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Molinet A, Courtillon C, Bougeard S, Keita A, Grasland B, Eterradossi N, Soubies S. Infectious bursal disease virus: predicting viral pathotype using machine learning models focused on early changes in total blood cell counts. Vet Res 2023; 54:101. [PMID: 37904195 PMCID: PMC10614337 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-023-01222-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Infectious bursal disease (IBD) is an avian viral disease caused in chickens by infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV). IBDV strains (Avibirnavirus genus, Birnaviridae family) exhibit different pathotypes, for which no molecular marker is available yet. The different pathotypes, ranging from sub-clinical to inducing immunosuppression and high mortality, are currently determined through a 10-day-long animal experiment designed to compare mortality and clinical score of the uncharacterized strain with references strains. Limits of this protocol lie within standardization and the extensive use of animal experimentation. The aim of this study was to establish a predictive model of viral pathotype based on a minimum number of early parameters measured during infection, allowing faster pathotyping of IBDV strains with improved ethics. We thus measured, at 2 and 4 days post-infection (dpi), the blood concentrations of various immune and coagulation related cells, the uricemia and the infectious viral load in the bursa of Fabricius of chicken infected under standardized conditions with a panel of viruses encompassing the different pathotypes of IBDV. Machine learning algorithms allowed establishing a predictive model of the pathotype based on early changes of the blood cell formula, whose accuracy reached 84.1%. Its accuracy to predict the attenuated and strictly immunosuppressive pathotypes was above 90%. The key parameters for this model were the blood concentrations of B cells, T cells, monocytes, granulocytes, thrombocytes and erythrocytes of infected chickens at 4 dpi. This predictive model could be a second option to traditional IBDV pathotyping that is faster, and more ethical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annonciade Molinet
- Agence Nationale de Sécurité Sanitaire de L'alimentation, de L'environnement Et du Travail, 41 Rue de Beaucemaine, 22440, Ploufragan, France
| | - Céline Courtillon
- Agence Nationale de Sécurité Sanitaire de L'alimentation, de L'environnement Et du Travail, 41 Rue de Beaucemaine, 22440, Ploufragan, France
| | - Stéphanie Bougeard
- Agence Nationale de Sécurité Sanitaire de L'alimentation, de L'environnement Et du Travail, 41 Rue de Beaucemaine, 22440, Ploufragan, France
| | - Alassane Keita
- Agence Nationale de Sécurité Sanitaire de L'alimentation, de L'environnement Et du Travail, 41 Rue de Beaucemaine, 22440, Ploufragan, France
| | - Béatrice Grasland
- Agence Nationale de Sécurité Sanitaire de L'alimentation, de L'environnement Et du Travail, 41 Rue de Beaucemaine, 22440, Ploufragan, France.
| | - Nicolas Eterradossi
- Agence Nationale de Sécurité Sanitaire de L'alimentation, de L'environnement Et du Travail, 41 Rue de Beaucemaine, 22440, Ploufragan, France
| | - Sébastien Soubies
- Agence Nationale de Sécurité Sanitaire de L'alimentation, de L'environnement Et du Travail, 41 Rue de Beaucemaine, 22440, Ploufragan, France
- INRAE-ENVT, UMR 1225 IHAP, 23 Chemin Des Capelles, 31076, Toulouse CEDEX 3, France
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Kajal S, Narang G, Jangir BL, Kundu P, Lather D, Chhabra R. Studies on immunopathological changes induced by commercial IBD live vaccines in poultry birds. Sci Rep 2023; 13:12379. [PMID: 37524771 PMCID: PMC10390494 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-39017-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Intermediate plus live strain infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) vaccines are used to control IBDV endemic infections in India. In the present study, immunopathological changes induced by commercial infectious bursal disease live vaccines with different immunization regimes were compared. A total of days old 108 Cobb broiler chicks were randomly divided into five groups with 24 chicks each in groups I, II, III and 18 chicks each in group IV and V. Group I served as control I (no immunization) and group II and III chicks were immunized with a single dose of vaccines 1 and 2 on 17th day of age (DOA), respectively. The group IV and V chicks were immunized with vaccines 1 and 2, respectively with primary dose on 17th DOA followed by booster dose on 24th DOA. Both intermediate plus live vaccines produced gross and histopathological lesions in lymphoid organs (bursa of Fabricius, thymus, spleen and caecal tonsils). Increased CD4 + , CD8 + T cells in affected bursa of Fabricius was evidenced by immunohistochemistry. Further, up-regulation in relative mRNA expression of IFN-γ, IL-1β and IL-6 were observed in bursa of Fabricius of treated birds, with maximum alteration particularly on 14th day post single immunization and 7th day post booster immunization. The findings suggest that single immunization regime on the 17th day of age showed immunization equivalent to booster immunization with lesser lesions, therefore, may be practiced and promoted in the field conditions for the better economic returns and animal welfare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sushma Kajal
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Sciences, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, Haryana, 125004, India.
| | - Gulshan Narang
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Sciences, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, Haryana, 125004, India
| | - Babu Lal Jangir
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Sciences, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, Haryana, 125004, India
| | - Pooja Kundu
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Epidemiology, College of Veterinary Sciences, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, Haryana, 125004, India
| | - Deepika Lather
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Sciences, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, Haryana, 125004, India
| | - Rajesh Chhabra
- College Central Laboratory, College of Veterinary Sciences, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, Haryana, 125004, India
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Le XTK, Do RT, Doan HTT, Nguyen KT, Pham LTK, Le TH. Phylogenotyping of infectious bursal disease virus in Vietnam according to the newly unified genotypic classification scheme. Arch Virol 2023; 168:201. [PMID: 37402052 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-023-05830-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2023]
Abstract
Since 1987, infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) has circulated and evolved in Vietnam, but little is known about the genotypes present. IBDV samples were collected in 1987, 2001-2006, 2008, 2011, 2015-2019, and 2021 in 18 provinces. We conducted phylogenotyping analysis based on an alignment of 143 VP2-HVR (hypervariable region) sequences from 64 Vietnamese isolates (26 previous and 38 additional sequences and two vaccines, and alignment of 82 VP1 B-marker sequences, including one vaccine and four Vietnamese field strains. The analysis identified three A-genotypes, A1, A3, and A7, and two B-genotypes, B1 and B3, among the Vietnamese IBDV isolates. The lowest average evolutionary distance (8.6%) was seen between the A1 and A3 genotypes, and the highest (21.7%) was between A5 and A7, while there was a distance of 14% between B1 and B3 and 17% between B3 and B2. Unique signature residues were observed for genotypes A2, A3, A5, A6, and A8, which could be used for genotypic discrimination. A timeline statistical summary revealed that the A3-genotype predominated (79.8% presence) in Vietnam from 1987 to 2021 and that it remained the dominant IBDV genotype over the last five years (2016-2021). The current study contributes to a better understanding of the circulating genotypes and evolution of IBDV in Vietnam and worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuyen Thi Kim Le
- Immunology Department, Institute of Biotechnology (IBT), Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), 18. Hoang Quoc Viet Rd, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam
- Graduate University of Science and Technology (GUST), Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), 18. Hoang Quoc Viet Rd, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Roan Thi Do
- Immunology Department, Institute of Biotechnology (IBT), Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), 18. Hoang Quoc Viet Rd, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam
- Graduate University of Science and Technology (GUST), Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), 18. Hoang Quoc Viet Rd, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Huong Thi Thanh Doan
- Immunology Department, Institute of Biotechnology (IBT), Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), 18. Hoang Quoc Viet Rd, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam
- Graduate University of Science and Technology (GUST), Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), 18. Hoang Quoc Viet Rd, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Khue Thi Nguyen
- Immunology Department, Institute of Biotechnology (IBT), Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), 18. Hoang Quoc Viet Rd, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam
- Graduate University of Science and Technology (GUST), Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), 18. Hoang Quoc Viet Rd, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Linh Thi Khanh Pham
- Immunology Department, Institute of Biotechnology (IBT), Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), 18. Hoang Quoc Viet Rd, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam
- Graduate University of Science and Technology (GUST), Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), 18. Hoang Quoc Viet Rd, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Thanh Hoa Le
- Immunology Department, Institute of Biotechnology (IBT), Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), 18. Hoang Quoc Viet Rd, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam.
- Graduate University of Science and Technology (GUST), Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), 18. Hoang Quoc Viet Rd, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam.
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Li K, Niu X, Jiang N, Zhang W, Wang G, Li K, Huang M, Gao Y, Qi X, Wang X. Comparative Pathogenicity of Three Strains of Infectious Bursal Disease Virus Closely Related to Poultry Industry. Viruses 2023; 15:1257. [PMID: 37376557 DOI: 10.3390/v15061257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Infectious bursal disease (IBD) is an acute, highly contagious, immunosuppressive, and fatal infectious disease of young chickens caused by infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV). Since 2017, a new trend has been discovered in the IBDV epidemic, with very virulent IBDV (vvIBDV) and novel variant IBDV (nVarIBDV) becoming the two current dominant strains in East Asia including China. In this study, we compared the biological characteristics of the vvIBDV (HLJ0504 strain), nVarIBDV (SHG19 strain), and attenuated IBDV (attIBDV, Gt strain) using specific-pathogen-free (SPF) chicken infection model. The results showed that vvIBDV distributed in multiple tissues, replicated the fastest in lymphoid organs such as bursa of Fabricius, induced significant viremia and virus excretion, and is the most pathogenic virus with a mortality of more than 80%. The nVarIBDV had a weaker replication capability and did not kill the chickens but caused severe damage to the central immune organ bursa of Fabricius and B lymphocytes and induced significant viremia and virus excretion. The attIBDV strain was found not to be pathogenic. Further studies preliminarily suggested that the expression level of inflammatory factors triggered by HLJ0504 was the highest, followed by the SHG19 group. This study is the first to systematically compare the pathogenic characteristics of three IBDVs closely related to poultry industry from the perspectives of clinical signs, micro-pathology, virus replication, and distribution. It is of great importance to obtain an extensive knowledge of epidemiology, pathogenicity, and comprehensive prevention, and control of various IBDV strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kailin Li
- Avian Immunosuppressive Diseases Division, State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
- World Organization for Animal Health (WOAH) Reference Laboratory for Infectious Bursal Disease, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
| | - Xinxin Niu
- Avian Immunosuppressive Diseases Division, State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
- World Organization for Animal Health (WOAH) Reference Laboratory for Infectious Bursal Disease, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
| | - Nan Jiang
- Avian Immunosuppressive Diseases Division, State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
- World Organization for Animal Health (WOAH) Reference Laboratory for Infectious Bursal Disease, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
| | - Wenying Zhang
- Avian Immunosuppressive Diseases Division, State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
- World Organization for Animal Health (WOAH) Reference Laboratory for Infectious Bursal Disease, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
| | - Guodong Wang
- Avian Immunosuppressive Diseases Division, State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
- World Organization for Animal Health (WOAH) Reference Laboratory for Infectious Bursal Disease, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
| | - Kai Li
- Avian Immunosuppressive Diseases Division, State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
- World Organization for Animal Health (WOAH) Reference Laboratory for Infectious Bursal Disease, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
| | - Mengmeng Huang
- Avian Immunosuppressive Diseases Division, State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
- World Organization for Animal Health (WOAH) Reference Laboratory for Infectious Bursal Disease, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
| | - Yulong Gao
- Avian Immunosuppressive Diseases Division, State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
- World Organization for Animal Health (WOAH) Reference Laboratory for Infectious Bursal Disease, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
| | - Xiaole Qi
- Avian Immunosuppressive Diseases Division, State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
- World Organization for Animal Health (WOAH) Reference Laboratory for Infectious Bursal Disease, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
| | - Xiaomei Wang
- Avian Immunosuppressive Diseases Division, State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
- World Organization for Animal Health (WOAH) Reference Laboratory for Infectious Bursal Disease, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
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Nwagbo I, Milani A, Salviato A, Zamperin G, Sulaiman L, Maurice N, Meseko C, Fusaro A, Shittu I. Genomic Analysis of Infectious Bursal Disease Virus in Nigeria: Identification of Unique Mutations of Yet Unknown Biological Functions in Both Segments A and B. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:vaccines11040867. [PMID: 37112779 PMCID: PMC10144922 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11040867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Infectious bursal disease (IBD) is a viral poultry disease known worldwide for impacting the economy and food security. The disease is endemic in Nigeria, with reported outbreaks in vaccinated poultry flocks. To gain insight into the dynamics of infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) evolution in Nigeria, near-complete genomes of four IBDVs were evaluated. Amino acid sequences in the hypervariable region of the VP2 revealed conserved markers (222A, 242I, 256I, 294I and 299S) associated with very virulent (vv) IBDV, including the serine-rich heptapeptide motif (SWSASGS). Based on the newly proposed classification for segments A and B, the IBDVs clustered in the A3B5 group (where A3 are IBDVs with vvIBDV-like segment A, and where B5 are from non-vvIBDV-like segment B) form a monophyletic subcluster. Unique amino acid mutations with yet-to-be-determined biological functions have been observed in both segments. Amino acid sequences of the Nigerian IBDVs showed that they are reassortant viruses. Circulation of reassortant IBDVs may be responsible for the vaccination failures observed in the Nigerian poultry population. Close monitoring of changes in the IBDV genome is recommended to nip deleterious changes in the bud through the identification and introduction of the most appropriate vaccine candidates and advocacy/extension programs for properly implementing disease control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ijeoma Nwagbo
- National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom 930010, Nigeria
| | - Adelaide Milani
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, 35020 Legnaro, Padova, Italy
| | - Annalisa Salviato
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, 35020 Legnaro, Padova, Italy
| | - Gianpiero Zamperin
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, 35020 Legnaro, Padova, Italy
| | - Lanre Sulaiman
- National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom 930010, Nigeria
| | - Nanven Maurice
- National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom 930010, Nigeria
| | - Clement Meseko
- National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom 930010, Nigeria
| | - Alice Fusaro
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, 35020 Legnaro, Padova, Italy
| | - Ismaila Shittu
- National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom 930010, Nigeria
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Pikuła A, Lisowska A, Domańska-Blicharz K. Epidemiology of Infectious Bursal Disease Virus in Poland during 2016-2022. Viruses 2023; 15:v15020289. [PMID: 36851502 PMCID: PMC9963850 DOI: 10.3390/v15020289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Infectious bursal disease virus is an immunosuppressive ubiquitous pathogen that causes serious economic losses in poultry production. The virus is prone to genetic changes through mutations and reassortment, which drive the emergence of new variants and lead to a change in the epidemiological situation in a field. Such a situation is currently being reported due to a large wave of IBDV A3B1 reassortant infections in northwestern Europe. On the other hand, in Poland, which is the largest producer of chicken meat in the EU, the IBDVs of genotypes A3B2 and A3B4 were circulating just before the emergence of A3B1 reassortants. The purpose of the presented study was to update the IBDV epidemiological situation. The performed molecular survey based on the sequence of both genome segments showed the presence of very virulent strains (A3B2) and reassortants of genotypes A3B4 and A3B1; moreover, two of these genotypes are newly introduced IBDV lineages. In addition, a number of amino acid substitutions were demonstrated, including within antigenic epitopes and virulence determinants. In conclusion, the results obtained indicated a dynamic epidemiological situation in Poland, which highlights the need for further monitoring studies in the region and verification of protection conferred by the vaccines used against infection with detected IBDV.
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Reddy VRAP, Nazki S, Asfor A, Broadbent AJ. An Infectious Bursal Disease Virus (IBDV) Reverse Genetics Rescue System and Neutralization Assay in Chicken B Cells. Curr Protoc 2023; 3:e639. [PMID: 36622206 PMCID: PMC10108048 DOI: 10.1002/cpz1.639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) is a major threat to the productivity of the poultry industry due to morbidity, mortality, and immunosuppression that exacerbates secondary infections and reduces the efficacy of vaccination programs. Field strains of IBDV have a preferred tropism for chicken B cells, the majority of which reside in the bursa of Fabricius (BF). IBDV adaptation to adherent cell culture is associated with mutations altering amino acids in the hypervariable region (HVR) of the capsid protein, which affects immunogenicity and virulence. Until recently, this has limited both the application of reverse genetics systems for engineering molecular clones, and the use of in vitro neutralization assays, to cell-culture-adapted strains of IBDV. Here, we describe the rescue of molecular clones of IBDV containing the HVR from diverse field strains, along with a neutralization assay to quantify antibody responses against the rescued viruses, both using chicken B cells. These methods are readily adaptable to any laboratory with molecular biology expertise and negate the need to obtain wild-type strains. © 2023 The Authors. Current Protocols published by Wiley Periodicals LLC. Basic Protocol 1: A chicken B-cell rescue system for IBDV Basic Protocol 2: A chicken B-cell neutralization assay for IBDV.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Amin Asfor
- The Pirbright Institute, Woking, UK.,Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Section Infection and Immunity, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guilford, UK
| | - Andrew J Broadbent
- The Pirbright Institute, Woking, UK.,Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland
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Zhang S, Zheng S. Host Combats IBDV Infection at Both Protein and RNA Levels. Viruses 2022; 14:v14102309. [PMID: 36298864 PMCID: PMC9607458 DOI: 10.3390/v14102309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 10/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Infectious bursal disease (IBD) is an acute, highly contagious, and immunosuppressive avian disease caused by infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV). In recent years, with the emergence of IBDV variants and recombinant strains, IBDV still threatens the poultry industry worldwide. It seems that the battle between host and IBDV will never end. Thus, it is urgent to develop a more comprehensive and effective strategy for the control of this disease. A better understanding of the mechanisms underlying virus-host interactions would be of help in the development of novel vaccines. Recently, much progress has been made in the understanding of the host response against IBDV infection. If the battle between host and IBDV at the protein level is considered the front line, at the RNA level, it can be taken as a hidden line. The host combats IBDV infection at both the front and hidden lines. Therefore, this review focuses on our current understanding of the host response to IBDV infection at both the protein and RNA levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shujun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Shijun Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-(10)-6273-4681
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Wang W, He X, Zhang Y, Qiao Y, Shi J, Chen R, Chen J, Xiang Y, Wang Z, Chen G, Huang J, Huang T, Wei T, Mo M, Wei P. Analysis of the global origin, evolution and transmission dynamics of the emerging novel variant IBDV (A2dB1b): The accumulation of critical aa-residue mutations and commercial trade contributes to the emergence and transmission of novel variants. Transbound Emerg Dis 2022; 69:e2832-e2851. [PMID: 35717667 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The Chinese IBDV novel variant (nvIBDV), belonging to the genotype A2dB1b, an emerging pathotype that can cause subclinical disease with severe, prolonged immunosuppression, poses a new threat to the poultry industry. The process of the global origin, evolution and transmission dynamics of nvIBDV, however, is poorly understood. In this study, phylogenetic trees, site substitutions of amino acid (aa) and highly accurate protein structure modelling, selection pressure, evolutionary and transmission dynamics of nvIBDV were analysed. Interestingly, nvIBDV was classified into the same genogroup with the early US antigenic variants (avIBDV) but in a new lineage with a markedly different and specific pattern of 17 aa-residual substitutions: 13 in VP2 (77D, 213N, 221K, 222T, 249K, 252I, 253Q, 254N, 284A, 286I, 299S, 318D and 323E) and four in VP1 (141I, 163V, 240E and 508K). Importantly, the aa-residues 299S and 163V may play a key role in cell binding and polymerase activity, respectively. The effective population size of the circulating avIBDV experienced two growth phases, respectively, in the years 1999-2007 (in North America) and 2015-2021 (in Asia), which is consistent with the observed trend of the epidemic outbreaks. The most recent common ancestor (tMRCA) of avIBDV most first originated in the USA and was dated around the 1970s. After its emergence, the ancestor virus of this group probably spread to China around the 1990s and the variants experienced a long-term latent circulation with the accumulation of several critical aa-residue mutations in VP2 until re-emerging in 2016. At present, central China has become the epicentre of nvIBDV spread to other parts of China and Asian countries. Importantly, a strong correlation seems to exist between the transmission patterns of virus and the flow of commercial trade of live poultry and products. These findings provide important insights into the origin, evolution and transmission of the nvIBDV and will assist in the development of programs for control strategies for these emerging viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Wang
- Institute for Poultry Science and Health, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Xiumiao He
- Guangxi Key Laboratory for Polysaccharide Materials and Modifications, School of Marine Sciences and Biotechnology, Guangxi University for Nationalities, Nanning, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Institute for Poultry Science and Health, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Yuanzheng Qiao
- Institute for Poultry Science and Health, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Jun Shi
- Institute for Poultry Science and Health, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Rui Chen
- Guangxi Key Laboratory for Polysaccharide Materials and Modifications, School of Marine Sciences and Biotechnology, Guangxi University for Nationalities, Nanning, China
| | - Jinnan Chen
- Guangxi Key Laboratory for Polysaccharide Materials and Modifications, School of Marine Sciences and Biotechnology, Guangxi University for Nationalities, Nanning, China
| | - Yanhua Xiang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory for Polysaccharide Materials and Modifications, School of Marine Sciences and Biotechnology, Guangxi University for Nationalities, Nanning, China
| | - Zhiyuan Wang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory for Polysaccharide Materials and Modifications, School of Marine Sciences and Biotechnology, Guangxi University for Nationalities, Nanning, China
| | - Guo Chen
- Institute for Poultry Science and Health, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Jianni Huang
- Institute for Poultry Science and Health, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Teng Huang
- Institute for Poultry Science and Health, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Tianchao Wei
- Institute for Poultry Science and Health, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Meilan Mo
- Institute for Poultry Science and Health, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Ping Wei
- Institute for Poultry Science and Health, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
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10
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Nooruzzaman M, Hossain I, Rahman MM, Uddin AJ, Mustari A, Parvin R, Chowdhury EH, Islam MR. Comparative pathogenicity of infectious bursal disease viruses of three different genotypes. Microb Pathog 2022; 169:105641. [PMID: 35714848 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2022.105641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Infectious bursal disease (IBD) is a highly immunosuppressive and often fatal viral disease of young chickens. The causal agent IBD virus (IBDV) is an avian Birnavirus having two genome segments that have evolved independently and contributed to the emergence of many genotypes with different pathogenic profile. The present study aimed at genetic and pathogenic characterization of IBDVs from Bangladesh. We performed phylogenetic analysis of 15 IBDV isolates recovered from field outbreaks in chickens during 2020-2021 and compared the pathogenicity of three selected isolates belonging to different genotypes on experimental infection in chickens. Out of 15 isolates, one was the typical vvIBDV of genotype A3B2, 13 were reassortant vvIBDV of genotype A3B3 having very virulent-like segment A and early Australian-like segment B, and the remaining one isolate was a classical virulent IBDV of A1aB1 genotype. A few amino acid substitutions were observed between the genotypes in four putative antigenic sites on VP2. In a comparative pathogenicity study, the typical vvIBDV isolate BD-25(A3B2) appeared to be the most virulent with 100% morbidity and 90% mortality, followed by the segment-reassortant vvIBDV isolate BD-28(A3B3) with 50% morbidity and 30% mortality. However, the gross and histopathological lesions in the bursa of Fabricius were similar. The classical virulent isolate BD-26(A1aB1) did not cause any clinical disease. In conclusion, three genotypes of IBDV are co-circulating in poultry of Bangladesh and the typical vvIBDV of A3B2 genotype was more virulent than the reassortant vvIBDV of A3B3 genotype. Further studies are required to assess the country-wide distribution of IBDV of different genotypes and the efficacy of the currently available vaccines in protecting chickens against different genotypes of IBDV in Bangladesh.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Nooruzzaman
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, 2202, Bangladesh
| | - Ismail Hossain
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, 2202, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Mijanur Rahman
- Department of Livestock Services, Ministry of Fisheries and Livestock, Krishi Khamar Sarak, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Abm Jalal Uddin
- Department of Livestock Services, Ministry of Fisheries and Livestock, Krishi Khamar Sarak, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Afrina Mustari
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, 2202, Bangladesh
| | - Rokshana Parvin
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, 2202, Bangladesh
| | - Emdadul Haque Chowdhury
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, 2202, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Rafiqul Islam
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, 2202, Bangladesh.
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11
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Wang W, Huang Y, Zhang Y, Qiao Y, Deng Q, Chen R, Chen J, Huang T, Wei T, Mo M, He X, Wei P. The emerging naturally reassortant strain of IBDV (genotype A2dB3) having segment A from Chinese novel variant strain and segment B from HLJ 0504-like very virulent strain showed enhanced pathogenicity to three-yellow chickens. Transbound Emerg Dis 2021; 69:e566-e579. [PMID: 34581009 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 09/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Novel variant infectious bursal disease virus (nvIBDV) is an emerging pathotype that can cause sub-clinical disease with severe, prolonged immunosuppression in young chickens. At present, two major pathotypes, including vvIBDV and nvIBDV, are prevailing in China. In this study, we propose that the nvIBDV is a new genotype (A2dB1b) and also first isolated and characterized a nvIBDV reassortant strain YL160304 (A2dB3) with segments A and B derived, respectively, from the nvIBDV and the HLJ-0504-like vvIBDV from yellow chickens in southern China. The YL160304 causes more extensive cytotropism and can infect specific-pathogen-free chicken embryos with severe subcutaneous hemorrhage. The pathogenicity of YL160304 to 4-week-old three-yellow chickens was determined and compared with those of the nvIBDV QZ191002 and the HLJ-0504-like vvIBDV NN1172. Weight gain was significantly reduced in all the challenged birds. No clinical signs and associated mortality were observed in the birds challenged with QZ191002, while the mortalities in the birds challenged with NN1172 and YL160304 were 30% (3/10) and 10% (1/10), respectively. At 7 days postchallenge, the bursa was severely damaged and the percentage of peripheral blood B lymphocyte (PBBL) decreased significantly in all the challenged birds and the quantity of the viral RNA detected in the bursa was in accordance with the results of the histomorphometry and the depletion of PBBL. This study not only confirmed the emerging epidemic of the novel variant and its reassortant strains, but also discovered that the naturally reassortant nvIBDV strain with the segment B of HLJ 0504-like vvIBDV can significantly enhance the pathogenicity to chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Wang
- Institute for Poultry Science and Health, Guangxi University, Nanning, P. R. China
| | - Yu Huang
- Institute for Poultry Science and Health, Guangxi University, Nanning, P. R. China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Institute for Poultry Science and Health, Guangxi University, Nanning, P. R. China
| | - Yuanzheng Qiao
- Institute for Poultry Science and Health, Guangxi University, Nanning, P. R. China
| | - Qiaomu Deng
- Institute for Poultry Science and Health, Guangxi University, Nanning, P. R. China
| | - Rui Chen
- School of Marine Sciences and Biotechnology, Guangxi University for Nationalities, Nanning, P. R. China.,Guangxi Key Laboratory Cultivation Base for Polysaccharide Materials and Modifications, Guangxi University for Nationalities, Nanning, P. R. China
| | - Jinnan Chen
- School of Marine Sciences and Biotechnology, Guangxi University for Nationalities, Nanning, P. R. China.,Guangxi Key Laboratory Cultivation Base for Polysaccharide Materials and Modifications, Guangxi University for Nationalities, Nanning, P. R. China
| | - Teng Huang
- Institute for Poultry Science and Health, Guangxi University, Nanning, P. R. China
| | - Tianchao Wei
- Institute for Poultry Science and Health, Guangxi University, Nanning, P. R. China
| | - Meilan Mo
- Institute for Poultry Science and Health, Guangxi University, Nanning, P. R. China
| | - Xiumiao He
- School of Marine Sciences and Biotechnology, Guangxi University for Nationalities, Nanning, P. R. China.,Guangxi Key Laboratory Cultivation Base for Polysaccharide Materials and Modifications, Guangxi University for Nationalities, Nanning, P. R. China
| | - Ping Wei
- Institute for Poultry Science and Health, Guangxi University, Nanning, P. R. China
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12
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Cubas-Gaona LL, Flageul A, Courtillon C, Briand FX, Contrant M, Bougeard S, Lucas P, Quenault H, Leroux A, Keita A, Amelot M, Grasland B, Blanchard Y, Eterradossi N, Brown PA, Soubies SM. Genome Evolution of Two Genetically Homogeneous Infectious Bursal Disease Virus Strains During Passages in vitro and ex vivo in the Presence of a Mutagenic Nucleoside Analog. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:678563. [PMID: 34177862 PMCID: PMC8226269 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.678563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The avibirnavirus infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) is responsible for a highly contagious and sometimes lethal disease of chickens (Gallus gallus). IBDV genetic variation is well-described for both field and live-attenuated vaccine strains, however, the dynamics and selection pressures behind this genetic evolution remain poorly documented. Here, genetically homogeneous virus stocks were generated using reverse genetics for a very virulent strain, rvv, and a vaccine-related strain, rCu-1. These viruses were serially passaged at controlled multiplicities of infection in several biological systems, including primary chickens B cells, the main cell type targeted by IBDV in vivo. Passages were also performed in the absence or presence of a strong selective pressure using the antiviral nucleoside analog 7-deaza-2'-C-methyladenosine (7DMA). Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) of viral genomes after the last passage in each biological system revealed that (i) a higher viral diversity was generated in segment A than in segment B, regardless 7DMA treatment and viral strain, (ii) diversity in segment B was increased by 7DMA treatment in both viruses, (iii) passaging of IBDV in primary chicken B cells, regardless of 7DMA treatment, did not select cell-culture adapted variants of rvv, preserving its capsid protein (VP2) properties, (iv) mutations in coding and non-coding regions of rCu-1 segment A could potentially associate to higher viral fitness, and (v) a specific selection, upon 7DMA addition, of a Thr329Ala substitution occurred in the viral polymerase VP1. The latter change, together with Ala270Thr change in VP2, proved to be associated with viral attenuation in vivo. These results identify genome sequences that are important for IBDV evolution in response to selection pressures. Such information will help tailor better strategies for controlling IBDV infection in chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liliana L Cubas-Gaona
- Avian and Rabbit Virology, Immunology and Parasitology Unit (VIPAC), French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Heath Safety (ANSES), Ploufragan, France
| | - Alexandre Flageul
- Avian and Rabbit Virology, Immunology and Parasitology Unit (VIPAC), French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Heath Safety (ANSES), Ploufragan, France
| | - Céline Courtillon
- Avian and Rabbit Virology, Immunology and Parasitology Unit (VIPAC), French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Heath Safety (ANSES), Ploufragan, France
| | - Francois-Xavier Briand
- Avian and Rabbit Virology, Immunology and Parasitology Unit (VIPAC), French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Heath Safety (ANSES), Ploufragan, France
| | - Maud Contrant
- Viral Genetics and Biosecurity Unit (GVB), French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Heath Safety (ANSES), Ploufragan, France
| | - Stephanie Bougeard
- Epidemiology, Animal Health and Welfare Unit (EPISABE), French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Heath Safety (ANSES), Ploufragan, France
| | - Pierrick Lucas
- Viral Genetics and Biosecurity Unit (GVB), French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Heath Safety (ANSES), Ploufragan, France
| | - Hélène Quenault
- Viral Genetics and Biosecurity Unit (GVB), French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Heath Safety (ANSES), Ploufragan, France
| | - Aurélie Leroux
- Viral Genetics and Biosecurity Unit (GVB), French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Heath Safety (ANSES), Ploufragan, France
| | - Alassane Keita
- Experimental Poultry Unit (SELEAC), French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Heath Safety (ANSES), Ploufragan, France
| | - Michel Amelot
- Experimental Poultry Unit (SELEAC), French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Heath Safety (ANSES), Ploufragan, France
| | - Béatrice Grasland
- Avian and Rabbit Virology, Immunology and Parasitology Unit (VIPAC), French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Heath Safety (ANSES), Ploufragan, France
| | - Yannick Blanchard
- Viral Genetics and Biosecurity Unit (GVB), French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Heath Safety (ANSES), Ploufragan, France
| | - Nicolas Eterradossi
- Avian and Rabbit Virology, Immunology and Parasitology Unit (VIPAC), French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Heath Safety (ANSES), Ploufragan, France
| | - Paul Alun Brown
- Avian and Rabbit Virology, Immunology and Parasitology Unit (VIPAC), French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Heath Safety (ANSES), Ploufragan, France
| | - Sébastien Mathieu Soubies
- Avian and Rabbit Virology, Immunology and Parasitology Unit (VIPAC), French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Heath Safety (ANSES), Ploufragan, France
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13
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The Novel Genetic Background of Infectious Bursal Disease Virus Strains Emerging from the Action of Positive Selection. Viruses 2021; 13:v13030396. [PMID: 33801413 PMCID: PMC7998436 DOI: 10.3390/v13030396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The circulation in Europe of novel reassortant strains of infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV), containing a unique genetic background composition, represents a serious problem for animal health. Since the emergence of this novel IBDV mosaic was first described in Poland, this scenario has become particularly attractive to uncover the evolutionary forces driving the genetic diversity of IBDV populations. This study additionally addressed the phenotypic characterization of these emergent strains, as well as the main features affecting the viral fitness during the competition process of IBDV lineages in the field. Our results showed how different evolutionary mechanisms modulate the genetic diversity of co-existent IBDV lineages, leading to the error catastrophe effect, Muller ratchet effect, or prevalence, depending on their genetic compositions. We also determined that the action of the positive selection pressure, depending on the genomic segment on which it is acting, can drive two main phenotypes for IBDV: immune-escaping strains from the selection on segment A or strains with functional advantages from the selection on segment B. This last group seems to possess an increased fitness landscape in the viral quasispecies composition, presenting better adaptability to dissimilar environmental conditions and likely becoming the dominant population. The reassortant strains also exhibited a lower mortality rate compared with the well-known vvIBDV strains, which can facilitate their spreading.
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14
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Islam MR, Nooruzzaman M, Rahman T, Mumu TT, Rahman MM, Chowdhury EH, Eterradossi N, Müller H. A unified genotypic classification of infectious bursal disease virus based on both genome segments. Avian Pathol 2021; 50:190-206. [PMID: 33410703 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2021.1873245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) of chickens is a birnavirus with a bi-segmented double-stranded RNA genome, the segments designated as A and B. We performed phylogenetic analysis using a 366-bp fragment of segment A (nt 785-1150) and a 508-bp fragment of segment B (nt 328-835) of IBDV. A total of 463 segment A and 434 segment B sequences from GenBank, including the sequences of eight recent Bangladeshi isolates, were used in the analysis. The analysis revealed eight genogroups of segment A under serotype 1, designated as A1 (classical), A2 (US antigenic variant), A3 (very virulent), A4 (dIBDV), A5 (atypical Mexican), A6 (atypical Italian), A7 (early Australian) and A8 (Australian variant), and a single genogroup under serotype 2, designated as A0. On the other hand, segment B could be categorized into five genogroups irrespective of serotype, these being B1 (classical-like), B2 (very virulent-like), B3 (early Australian-like), B4 (Polish & Tanzanian) and B5 (Nigerian). Segment B of serotype 2 strains clustered within genogroup B1. With the bi-segmented genome of IBDV, these differences would allow for a total of 45 possible assortments. Based on the combinations of segment A and segment B genogroups observed in 463 IBDV strains, a total of 15 genotypes could be recognized. Recent Bangladeshi IBDV strains, isolated in 2016, appeared to be segment reassortants having segment A of genogroup A3 (very virulent) and segment B of genogroup B3 (early Australian-like). An extended system of nomenclature of IBDV strains is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Rafiqul Islam
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammed Nooruzzaman
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
| | - Tazinur Rahman
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
| | - Tanjin Tamanna Mumu
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Mijanur Rahman
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
| | - Emdadul Haque Chowdhury
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
| | - Nicolas Eterradossi
- French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health Safety (ANSES) Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort Laboratory, Avian and Rabbit Epidemiology and Welfare Unit, OIE Reference Laboratory for Infectious Bursal Disease Ploufragan, France
| | - Hermann Müller
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, Institute for Virology, Leipzig, Germany
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15
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Wang W, Huang Y, Ji Z, Chen G, Zhang Y, Qiao Y, Shi M, Li M, Huang T, Wei T, Mo M, He X, Wei P. The Full Region of N-Terminal in Polymerase of IBDV Plays an Important Role in Viral Replication and Pathogenicity: Either Partial Region or Single Amino Acid V4I Substitution Does Not Completely Lead to the Virus Attenuation to Three-Yellow Chickens. Viruses 2021; 13:v13010107. [PMID: 33466596 PMCID: PMC7828667 DOI: 10.3390/v13010107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Infectious Bursal Disease Virus (IBDV) has haunted the poultry industry with severe, prolonged immunosuppression of chickens when infected at an early age and can easily lead to other secondary infections. Understanding the pathogenic mechanisms could lead to effective prevention and control of Infectious Bursal Disease (IBD). Evidence suggests that the N-terminal domain of polymerase in segment B plays an important role, but it is not clear which part or residual is crucial for the pathogenicity. Using a reverse genetics technique, a molecular clone (rNN1172) of the parental vvIBDV strain NN1172 was generated, and its pathogenicity was found to be the same as the parental virus. Then, three recombinant chimeric viruses were rescued based on the rNN1172 and substituted with the counterparts in the N-terminal domain of the attenuated vaccine strain B87: the rNN1172-B87VP1a (substituting the full region of the 1–167 aa residuals), the rNN1172-B87VP1a∆4 (substituting the region of the 5–167 aa residuals), and the rNN1172-VP1∆4 (one single aa residual substitution V4I), to better explore the role of the N-terminal domain of polymerase on the viral pathogenicity. Interestingly, all these substitutions played different roles in the viral pathogenicity: the mortality of the rNN1172-B87VP1a-challenged chickens was significantly reduced from 30% to 0%. No obvious lesion was found in the histopathological examination, and the lowest viral genome copy number was also detected in the bursa when compared to the parental and two other recombinant viruses. The mortalities caused by rNN1172-B87VP1a∆4 and rNN1172-B87VP1∆4, respectively, were all reduced to 10% and had a delayed onset of death. Our results also revealed that the pathogenicity of the IBDV was consistent with the viral replication efficiency in vivo (bursae). This study demonstrated that the full region of the N-terminal of polymerase plays an important role in viral replication and pathogenicity, but the substitutions of its partial region or a single residual do not completely lead to the virus attenuation to Three-Yellow chickens, although that significantly reduces its pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Wang
- Institute for Poultry Science and Health, Guangxi University, Nanning 530005, China; (W.W.); (Y.H.); (Z.J.); (G.C.); (Y.Z.); (Y.Q.); (M.S.); (M.L.); (T.H.); (T.W.); (M.M.)
| | - Yu Huang
- Institute for Poultry Science and Health, Guangxi University, Nanning 530005, China; (W.W.); (Y.H.); (Z.J.); (G.C.); (Y.Z.); (Y.Q.); (M.S.); (M.L.); (T.H.); (T.W.); (M.M.)
| | - Zhonghua Ji
- Institute for Poultry Science and Health, Guangxi University, Nanning 530005, China; (W.W.); (Y.H.); (Z.J.); (G.C.); (Y.Z.); (Y.Q.); (M.S.); (M.L.); (T.H.); (T.W.); (M.M.)
| | - Guo Chen
- Institute for Poultry Science and Health, Guangxi University, Nanning 530005, China; (W.W.); (Y.H.); (Z.J.); (G.C.); (Y.Z.); (Y.Q.); (M.S.); (M.L.); (T.H.); (T.W.); (M.M.)
| | - Yan Zhang
- Institute for Poultry Science and Health, Guangxi University, Nanning 530005, China; (W.W.); (Y.H.); (Z.J.); (G.C.); (Y.Z.); (Y.Q.); (M.S.); (M.L.); (T.H.); (T.W.); (M.M.)
| | - Yuanzheng Qiao
- Institute for Poultry Science and Health, Guangxi University, Nanning 530005, China; (W.W.); (Y.H.); (Z.J.); (G.C.); (Y.Z.); (Y.Q.); (M.S.); (M.L.); (T.H.); (T.W.); (M.M.)
| | - Mengya Shi
- Institute for Poultry Science and Health, Guangxi University, Nanning 530005, China; (W.W.); (Y.H.); (Z.J.); (G.C.); (Y.Z.); (Y.Q.); (M.S.); (M.L.); (T.H.); (T.W.); (M.M.)
| | - Min Li
- Institute for Poultry Science and Health, Guangxi University, Nanning 530005, China; (W.W.); (Y.H.); (Z.J.); (G.C.); (Y.Z.); (Y.Q.); (M.S.); (M.L.); (T.H.); (T.W.); (M.M.)
| | - Teng Huang
- Institute for Poultry Science and Health, Guangxi University, Nanning 530005, China; (W.W.); (Y.H.); (Z.J.); (G.C.); (Y.Z.); (Y.Q.); (M.S.); (M.L.); (T.H.); (T.W.); (M.M.)
| | - Tianchao Wei
- Institute for Poultry Science and Health, Guangxi University, Nanning 530005, China; (W.W.); (Y.H.); (Z.J.); (G.C.); (Y.Z.); (Y.Q.); (M.S.); (M.L.); (T.H.); (T.W.); (M.M.)
| | - Meilan Mo
- Institute for Poultry Science and Health, Guangxi University, Nanning 530005, China; (W.W.); (Y.H.); (Z.J.); (G.C.); (Y.Z.); (Y.Q.); (M.S.); (M.L.); (T.H.); (T.W.); (M.M.)
| | - Xiumiao He
- School of Marine Sciences and Biotechnology, Guangxi University for Nationalities, Nanning 530006, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory Cultivation Base for Polysaccharide Materials and Modifications, Guangxi University for Nationalities, Nanning 530006, China
- Correspondence: (X.H.); (P.W.)
| | - Ping Wei
- Institute for Poultry Science and Health, Guangxi University, Nanning 530005, China; (W.W.); (Y.H.); (Z.J.); (G.C.); (Y.Z.); (Y.Q.); (M.S.); (M.L.); (T.H.); (T.W.); (M.M.)
- Correspondence: (X.H.); (P.W.)
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16
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Ex vivo rescue of recombinant very virulent IBDV using a RNA polymerase II driven system and primary chicken bursal cells. Sci Rep 2020; 10:13298. [PMID: 32764663 PMCID: PMC7411059 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-70095-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Infectious Bursal Disease Virus (IBDV), a member of the Birnaviridae family, causes an immunosuppressive disease in young chickens. Although several reverse genetics systems are available for IBDV, the isolation of most field-derived strains, such as very virulent IBDV (vvIBDV) and their subsequent rescue, has remained challenging due to the lack of replication of those viruses in vitro. Such rescue required either the inoculation of animals, embryonated eggs, or the introduction of mutations in the capsid protein (VP2) hypervariable region (HVR) to adapt the virus to cell culture, the latter option concomitantly altering its virulence in vivo. We describe an improved ex vivo IBDV rescue system based on the transfection of an avian cell line with RNA polymerase II-based expression vectors, combined with replication on primary chicken bursal cells, the main cell type targeted in vivo of IBDV. We validated this system by rescuing to high titers two recombinant IBDV strains: a cell-culture adapted attenuated strain and a vvIBDV. Sequencing of VP2 HVR confirmed the absence of unwanted mutations that may alter the biological properties of the recombinant viruses. Therefore, this approach is efficient, economical, time-saving, reduces animal suffering and can be used to rescue other non-cell culture adapted IBDV strains.
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17
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Dulwich KL, Asfor A, Gray A, Giotis ES, Skinner MA, Broadbent AJ. The Stronger Downregulation of in vitro and in vivo Innate Antiviral Responses by a Very Virulent Strain of Infectious Bursal Disease Virus (IBDV), Compared to a Classical Strain, Is Mediated, in Part, by the VP4 Protein. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:315. [PMID: 32582573 PMCID: PMC7296162 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.00315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
IBDV is economically important to the poultry industry. Very virulent (vv) strains cause higher mortality rates than other strains for reasons that remain poorly understood. In order to provide more information on IBDV disease outcome, groups of chickens (n = 18) were inoculated with the vv strain, UK661, or the classical strain, F52/70. Birds infected with UK661 had a lower survival rate (50%) compared to F52/70 (80%). There was no difference in peak viral replication in the bursa of Fabricius (BF), but the expression of chicken IFNα, IFNβ, MX1, and IL-8 was significantly lower in the BF of birds infected with UK661 compared to F52/70 (p < 0.05) as quantified by RTqPCR, and this trend was also observed in DT40 cells infected with UK661 or F52/70 (p < 0.05). The induction of expression of type I IFN in DF-1 cells stimulated with polyI:C (measured by an IFN-β luciferase reporter assay) was significantly reduced in cells expressing ectopic VP4 from UK661 (p < 0.05), but was higher in cells expressing ectopic VP4 from F52/70. Cells infected with a chimeric recombinant IBDV carrying the UK661-VP4 gene in the background of PBG98, an attenuated vaccine strain that induces high levels of innate responses (PBG98-VP4UK661) also showed a reduced level of IFNα and IL-8 compared to cells infected with a chimeric virus carrying the F52/70-VP4 gene (PBG98-VP4F52/70) (p < 0.01), and birds infected with PBG98-VP4UK661 also had a reduced expression of IFNα in the BF compared to birds infected with PBG98-VP4F52/70 (p < 0.05). Taken together, these data demonstrate that UK661 induced the expression of lower levels of anti-viral type I IFN and proinflammatory genes than the classical strain in vitro and in vivo and this was, in part, due to strain-dependent differences in the VP4 protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine L. Dulwich
- Birnaviruses Group, The Pirbright Institute, Woking, United Kingdom
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Amin Asfor
- Birnaviruses Group, The Pirbright Institute, Woking, United Kingdom
| | - Alice Gray
- Birnaviruses Group, The Pirbright Institute, Woking, United Kingdom
| | - Efstathios S. Giotis
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- School of Life Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester, United Kingdom
| | - Michael A. Skinner
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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Rapid Generation of Attenuated Infectious Bursal Disease Virus from Dual-Promoter Plasmids by Reduction of Viral Ribonucleoprotein Activity. J Virol 2020; 94:JVI.01569-19. [PMID: 31915284 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01569-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) of the Birnaviridae family leads to immunosuppression of young chickens by destroying B cells in the bursa of Fabricius (BFs). Given the increasing number of variant IBDV strains, we urgently require a method to produce attenuated virus for vaccine development. To accomplish this goal, the dual-promoter plasmids in which the RNA polymerase II and RNA polymerase I (Pol I) promoters were placed upstream of the IBDV genomic sequence, which was followed by mouse Pol I terminator and a synthetic polyadenylation signal, were developed for rapid generation of IBDV. This approach did not require trans-supplementation of plasmids for the expression of VP1 and VP3, the main components of IBDV ribonucleoprotein (RNP). Based on the finding in this study that the IBDV RNP activity was partially retained by VP1-FLAG, we successfully rescued the replication-competent IBDV/1FLAG expressing VP1-FLAG. Compared with its parental counterpart, IBDV/1FLAG formed smaller size plaques in cultured cells and induced the same 100% immune protection in vivo However, neither retarded development nor severe BFs lesion was observed in the IBDV/1FLAG-inoculated chickens. Collectively, this is the first report that viral RNP activity was affected by the addition of an epitope tag on the componential viral proteins. Furthermore, this work demonstrates the rapid generation of attenuated IBDV from dual-promoter plasmids via reducing viral RNP activity by a fused FLAG tag on the C terminus of VP1. This would be a convenient strategy to attenuate epidemic variant IBDV strains for rapid and efficient vaccine development.IMPORTANCE Immunosuppression in chickens as a result of infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) infection leads to significant economic losses in the poultry industry worldwide every year. Currently, vaccination is still the best way to prevent the prevalence of IBDV. However, with the occurrence of increasing numbers of variant IBDV strains, it is challenging to develop antigen-matched live attenuated vaccine. Here, we first developed a dual-promoter reverse-genetic system for the rapid generation of IBDV. Using this system, the attenuated IBDV/1FLAG expressing VP1-FLAG, which displays the decreased viral RNP activity, was rescued. Moreover, IBDV/1FLAG inoculation induced a similar level of neutralizing antibodies to that of its parental counterpart, protecting chickens against lethal challenge. Our study, for the first time, describes a dual-promoter reverse-genetic approach for the rapid generation of attenuated IBDV while maintaining entire parental antigenicity, suggesting a potential new method to attenuate epidemic variant IBDV strains for vaccine development.
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The Infectious Pancreatic Necrosis Virus (IPNV) and its Virulence Determinants: What is Known and What Should be Known. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9020094. [PMID: 32033004 PMCID: PMC7168660 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9020094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2019] [Revised: 01/25/2020] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Infectious pancreatic necrosis (IPN) is a disease of great concern in aquaculture, mainly among salmonid farmers, since losses in salmonid fish—mostly very young rainbow trout (Salmo gairdnery) fry and Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) post-smolt—frequently reach 80–90% of stocks. The virus causing the typical signs of the IPN disease in salmonids, named infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV), has also been isolated from other fish species either suffering related diseases (then named IPNV-like virus) or asymptomatic; the general term aquabirnavirus is used to encompass all these viruses. Aquabirnaviruses are non-enveloped, icosahedral bisegmented dsRNA viruses, whose genome codifies five viral proteins, three of which are structural, and one of them is an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase. Due to the great importance of the disease, there have been great efforts to find a way to predict the level of virulence of IPNV isolates. The viral genome and proteins have been the main focus of research. However, to date such a reliable magic marker has not been discovered. This review describes the processes followed for decades in the attempts to discover the viral determinants of virulence, and to help the reader understand how viral components can be involved in virulence modulation in vitro and in vivo. There is also a brief description of the disease, of host defenses, and of the molecular structure and function of the virus and its viral components.
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Lupini C, Felice V, Silveira F, Mescolini G, Berto G, Listorti V, Cecchinato M, Catelli E. Comparative in vivo pathogenicity study of an ITA genotype isolate (G6) of infectious bursal disease virus. Transbound Emerg Dis 2019; 67:1025-1031. [PMID: 31715072 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Revised: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Recently, a new genotype of infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV), named ITA, was detected in IBD-vaccinated Italian broilers. Genome characterization revealed ITA to be a genetically different IBDV, belonging to genogroup 6 according to a recently proposed IBDV classification. The currently available clinical data do not allow any definition of the degree of pathogenicity of the ITA-IBDV isolates. In the present study, a pathogenicity trial was conducted by the oral inoculation of specific-pathogen-free (SPF) chickens. Birds were housed in poultry isolators and inoculated at 35 days of age with an ITA-IBDV isolate (35 birds) or a strain belonging to the G1a genogroup as a comparison (35 birds). Control birds (25 birds) were contextually mock-inoculated with sterile water. Birds were observed daily for clinical signs and at 0, 7, 14, 21 and 28 days post-inoculation (dpi) were bled for IBDV antibody detection. At 2, 4, 7, 14, 21 and 28 dpi, five birds from each of the inoculated groups, and three from the control group, were euthanized and subjected to a post-mortem examination; the bursa:body weight and thymus:body weight ratios were calculated. Microscopic lesions of the bursa and thymus were scored on the basis of lymphoid necrosis and/or depletion or cortex atrophy, respectively. Both viruses induced a subclinical course of disease, as neither clinical signs nor mortality were recorded during the study, even in the presence of typical IBDV gross and microscopic lesions. Bursal damage, measured by the bursa:body weight ratio, was more noticeable and precocious after ITA-IBDV inoculation. Histopathology scores of the bursa, indicative of rapid lymphoid depletion, confirmed the aggressiveness of the ITA-IBDV strain in this organ. This study showed that, although the ITA-IBDV strain tested causes infection with a subclinical course, it induces severe damage to lymphoid tissues. Therefore, its circulation in birds might be a threat for the poultry industry and may jeopardize the success of the production cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caterina Lupini
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano dell'Emilia (BO), Italy
| | - Viviana Felice
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano dell'Emilia (BO), Italy
| | - Flavio Silveira
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano dell'Emilia (BO), Italy
| | - Giulia Mescolini
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano dell'Emilia (BO), Italy
| | | | - Valeria Listorti
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano dell'Emilia (BO), Italy
| | - Mattia Cecchinato
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padua, Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - Elena Catelli
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano dell'Emilia (BO), Italy
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He X, Wang W, Chen G, Jiao P, Ji Z, Yang L, Wei P. Serological study reveal different antigenic IBDV strains prevalent in southern China during the years 2000-2017 and also the antigenic differences between the field strains and the commonly used vaccine strains. Vet Microbiol 2019; 239:108458. [PMID: 31767074 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2019.108458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Revised: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the antigenic relatedness of Infectious Bursal Disease Viruses (IBDVs) in the field in southern China during the period 2000-2017, as well as the antigenic relationship between the field strains and the most commonly used vaccine strains by using a virus neutralization (VN) test in vitro. The antigenic relatedness (R) value and the difference in VN titers were analyzed, and the antigenic index based on the sequences of the hypervariable region of VP2 (vVP2) of the strains was further evaluated. As a result, the R value of representative field strains showed that there were three subtypes present in the field strains examined, with 7 strains belonging to subtype 1, while strains BH11 and JS7 belonged to subtype 2 and subtype 3, respectively. The commonly used vaccine strains B87 and FW2512 belonged to subtype 1. The analysis of the VN titer differences revealed that all the 136 field strains were classified into subtype 1, except BH11 and JS7. All the field strains in subtype 1 have been divided into at least 5 subgroups, suggesting the antigenic diversity among these strains. The antigenic index based on IBDV-VP2 sequences further confirmed the antigenic differences between the three subtype strains and also the antigenic diversity among the subtype 1. The results demonstrated the antigenic diversity of field IBDVs in southern China during the years 2000-2017 and the antigenic differences between the field strains and the commonly used vaccine strains. This would indicate that the commonly used vaccines are only partially effective. These results enhance our understanding of IBDV genetic evolution and should help to develop more effective vaccines for the control of this disease in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiumiao He
- School of Marine Sciences and Biotechnology/Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Utilization of Microbial and Botanical Resources, Guangxi University for Nationalities, Nanning, Guangxi 530006, China; Institute for Poultry Science and Health, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory Cultivation Base for Polysaccharide Materials and Modifications, Guangxi University for Nationalities, Nanning, Guangxi 530006, China.
| | - Weiwei Wang
- Institute for Poultry Science and Health, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, China
| | - Guo Chen
- Institute for Poultry Science and Health, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, China
| | - Pengtao Jiao
- Institute for Poultry Science and Health, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, China
| | - Zhonghua Ji
- Institute for Poultry Science and Health, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, China
| | - Lin Yang
- School of Marine Sciences and Biotechnology/Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Utilization of Microbial and Botanical Resources, Guangxi University for Nationalities, Nanning, Guangxi 530006, China
| | - Ping Wei
- Institute for Poultry Science and Health, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, China.
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Tomás G, Marandino A, Courtillon C, Amelot M, Keita A, Pikula A, Hernández M, Hernández D, Vagnozzi A, Panzera Y, Domańska-Blicharz K, Eterradossi N, Pérez R, Soubies SM. Antigenicity, pathogenicity and immunosuppressive effect caused by a South American isolate of infectious bursal disease virus belonging to the "distinct" genetic lineage. Avian Pathol 2019; 48:245-254. [PMID: 30663339 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2019.1572867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) is the causative agent of a highly contagious immunosuppressive disease affecting young chickens. The recently described "distinct IBDV" (dIBDV) genetic lineage encompasses a group of worldwide distributed strains that share conserved genetic characteristics in both genome segments making them unique within IBDV strains. Phenotypic characterization of these strains is scarce and limited to Asiatic and European strains collected more than 15 years ago. The present study aimed to assess the complete and comprehensive phenotypic characterization of a recently collected South American dIBDV strain (1/chicken/URY/1302/16). Genetic analyses of both partial genome segments confirmed that this strain belongs to the dIBDV genetic lineage and that it is not a reassortant. Antigenic analysis with monoclonal antibodies indicated that this strain has a particular antigenic profile, similar to that obtained in a dIBDV strain from Europe (80/GA), which differs from those previously found in the traditional classic, variant and very virulent strains. Chickens infected with the South American dIBDV strain showed subclinical infections but had a marked bursal atrophy. Further analysis using Newcastle disease virus-immunized chickens, previously infected with the South American and European dIBDV strains, demonstrated their severe immunosuppressive effect. These results indicate that dIBDV strains currently circulating in South America can severely impair the immune system of chickens, consequently affecting the local poultry industry. Our study provides new insights into the characteristics and variability of this global genetic lineage and is valuable to determine whether specific control measures are required for the dIBDV lineage. Research Highlights A South American strain of the dIBDV lineage was phenotypically characterized. The strain produced subclinical infections with a marked bursal atrophy. Infected chickens were severely immunosuppressed. The dIBDV strains are antigenically divergent from other IBDV lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gonzalo Tomás
- a Sección Genética Evolutiva, Departamento de Biología Animal, Facultad de Ciencias , Instituto de Biología, Universidad de la República Montevideo , Uruguay
| | - Ana Marandino
- a Sección Genética Evolutiva, Departamento de Biología Animal, Facultad de Ciencias , Instituto de Biología, Universidad de la República Montevideo , Uruguay
| | - Céline Courtillon
- b Avian and Rabbit Virology Immunology and Parasitology Unit (VIPAC) , French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health Safety (ANSES) Ploufragan , France
| | - Michel Amelot
- b Avian and Rabbit Virology Immunology and Parasitology Unit (VIPAC) , French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health Safety (ANSES) Ploufragan , France
| | - Alassane Keita
- b Avian and Rabbit Virology Immunology and Parasitology Unit (VIPAC) , French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health Safety (ANSES) Ploufragan , France
| | - Anna Pikula
- c Department of Poultry Diseases , National Veterinary Research Institute Pulawy , Poland
| | - Martín Hernández
- a Sección Genética Evolutiva, Departamento de Biología Animal, Facultad de Ciencias , Instituto de Biología, Universidad de la República Montevideo , Uruguay
| | - Diego Hernández
- a Sección Genética Evolutiva, Departamento de Biología Animal, Facultad de Ciencias , Instituto de Biología, Universidad de la República Montevideo , Uruguay
| | - Ariel Vagnozzi
- d Instituto de Virología, Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria Buenos Aires , Argentina
| | - Yanina Panzera
- a Sección Genética Evolutiva, Departamento de Biología Animal, Facultad de Ciencias , Instituto de Biología, Universidad de la República Montevideo , Uruguay
| | | | - Nicolas Eterradossi
- b Avian and Rabbit Virology Immunology and Parasitology Unit (VIPAC) , French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health Safety (ANSES) Ploufragan , France
| | - Ruben Pérez
- a Sección Genética Evolutiva, Departamento de Biología Animal, Facultad de Ciencias , Instituto de Biología, Universidad de la República Montevideo , Uruguay
| | - Sébastien Mathieu Soubies
- b Avian and Rabbit Virology Immunology and Parasitology Unit (VIPAC) , French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health Safety (ANSES) Ploufragan , France
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23
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Identification and assessment of virulence of a natural reassortant of infectious bursal disease virus. Vet Res 2018; 49:89. [PMID: 30208951 PMCID: PMC6134583 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-018-0586-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) is one of the most important immunosuppressive viral agents in poultry production. Prophylactic vaccinations of chicken flocks are the primary tool for disease control. Widely used immunoprophylaxis can, however, provide high pressure which contributes to the genetic diversification of circulating viruses, e.g. through reassortment of genome segments. We report the genetic and phenotypic characterization of a field reassortant IBDV (designated as Bpop/03) that acquired segment A from very virulent IBDV and segment B from classical attenuated D78-like IBDV. Despite the mosaic genetic make-up, the virus caused high mortality (80%) in experimentally infected SPF chickens and induced lesions typical of the acute form of IBD. The in vivo study results are in contrast with the foregoing experimental investigations in which the natural reassortants exhibited an intermediate pathotype, and underline the complex nature of IBDV virulence.
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24
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Gao L, Li K, Qi X, Gao Y, Wang Y, Gao H, Wang X. N-terminal domain of the RNA polymerase of very virulent infectious bursal disease virus contributes to viral replication and virulence. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2018; 61:1127-1129. [PMID: 29948899 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-017-9297-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Li Gao
- Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Kai Li
- Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Xiaole Qi
- Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Yulong Gao
- Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Yongqiang Wang
- Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Honglei Gao
- Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Xiaomei Wang
- Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, 150001, China. .,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009, China.
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Antigenicity characterization of four representative natural reassortment IBDVs isolated from commercial three-yellow chickens from Southern China reveals different subtypes co-prevalent in the field. Vet Microbiol 2018; 219:183-189. [PMID: 29778195 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2018.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Revised: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 04/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The antigenic relationships between the natural reassortment field strains of infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV), and between the field strains and the vaccine strains are poorly understood. In the present study, the antigenicity of four representative natural reassortment IBDV isolates designated JS7, GD10111, NN1005 and NN1172 from southern China during the years 2005-2011 and their antigenic relationship with the most commonly used vaccine strain B87 were investigated in vivo. For this purpose, cross-challenge studies were performed on 28-day-old birds, which were 2 weeks post-vaccination by oil-emulsion vaccines (OEVs) prepared from the four field viruses and B87, respectively. The protection related values (PRV) were evaluated based on the protection rate measured by clinical signs and mortality, bursa/body weight (B/BW) ratio and the viral load in the bursal samples at 3 and 7 days post challenge. As a result, the PRV showed that the isolates NN1172 and GD10111 belonged to the same antigenic subtype, while the isolates NN1005 and JS7 belong to another subtype. The vaccine strain B87 was grouped with the isolates NN1005 and JS7 but actually belongs to another small subgroup and provided only 60-80% protection against the challenge of the four field strains. The results demonstrated that different antigenic subtypes co-existed among the field natural reassortment IBDV strains and the commonly used vaccine strain B87 was antigenically different from the prevalent IBDVs in southern China.
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26
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Abed M, Soubies S, Courtillon C, Briand FX, Allée C, Amelot M, De Boisseson C, Lucas P, Blanchard Y, Belahouel A, Kara R, Essalhi A, Temim S, Khelef D, Eterradossi N. Infectious bursal disease virus in Algeria: Detection of highly pathogenic reassortant viruses. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2018; 60:48-57. [PMID: 29409800 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2018.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Revised: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Infectious bursal disease (IBD) is an immunosuppressive viral disease, present worldwide, which causes mortality and immunosuppression in young chickens. The causative agent, the Avibirnavirus IBDV, is a non-enveloped virus whose genome consists of two segments (A and B) of double-stranded RNA. Different pathotypes of IBDV exist, ranging from attenuated vaccine strains to very virulent viruses (vvIBDV). In Algeria, despite the prophylactic measures implemented, cases of IBD are still often diagnosed clinically and the current molecular epidemiology of IBDV remains unknown. The presence of the virus and especially of strains genetically close to vvIBDV was confirmed in 2000 by an unpublished OIE report. In this study, nineteen IBDV isolates were collected in Algeria between September 2014 and September 2015 during clinical outbreaks. These isolates were analyzed at the genetic, antigenic and pathogenic levels. Our results reveal a broad genetic and phenotypic diversity of pathogenic IBDV strains in Algeria, with, i) the circulation of viruses with both genome segments related to European vvIBDV, which proved as pathogenic for specific pathogen-free chickens as vvIBDV reference strain, ii) the circulation of viruses closely related - yet with a specific segment B - to European vvIBDV, their pathogenicity being lower than reference vvIBDV, iii) the detection of reassortant viruses whose segment A was related to vvIBDV whereas their segment B did not appear closely related to any reference sequence. Interestingly, the pathogenicity of these potentially reassortant strains was comparable to that of reference vvIBDV. All strains characterized in this study exhibited an antigenicity similar to the cognate reference IBDV strains. These data reveal the continuous genetic evolution of IBDV strains in Algerian poultry through reassortment and acquisition of genetic material of unidentified origin. Continuous surveillance of the situation as well as good vaccination practice associated with appropriate biosecurity measures are necessary for disease control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mouna Abed
- Algiers High Veterinary School (ENSV), Issad Abbes Street, Oued Smar 16000, Algiers, Algeria.
| | - Sébastien Soubies
- Avian and Rabbit Virology Immunology and Parasitology Unit (VIPAC), French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Heath Safety (ANSES), Zoopole - rue des Fusillés BP 53, 22440 Ploufragan, France
| | - Céline Courtillon
- Avian and Rabbit Virology Immunology and Parasitology Unit (VIPAC), French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Heath Safety (ANSES), Zoopole - rue des Fusillés BP 53, 22440 Ploufragan, France
| | - François-Xavier Briand
- Avian and Rabbit Virology Immunology and Parasitology Unit (VIPAC), French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Heath Safety (ANSES), Zoopole - rue des Fusillés BP 53, 22440 Ploufragan, France
| | - Chantal Allée
- Avian and Rabbit Virology Immunology and Parasitology Unit (VIPAC), French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Heath Safety (ANSES), Zoopole - rue des Fusillés BP 53, 22440 Ploufragan, France
| | - Michel Amelot
- Experimental Poultry Unit (SELEAC), French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Heath Safety (ANSES), Zoopole - rue des Fusillés BP 53, 22440 Ploufragan, France
| | - Claire De Boisseson
- Viral Genetics and Biosecurity Unit (GVB), French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Heath Safety (ANSES), Zoopole - rue des Fusillés BP 53, 22440 Ploufragan, France
| | - Pierrick Lucas
- Viral Genetics and Biosecurity Unit (GVB), French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Heath Safety (ANSES), Zoopole - rue des Fusillés BP 53, 22440 Ploufragan, France
| | - Yannick Blanchard
- Viral Genetics and Biosecurity Unit (GVB), French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Heath Safety (ANSES), Zoopole - rue des Fusillés BP 53, 22440 Ploufragan, France
| | - Ali Belahouel
- Veterinary Practice, Beni Slimane, 26000, Medea, Algeria
| | | | | | - Soraya Temim
- Algiers High Veterinary School (ENSV), Issad Abbes Street, Oued Smar 16000, Algiers, Algeria
| | - Djamel Khelef
- Algiers High Veterinary School (ENSV), Issad Abbes Street, Oued Smar 16000, Algiers, Algeria
| | - Nicolas Eterradossi
- Avian and Rabbit Virology Immunology and Parasitology Unit (VIPAC), French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Heath Safety (ANSES), Zoopole - rue des Fusillés BP 53, 22440 Ploufragan, France.
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27
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He X, Chen G, Yang L, Xuan J, Long H, Wei P. Role of naturally occurring genome segment reassortment in the pathogenicity of IBDV field isolates in Three-Yellow chickens. Avian Pathol 2017; 45:178-86. [PMID: 27100151 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2016.1139687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Reassortment among genome segments of infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) field isolates was reported frequently worldwide, however the pathogenicity of the reassortant field IBDV is poorly understood. In this paper, a pathogenicity study on four representative IBDV field strains isolated from Southern China between 2005 and 2011 was conducted. Twenty-eight-day-old Three-Yellow chickens were divided into four groups and were inoculated intraocularly with one of the four field IBDV strains, namely NN1172, NN1005, GD10111 and JS7, respectively. The mortality and relative weight of bursa and thymus were subsequently determined in the acute phase of infection. In addition, B cells, T cells (CD4(+) and CD8(+)) and virus were quantified in the bursa of Fabricius and thymus, respectively, by flow cytometry and real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. The results showed that isolate NN1172, of which parts of segment A and B encoding the hypervariable (v) region of viral protein (VP2) and VP1, respectively, derived from vvIBDV strains, showed the most severe pathogenicity, and caused the most severe bursal B cell depletion as well as CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cell infiltration in the bursa of Fabricius. However, the virus induced the strongest decrease in CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells in the thymus and exhibited the most efficient viral replication in the target organs. Isolate NN1005, whose vVP2 derived from vvIBDV and VP1 from unidentified origin, exhibited relatively lower pathogenicity compared to NN1172. The other two isolates, JS7 and GD10111, of which the vVP2 derived from vvIBDV and intermediate IBDV, and VP1 from 002-73 and attenuated IBDV, respectively, showed the lowest level of virulence. Our results suggest that various IBDV field isolates with different natural segment reassortments exhibit differential pathogenicity after infection of commercial Three-Yellow chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiumiao He
- a School of Marine Sciences and Biotechnology/Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Utilization of Microbial and Botanical Resources , Guangxi University for Nationalities , Nanning , Guangxi , People's Republic of China.,b Institute for Poultry Science and Health , Guangxi University , Nanning , Guangxi , People's Republic of China.,c Guangxi Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Engineering of Forest Products , Guangxi University for Nationalities , Nanning , Guangxi , People's Republic of China
| | - Guo Chen
- b Institute for Poultry Science and Health , Guangxi University , Nanning , Guangxi , People's Republic of China
| | - Lin Yang
- a School of Marine Sciences and Biotechnology/Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Utilization of Microbial and Botanical Resources , Guangxi University for Nationalities , Nanning , Guangxi , People's Republic of China
| | - Jincai Xuan
- a School of Marine Sciences and Biotechnology/Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Utilization of Microbial and Botanical Resources , Guangxi University for Nationalities , Nanning , Guangxi , People's Republic of China
| | - Han Long
- a School of Marine Sciences and Biotechnology/Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Utilization of Microbial and Botanical Resources , Guangxi University for Nationalities , Nanning , Guangxi , People's Republic of China
| | - Ping Wei
- b Institute for Poultry Science and Health , Guangxi University , Nanning , Guangxi , People's Republic of China
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Nwagbo IO, Shittu I, Nwosuh CI, Ezeifeka GO, Odibo FJC, Michel LO, Jackwood DJ. Molecular characterization of field infectious bursal disease virus isolates from Nigeria. Vet World 2016; 9:1420-1428. [PMID: 28096615 PMCID: PMC5234057 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2016.1420-1428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: To characterize field isolates of infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) from outbreaks in nine states in Nigeria through reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and sequence analysis of portions of the VP2 and VP1 genes and to determine the presence or absence of reassortant viruses. Materials and Methods: A total of 377 bursa samples were collected from 201 suspected IBD outbreaks during 2009 to 2014 from nine states in Nigeria. Samples were subjected to RT-PCR using VP2 and VP1 gene specific primers, and the resulting PCR products were sequenced. Results: A total of 143 samples were positive for IBDV by RT-PCR. These assays amplified a 743 bp fragment from nt 701 to 1444 in the IBDV VP2 hypervariable region (hvVP2) of segment A and a 722 bp fragment from nt 168 to 889 in the VP1 gene of segment B. RT-PCR products were sequenced, aligned and compared with reference IBDV sequences obtained from GenBank. All but one hvVP2 sequence showed similarity to very virulent IBDV (vvIBDV) reference strains, yet only 3 of the VP1 67 VP1 sequences showed similarity to the VP1 gene of vvIBDV. Phylogenetic analysis revealed a new lineage of Nigerian reassortant IBDV strains. Conclusion: Phylogenetic analysis of partial sequences of genome segment A and B of IBDV in Nigeria confirmed the existence of vvIBDV in Nigeria. In addition, we noted the existence of reassortant IBDV strains with novel triplet amino acid motifs at positions 145, 146 and 147 in the reassorted Nigerian IBDV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ijeoma O Nwagbo
- Department of Virology, Viral Research Division, National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom, Plateau State, Nigeria; Department of Applied Microbiology and Brewing, Faculty of Biosciences. Nnamdi Azikiwe University Awka, Anambra State, Nigeria; Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, 1680 Madison Avenue, Wooster, OH 44691, USA
| | - Ismaila Shittu
- Department of Virology, Viral Research Division, National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom, Plateau State, Nigeria
| | - Chika I Nwosuh
- Department of Virology, Viral Research Division, National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom, Plateau State, Nigeria
| | - George O Ezeifeka
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Micheal Okpara University of Agriculture Umudike, Abia State, Nigeria
| | - Frederick J C Odibo
- Department of Applied Microbiology and Brewing, Faculty of Biosciences. Nnamdi Azikiwe University Awka, Anambra State, Nigeria
| | - Linda O Michel
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, 1680 Madison Avenue, Wooster, OH 44691, USA
| | - Daral J Jackwood
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, 1680 Madison Avenue, Wooster, OH 44691, USA
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Soubies SM, Courtillon C, Briand FX, Queguiner-Leroux M, Courtois D, Amelot M, Grousson K, Morillon P, Herin JB, Eterradossi N. Identification of a European interserotypic reassortant strain of infectious bursal disease virus. Avian Pathol 2016; 46:19-27. [PMID: 27400223 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2016.1200010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV, family Birnaviridae) is a bi-segmented double-stranded RNA virus for which two serotypes are described. Serotype 1 replicates in the bursa of Fabricius and causes an immunosuppressive and potentially fatal disease in young chickens. Serotype 2 is apathogenic in poultry species. Up to now, only one natural event of interserotypic reassortment has been described after the introduction of very virulent IBDV (vvIBDV) in the USA in 2009, resulting in an IBDV strain with its segment A related to vvIBDV and its segment B related to US serotype 2 strain OH. Here, we present the first European isolate illustrative of interserotypic reassortment. The reassorting isolate, named 100056, exhibits a genomic segment A typical of current European vvIBDV but a segment B close to European serotype 2 viruses, supporting an origin distinct from US strains. When inoculated into SPF chickens, isolate 100056 induced mild clinical signs in the absence of mortality but caused a severe bursal atrophy, which strongly suggests an immunosuppressive potential. These results illustrate that interserotypic reassortment is another mechanism that can create IBDV strains with a modified acute pathogenicity. As a consequence, and for a more precise inference of the possible phenotype, care should be taken that the molecular identification of IBDV strains is targeted to both genome segments.
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Li K, Liu Y, Liu C, Gao L, Zhang Y, Gao Y, Cui H, Qi X, Zhong L, Wang X. Effects of different promoters on the protective efficacy of recombinant Marek's disease virus type 1 expressing the VP2 gene of infectious bursal disease virus. Vaccine 2016; 34:5744-5750. [PMID: 27742216 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Revised: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The vaccine efficacy of recombinant viruses can be influenced by many factors. Accordingly, the activity of promoters has been one of the major factors affecting the antigen expression and protection rate. In the present study, two recombinant Marek's disease virus type 1 (MDV1) vaccines containing the VP2 gene of infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) under control of different promoters were generated from overlapping fosmid DNAs. The rMDV-Pec-VP2 virus containing the VP2 gene under control of the Pec promoter (CMV enhancer and chicken β-actin chimera promoter) demonstrated higher VP2 expression and stronger antibody response against IBDV in chickens than the rMDV-CMV-VP2 virus using the CMV promoter. After IBDV lethal challenge in specific-pathogen-free chickens, rMDV-Pec-VP2 provided complete protection against developing mortality, clinical signs, and the formation of bursal lesions, which was better than that provided by rMDV-CMV-VP2. Our findings indicate that the protective efficacy of the recombinant MDV1 vaccine against IBDV highly correlates with VP2 expression. This recombinant MDV1 vaccine expressing VP2 could have significant potential as a bivalent vaccine against both virulent IBDV and MDV infections in chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Li
- Avian Immunosuppressive Diseases Division, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, PR China
| | - Yongzhen Liu
- Avian Immunosuppressive Diseases Division, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, PR China
| | - Changjun Liu
- Avian Immunosuppressive Diseases Division, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, PR China
| | - Li Gao
- Avian Immunosuppressive Diseases Division, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, PR China
| | - Yanping Zhang
- Avian Immunosuppressive Diseases Division, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, PR China
| | - Yulong Gao
- Avian Immunosuppressive Diseases Division, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, PR China
| | - Hongyu Cui
- Avian Immunosuppressive Diseases Division, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, PR China
| | - Xiaole Qi
- Avian Immunosuppressive Diseases Division, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, PR China
| | - Li Zhong
- Avian Immunosuppressive Diseases Division, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, PR China
| | - Xiaomei Wang
- Avian Immunosuppressive Diseases Division, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, PR China.
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Alkie TN, Rautenschlein S. Infectious bursal disease virus in poultry: current status and future prospects. VETERINARY MEDICINE-RESEARCH AND REPORTS 2016; 7:9-18. [PMID: 30050833 PMCID: PMC6055793 DOI: 10.2147/vmrr.s68905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) affects immature B lymphocytes of the bursa of Fabricius and may cause significant immunosuppression. It continues to be a leading cause of economic losses in the poultry industry. IBDV, having a segmented double-stranded RNA genome, is prone to genetic variation. Therefore, IBDV isolates with different genotypic and phenotypic diversity exist. Understanding these features of the virus and the mechanisms of protective immunity elicited thereof is necessary for developing vaccines with improved efficacy. In this review, we highlighted the pattern of virus evolution and new developments in prophylactic strategies, mainly the development of new generation vaccines, which will continue to be of interest for research as well as field application in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamiru Negash Alkie
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada
| | - Silke Rautenschlein
- Clinic for Poultry, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany,
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Wang S, Hu B, Si W, Jia L, Zheng X, Zhou J. Avibirnavirus VP4 Protein Is a Phosphoprotein and Partially Contributes to the Cleavage of Intermediate Precursor VP4-VP3 Polyprotein. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0128828. [PMID: 26046798 PMCID: PMC4457844 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0128828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Accepted: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Birnavirus-encoded viral protein 4 (VP4) utilizes a Ser/Lys catalytic dyad mechanism to process polyprotein. Here three phosphorylated amino acid residues Ser538, Tyr611 and Thr674 within the VP4 protein of the infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV), a member of the genus Avibirnavirus of the family Birnaviridae, were identified by mass spectrometry. Anti-VP4 monoclonal antibodies finely mapping to phosphorylated (p)Ser538 and the epitope motif 530PVVDGIL536 were generated and verified. Proteomic analysis showed that in IBDV-infected cells the VP4 was distributed mainly in the cytoskeletal fraction and existed with different isoelectric points and several phosphorylation modifications. Phosphorylation of VP4 did not influence the aggregation of VP4 molecules. The proteolytic activity analysis verified that the pTyr611 and pThr674 sites within VP4 are involved in the cleavage of viral intermediate precursor VP4-VP3. This study demonstrates that IBDV-encoded VP4 protein is a unique phosphoprotein and that phosphorylation of Tyr611 and Thr674 of VP4 affects its serine-protease activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanying Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China
- Shaoxing Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shaoxing, PR China
| | - Boli Hu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Weiying Si
- Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Lu Jia
- Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Xiaojuan Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China
- State Key Laboratory and Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China
- * E-mail: (JYZ); (XJZ)
| | - Jiyong Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, PR China
- State Key Laboratory and Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China
- * E-mail: (JYZ); (XJZ)
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Li K, Courtillon C, Guionie O, Allée C, Amelot M, Qi X, Gao Y, Wang X, Eterradossi N. Genetic, antigenic and pathogenic characterization of four infectious bursal disease virus isolates from China suggests continued evolution of very virulent viruses. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2014; 30:120-127. [PMID: 25528137 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2014.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Revised: 12/10/2014] [Accepted: 12/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) causes an economically significant disease of young chickens worldwide. The emergence of very virulent IBDV (vvIBDV) strains has brought more challenges for effective prevention and control of this disease. The aim of the present study was to characterize four IBDV isolates from various regions of China between late 1990s and recent years and to compare them with previously isolated European IBDV strains. In this study, one Chinese vvIBDV strain isolated in 1999 and three strains isolated between 2005 and 2011 were analyzed at the genetic, antigenic and pathogenic levels. Strain SH99 was closely related and clustered in the same genetic lineage as the typical vvIBDV based on the genomic sequences of segments A and B. However, the three more recent Chinese vvIBDV (HLJ0504, HeB10 and HuN11) showed several genetic changes in both segments and clustered in a distinct lineage from the typical vvIBDV and the previously known Chinese vvIBDV. Based on the binding to a panel of neutralizing monoclonal antibodies in antigen capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, all Chinese vvIBDVs exhibited similar antigenicity with the European typical vvIBDV strains. Nonetheless, the pathogenicity caused by the recent Chinese vvIBDV was higher than that induced by the European typical vvIBDV. This study calls for a sustained surveillance of IBD situation in China in order to support a better prevention and control of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Li
- Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, PR China
| | - Céline Courtillon
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Infectious Bursal Disease, Avian and Rabbit Virology, Immunology and Parasitology Unit (VIPAC), Anses-French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety, Ploufragan, France
| | - Olivier Guionie
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Infectious Bursal Disease, Avian and Rabbit Virology, Immunology and Parasitology Unit (VIPAC), Anses-French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety, Ploufragan, France
| | - Chantal Allée
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Infectious Bursal Disease, Avian and Rabbit Virology, Immunology and Parasitology Unit (VIPAC), Anses-French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety, Ploufragan, France
| | - Michel Amelot
- Experimental Poultry and Rabbit Unit (SELEAC), Anses-French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety, Ploufragan, France
| | - Xiaole Qi
- Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, PR China
| | - Yulong Gao
- Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, PR China
| | - Xiaomei Wang
- Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, PR China.
| | - Nicolas Eterradossi
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Infectious Bursal Disease, Avian and Rabbit Virology, Immunology and Parasitology Unit (VIPAC), Anses-French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety, Ploufragan, France.
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Ben Abdeljelil N, Khabouchi N, Kassar S, Miled K, Boubaker S, Ghram A, Mardassi H. Simultaneous alteration of residues 279 and 284 of the VP2 major capsid protein of a very virulent Infectious Bursal Disease Virus (vvIBDV) strain did not lead to attenuation in chickens. Virol J 2014; 11:199. [PMID: 25420540 PMCID: PMC4252001 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-014-0199-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2014] [Accepted: 11/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cell culture adaptation of very virulent infectious bursal disease virus (vvIBDV) was shown to be mainly associated with the VP2 capsid protein residues 253, 279, and 284. The single mutation A284T proved critical for cell culture tropism, but did not confer efficient virus replication, which at least required one additional mutation, Q253H or D279N. While the double mutation Q253H/A284T was unambiguously shown to confer both efficient replication in cell culture and attenuation in chickens, conflicting results have been reported regarding the replication efficiency of vvIBDV mutants bearing the D279N/A284T double mutation, and no data are hitherto available on their virulence in chickens. Findings Here we used an in vivo reverse genetics system to assess the impact of the D279N/A284T double mutation on the replication and attenuation of a chimeric IBDV virus, whose polyprotein derived from a non-culturable vvIBDV clinical isolate. We found that the D279N/A284T double mutation did indeed confer efficient replication in chicken embryo fibroblast (CEF) cell culture, but the mutant virus remained highly pathogenic to chickens. Conclusions The double mutation D279N/A284T of the VP2 major capsid protein of vvIBDV is sufficient to confer cell culture tropism and replication efficiency, but does not necessarily lead to virus attenuation.
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He X, Xiong Z, Yang L, Guan D, Yang X, Wei P. Molecular epidemiology studies on partial sequences of both genome segments reveal that reassortant infectious bursal disease viruses were dominantly prevalent in southern China during 2000-2012. Arch Virol 2014; 159:3279-92. [PMID: 25173608 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-014-2195-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2014] [Accepted: 07/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A molecular epidemiology study of infectious bursal disease viruses (IBDVs) isolated from seven provinces in southern China during the years 2000-2012 was performed based on partial sequences of genome segments A and B, namely the hypervariable region of the A-VP2 gene (A-vVP2) and the b fragment of VP1 gene (B-VP1b) from a total of 91 field isolates. Sequence analysis based on vVP2 revealed that 72 out of 91 isolates had the same characteristic amino acid (aa) sequences as vvIBDV. The mutation of D212N in A-vVP2 has become prevalent in the recent isolates. The origin of the field isolates with vvIBDV characteristic amino acid residues was complex, evidenced by the findings that more than one subgroup of strains prevailed in each province. When B-VP1b was analyzed, there were three lineages among the field isolates, and none of the isolates had a relationship to vvIBDV-related segment B. Phylogenetic analysis of both segments revealed that only a few isolates (13/91) had the same genetic relatives in consensus trees based on segments A and B, whereas the majority of the isolates (85.71%, 78/91) were identified to be naturally reassorted strains. Based on the origin of each segment, at least six types of reassortant IBDVs prevailed in southern China, three of which were shown to be dominant: segment A from vvIBDV and B from attenuated IBDV, segment A of vvIBDV and B from 002-73-like IBDV, and segment A of vvIBDV and B from HLJ0504 or a similar strain. Our findings suggest that both genomic segments of field IBDVs has been evolving, and continuous monitoring of the evolution of field IBDV genome is therefore urgently needed in the control of IBDV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiumiao He
- School of Marine Sciences and Biotechnology, Guangxi University for Nationalities, Nanning, 530006, Guangxi, China,
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Gao L, Li K, Qi X, Gao H, Gao Y, Qin L, Wang Y, Shen N, Kong X, Wang X. Triplet amino acids located at positions 145/146/147 of the RNA polymerase of very virulent infectious bursal disease virus contribute to viral virulence. J Gen Virol 2014; 95:888-897. [DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.060194-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) causes an economically significant disease of chickens worldwide. The emergence of very virulent IBDV (vvIBDV) has brought more challenges for effective prevention of this disease. The molecular basis for the virulence of vvIBDV is not fully understood. In this study, 20 IBDV strains were analysed phylogenically and clustered in three branches based on their full-length B segments. The amino acid triplet located at positions 145/146/147 of VP1 was found highly conserved in branch I non-vvIBDVs as asparagine/glutamic acid/glycine (NEG), in branch II vvIBDVs as threonine/glutamic acid/glycine (TEG) and in branch III vvIBDVs as threonine/aspartic acid/asparagine (TDN). Further studies showed that the three amino acids play a critical role in the replication and pathogenicity of vvIBDV. Substitution of the TDN triplet with TEG or NEG reduced viral replication and pathogenicity of the vvIBDV HuB-1 strain in chickens. However, the replication of the attenuated IBDV Gt strain was reduced in chicken embryo fibroblast cells, whilst it was enhanced in the bursa by substituting NEG with TEG or TDN. The exchange of the three amino acids was also found to be capable of affecting the polymerase activity of VP1. The important role of segment B in the pathogenicity of IBDV was confirmed in this study. These results also provided new insights into the mechanism of the virulence of vvIBDVs and may offer new targets for their attenuation to develop potential vaccines using reverse genetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Gao
- Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, PR China
| | - Kai Li
- Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, PR China
| | - Xiaole Qi
- Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, PR China
| | - Honglei Gao
- Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, PR China
| | - Yulong Gao
- Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, PR China
| | - Liting Qin
- Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, PR China
| | - Yongqiang Wang
- Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, PR China
| | - Nan Shen
- Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, PR China
| | - Xiangang Kong
- Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, PR China
| | - Xiaomei Wang
- Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, PR China
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A reassortment vaccine candidate as the improved formulation to induce protection against very virulent infectious bursal disease virus. Vaccine 2014; 32:1436-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.01.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2013] [Revised: 01/08/2014] [Accepted: 01/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Abstract
Subclinical immunosuppression in chickens is an important but often underestimated factor in the subsequent development of clinical disease. Immunosuppression can be caused by pathogens such as chicken infectious anemia virus, infectious bursal disease virus, reovirus, and some retroviruses (e.g., reticuloendotheliosis virus). Mycotoxins and stress, often caused by poor management practices, can also cause immunosuppression. The effects on the innate and acquired immune responses and the mechanisms by which mycotoxins, stress and infectious agents cause immunosuppression are discussed. Immunoevasion is a common ploy by which viruses neutralize or evade immune responses. DNA viruses such as herpesvirus and poxvirus have multiple genes, some of them host-derived, which interfere with effective innate or acquired immune responses. RNA viruses may escape acquired humoral and cellular immune responses by mutations in protective antigenic epitopes (e.g., avian influenza viruses), while accessory non-structural proteins or multi-functional structural proteins interfere with the interferon system (e.g., Newcastle disease virus).
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Ingrao F, Rauw F, Lambrecht B, van den Berg T. Infectious Bursal Disease: a complex host-pathogen interaction. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 41:429-38. [PMID: 23567344 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2013.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2013] [Revised: 03/21/2013] [Accepted: 03/22/2013] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Infectious Bursal Disease (IBD) is caused by a small, non-enveloped virus, highly resistant in the outside environment. Infectious Bursal Disease Virus (IBDV) targets the chicken's immune system in a very comprehensive and complex manner by destroying B lymphocytes, attracting T cells and activating macrophages. As an RNA virus, IBDV has a high mutation rate and may thus give rise to viruses with a modified antigenicity or increased virulence, as emphasized during the last decades. The molecular basis of pathogenicity and the exact cause of clinical disease and death are still poorly understood, as it is not clearly related to the severity of the lesions and the extent of the bursal damage. Recent works however, pointed out the role of an exacerbated innate immune response during the early stage of the infection with upregulated production of promediators that will induce a cytokine storm. In the case of IBDV, immunosuppression is both a direct consequence of the infection of specific target immune cells and an indirect consequence of the interactions occurring in the immune network of the host. Recovery from disease or subclinical infection will be followed by immunosuppression with more serious consequences if the strain is very virulent and infection occurs early in life. Although the immunosuppression caused by IBDV is principally directed towards B-lymphocytes, an effect on cell-mediated immunity (CMI) has also been demonstrated therefore increasing the impact of IBDV on the immunocompetence of the chicken. In addition to its zootechnical impact and its role in the development of secondary infections, it may affect the immune response of the chicken to subsequent vaccinations, essential in all types of intensive farming. Recent progress in the field of avian immunology has allowed a better knowledge of the immunological mechanisms involved in the disease but also should give improved tools for the measurement of immunosuppression in the field situation. Although satisfactory protection may be provided by the induction of high neutralizing antibody titres, interference from parental antibodies with vaccination has become the most important obstacle in the establishment of control programs. In this context, recombinant HVT and immune complex vaccines show promising results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona Ingrao
- Avian Virology & Immunology Unit, Veterinary and Agrochemical Research Centre, Brussels, Belgium
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Qi X, Zhang L, Chen Y, Gao L, Wu G, Qin L, Wang Y, Ren X, Gao Y, Gao H, Wang X. Mutations of residues 249 and 256 in VP2 are involved in the replication and virulence of infectious Bursal disease virus. PLoS One 2013; 8:e70982. [PMID: 23923037 PMCID: PMC3724781 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0070982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2013] [Accepted: 06/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) is a pathogen of worldwide significance to the poultry industry. Although the PDE and PFG domains of the capsid protein VP2 contribute significantly to virulence and fitness, the detailed molecular basis for the pathogenicity of IBDV is still not fully understood. Because residues 253 and 284 of VP2 are not the sole determinants of virulence, we hypothesized that other residues involved in virulence and fitness might exist in the PDE and PFG domains of VP2. To test this, five amino acid changes selected by sequence comparison of the PDE and PFG domains of VP2 were introduced individually using a reverse genetics system into the virulent strain (rGx-F9VP2). Then reverse mutations of the selected residues 249 and 256 were introduced individually into the attenuated strain (rGt). Seven modified viruses were generated and evaluated in vitro (CEF cells) and in vivo (SPF chicken). For residue 249, Q249R could elevate in vitro and reduce in vivo the replication of rGx-F9VP2 while R249Q could reduce in vitro and elevate in vivo the replication of rGt; meanwhile Q249R reduced the virulence of rGx-F9VP2 while R249Q increased the virulence of rGt, which indicated that residue 249 significantly contributed to the replication and virulence of IBDV. For residue 256, I256V could elevate in vitro and reduce in vivo the replication of rGx-F9VP2 while V256I could reduce in vitro but didn't change in vivo the replication of rGt; although V256I didn't increase the virulence of rGt, I256V obviously reduced the virulence of virulent IBDV. The present results demonstrate for the first time, to different extent, residues 249 and 256 of VP2 are involved in the replication efficiency and virulence of IBDV; this is not only beneficial to further understanding of pathogenic mechanism but also to the design of newly tailored vaccines against IBDV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaole Qi
- Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, P. R. China
| | - Lizhou Zhang
- Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, P. R. China
| | - Yuming Chen
- Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, P. R. China
| | - Li Gao
- Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, P. R. China
| | - Guan Wu
- Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, P. R. China
| | - Liting Qin
- Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, P. R. China
| | - Yongqiang Wang
- Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, P. R. China
| | - Xiangang Ren
- Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, P. R. China
| | - Yulong Gao
- Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, P. R. China
| | - Honglei Gao
- Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, P. R. China
| | - Xiaomei Wang
- Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, P. R. China
- * E-mail:
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A single amino acid V4I substitution in VP1 attenuates virulence of very virulent infectious bursal disease virus (vvIBDV) in SPF chickens and increases replication in CEF cells. Virology 2013; 440:204-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2013.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2012] [Revised: 01/16/2013] [Accepted: 02/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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42
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Both genome segments contribute to the pathogenicity of very virulent infectious bursal disease virus. J Virol 2012; 87:2767-80. [PMID: 23269788 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02360-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) causes an economically significant disease of chickens worldwide. Very virulent IBDV (vvIBDV) strains have emerged and induce as much as 60% mortality. The molecular basis for vvIBDV pathogenicity is not understood, and the relative contributions of the two genome segments, A and B, to this phenomenon are not known. Isolate 94432 has been shown previously to be genetically related to vvIBDVs but exhibits atypical antigenicity and does not cause mortality. Here the full-length genome of 94432 was determined, and a reverse genetics system was established. The molecular clone was rescued and exhibited the same antigenicity and reduced pathogenicity as isolate 94432. Genetically modified viruses derived from 94432, whose vvIBDV consensus nucleotide sequence was restored in segment A and/or B, were produced, and their pathogenicity was assessed in specific-pathogen-free chickens. We found that a valine (position 321) that modifies the most exposed part of the capsid protein VP2 critically modified the antigenicity and partially reduced the pathogenicity of 94432. However, a threonine (position 276) located in the finger domain of the virus polymerase (VP1) contributed even more significantly to attenuation. This threonine is partially exposed in a hydrophobic groove on the VP1 surface, suggesting possible interactions between VP1 and another, as yet unidentified molecule at this amino acid position. The restored vvIBDV-like pathogenicity was associated with increased replication and lesions in the thymus and spleen. These results demonstrate that both genome segments influence vvIBDV pathogenicity and may provide new targets for the attenuation of vvIBDVs.
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43
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Negash T, Gelaye E, Petersen H, Grummer B, Rautenschlein S. Molecular Evidence of Very Virulent Infectious Bursal Disease Viruses in Chickens in Ethiopia. Avian Dis 2012; 56:605-10. [DOI: 10.1637/10086-022012-resnote.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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