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Best LM, Hendershot CS, Buckman JF, Jagasar S, McPhee MD, Muzumdar N, Tyndale RF, Houle S, Logan R, Sanches M, Kish SJ, Le Foll B, Boileau I. Association Between Fatty Acid Amide Hydrolase and Alcohol Response Phenotypes: A Positron Emission Tomography Imaging Study With [ 11C]CURB in Heavy-Drinking Youth. Biol Psychiatry 2023; 94:405-415. [PMID: 36868890 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2022.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reductions in fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH), the catabolic enzyme for the endocannabinoid anandamide, may play a role in drinking behavior and risk for alcohol use disorder. We tested the hypotheses that lower brain FAAH levels in heavy-drinking youth are related to increased alcohol intake, hazardous drinking, and differential response to alcohol. METHODS FAAH levels in the striatum, prefrontal cortex, and whole brain were determined using positron emission tomography imaging of [11C]CURB in heavy-drinking youth (N = 31; 19-25 years of age). C385A FAAH genotype (rs324420) was determined. Behavioral (n = 29) and cardiovascular (n = 22) responses to alcohol were measured during a controlled intravenous alcohol infusion. RESULTS Lower [11C]CURB binding was not significantly related to frequency of use but was positively associated with hazardous drinking and reduced sensitivity to the negative effects of alcohol. During alcohol infusion, lower [11C]CURB binding related to greater self-reported stimulation and urges and lower sedation (p < .05). Lower heart rate variability was related to both greater alcohol-induced stimulation and lower [11C]CURB binding (p < .05). Family history of alcohol use disorder (n = 14) did not relate to [11C]CURB binding. CONCLUSIONS In line with preclinical studies, lower FAAH in the brain was related to a dampened response to the negative, impairing effects of alcohol, increased drinking urges, and alcohol-induced arousal. Lower FAAH might alter positive or negative effects of alcohol and increase urges to drink, thereby contributing to the addiction process. Determining whether FAAH influences motivation to drink through increased positive/arousing effects of alcohol or greater tolerance should be investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura M Best
- Brain Health Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Addictions Division, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Christian S Hendershot
- Addictions Division, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Jennifer F Buckman
- Department of Kinesiology and Health, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey; Center of Alcohol and Substance Use Studies, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey
| | - Samantha Jagasar
- Brain Health Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Matthew D McPhee
- Addictions Division, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Psychological Clinical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Neel Muzumdar
- Department of Kinesiology and Health, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey
| | - Rachel F Tyndale
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sylvain Houle
- Brain Health Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Renee Logan
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Marcos Sanches
- Biostatistics Core, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Stephen J Kish
- Brain Health Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Bernard Le Foll
- Brain Health Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Addictions Division, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Community and Family Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Waypoint Research Institute, Waypoint Centre for Mental Health Care, Penetanguishene, Ontario, Canada
| | - Isabelle Boileau
- Brain Health Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Addictions Division, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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Paruzel-Czachura M, Pypno K, Everett JAC, Białek M, Gawronski B. The Drunk Utilitarian Revisited: Does Alcohol Really Increase Utilitarianism in Moral Judgment? PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY BULLETIN 2023; 49:20-31. [PMID: 34657500 DOI: 10.1177/01461672211052120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The "drunk utilitarian" phenomenon suggests that people are more likely to accept harm for the greater good when they are under the influence of alcohol. This phenomenon conflicts with the ideas that (a) acceptance of pro-sacrificial harm requires inhibitory control of automatic emotional responses to the idea of causing harm and (b) alcohol impairs inhibitory control. This preregistered experiment aimed to provide deeper insights into the effects of alcohol on moral judgments by using a formal modeling approach to disentangle three factors in moral dilemma judgments and by distinguishing between instrumental harm and impartial beneficence as two distinct dimensions of utilitarian psychology. Despite the use of a substantially larger sample and higher doses of alcohol compared with the ones in prior studies, alcohol had no significant effect on moral judgments. The results pose a challenge to the idea that alcohol increases utilitarianism in moral judgments.
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Carrazana-Escalona R, Sánchez-Hechavarría ME, Ávila A. Theil Entropy as a Non-Lineal Analysis for Spectral Inequality of Physiological Oscillations. ENTROPY (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 24:370. [PMID: 35327881 PMCID: PMC8947695 DOI: 10.3390/e24030370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Revised: 02/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Theil entropy is a statistical measure used in economics to quantify income inequalities. However, it can be applied to any data distribution including biological signals. In this work, we applied different spectral methods on heart rate variability signals and cellular calcium oscillations previously to Theil entropy analysis. The behavior of Theil entropy and its decomposable property was investigated using exponents in the range of [-1, 2], on the spectrum of synthetic and physiological signals. Our results suggest that the best spectral decomposition method to analyze the spectral inequality of physiological oscillations is the Lomb-Scargle method, followed by Theil entropy analysis. Moreover, our results showed that the exponents that provide more information to describe the spectral inequality in the tested signals were zero, one, and two. It was also observed that the intra-band component is the one that contributes the most to total inequality for the studied oscillations. More in detail, we found that in the state of mental stress, the inequality determined by the Theil entropy analysis of heart rate increases with respect to the resting state. Likewise, the same analytical approach shows that cellular calcium oscillations present on developing interneurons display greater inequality distribution when inhibition of a neurotransmitter system is in place. In conclusion, we propose that Theil entropy is useful for analyzing spectral inequality and to explore its origin in physiological signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramón Carrazana-Escalona
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Ciencias Médicas de Santiago de Cuba, Santiago de Cuba 90500, Cuba;
- Biomedical Sciences Research Laboratory, Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Católica de la Santísima Concepción, Concepción 4090541, Chile
| | - Miguel Enrique Sánchez-Hechavarría
- Biomedical Sciences Research Laboratory, Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Católica de la Santísima Concepción, Concepción 4090541, Chile
- Núcleo Científico de Ciencias de la Salud, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Adventista de Chile, Chillán 3780000, Chile
| | - Ariel Ávila
- Biomedical Sciences Research Laboratory, Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Católica de la Santísima Concepción, Concepción 4090541, Chile
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Liu XX, Wang S. Effect of aerobic exercise on executive function in individuals with methamphetamine use disorder: Modulation by the autonomic nervous system. Psychiatry Res 2021; 306:114241. [PMID: 34688059 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2021.114241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
This study assessed the effects of aerobic exercise on cardiac autonomic nervous system function (based on heart rate variability [HRV]) and executive function among individuals with methamphetamine use disorder (MUD). We further examine the role of autonomic nervous system control in aerobic exercise (assessed via cardiopulmonary fitness) and executive function. A total of 330 individuals with MUD were randomly divided into exercise (n = 165) and control (n = 165) groups, who underwent eight-week aerobic exercise/health education program consisting of five 60 min sessions a week. The outcome measures included cardiopulmonary fitness, HRV time-domain and frequency-domain parameters, and executive function. Our statistical analyses comprised repeated-measures analyses of variance, correlation analyses, and mediation and moderation effect tests. The results indicated that aerobic exercise could simultaneously improve autonomic nervous system function and executive function among individuals with MUD. Moreover, the changes in cardiopulmonary fitness, high frequency HRV, and executive function were positively correlated. HRV did not significantly mediate the relationship between aerobic exercise and executive function; however, it did have a moderating effect, which was eliminated after adjusting for demographic and drug-use covariates. Among the covariates, age was the greatest confounder and was inversely proportional to cardiopulmonary function, HRV, and executive function. Cardiac autonomic nervous system function exerted a moderating, rather than a mediating, effect on the relationship between aerobic exercise and executive function. However, this potential effect was largely influenced by covariates, particularly age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Xia Liu
- School of Physical Education and Sport Science, Fujian Normal University, 1 Keji Road, Minhou District, Fuzhou, Fujian 350117, China
| | - Shen Wang
- School of Physical Education and Sport Science, Fujian Normal University, 1 Keji Road, Minhou District, Fuzhou, Fujian 350117, China.
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Leganes-Fonteneau M, Bates ME, Muzumdar N, Pawlak A, Islam S, Vaschillo E, Buckman JF. Cardiovascular mechanisms of interoceptive awareness: Effects of resonance breathing. Int J Psychophysiol 2021; 169:71-87. [PMID: 34534600 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2021.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Interoception, the ability to perceive internal bodily sensations, and heart rate variability (HRV) share common physiological pathways, including the baroreflex feedback loop. The baroreflex can be activated by resonance breathing, wherein respiration is paced at 6 times per minute (0.1 Hz), eliciting immediate physiological changes and longer-term therapeutic responses. This registered report characterizes baroreflex functioning as a cardiac mechanism of interoception in a two-session study (n = 67). The heartbeat discrimination task was used to obtain indices of interoceptive accuracy, sensibility and metacognition. Baroreflex functioning was measured as HRV at 0.1 Hz and baroreflex sensitivity (BRS); high frequency (HF) HRV was calculated as a control. Cardiovascular indices were measured at baseline and during active and control paced breathing after which changes in interoception were measured. The first hypothesis was that baseline baroreflex functioning would predict individual differences in interoceptive awareness. The second hypothesis was that resonance breathing would increase participants' ability to detect their own heartbeats, and that this effect would be mediated by increases in 0.1 Hz HRV and BRS. Data were collected upon in principle acceptance of the manuscript. We found a negative relationship of interoceptive accuracy with baseline HF HRV and BRS, and a positive relationship between metacognitive interoception and 0.1HZ HRV, BRS and HF HRV. We found that changes in 0.1 Hz HRV and BRS during resonance breathing positively correlate with increases in interoceptive accuracy. Our results show that the extent to which breathing recruits the resonant properties of the cardiovascular system can facilitate the conscious perception of participants' heartbeats. We interpret this as an increase in vagal afferent signaling and baroreflex functioning following resonance breathing. We put forward an alternative explanation that HRV modulation can reduce interoceptive prediction errors, facilitating the conscious perception of interoceptive signals, and consider the role of resonance breathing on mental health from an interoceptive inference perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateo Leganes-Fonteneau
- Department of Kinesiology and Health, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, United States of America; Cardiac Neuroscience Laboratory, Center of Alcohol Studies, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, United States of America.
| | - Marsha E Bates
- Department of Kinesiology and Health, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, United States of America; Cardiac Neuroscience Laboratory, Center of Alcohol Studies, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, United States of America
| | - Neel Muzumdar
- Department of Kinesiology and Health, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, United States of America; Cardiac Neuroscience Laboratory, Center of Alcohol Studies, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, United States of America
| | - Anthony Pawlak
- Department of Kinesiology and Health, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, United States of America; Cardiac Neuroscience Laboratory, Center of Alcohol Studies, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, United States of America
| | - Shahriar Islam
- Department of Kinesiology and Health, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, United States of America
| | - Evgeny Vaschillo
- Department of Kinesiology and Health, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, United States of America; Cardiac Neuroscience Laboratory, Center of Alcohol Studies, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, United States of America
| | - Jennifer F Buckman
- Department of Kinesiology and Health, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, United States of America; Cardiac Neuroscience Laboratory, Center of Alcohol Studies, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, United States of America
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Leganes‐Fonteneau M, Buckman J, Pawlak A, Vaschillo B, Vaschillo E, Bates M. Interoceptive signaling in alcohol cognitive biases: Role of family history and alliesthetic components. Addict Biol 2021; 26:e12952. [PMID: 32803824 DOI: 10.1111/adb.12952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The role of interoceptive signals in the development of cognitive biases for drug-related cues has been hypothesized in the past; however, experimental evidence is lacking. This report examined the relationship between physiological responses and memories for alcohol cues. Participants (n = 158) were categorized as having either a positive or negative family history of alcohol use disorder (AUD). They were assigned to an alcohol, placebo, or control beverage condition to which they were blinded. All participants were presented with alcohol, neutral, and emotional cues. Heart rate variability (HRV) at 0.1 Hz, as an index of viscero-afferent reactivity, and in the high-frequency range was measured during picture-cue exposure. Participants then completed free recall and repetition priming tasks to assess memories for previously presented stimuli. Participants with a positive family history (FHP) for AUD who received an alcohol beverage displayed a positive relationship between 0.1 Hz HRV and free recall. This effect was specific to alcohol cues, highlighting the relevance of physiological signals in the development of alcohol cognitive biases. These results support the hypothesis of a coordinated brain-body interaction in the development of drug-related behaviors. FHP as an AUD risk factor may increase the mapping of physiological responses onto cognitive biases for alcohol cues. Increased ratings of subjective intoxication dampened this relationship, suggesting that perceived bodily states may modulate incentive salience processes. This report provides novel evidence for the involvement of interoceptive signals in addictive processes, setting a precedent for the exploration of brain-body interactions in the study of alcohol cognitive biases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateo Leganes‐Fonteneau
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Rutgers University‐New Brunswick New Brunswick New Jersey USA
- Cardiac Neuroscience Laboratory, Center of Alcohol and Substance Use Studies Rutgers University‐New Brunswick New Brunswick New Jersey USA
| | - Jennifer Buckman
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Rutgers University‐New Brunswick New Brunswick New Jersey USA
- Cardiac Neuroscience Laboratory, Center of Alcohol and Substance Use Studies Rutgers University‐New Brunswick New Brunswick New Jersey USA
| | - Anthony Pawlak
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Rutgers University‐New Brunswick New Brunswick New Jersey USA
- Cardiac Neuroscience Laboratory, Center of Alcohol and Substance Use Studies Rutgers University‐New Brunswick New Brunswick New Jersey USA
| | - Bronya Vaschillo
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Rutgers University‐New Brunswick New Brunswick New Jersey USA
- Cardiac Neuroscience Laboratory, Center of Alcohol and Substance Use Studies Rutgers University‐New Brunswick New Brunswick New Jersey USA
| | - Evgeny Vaschillo
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Rutgers University‐New Brunswick New Brunswick New Jersey USA
- Cardiac Neuroscience Laboratory, Center of Alcohol and Substance Use Studies Rutgers University‐New Brunswick New Brunswick New Jersey USA
| | - Marsha Bates
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Rutgers University‐New Brunswick New Brunswick New Jersey USA
- Cardiac Neuroscience Laboratory, Center of Alcohol and Substance Use Studies Rutgers University‐New Brunswick New Brunswick New Jersey USA
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Cofresí RU, Bartholow BD, Fromme K. Female drinkers are more sensitive than male drinkers to alcohol-induced heart rate increase. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol 2020; 28:540-552. [PMID: 31789554 PMCID: PMC7263942 DOI: 10.1037/pha0000338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The present study examined the acute effect of alcohol and its cues on autonomic and cardiovascular physiology, as indexed by changes in heart rate (HR), in a relatively large sample of healthy young adult men and women. Participants (27-31 years old, final N = 145) were administered an alcoholic beverage (n = 88; 52 women) or a placebo beverage (n = 57; 35 women) in a simulated bar. Target breath alcohol concentration (BrAC) was .08 g%. HR was recorded while participants were seated alone during an initial baseline assessment in a lab room; seated with others during preparation and administration of 2 beverages in a simulated bar; and seated alone in the lab room at ascending, peak, and descending BrAC. HR increased over time for participants in both beverage groups during beverage preparation. During beverage consumption, HR decreased over time in those who drank placebo whereas HR increased over time in those who drank alcohol, increasing at a faster rate in women compared to men. HR remained elevated at the ascending, peak, and descending limb assessments only in participants who drank alcohol with HR increasing over time at ascending BrAC in the women but not men. Sex differences in HR under alcohol were not explained by sex differences in body mass index, BrAC, recent alcohol use, or subjective stimulation. Our findings suggest that women may be more sensitive to alcohol-induced increases in HR, especially in environments where alcohol cues are abundant. This may have implications for cardiovascular risks associated with alcohol. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kim Fromme
- The University of Texas at Austin, Department of Psychology
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Cofresí RU, Bartholow BD, Piasecki TM. Evidence for incentive salience sensitization as a pathway to alcohol use disorder. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2019; 107:897-926. [PMID: 31672617 PMCID: PMC6878895 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Revised: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The incentive salience sensitization (ISS) theory of addiction holds that addictive behavior stems from the ability of drugs to progressively sensitize the brain circuitry that mediates attribution of incentive salience (IS) to reward-predictive cues and its behavioral manifestations. In this article, we establish the plausibility of ISS as an etiological pathway to alcohol use disorder (AUD). We provide a comprehensive and critical review of evidence for: (1) the ability of alcohol to sensitize the brain circuitry of IS attribution and expression; and (2) attribution of IS to alcohol-predictive cues and its sensitization in humans and non-human animals. We point out gaps in the literature and how these might be addressed. We also highlight how individuals with different alcohol subjective response phenotypes may differ in susceptibility to ISS as a pathway to AUD. Finally, we discuss important implications of this neuropsychological mechanism in AUD for psychological and pharmacological interventions attempting to attenuate alcohol craving and cue reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto U Cofresí
- University of Missouri, Department of Psychological Sciences, Columbia, MO 65211, United States.
| | - Bruce D Bartholow
- University of Missouri, Department of Psychological Sciences, Columbia, MO 65211, United States
| | - Thomas M Piasecki
- University of Missouri, Department of Psychological Sciences, Columbia, MO 65211, United States
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Sánchez-Hechavarría ME, Ghiya S, Carrazana-Escalona R, Cortina-Reyna S, Andreu-Heredia A, Acosta-Batista C, Saá-Muñoz NA. Introduction of Application of Gini Coefficient to Heart Rate Variability Spectrum for Mental Stress Evaluation. Arq Bras Cardiol 2019; 113:725-733. [PMID: 31508693 PMCID: PMC7020869 DOI: 10.5935/abc.20190185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The Gini coefficient is a statistical tool generally used by economists to quantify income inequality. However, it can be applied to any kind of data with unequal distribution, including heart rate variability (HRV). Objectives To assess the application of the Gini coefficient to measure inequality in power spectral density of RR intervals, and to use this application as a psychophysiological indicator of mental stress. Methods Thirteen healthy subjects (19 ± 1.5 years) participated in this study, and their RR intervals were obtained by electrocardiogram during rest (five minutes) and during mental stress (arithmetic challenge; five minutes). These RR intervals were used to obtain the estimates of power spectral densities (PSD). The limits for the PSD bands were defined from 0.15 to 0.40 Hz for high frequency band (HF), from 0.04 to 0.15 Hz for low frequency band (LF), from 0.04 to 0.085 Hz for first low frequency sub-band (LF1) and from 0.085 to 0.15 Hz for second low frequency sub-band (LF2). The spectral Gini coefficient (SpG) was proposed to measure the inequality in the power distribution of the RR intervals in each of above-mentioned HRV bands. SpG from each band was compared with its respective traditional index of HRV during the conditions of rest and mental stress. All the differences were considered statistically significant for p < 0.05. Results There was a significant decrease in HF power (p = 0.046), as well as significant increases in heart rate (p = 0.004), LF power (p = 0.033), LF2 power (p = 0.019) and LF/HF (p = 0.002) during mental stress. There was also a significant increase in SpG(LF) (p = 0.009) and SpG(LF2) (p = 0.033) during mental stress. Coefficient of variation showed SpG has more homogeneity compared to the traditional index of HRV during mental stress. Conclusions This pilot study suggested that spectral inequality of Heart Rate Variability analyzed using the Gini coefficient seems to be an independent and homogeneous psychophysiological indicator of mental stress. Also, HR, LF/HF, SpG(LF) of HRV are possibly important, reliable and valid indicators of mental stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Enrique Sánchez-Hechavarría
- Departamento de Ciencias Básicas y Morfología - Facultad de Medicina - Universidad Católica de la Santísima Concepción, Concepción - Chile
| | - Shreya Ghiya
- Department of Kinesiology, San Francisco State University, San Francisco - USA
| | - Ramon Carrazana-Escalona
- Departamento de Ciencias Basicas Biomédicas - Facultad de Medicina 1 - Universidad de Ciencias Médicas de Santiago de Cuba, Santiago de Cuba - Cuba
| | - Sergio Cortina-Reyna
- Departamento de Ciencias Basicas Biomédicas - Facultad de Medicina 1 - Universidad de Ciencias Médicas de Santiago de Cuba, Santiago de Cuba - Cuba
| | - Adán Andreu-Heredia
- Departamento de Ciencias Basicas Biomédicas - Facultad de Medicina 1 - Universidad de Ciencias Médicas de Santiago de Cuba, Santiago de Cuba - Cuba
| | - Carlos Acosta-Batista
- Hospital Universitario Calixto García - Universidad de Ciencias Médicas de La Habana, La Habana - Cuba
| | - Nicolás Armando Saá-Muñoz
- Centro de Simulación - Departamento de Ciencias Clínicas y Preclínicas - Facultad de Medicina - Universidad Católica de la Santísima Concepción, Concepción - Chile
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Leganes-Fonteneau M, Cheang Y, Lam Y, Garfinkel S, Duka T. Interoceptive awareness is associated with acute alcohol-induced changes in subjective effects. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2019; 181:69-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2019.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Revised: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Peltier MR, Verplaetse TL, Mineur YS, Petrakis IL, Cosgrove KP, Picciotto MR, McKee SA. Sex differences in stress-related alcohol use. Neurobiol Stress 2019; 10:100149. [PMID: 30949562 PMCID: PMC6430711 DOI: 10.1016/j.ynstr.2019.100149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 239] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Revised: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Rates of alcohol use disorder (AUD) have increased in women by 84% over the past ten years relative to a 35% increase in men. This substantive increase in female drinking is alarming given that women experience greater alcohol-related health consequences compared to men. Stress is strongly associated with all phases of alcohol addiction, including drinking initiation, maintenance, and relapse for both women and men, but plays an especially critical role for women. The purpose of the present narrative review is to highlight what is known about sex differences in the relationship between stress and drinking. The critical role stress reactivity and negative affect play in initiating and maintaining alcohol use in women is addressed, and the available evidence for sex differences in drinking for negative reinforcement as it relates to brain stress systems is presented. This review discusses the critical structures and neurotransmitters that may underlie sex differences in stress-related alcohol use (e.g., prefrontal cortex, amygdala, norepinephrine, corticotropin releasing factor, and dynorphin), the involvement of sex and stress in alcohol-induced neurodegeneration, and the role of ovarian hormones in stress-related drinking. Finally, the potential avenues for the development of sex-appropriate pharmacological and behavioral treatments for AUD are identified. Overall, women are generally more likely to drink to regulate negative affect and stress reactivity. Sex differences in the onset and maintenance of alcohol use begin to develop during adolescence, coinciding with exposure to early life stress. These factors continue to affect alcohol use into adulthood, when reduced responsivity to stress, increased affect-related psychiatric comorbidities and alcohol-induced neurodegeneration contribute to chronic and problematic alcohol use, particularly for women. However, current research is limited regarding the examination of sex in the initiation and maintenance of alcohol use. Probing brain stress systems and associated brain regions is an important future direction for developing sex-appropriate treatments to address the role of stress in AUD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yann S. Mineur
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06519, USA
| | - Ismene L. Petrakis
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06519, USA
- VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, 06516, USA
| | - Kelly P. Cosgrove
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06519, USA
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06519, USA
| | - Marina R. Picciotto
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06519, USA
| | - Sherry A. McKee
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06519, USA
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12
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Eddie D, Bates ME, Vaschillo EG, Lehrer PM, Retkwa M, Miuccio M. Rest, Reactivity, and Recovery: A Psychophysiological Assessment of Borderline Personality Disorder. Front Psychiatry 2018; 9:505. [PMID: 30386267 PMCID: PMC6199964 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Difficulty regulating emotion is a cardinal feature of borderline personality disorder (BPD), yet little is known about the automatic psychophysiological processes involved in this phenotype. Inconsistent findings have emerged from studies that employed limited assessments (e.g., heart rate variability, skin conductance) of autonomic nervous system response to emotional contexts, and compared groups based on the presence or absence of BPD as a categorical diagnosis. This exploratory study assessed a comprehensive set of autonomic nervous system processes in 44 individuals (22 with BPD) at rest, in response to emotionally evocative stimuli, and during a subsequent recovery period. BPD was characterized with a dimensional measure of BPD symptom severity, as a well by categorical diagnosis. At baseline and across experimental tasks, higher heart rate was observed in those diagnosed with BPD compared to controls, and in those expressing greater BPD symptom severity. These effects, however, were fully mediated by differences in physical exercise. In contrast, during recovery from emotional activation, greater symptom severity predicted consistently higher levels of multiple sympathetic and parasympathetic processes compared to lower symptom severity. Overall, these findings suggest that the heart rate elevations sometimes observed in those diagnosed with BPD may be associated with individual and group differences in levels of physical exercise. Results further indicate that adaptive psychophysiological recovery responses following emotional challenge may be disrupted in proportion to BPD symptom severity, independently of exercise. Results highlight the utility of considering lifestyle factors and symptom severity in studies of emotional activation and regulation processes in BPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Eddie
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Marsha E Bates
- Rutgers University - New Brunswick, Piscataway, NJ, United States
| | | | - Paul M Lehrer
- Rutgers University - New Brunswick, Piscataway, NJ, United States.,Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ, United States
| | - Michelle Retkwa
- Rutgers University - New Brunswick, Piscataway, NJ, United States
| | - Michael Miuccio
- Rutgers University - New Brunswick, Piscataway, NJ, United States
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13
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Fonoberova M, Mezić I, Buckman JF, Fonoberov VA, Mezić A, Vaschillo EG, Mun EY, Vaschillo B, Bates ME. A computational physiology approach to personalized treatment models: the beneficial effects of slow breathing on the human cardiovascular system. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2014; 307:H1073-91. [PMID: 25063789 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.01011.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Heart rate variability biofeedback intervention involves slow breathing at a rate of ∼6 breaths/min (resonance breathing) to maximize respiratory and baroreflex effects on heart period oscillations. This intervention has wide-ranging clinical benefits and is gaining empirical support as an adjunct therapy for biobehavioral disorders, including asthma and depression. Yet, little is known about the system-level cardiovascular changes that occur during resonance breathing or the extent to which individuals differ in cardiovascular benefit. This study used a computational physiology approach to dynamically model the human cardiovascular system at rest and during resonance breathing. Noninvasive measurements of heart period, beat-to-beat systolic and diastolic blood pressure, and respiration period were obtained from 24 healthy young men and women. A model with respiration as input was parameterized to better understand how the cardiovascular processes that control variability in heart period and blood pressure change from rest to resonance breathing. The cost function used in model calibration corresponded to the difference between the experimental data and model outputs. A good match was observed between the data and model outputs (heart period, blood pressure, and corresponding power spectral densities). Significant improvements in several modeled cardiovascular functions (e.g., blood flow to internal organs, sensitivity of the sympathetic component of the baroreflex, ventricular elastance) were observed during resonance breathing. Individual differences in the magnitude and nature of these dynamic responses suggest that computational physiology may be clinically useful for tailoring heart rate variability biofeedback interventions for the needs of individual patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Igor Mezić
- AIMdyn, Inc., Santa Barbara, California; Center for Control, Dynamical Systems and Computation, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California; and
| | - Jennifer F Buckman
- Center of Alcohol Studies, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey
| | | | | | - Evgeny G Vaschillo
- Center of Alcohol Studies, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey
| | - Eun-Young Mun
- Center of Alcohol Studies, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey
| | - Bronya Vaschillo
- Center of Alcohol Studies, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey
| | - Marsha E Bates
- Center of Alcohol Studies, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey
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14
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Alderman BL, Olson RL. The relation of aerobic fitness to cognitive control and heart rate variability: a neurovisceral integration study. Biol Psychol 2014; 99:26-33. [PMID: 24560874 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2014.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2013] [Revised: 01/14/2014] [Accepted: 02/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This aim of the present study was to investigate relationships between aerobic fitness, sympathetic and parasympathetic cardiac control using pre-ejection period (PEP) and high frequency heart rate variability (HF HRV), and performance on a task requiring variable amounts of cognitive control. Fifty-six participants completed a modified-version of the Eriksen flanker task while PEP and HF HRV were collected. A graded maximal exercise test was subsequently used to measure aerobic fitness by assessing maximal oxygen uptake. Results indicated a significant relation of fitness to reaction time performance. Although no fitness differences were observed in resting state PEP or HF HRV, higher fit adults exhibited greater task-induced parasympathetic cardiac control. However, no significant mediation was found for HF HRV on the fitness-cognitive control relationship, suggesting other mediators may be important. These findings highlight the role of aerobic fitness in enhancing integrated autonomic and neurocognitive health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon L Alderman
- Department of Exercise Science and Sport Studies, Rutgers University, 70 Lipman Drive, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, United States.
| | - Ryan L Olson
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Rutgers University, United States.
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15
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Lehrer P, Buckman JF, Mun EY, Vaschillo EG, Vaschillo B, Udo T, Ray S, Nguyen T, Bates ME. Negative mood and alcohol problems are related to respiratory dynamics in young adults. Appl Psychophysiol Biofeedback 2013; 38:273-83. [PMID: 23975541 PMCID: PMC3854952 DOI: 10.1007/s10484-013-9230-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
This study examined the relationship of negative affect and alcohol use behaviors to baseline respiration and respiratory response to emotional challenge in young adults (N = 138, 48 % women). Thoracic-to-abdominal ratio, respiratory frequency and variability, and minute volume ventilation were measured during a low-demand baseline task, and emotional challenge (viewing emotionally-valenced, emotionally-neutral, and alcohol-related pictures). Negative mood and alcohol problems principal components were generated from self-report measures of negative affect and mood, alcohol use, and use-related problems. The negative mood component was positively related to a thoracic bias when measured throughout the study (including baseline and picture exposure). There was generally greater respiratory activity in response to the picture cues, although not specifically in response to the content (emotional or alcohol-related) of the picture cues. The alcohol problems component was positively associated with respiratory reactivity to picture cues, when baseline breathing patterns were controlled. Self-report arousal data indicated that higher levels of negative mood, but not alcohol problems, were associated with greater arousal ratings overall. However, those with alcohol problems reported greater arousal to alcohol cues, compared to emotionally neutral cues. These results are consistent with theories relating negative affect and mood to breathing patterns as well as the relationship between alcohol problems and negative emotions, suggesting that the use of respiratory interventions may hold promise for treating problems involving negative affect and mood, as well as drinking problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Lehrer
- Department of Psychiatry, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 671 Hoes Lane, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA,
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16
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Udo T, Mun EY, Buckman JF, Vaschillo EG, Vaschillo B, Bates ME. Potential side effects of unhealthy lifestyle choices and health risks on basal and reactive heart rate variability in college drinkers. J Stud Alcohol Drugs 2013; 74:787-96. [PMID: 23948539 PMCID: PMC3749321 DOI: 10.15288/jsad.2013.74.787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2012] [Revised: 02/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Emerging adults often begin making independent lifestyle choices during college, yet the association of these choices with fundamental indicators of health and adaptability is unclear. The present study examined the relationship between health risks and neurocardiac function in college drinkers. METHOD Heart rate variability (HRV) was assessed at baseline and in reaction to a paced breathing challenge in 212 college drinkers (53.8% women). Basal HRV served as a general indicator of health. Reactive HRV (during paced breathing) was used as a marker of an individual's adaptability to challenge. The relationship of HRV to alcohol use, cigarette use, exercise, sleep, and body mass index (BMI) was assessed. RESULTS Greater alcohol use and less exercise were associated with lower basal HRV. BMI was unrelated to basal HRV but was negatively associated with reactive HRV during the breathing challenge. CONCLUSIONS High levels of alcohol use and lack of exercise are negative correlates of cardiovascular and general health, even in apparently healthy college drinkers. The negative relationship between BMI and reactive HRV suggests that overweight individuals have reduced ability to psychophysiologically adapt to challenges; understanding the temporal course of this relationship is needed. This study highlights the importance of examining HRV at baseline and in response to a challenge to capture the active neurocardiac processes that contribute to health and adaptive responding. The suppressive effects of health risks on HRV are modifiable; thus, HRV may be useful in evaluating the health benefits of lifestyle change and in promoting change behaviors in college drinkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoko Udo
- Center of Alcohol Studies, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Eun-Young Mun
- Center of Alcohol Studies, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey
| | - Jennifer F. Buckman
- Center of Alcohol Studies, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey
| | - Evgeny G. Vaschillo
- Center of Alcohol Studies, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey
| | - Bronya Vaschillo
- Center of Alcohol Studies, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey
| | - Marsha E. Bates
- Center of Alcohol Studies, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey
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UEDA K, OGAWA Y, AOKI K, HIROSE N, GOKAN D, KATO J, OGAWA S, IWASAKI K. Antagonistic effect of flumazenil after midazolam sedation on arterial-cardiac baroreflex. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2013; 57:488-94. [PMID: 23216472 DOI: 10.1111/aas.12035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Flumazenil is generally administered to antagonise the sedative effect of midazolam. However, although flumazenil completely antagonises the sedative effect of midazolam, a few effects remain unantagonised. Hence, it is unclear whether flumazenil restores the attenuation of the arterial-cardiac baroreflex (i.e. arterial-heart rate reflex) induced by midazolam. We investigated the antagonistic effect of flumazenil administered after midazolam on cardiac baroreflex, to reveal whether complete recovery from midazolam-induced sedation by flumazenil administration is accompanied by restoration of midazolam's attenuating effects on the cardiac baroreflex. METHOD Twelve healthy male subjects received midazolam followed by flumazenil until complete recovery from midazolam sedation. Before and during midazolam sedation, and after flumazenil administration, cardiac baroreflex function was assessed by sequence analysis and transfer function analysis between spontaneous oscillations in systolic arterial pressure and R-R interval. RESULTS During midazolam sedation, defined by an Observer's Assessment of Alertness/Sedation scale score of 3, BIS value decreased significantly. Simultaneously, the baroreflex indices of the two analyses decreased significantly compared with baseline, suggesting attenuated cardiac baroreflex function. With complete recovery from midazolam sedation by flumazenil, indicated by an Observer's Assessment of Alertness/Sedation scale score of 5, BIS values returned to the baseline level. Simultaneously, cardiac baroreflex indices also returned to baseline levels. CONCLUSION The present results suggest that complete recovery from midazolam sedation by flumazenil is accompanied by restoration of the attenuated cardiac baroreflex function induced by midazolam.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. UEDA
- Division of Anesthesiology; Department of Anesthesiology; Nihon University School of Medicine; Tokyo; Japan
| | - Y. OGAWA
- Division of Hygiene; Department of Social Medicine; Nihon University School of Medicine; Tokyo; Japan
| | - K. AOKI
- Division of Hygiene; Department of Social Medicine; Nihon University School of Medicine; Tokyo; Japan
| | - N. HIROSE
- Division of Anesthesiology; Department of Anesthesiology; Nihon University School of Medicine; Tokyo; Japan
| | - D. GOKAN
- Division of Anesthesiology; Department of Anesthesiology; Nihon University School of Medicine; Tokyo; Japan
| | - J. KATO
- Division of Anesthesiology; Department of Anesthesiology; Nihon University School of Medicine; Tokyo; Japan
| | - S. OGAWA
- Division of Anesthesiology; Department of Anesthesiology; Nihon University School of Medicine; Tokyo; Japan
| | - K. IWASAKI
- Division of Hygiene; Department of Social Medicine; Nihon University School of Medicine; Tokyo; Japan
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