterial activity. Using these compounds along with traditional antibiotics is a possible method for reversing resistance. The objective of this work was to determine the interactions between the activities of guttiferone-A and 7-epiclusianone, two active substances isolated from the fruits of Garcinia brasiliensis, and traditional antibiotics against Streptococcus spp. isolated from bovine mastitis and known to be resistant to them. First, the MIC for the antibiotics and bioactive compounds was determined, followed by their activities, alone and in combination. Then, their cytotoxicity was measured in bovine mammary epithelial cells. Finally, molecular docking simulations were performed to elucidate molecular details of the interactions between β-lactamase and the compounds binding to it (clavulanic acid, ampicillin, 7-epiclusianone, and guttiferone-A). The bacterial isolates were resistant to ampicillin and gentamicin. Both antibiotics showed predominantly synergistic antibacterial activities in combination with guttiferone-A or 7-epiclusianone. These two active substances were not cytotoxic at synergistic concentrations and both showed strong binding to β-lactamase, which may explain the reversal of ampicillin resistance. These substances are promising for the treatment of bovine mastitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha L Maia
- Bacterial Disease Laboratory, Department of Veterinary, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Brazil
| | - Mariana de Barros
- Bacterial Disease Laboratory, Department of Veterinary, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Brazil
| | - Leandro L de Oliveira
- Immunochemistry and Glycobiology Laboratory, Department of General Biology, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Brazil
| | - Silvia A Cardoso
- Department of Medicine and Nursing, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Brazil
| | - Marcelo H Dos Santos
- Synthesis of Agrochemicals Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Brazil
| | - Fabio A Pieri
- Department of Basic Life Sciences, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Governador Valadares, Brazil
| | | | | | - Maria A S Moreira
- Bacterial Disease Laboratory, Department of Veterinary, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Brazil
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27
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Misra N, Pu X, Holt DN, McGuire MA, Tinker JK. Immunoproteomics to identify Staphylococcus aureus antigens expressed in bovine milk during mastitis. J Dairy Sci 2018; 101:6296-6309. [PMID: 29729920 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-14040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 03/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is an opportunistic pathogen affecting both human and animal species. An effective vaccine to prevent S. aureus bovine disease and transmission would have positive effects on animal well-being, food production, and human health. The objective of this study was to identify multiple antigens that are immunoreactive during udder colonization and disease for exploration as vaccine antigens to prevent bovine mastitis. Staphylococcus aureus produces several cell wall-anchored and surface-associated virulence factors that play key roles in the pathogenesis of mastitis. Many of these proteins are conserved between different strains of S. aureus and represent promising vaccine candidates. We used an immunoproteomics approach to identify antigenic proteins from the surface of S. aureus. The expression of cell wall and surface proteins from S. aureus was induced under low iron conditions, followed by trypsin extraction and separation by 2-dimensional electrophoresis. The separated proteins were blotted with antibodies from mastitic bovine milk and identified by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Thirty-eight unique proteins were identified, of which 8 were predicted to be surface exposed and involved in S. aureus virulence. Two surface proteins, iron-regulated surface determinant protein C (IsdC) and ESAT-6 secretion system extracellular protein (EsxA), were cloned, expressed, and purified from Escherichia coli for confirmation of immune reactivity by ELISA. A PCR of 37 bovine S. aureus isolates indicated that the presence of esxA and isdC is conserved, and amino acid alignments revealed that IsdC and EsxA sequences are highly conserved. The immunoproteomics technique used in this study generated reproducible results and identified surface exposed and reactive antigens for further characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Misra
- Biomolecular Sciences Graduate Program, Boise State University, Boise, ID 83725
| | - X Pu
- Biomolecular Research Center, Boise State University, Boise, ID 83725
| | - D N Holt
- Biomolecular Sciences Graduate Program, Boise State University, Boise, ID 83725
| | - M A McGuire
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Science, University of Idaho, Moscow 83844
| | - J K Tinker
- Biomolecular Sciences Graduate Program, Boise State University, Boise, ID 83725; Department of Biological Sciences, Boise State University, Boise, ID 83725.
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28
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Hoque MN, Das ZC, Rahman ANMA, Haider MG, Islam MA. Molecular characterization of Staphylococcus aureus strains in bovine mastitis milk in Bangladesh. Int J Vet Sci Med 2018; 6:53-60. [PMID: 30255079 PMCID: PMC6147393 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijvsm.2018.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2018] [Revised: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a common causative agent of bovine mastitis in dairy herds worldwide. This study was designed to assess the prevalence of mastitis in cows through screening tests and molecular characterization of Staphylococcus aureus strains. Out of 175 randomly screened cows, mastitis was detected in 50 cows by California Mastitis Test (CMT), and from those mastitic cows, 200 quarter milk samples were collected for subsequent culture and PCR based identification. The herd, cow and quarter level prevalence of mastitis was 73.3, 28.6 and 29.5% respectively, and subclinical mastitis (SCM) was the predominant type in all cases. According to bacteriology the overall prevalence of herd, cow and quarter level Staphylococcus aureus mastitis was 72.7, 74.0 and 62.0%, respectively, and the pathogen was mostly associated with clinical mastitis (CM). Cows breed, parity, daily milk yield, regular teat dipping, and dry cow therapy were significantly associated (P < 0.05) risk factors for mastitis onset. This study identifies 145 Staphylococcus aureus isolates which varied greatly with the categories of mastitis (higher in CM), udder quarter location (highest in right rear quarters), and to a lesser extent in the study areas (P < 0.05). Antimicrobial susceptibility testing revealed that 79.3% Staphylococcus aureus strains were resistant to at least one antimicrobial, 49.0% to two or more antimicrobials, and clinical isolates showed more resistance to all tested antibiotics. The highest resistance rate was found to oxytetracyclin, and no resistance to ceftriaxone and azithromycin. Seven enterotoxin gene profile were detected in the tested isolates, and mecA was found in 20.0% isolates indicating the emergence and spread of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). The isolates were carrying genes in combination, and were found higher in SCM cases. In this study, plasmids (>23 kb to 2.9 kb) were detected in 70.3% strains, and 54.9% plasmid bearing strains were multiple drug resistant (MDR). Thus, the high prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus mastitis is an important concern for diary industry of Bangladesh since the strains of this pathogen is becoming more resistant to commercially available antimicrobials, and this is an alarming concern for both animal and public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- M N Hoque
- Department of Gynecology, Obstetrics & Reproductive Health, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University, Gazipur 1706, Bangladesh
| | - Z C Das
- Department of Gynecology, Obstetrics & Reproductive Health, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University, Gazipur 1706, Bangladesh
| | - A N M A Rahman
- Department of Gynecology, Obstetrics & Reproductive Health, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University, Gazipur 1706, Bangladesh
| | - M G Haider
- Department of Pathobiology, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University, Gazipur 1706, Bangladesh
| | - M A Islam
- International Centre for Diarrheal Disease Research, Bangladesh (ICDDR'B), Mohakhali, Bangladesh
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Åvall-Jääskeläinen S, Taponen S, Kant R, Paulin L, Blom J, Palva A, Koort J. Comparative genome analysis of 24 bovine-associated Staphylococcus isolates with special focus on the putative virulence genes. PeerJ 2018; 6:e4560. [PMID: 29610707 PMCID: PMC5880176 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.4560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2017] [Accepted: 03/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-aureus staphylococci (NAS) are most commonly isolated from subclinical mastitis. Different NAS species may, however, have diverse effects on the inflammatory response in the udder. We determined the genome sequences of 20 staphylococcal isolates from clinical or subclinical bovine mastitis, belonging to the NAS species Staphylococcus agnetis, S. chromogenes, and S. simulans, and focused on the putative virulence factor genes present in the genomes. For comparison we used our previously published genome sequences of four S. aureus isolates from bovine mastitis. The pan-genome and core genomes of the non-aureus isolates were characterized. After that, putative virulence factor orthologues were searched in silico. We compared the presence of putative virulence factors in the NAS species and S. aureus and evaluated the potential association between bacterial genotype and type of mastitis (clinical vs. subclinical). The NAS isolates had much less virulence gene orthologues than the S. aureus isolates. One third of the virulence genes were detected only in S. aureus. About 100 virulence genes were present in all S. aureus isolates, compared to about 40 to 50 in each NAS isolate. S. simulans differed the most. Several of the virulence genes detected among NAS were harbored only by S. simulans, but it also lacked a number of genes present both in S. agnetis and S. chromogenes. The type of mastitis was not associated with any specific virulence gene profile. It seems that the virulence gene profiles or cumulative number of different virulence genes are not directly associated with the type of mastitis (clinical or subclinical), indicating that host derived factors such as the immune status play a pivotal role in the manifestation of mastitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silja Åvall-Jääskeläinen
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Division of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Suvi Taponen
- Department of Production Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ravi Kant
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Division of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Lars Paulin
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jochen Blom
- Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, Justus Liebig Universität Gießen, Gießen, Germany
| | - Airi Palva
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Division of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Joanna Koort
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Division of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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30
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Andreotti CS, Baravalle C, Sacco SC, Lovato M, Pereyra EA, Renna MS, Ortega HH, Calvinho LF, Dallard BE. Characterization of immune response in Staphylococcus aureus chronically infected bovine mammary glands during active involution. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2017; 54:51-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2017.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2017] [Revised: 08/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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31
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Immune response of Staphylococcus aureus strains in a mouse mastitis model is linked to adaptive capacity and genotypic profiles. Vet Microbiol 2017; 204:64-76. [PMID: 28532808 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2017.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2016] [Revised: 02/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is one of the most frequently isolated major pathogens from intramammary infections (IMI) worldwide. The mechanisms by which S. aureus IMI are established and maintained in dairy cows involve both bacterial escape strategies and modulation of the host immune response. Moreover, it was shown that different S. aureus strains have varying effects on the immune response. The aim of this study was to investigate the immune response in a mouse mastitis model of two S. aureus strains isolated from bovine IMI with different clinical manifestation (persistent-P or non-persistent-NP), phenotypic and genotypic profile. Both strains were capable of establishing an IMI after 264h post inoculation (pi). Strain A (NP) showed a more aggressive behaviour than strain B (P) at early stages of IMI, while strain B multiplied initially at a lower rate but increased its replication capacity from 120h pi to the end of the study (264h pi). Strain A triggered a stronger initial inflammatory response compared with strain B inducing higher gene and protein expression of TLR2, NF-κB activation and higher gene expression of IL-1α at initial stage of IMI (6-12h pi) but inducing extensive mammary tissue damage. Immune cells response was different for each S. aureus strain throughout the course of infection, showing mammary glands inoculated with strain A greater initial immune cells stimulation compared with strain B and then a second immune cells stimulation (from 120 to 264h pi) represented by monocytes-macrophages, T and B lymphocytes, mainly stimulated by strain B, consistent with inflammatory process becoming chronic. Strain-specific pathogenicity observed underscores the importance of pathogen factors in the progression of the infectious process. These results contribute to increase the available information on host-pathogen interaction and point out for the need of further research to expand the knowledge about these interactions for developing new strategies to intervene in the IMI progress.
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Capra E, Cremonesi P, Pietrelli A, Puccio S, Luini M, Stella A, Castiglioni B. Genomic and transcriptomic comparison between Staphylococcus aureus strains associated with high and low within herd prevalence of intra-mammary infection. BMC Microbiol 2017; 17:21. [PMID: 28103794 PMCID: PMC5247818 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-017-0931-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Staphylococcus aureus (Staph. aureus) is one of the major pathogens causing mastitis in dairy ruminants worldwide. The chronic nature of Staph. aureus infection enhances the contagiousness risk and diffusion in herds. In order to identify the factors involved in intra-mammary infection (IMI) and diffusion in dairy cows, we investigated the molecular characteristics of two groups of Staph. aureus strains belonging to ST8 and ST398, differing in clinical properties, through comparison of whole genome and whole transcriptome sequencing. Results The two groups of strains, one originated from high IMI prevalence herds and the other from low IMI prevalence herds, present a peculiar set of genes and polymorphisms related to phenotypic features, such as bacterial invasion of mammary epithelial cells and host adaptation. Transcriptomic analysis supports the high propensity of ST8 strain to chronicity of infection and to a higher potential cytotoxicity. Conclusions Our data are consistent with the invasiveness and host adaptation feature for the strains GTB/ST8 associated to high within-herd prevalence of mastitis. Variation in genes coding for surface exposed proteins and those associated to virulence and defence could constitute good targets for further research. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12866-017-0931-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Capra
- Istituto di Biologia e Biotecnologia Agraria, CNR, via Einstein, 26900, Lodi, Italy.
| | - P Cremonesi
- Istituto di Biologia e Biotecnologia Agraria, CNR, via Einstein, 26900, Lodi, Italy
| | - A Pietrelli
- Istituto di Tecnologie Biomediche, CNR, Via Fratelli Cervi 93, 20090, Segrate, Milano, Italy.,Istituto Nazionale di Genetica Molecolare "Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi", Via Francesco Sforza 35, 20122, Milan, Italy
| | - S Puccio
- Istituto di Tecnologie Biomediche, CNR, Via Fratelli Cervi 93, 20090, Segrate, Milano, Italy.,Scuola di Dottorato in Medicina Molecolare e Traslazionale, Università di Milano, Segrate, Milan, 20009, Italy
| | - M Luini
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia, Sezione di Lodi, via Einstein, 26900, Lodi, Italy
| | - A Stella
- Istituto di Biologia e Biotecnologia Agraria, CNR, via Einstein, 26900, Lodi, Italy.,Parco Tecnologico Padano, Via Einstein, 26900, Lodi, Italy
| | - B Castiglioni
- Istituto di Biologia e Biotecnologia Agraria, CNR, via Einstein, 26900, Lodi, Italy
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Padmaja RJ, Halami PM. Taming C-terminal peptides of Staphylococcus aureus leukotoxin M for B-cell response: Implication in improved subclinical bovine mastitis diagnosis and protective efficacy in vitro. Toxicon 2016; 119:99-105. [PMID: 27242043 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2016.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Revised: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Leukotoxin M/F'-PV (LukM/F'-PV) produced by bovine mastitis causing Staphylococcus aureus structurally comprises three domains, the β-sandwich, rim and stem domain. The rim and stem domains interacting with target cell membrane lipid rafts contributes to the virulent trait of the toxin. In the present study, two facts were hypothesized that neutralization of these domains will ebb LukM/F'-PV leukotoxicity. Secondly, the neutralizing antibodies can improve the leukotoxin detection sensitivity in bovine mastitis milk samples. The in silico mapping of S. aureus LukM C-termini comprising these domains predicted seven linear B-cell antigenic epitopes. The immune response of C-terminal truncated recombinant peptides rCtM19 (19 kDa; near carboxy-terminal) having four epitopes and rCtM15 (15 kDa; C-terminal) with three epitopes were evaluated for their diagnostic and neutralization potential. Anti-rCtM19 and anti-rCtM15 antibodies with enhanced immunogenicity had the most striking outcome in IgG-ELISA for detecting native determinants of leukotoxin. For the obtained ELISA values, ROC curve inferred a cut-off score of >0.102 OD405. The assay sensitivity in the range of 90-96% along with 100% specificity and AUC of 0.93-0.98 categorized subclinical and clinical from healthy bovine milk samples. As observed through in vitro neutralization and LDH assays, C-terminus specific antibodies (1:42 titer) deactivating leukotoxicity abolished LukM from interacting with lipid bilayer and LukF for forming pores on bovine neutrophil membrane. As a proof of concept, it was proved that peptide antibodies can be a more specific serodiagnostic and passive therapeutic molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radhakrishnan Jayasree Padmaja
- Microbiology and Fermentation Technology Department, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore 570 020, India
| | - Prakash Motiram Halami
- Microbiology and Fermentation Technology Department, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore 570 020, India.
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McMillan K, Moore SC, McAuley CM, Fegan N, Fox EM. Characterization of Staphylococcus aureus isolates from raw milk sources in Victoria, Australia. BMC Microbiol 2016; 16:169. [PMID: 27473328 PMCID: PMC4966798 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-016-0789-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Highly pathogenic strains of Staphylococcus aureus can cause disease in both humans and animals. In animal species, including ruminants, S. aureus may cause severe or sub-clinical mastitis. Dairy animals with mastitis frequently shed S. aureus into the milk supply which can lead to food poisoning in humans. The aim of this study was to use genotypic and immunological methods to characterize S. aureus isolates from milk-related samples collected from 7 dairy farms across Victoria. Results A total of 30 S. aureus isolates were collected from milk and milk filter samples from 3 bovine, 3 caprine and 1 ovine dairy farms across Victoria, Australia. Pulsed Field Gel Electrophoresis (PFGE) identified 11 distinct pulsotypes among isolates; all caprine and ovine isolates shared greater than 80 % similarity regardless of source. Conversely, bovine isolates showed higher diversity. Multi-Locus Sequence Typing (MLST) identified 5 different sequence types (STs) among bovine isolates, associated with human or ruminant lineages. All caprine and ovine isolates were ST133, or a single allele variant of ST133. Two new novel STs were identified among isolates in this study (ST3183 and ST3184). With the exception of these 2 new STs, eBURST analysis predicted all other STs to be founding members of their associated clonal complexes (CCs). Analysis of genetic markers revealed a diverse range of classical staphylococcal enterotoxins (SE) among isolates, with 11 different SEs identified among bovine isolates, compared with just 2 among caprine and ovine isolates. None of the isolates contained mecA, or were resistant to oxacillin. The only antibiotic resistance identified was that of a single isolate resistant to penicillin; this isolate also contained the penicillin resistance gene blaZ. Production of SE was observed at 16 °C and/or 37 °C in milk, however no SE production was detected at 12 °C. Conclusion Although this study characterized a limited number of isolates, bovine-associated isolates showed higher genetic diversity than their caprine or ovine counterparts. This was also reflected in a more diverse SE repertoire among bovine isolates. Very little antibiotic resistance was identified among isolates in this study. These results suggest maintaining the milk cold chain will minimise any risk from SE production and highlights the need to prevent temperature abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate McMillan
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, PO Box 745, Archerfield BC, QLD 4108, Australia
| | - Sean C Moore
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, 671 Sneydes Road, Werribee, VIC 3030, Australia
| | | | - Narelle Fegan
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, 671 Sneydes Road, Werribee, VIC 3030, Australia
| | - Edward M Fox
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, 671 Sneydes Road, Werribee, VIC 3030, Australia.
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35
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Acosta AC, Silva LBGD, Medeiros ES, Pinheiro-Júnior JW, Mota RA. Mastites em ruminantes no Brasil. PESQUISA VETERINARIA BRASILEIRA 2016. [DOI: 10.1590/s0100-736x2016000700001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Resumo: A mastite é uma doença complexa e considerada uma das principais causas de perdas à indústria leiteira mundial. Objetivou-se com esta revisão compilar informações dos últimos dez anos sobre a mastite em ruminantes no Brasil. A prevalência da mastite subclínica chega a 48,64% na espécie bovina, 30,7% na espécie caprina, 31,45% na espécie ovina e 42,2% na espécie bubalina, destacando-se a etiologia por Staphylococcus spp. Os fatores de risco associados à ocorrência de mastite estão relacionados a problemas no saneamento ambiental e ao manejo dos animais. As bactérias isoladas do leite mastítico apresentam maior percentual de resistência a penicilina, ampicilina, amoxicilina e neomicina e a utilização de técnicas moleculares no diagnóstico dos agentes causadores de mastites no país, ainda é escassa o que dificulta a obtenção de um diagnóstico mais rápido, sensível e específico.
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36
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Peton V, Breyne K, Rault L, Demeyere K, Berkova N, Meyer E, Even S, Le Loir Y. Disruption of the sigS gene attenuates the local innate immune response to Staphylococcus aureus in a mouse mastitis model. Vet Microbiol 2016; 186:44-51. [PMID: 27016756 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2016.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Revised: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is a major pathogen involved in ruminant mastitis and present worldwide. Clinical signs of S. aureus mastitis vary considerably and are largely dependent on strain-specific factors. A comparison of two S. aureus strains that reproducibly induced either severe (O11) or mild (O46) mastitis in ewes revealed that the transcriptional regulator sigS was mutated in O46 (Le Maréchal et al., 2011. PLoS One. 6 (11) e27354. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0027354). In the present paper, we analysed the sigS sequence in 18 other S. aureus strains isolated from goat or ewe mastitis and found a 4-bp deletion similar to that of the O46 sigS gene in three strains associated with subclinical ewe mastitis. This sigS gene was disrupted in strain O11 (O11ΔsigS), so our aim was to investigate its involvement in the severity of infections in the context of mastitis. The wild type (wt) and mutant strains were then characterized in vitro to determine the involvement of sigS in the response S. aureus under various stress conditions, and assess its influence on the cytotoxicity of the pathogen, its invasive capacity and biofilm formation. The strains were compared in vivo in an experimental mouse mastitis model in which clinical signs and cytokine production were evaluated at 24h post-infection. While no significant differences in the effect on bacterial growth between O11 and O11ΔsigS were observed either in vitro or in vivo, a significantly weaker in vivo production of interleukin (IL)-1α, IL-1β, and Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF)-α was measured in the mammary glands infected with the mutant strain, suggesting that infection with O11ΔsigS induced an attenuated local innate immune response. These results suggest an impact of sigS disruption on S. aureus pathogenesis in a ruminant mastitis context. This disruption is probably involved in, and may partly explain, the milder symptoms previously observed in S. aureus O46-induced mastitis in ewes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Peton
- INRA, UMR 1253 STLO, 65 rue de Saint Brieuc, 35042 Rennes Cedex, France; Agrocampus Ouest, UMR1253 STLO, 85 rue de Saint Brieuc, 35042 Rennes Cedex, France
| | - Koen Breyne
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Lucie Rault
- INRA, UMR 1253 STLO, 65 rue de Saint Brieuc, 35042 Rennes Cedex, France; Agrocampus Ouest, UMR1253 STLO, 85 rue de Saint Brieuc, 35042 Rennes Cedex, France
| | - Kristel Demeyere
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Nadia Berkova
- INRA, UMR 1253 STLO, 65 rue de Saint Brieuc, 35042 Rennes Cedex, France; Agrocampus Ouest, UMR1253 STLO, 85 rue de Saint Brieuc, 35042 Rennes Cedex, France
| | - Evelyne Meyer
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Sergine Even
- INRA, UMR 1253 STLO, 65 rue de Saint Brieuc, 35042 Rennes Cedex, France; Agrocampus Ouest, UMR1253 STLO, 85 rue de Saint Brieuc, 35042 Rennes Cedex, France
| | - Yves Le Loir
- INRA, UMR 1253 STLO, 65 rue de Saint Brieuc, 35042 Rennes Cedex, France; Agrocampus Ouest, UMR1253 STLO, 85 rue de Saint Brieuc, 35042 Rennes Cedex, France.
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Pereyra EA, Picech F, Renna MS, Baravalle C, Andreotti CS, Russi R, Calvinho LF, Diez C, Dallard BE. Detection of Staphylococcus aureus adhesion and biofilm-producing genes and their expression during internalization in bovine mammary epithelial cells. Vet Microbiol 2016; 183:69-77. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2015.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2015] [Revised: 11/07/2015] [Accepted: 12/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Gomes F, Saavedra MJ, Henriques M. Bovine mastitis disease/pathogenicity: evidence of the potential role of microbial biofilms. Pathog Dis 2016; 74:ftw006. [PMID: 26772653 DOI: 10.1093/femspd/ftw006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine mastitis (BM) is a disease with high incidence worldwide and one of the most relevant bovine pathologies and the most costly to the dairy industry. BM is an inflammation of the udder and represents one of the most difficult veterinary diseases to control. Biofilm formation is considered a selective advantage for pathogens causing mastitis, facilitating bacterial persistence in the udder. In fact, recently some authors drew attention to the biofilm formation ability presented by several mastitis causing pathogens and to its possible relation with recurrent mastitis infections and with the increased resistance to antimicrobial agents and host immune defence system. Actually, up to now, several researchers reported the potential role of cells in this mode of growth in the previous facts mentioned. As a consequence of the presence of biofilms, the infection here focused is more difficult to treat and eradicate, making this problem a more relevant pressing issue. Thus, we believe that a deeper knowledge of these structures in mastitis can help to determine the best control strategy to be used in veterinary practice in order to reduce losses in the dairy industry and to ensure milk safety and quality. The aim of this paper was to review the existing research and consequently to provide an overview of the role of biofilms in BM infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Gomes
- CEB, Center of Biological Engineering, LIBRO-Laboratório de Investigação em Biofilmes Rosário Oliveira, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Maria José Saavedra
- CECAV- Veterinary and Animal Science Research Center, Veterinary Science Department, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Apartado 1013, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Mariana Henriques
- CEB, Center of Biological Engineering, LIBRO-Laboratório de Investigação em Biofilmes Rosário Oliveira, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
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Mazzilli M, Piccinini R, Scali F, Zecconi A. Pattern characterization of genes involved in non-specific immune response in Staphylococcus aureus isolates from intramammary infections. Res Vet Sci 2015; 103:54-9. [PMID: 26679796 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2015.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2015] [Revised: 09/07/2015] [Accepted: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus isolated from mammary gland are characterized by different genetic patterns. Ninety four isolates from 33 dairy herds were analyzed by the means of a microarray to investigate S. aureus virulence patterns and the distribution of genes believed to be involved in immune evasion. None of the 94 isolates considered were MRSA. However, 50% of the isolates belonged to complexes related to MRSA and to human diseases, while only about 25% of them can be considered as exclusively of bovine origin. The distribution of clonal complexes and the different gene patterns observed confirmed the presence of an influence of geographical localization. The assessment of the influence of genes related to immune evasion on quarter milk cell count showed as four of them showed to be significantly associated to an increase quarter milk SCC. These genes could be potential target for developing new vaccines against S. aureus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Mazzilli
- Dept. Animal Pathology, Hygiene and Public Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 10, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Renata Piccinini
- Dept. Animal Pathology, Hygiene and Public Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 10, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Federico Scali
- Dept. Animal Pathology, Hygiene and Public Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 10, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Alfonso Zecconi
- Dept. Animal Pathology, Hygiene and Public Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 10, 20133 Milano, Italy.
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40
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Mariutti RB, Souza TACB, Ullah A, Caruso IP, de Moraes FR, Zanphorlin LM, Tartaglia NR, Seyffert N, Azevedo VA, Le Loir Y, Murakami MT, Arni RK. Crystal structure of Staphylococcus aureus exfoliative toxin D-like protein: Structural basis for the high specificity of exfoliative toxins. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 467:171-7. [PMID: 26299923 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.08.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2015] [Accepted: 08/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Exfoliative toxins are serine proteases secreted by Staphylococcus aureus that are associated with toxin-mediated staphylococcal syndromes. To date, four different serotypes of exfoliative toxins have been identified and 3 of them (ETA, ETB, and ETD) are linked to human infection. Among these toxins, only the ETD structure remained unknown, limiting our understanding of the structural determinants for the functional differentiation between these toxins. We recently identified an ETD-like protein associated to S. aureus strains involved in mild mastitis in sheep. The crystal structure of this ETD-like protein was determined at 1.95 Å resolution and the structural analysis provide insights into the oligomerization, stability and specificity and enabled a comprehensive structural comparison with ETA and ETB. Despite the highly conserved molecular architecture, significant differences in the composition of the loops and in both the N- and C-terminal α-helices seem to define ETD-like specificity. Molecular dynamics simulations indicate that these regions defining ET specificity present different degrees of flexibility and may undergo conformational changes upon substrate recognition and binding. DLS and AUC experiments indicated that the ETD-like is monomeric in solution whereas it is present as a dimer in the asymmetric unit indicating that oligomerization is not related to functional differentiation among these toxins. Differential scanning calorimetry and circular dichroism assays demonstrated an endothermic transition centered at 52 °C, and an exothermic aggregation in temperatures up to 64 °C. All these together provide insights about the mode of action of a toxin often secreted in syndromes that are not associated with either ETA or ETB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo B Mariutti
- Multi User Center for Biomolecular Innovation, Department of Physics, IBILCE/UNESP, São José do Rio Preto, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Anwar Ullah
- Multi User Center for Biomolecular Innovation, Department of Physics, IBILCE/UNESP, São José do Rio Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Icaro P Caruso
- Multi User Center for Biomolecular Innovation, Department of Physics, IBILCE/UNESP, São José do Rio Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Fábio R de Moraes
- Multi User Center for Biomolecular Innovation, Department of Physics, IBILCE/UNESP, São José do Rio Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Leticia M Zanphorlin
- Bioethanol Science and Technology Laboratory (CTBE), National Center for Research in Energy and Materials, Campinas, SP, 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Natayme R Tartaglia
- Cellular and Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, 270-901, Brazil; INRA, UMR1253 STLO, Science et Technologie du Lait et de l'œuf, F-35042 Rennes, France; Agrocampus Ouest, UMR1253 STLO, F-35042 Rennes, France
| | - Nubia Seyffert
- Cellular and Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, 270-901, Brazil
| | - Vasco A Azevedo
- Cellular and Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, 270-901, Brazil
| | - Yves Le Loir
- INRA, UMR1253 STLO, Science et Technologie du Lait et de l'œuf, F-35042 Rennes, France; Agrocampus Ouest, UMR1253 STLO, F-35042 Rennes, France
| | - Mário T Murakami
- Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory (LNBio), National Center for Research in Energy and Materials, Campinas, SP, 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Raghuvir K Arni
- Multi User Center for Biomolecular Innovation, Department of Physics, IBILCE/UNESP, São José do Rio Preto, SP, Brazil.
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The bicomponent pore-forming leucocidins of Staphylococcus aureus. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2015; 78:199-230. [PMID: 24847020 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00055-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability to produce water-soluble proteins with the capacity to oligomerize and form pores within cellular lipid bilayers is a trait conserved among nearly all forms of life, including humans, single-celled eukaryotes, and numerous bacterial species. In bacteria, some of the most notable pore-forming molecules are protein toxins that interact with mammalian cell membranes to promote lysis, deliver effectors, and modulate cellular homeostasis. Of the bacterial species capable of producing pore-forming toxic molecules, the Gram-positive pathogen Staphylococcus aureus is one of the most notorious. S. aureus can produce seven different pore-forming protein toxins, all of which are believed to play a unique role in promoting the ability of the organism to cause disease in humans and other mammals. The most diverse of these pore-forming toxins, in terms of both functional activity and global representation within S. aureus clinical isolates, are the bicomponent leucocidins. From the first description of their activity on host immune cells over 100 years ago to the detailed investigations of their biochemical function today, the leucocidins remain at the forefront of S. aureus pathogenesis research initiatives. Study of their mode of action is of immediate interest in the realm of therapeutic agent design as well as for studies of bacterial pathogenesis. This review provides an updated perspective on our understanding of the S. aureus leucocidins and their function, specificity, and potential as therapeutic targets.
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Ünlü A, Tanriseven A, Sezen İY, Çelik A. A new lipase as a pharmaceutical target for battling infections caused byStaphylococcus aureus: Gene cloning and biochemical characterization. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2015; 62:642-51. [DOI: 10.1002/bab.1316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2014] [Accepted: 11/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aişe Ünlü
- Department of Chemistry; Gebze Institute of Technology; Gebze, Kocaeli Turkey
| | - Aziz Tanriseven
- Department of Chemistry; Gebze Institute of Technology; Gebze, Kocaeli Turkey
| | - İ. Yavuz Sezen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics; Gebze Institute of Technology; Gebze-Kocaeli Turkey
| | - Ayhan Çelik
- Department of Chemistry; Gebze Institute of Technology; Gebze, Kocaeli Turkey
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Veh K, Klein R, Ster C, Keefe G, Lacasse P, Scholl D, Roy JP, Haine D, Dufour S, Talbot B, Ribon A, Malouin F. Genotypic and phenotypic characterization of Staphylococcus aureus causing persistent and nonpersistent subclinical bovine intramammary infections during lactation or the dry period. J Dairy Sci 2015; 98:155-68. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2014-8044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2014] [Accepted: 09/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Peton V, Bouchard DS, Almeida S, Rault L, Falentin H, Jardin J, Jan G, Hernandez D, François P, Schrenzel J, Azevedo V, Miyoshi A, Berkova N, Even S, Le Loir Y. Fine-tuned characterization of Staphylococcus aureus Newbould 305, a strain associated with mild and chronic mastitis in bovines. Vet Res 2014; 45:106. [PMID: 25316113 PMCID: PMC4230361 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-014-0106-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2014] [Accepted: 10/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
S. aureus is a major aetiological agent of ruminant mastitis worldwide. The chronic nature of S. aureus mastitis makes it difficult to cure and prone to resurgence. In order to identify the bacterial factors involved in this chronicity, Newbould 305 (N305), a strain that can reproducibly induce mild and chronic mastitis in an experimental setting, was characterized in depth. We employed genomic and proteomic techniques combined with phenotype characterization, in order to comprehensively analyse N305. The results were compared with data obtained on S. aureus RF122, a strain representative of the major clone involved in severe bovine mastitis worldwide. Five mobile genetic elements were identified in the N305 genome as carrying virulence factors which correlated with phenotypic features such as cytotoxicity, mammary epithelial cell invasion or host-adaptation. In particular, the presence and characteristics of surface exposed proteins correlated well with the greater adhesion and internalization capacities of N305 in bovine mammary epithelial cells. N305 also displayed less diversity of toxin genes but secreted larger quantities of these toxins, associated with a higher cytotoxicity potential. Our data are consistent with the invasiveness and host-adaptation features which contribute to the chronicity of S. aureus mastitis. Mobile genetic elements, exoproteins and surface exposed proteins constitute good targets for further research to explore the underlying mechanisms related to mastitis chronicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Peton
- INRA, UMR 1253 STLO, 65 rue de Saint Brieuc, 35042, Rennes Cedex, France. .,Agrocampus Ouest, UMR1253 STLO, 85 rue de Saint Brieuc, 35042, Rennes Cedex, France.
| | - Damien S Bouchard
- INRA, UMR 1253 STLO, 65 rue de Saint Brieuc, 35042, Rennes Cedex, France. .,Agrocampus Ouest, UMR1253 STLO, 85 rue de Saint Brieuc, 35042, Rennes Cedex, France.
| | - Sintia Almeida
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil.
| | - Lucie Rault
- INRA, UMR 1253 STLO, 65 rue de Saint Brieuc, 35042, Rennes Cedex, France. .,Agrocampus Ouest, UMR1253 STLO, 85 rue de Saint Brieuc, 35042, Rennes Cedex, France.
| | - Hélène Falentin
- INRA, UMR 1253 STLO, 65 rue de Saint Brieuc, 35042, Rennes Cedex, France. .,Agrocampus Ouest, UMR1253 STLO, 85 rue de Saint Brieuc, 35042, Rennes Cedex, France.
| | - Julien Jardin
- INRA, UMR 1253 STLO, 65 rue de Saint Brieuc, 35042, Rennes Cedex, France. .,Agrocampus Ouest, UMR1253 STLO, 85 rue de Saint Brieuc, 35042, Rennes Cedex, France.
| | - Gwénaël Jan
- INRA, UMR 1253 STLO, 65 rue de Saint Brieuc, 35042, Rennes Cedex, France. .,Agrocampus Ouest, UMR1253 STLO, 85 rue de Saint Brieuc, 35042, Rennes Cedex, France.
| | - David Hernandez
- Genomic Research Laboratory, Service of Infectious Diseases, University of Geneva Hospitals (HUG), CH-1211, Geneva 14, Switzerland.
| | - Patrice François
- Genomic Research Laboratory, Service of Infectious Diseases, University of Geneva Hospitals (HUG), CH-1211, Geneva 14, Switzerland.
| | - Jacques Schrenzel
- Genomic Research Laboratory, Service of Infectious Diseases, University of Geneva Hospitals (HUG), CH-1211, Geneva 14, Switzerland.
| | - Vasco Azevedo
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil.
| | - Anderson Miyoshi
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil.
| | - Nadia Berkova
- INRA, UMR 1253 STLO, 65 rue de Saint Brieuc, 35042, Rennes Cedex, France. .,Agrocampus Ouest, UMR1253 STLO, 85 rue de Saint Brieuc, 35042, Rennes Cedex, France.
| | - Sergine Even
- INRA, UMR 1253 STLO, 65 rue de Saint Brieuc, 35042, Rennes Cedex, France. .,Agrocampus Ouest, UMR1253 STLO, 85 rue de Saint Brieuc, 35042, Rennes Cedex, France.
| | - Yves Le Loir
- INRA, UMR 1253 STLO, 65 rue de Saint Brieuc, 35042, Rennes Cedex, France. .,Agrocampus Ouest, UMR1253 STLO, 85 rue de Saint Brieuc, 35042, Rennes Cedex, France.
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Moving towards the immunodiagnosis of staphylococcal intramammary infections. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2014; 33:2095-104. [PMID: 24947175 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-014-2181-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2014] [Accepted: 06/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Bovine mastitis is the primary disease of dairy cattle that has a great impact on the dairy industry. It is estimated that worldwide economic losses due to mastitis range between US$82 and US$131 per cow/year. A fast and efficient diagnosis of the disease remains a major bottleneck that directly influences the speed with which treatment decisions and management are undertaken. Microbiological culture remains the gold standard in the identification of bacteria that cause mastitis, but the method has inherent limitations, such as a delay in obtaining results and cost, and requires special care during the collection and processing of the sample. For this reason, multiple groups have devoted efforts to develop alternative methods that, preferably, can be easily accomplished in the field. The specificity of the antigen-antibody reaction has enabled the emergence of major diagnostic methods used in clinical practice, such as immunoassays, which have significant advantages in terms of speed, sensitivity, specificity, and portability. Commercially, immunodiagnostics have been used in the detection of various diseases in cattle. However, in several cases, only a presumptive diagnosis can be made, which requires confirmation using culture-based methods. This review discusses the immunological-based assays developed since the 1990s for the detection of Staphylococcus aureus, which is considered the primary pathogen of contagious bovine mastitis. Although no ideal antigens ensure the accurate performance of tests and the costs need to be reduced to allow for good market competitiveness, immunoassays, particularly lateral flow immunoassay and immunoagglutination, have emerged as promising tests to be used in the field.
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Mediano P, Fernández L, Rodríguez JM, Marín M. Case-control study of risk factors for infectious mastitis in Spanish breastfeeding women. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2014; 14:195. [PMID: 24902596 PMCID: PMC4063223 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2393-14-195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2013] [Accepted: 05/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The purpose of this study was to identify potential predisposing factors associated with human infectious mastitis. Methods We conducted a case–control study among breastfeeding women, with 368 cases (women with mastitis) and 148 controls. Data were collected by a questionnaire designed to obtain retrospective information about several factors related to medical history of mother and infant, different aspects of pregnancy, delivery and postpartum, and breastfeeding practices that could be involved in mastitis. Bivariate analyses and multivariate logistic regression model were used to examine the relationship between mastitis and these factors. Results The variables significantly- and independently-associated with mastitis were cracked nipples (P < 0.0001), oral antibiotics during breastfeeding (P < 0.0001), breast pumps (P < 0.0001), topical antifungal medication during breastfeeding (P = 0.0009), mastitis in previous lactations (P = 0.0014), breast milk coming in later than 24 h postpartum (P = 0.0016), history of mastitis in the family (P = 0.0028), mother-infant separation longer than 24 h (P = 0.0027), cream on nipples (P = 0.0228) and throat infection (P = 0.0224). Conclusions Valuable factors related to an increased risk of infectious mastitis have been identified. This knowledge will allow practitioners to provide appropriate management advice about modifiable risk factors, such as the use of pumps or inappropriate medication. They also could identify before delivery those women at an increased risk of developing mastitis, such as those having a familial history of mastitis, and thus develop strategies to prevent this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - María Marín
- Departamento de Nutrición, Bromatología y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
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Padmaja RJ, Halami PM. Immunogenicity of Staphylococcus aureus LukM/F'-PV recombinant subunits: validation of diagnostic potential and evaluation of protective efficacy in vitro. Vet Microbiol 2014; 170:358-67. [PMID: 24674742 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2014.02.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2013] [Revised: 02/19/2014] [Accepted: 02/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Leukotoxin M/F'-Panton Valentine (LukM/F'-PV), a beta pore-forming toxin secreted by Staphylococcus aureus, is a major virulence factor involved in the pathogenesis of bovine mastitis. The present study was aimed to determine immunogenicity of two recombinant subunits of LukM/F'-PV, rLukM (MW 38 kDa) and rLukF (MW 39 kDa), develop and validate an indirect enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using polyclonal antibodies raised in rabbits, and evaluate applicability of the assay to diagnose clinical and subclinical bovine mastitis. Additionally, in vitro assays were conducted to determine abilities of antibodies to neutralize cytotoxicity of the native leukotoxin. A total of 87 bovine milk samples (healthy, subclinical and clinical mastitis) were evaluated for the presence of toxin determinants. Receiver-operator characteristic curve for the experimental ELISA values statistically interpreted a cut-off score of >0.109 OD405, with an assay specificity of 100% and sensitivity in the range of 80-87.5%. In addition, area under curve of 0.93-0.98 revealed the test was accurate in categorizing samples from infected and non-infected bovine. The rLukF IgG-ELISA was more sensitive than rLukM IgG-ELISA. Furthermore, it was evident from MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium) dye reduction, indirect immunofluorescence and lactate dehydrogenase assays that anti-rLukM/rLukF antibodies, with high neutralizing titers, inhibited in vitro leukotoxic activity and protected bovine neutrophil membrane integrity from cytotoxicity of native leukotoxin. The findings demonstrated that antibodies produced from recombinant subunits contribute to specific and sensitive immunodiagnosis and may also have the potential to provide passive therapeutic benefit in the management of bovine mastitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Padmaja
- Department of Food Microbiology, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore 570 020, India
| | - P M Halami
- Department of Food Microbiology, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore 570 020, India.
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Importance of bacillithiol in the oxidative stress response of Staphylococcus aureus. Infect Immun 2013; 82:316-32. [PMID: 24166956 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01074-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
In Staphylococcus aureus, the low-molecular-weight thiol called bacillithiol (BSH), together with cognate S-transferases, is believed to be the counterpart to the glutathione system of other organisms. To explore the physiological role of BSH in S. aureus, we constructed mutants with the deletion of bshA (sa1291), which encodes the glycosyltransferase that catalyzes the first step of BSH biosynthesis, and fosB (sa2124), which encodes a BSH-S-transferase that confers fosfomycin resistance, in several S. aureus strains, including clinical isolates. Mutation of fosB or bshA caused a 16- to 60-fold reduction in fosfomycin resistance in these S. aureus strains. High-pressure liquid chromatography analysis, which quantified thiol extracts, revealed some variability in the amounts of BSH present across S. aureus strains. Deletion of fosB led to a decrease in BSH levels. The fosB and bshA mutants of strain COL and a USA300 isolate, upon further characterization, were found to be sensitive to H2O2 and exhibited decreased NADPH levels compared with those in the isogenic parents. Microarray analyses of COL and the isogenic bshA mutant revealed increased expression of genes involved in staphyloxanthin synthesis in the bshA mutant relative to that in COL under thiol stress conditions. However, the bshA mutant of COL demonstrated decreased survival compared to that of the parent in human whole-blood survival assays; likewise, the naturally BSH-deficient strain SH1000 survived less well than its BSH-producing isogenic counterpart. Thus, the survival of S. aureus under oxidative stress is facilitated by BSH, possibly via a FosB-mediated mechanism, independently of its capability to produce staphyloxanthin.
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Staphylococcus aureus in veterinary medicine. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2013; 21:602-15. [PMID: 23974078 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2013.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2013] [Revised: 08/12/2013] [Accepted: 08/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a major opportunistic pathogen in humans and one of the most important pathogenic Staphylococcus species in veterinary medicine. S. aureus is dangerous because of its deleterious effects on animal health and its potential for transmission from animals to humans and vice-versa. It thus has a huge impact on animal health and welfare and causes major economic losses in livestock production. Increasing attention is therefore being paid to both livestock and companion animals in terms of this pathogen. In this review, we summarise the current knowledge on the animal host adaptation of S. aureus. Different types of S. aureus infections in animals are also presented, with particular emphasis on mastitis in dairy herds, which is probably the costliest and therefore the best documented S. aureus infection seen in animals.
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