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Zhou H, Zhao C, Wang P, Yang W, Zhu H, Zhang S. Regulators involved in trophoblast syncytialization in the placenta of intrauterine growth restriction. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1107182. [PMID: 36798658 PMCID: PMC9927020 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1107182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Placental dysfunction refers to the insufficiency of placental perfusion and chronic hypoxia during early pregnancy, which impairs placental function and causes inadequate supply of oxygen and nutrients to the fetus, affecting fetal development and health. Fetal intrauterine growth restriction, one of the most common outcomes of pregnancy-induced hypertensions, can be caused by placental dysfunction, resulting from deficient trophoblast syncytialization, inadequate trophoblast invasion and impaired vascular remodeling. During placental development, cytotrophoblasts fuse to form a multinucleated syncytia barrier, which supplies oxygen and nutrients to meet the metabolic demands for fetal growth. A reduction in the cell fusion index and the number of nuclei in the syncytiotrophoblast are found in the placentas of pregnancies complicated by IUGR, suggesting that the occurrence of IUGR may be related to inadequate trophoblast syncytialization. During the multiple processes of trophoblasts syncytialization, specific proteins and several signaling pathways are involved in coordinating these events and regulating placental function. In addition, epigenetic modifications, cell metabolism, senescence, and autophagy are also involved. Study findings have indicated several abnormally expressed syncytialization-related proteins and signaling pathways in the placentas of pregnancies complicated by IUGR, suggesting that these elements may play a crucial role in the occurrence of IUGR. In this review, we discuss the regulators of trophoblast syncytialization and their abnormal expression in the placentas of pregnancies complicated by IUGR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanjing Zhou
- Assisted Reproduction Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Reproductive Dysfunction Management of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chenqiong Zhao
- Assisted Reproduction Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Reproductive Dysfunction Management of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Peixin Wang
- Assisted Reproduction Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Reproductive Dysfunction Management of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Weijie Yang
- Assisted Reproduction Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Reproductive Dysfunction Management of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Haiyan Zhu
- Assisted Reproduction Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Reproductive Dysfunction Management of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Songying Zhang, ; Haiyan Zhu,
| | - Songying Zhang
- Assisted Reproduction Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Reproductive Dysfunction Management of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Songying Zhang, ; Haiyan Zhu,
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Renaud SJ, Jeyarajah MJ. How trophoblasts fuse: an in-depth look into placental syncytiotrophoblast formation. Cell Mol Life Sci 2022; 79:433. [PMID: 35859055 PMCID: PMC11072895 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-022-04475-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Revised: 05/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
In humans, cell fusion is restricted to only a few cell types under normal conditions. In the placenta, cell fusion is a critical process for generating syncytiotrophoblast: the giant multinucleated trophoblast lineage containing billions of nuclei within an interconnected cytoplasm that forms the primary interface separating maternal blood from fetal tissue. The unique morphology of syncytiotrophoblast ensures that nutrients and gases can be efficiently transferred between maternal and fetal tissue while simultaneously restricting entry of potentially damaging substances and maternal immune cells through intercellular junctions. To maintain integrity of the syncytiotrophoblast layer, underlying cytotrophoblast progenitor cells terminate their capability for self-renewal, upregulate expression of genes needed for differentiation, and then fuse into the overlying syncytium. These processes are disrupted in a variety of obstetric complications, underscoring the importance of proper syncytiotrophoblast formation for pregnancy health. Herein, an overview of key mechanisms underlying human trophoblast fusion and syncytiotrophoblast development is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J Renaud
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology and Children's Health Research Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A5C1, Canada.
| | - Mariyan J Jeyarajah
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology and Children's Health Research Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A5C1, Canada
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Huang L, Ma Y, Chen L, Chang J, Zhong M, Wang Z, Sun Y, Chen X, Sun F, Xiao L, Chen J, Lai Y, Yan C, Yue X. Maternal RND3/RhoE deficiency impairs placental mitochondrial function in preeclampsia by modulating the PPARγ-UCP2 cascade. FASEB J 2021; 35:e21555. [PMID: 34046947 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202002639rrr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Preeclampsia (PE) is a life-threatening disease of pregnant women associated with severe hypertension, proteinuria, or multi-organ injuries. Mitochondrial-mediated placental oxidative stress plays a key role in the pathogenesis of PE. However, the underlying mechanism remains to be revealed. Here, we identify Rnd3, a small Rho GTPase, regulating placental mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS). We showed that Rnd3 is down-regulated in primary trophoblasts isolated from PE patients. Loss of Rnd3 in trophoblasts resulted in excessive ROS generation, cell apoptosis, mitochondrial injury, and proton leakage from the respiratory chain. Moreover, Rnd3 overexpression partially rescues the mitochondrial defects and oxidative stress in human PE primary trophoblasts. Rnd3 physically interacts with the peroxisome proliferators-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) and promotes the PPARγ-mitochondrial uncoupling protein 2 (UCP2) cascade. Forced expression of PPARγ rescues deficiency of Rnd3-mediated mitochondrial dysfunction. We conclude that Rnd3 acts as a novel protective factor in placental mitochondria through PPARγ-UCP2 signaling and highlight that downregulation of Rnd3 is a potential factor involved in PE pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Huang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanlin Ma
- Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory for Human Reproductive Medicine and Genetic Research, Reproductive Medical Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
| | - Lu Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiang Chang
- Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Mei Zhong
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhijian Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ying Sun
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Affiliated Shenzhen Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xia Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fei Sun
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lu Xiao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianing Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yingjun Lai
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chuming Yan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaojing Yue
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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Abstract
Rnd proteins constitute a subfamily of Rho GTPases represented in mammals by Rnd1, Rnd2 and Rnd3. Despite their GTPase structure, their specific feature is the inability to hydrolyse GTP-bound nucleotide. This aspect makes them atypical among Rho GTPases. Rnds are regulated for their expression at the transcriptional or post-transcriptional levels and they are activated through post-translational modifications and interactions with other proteins. Rnd proteins are mainly involved in the regulation of the actin cytoskeleton and cell proliferation. Whereas Rnd3 is ubiquitously expressed, Rnd1 and 2 are tissue-specific. Increasing data has described their important role during development and diseases. Herein, we describe their involvement in physiological and pathological conditions with a focus on the neuronal and vascular systems, and summarize their implications in tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Basbous
- INSERM, BaRITOn, U1053, F-33000, Univ. Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Roberta Azzarelli
- Department of Biology, Unit of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Emilie Pacary
- INSERM, U1215 - Neurocentre Magendie, F-33077, Univ. Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Violaine Moreau
- INSERM, BaRITOn, U1053, F-33000, Univ. Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
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Ma XL, Li X, Tian FJ, Zeng WH, Zhang J, Mo HQ, Qin S, Sun LQ, Zhang YC, Zhang Y, Lin Y. Upregulation of RND3 Affects Trophoblast Proliferation, Apoptosis, and Migration at the Maternal-Fetal Interface. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:153. [PMID: 32232044 PMCID: PMC7083256 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Trophoblasts as the particular cells of the placenta play an important role in implantation and formation of the maternal-fetal interface. RND3 (also known as RhoE) is a unique member of the Rnd subfamily of small GTP-binding proteins. However, its function in cytotrophoblasts (CTBs) at the maternal-fetal interface is poorly understood. In the present study, we found that RND3 expression was significantly increased in trophoblasts from the villous tissues of patients with recurrent miscarriage (RM). RND3 inhibited proliferation and migration and promoted apoptosis in HTR-8/SVneo cells. Using dual-luciferase reporter and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays, we found that forkhead box D3 (FOXD3) is a key transcription factor that binds to the RND3 core promoter region and regulates RND3 expression. Here, the level of FOXD3 was upregulated in the first-trimester CTBs of patients with RM, which in turn mediated RND3 function, including inhibition of cell proliferation and migration and promotion of apoptosis. Further, we found that RND3 regulates trophoblast migration and proliferation via the RhoA-ROCK1 signaling pathway and inhibits apoptosis via ERK1/2 signaling. Taken together, our findings suggest that RND3 and FOXD3 may be involved in pathogenesis of RM and may serve as potential therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Ling Ma
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Embryo Original Diseases, International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Fu-Ju Tian
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Embryo Original Diseases, International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei-Hong Zeng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Embryo Original Diseases, International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hui-Qin Mo
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Embryo Original Diseases, International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shi Qin
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Embryo Original Diseases, International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Li-Qun Sun
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Embryo Original Diseases, International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu-Chen Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Embryo Original Diseases, International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yi Lin
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Embryo Original Diseases, International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Nishizuka M, Komada R, Imagawa M. Knockdown of RhoE Expression Enhances TGF-β-Induced EMT (epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition) in Cervical Cancer HeLa Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20194697. [PMID: 31546735 PMCID: PMC6801947 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20194697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cervical cancer with early metastasis of the primary tumor is associated with poor prognosis and poor therapeutic outcomes. Since epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) plays a role in acquisition of the ability to invade the pelvic lymph nodes and surrounding tissue, it is important to clarify the molecular mechanism underlying EMT in cervical cancer. RhoE, also known as Rnd3, is a member of the Rnd subfamily of Rho GTPases. While previous reports have suggested that RhoE may act as either a positive or a negative regulator of cancer metastasis and EMT, the role of RhoE during EMT in cervical cancer cells remains unclear. The present study revealed that RhoE expression was upregulated during transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β)-mediated EMT in human cervical cancer HeLa cells. Furthermore, reduced RhoE expression enhanced TGF-β-mediated EMT and migration of HeLa cells. In addition, we demonstrated that RhoE knockdown elevated RhoA activity and a ROCK inhibitor partially suppressed the acceleration of TGF-β-mediated EMT by RhoE knockdown. These results indicate that RhoE suppresses TGF-β-mediated EMT, partially via RhoA/ROCK signaling in cervical cancer HeLa cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Nishizuka
- Department of Applied Biology and Food Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture and Life Science, Hirosaki University, 3 Bunkyo-cho, Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8561, Japan.
- Department of Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, 3-1 Tanabe-dori, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 467-8603, Japan.
| | - Rina Komada
- Department of Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, 3-1 Tanabe-dori, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 467-8603, Japan.
| | - Masayoshi Imagawa
- Department of Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, 3-1 Tanabe-dori, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 467-8603, Japan.
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Strassheim D, Karoor V, Stenmark K, Verin A, Gerasimovskaya E. A current view of G protein-coupled receptor - mediated signaling in pulmonary hypertension: finding opportunities for therapeutic intervention. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 2. [PMID: 31380505 PMCID: PMC6677404 DOI: 10.20517/2574-1209.2018.44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Pathological vascular remodeling is observed in various cardiovascular diseases including pulmonary hypertension (PH), a disease of unknown etiology that has been characterized by pulmonary artery vasoconstriction, right ventricular hypertrophy, vascular inflammation, and abnormal angiogenesis in pulmonary circulation. G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are the largest family in the genome and widely expressed in cardiovascular system. They regulate all aspects of PH pathophysiology and represent therapeutic targets. We overview GPCRs function in vasoconstriction, vasodilation, vascular inflammation-driven remodeling and describe signaling cross talk between GPCR, inflammatory cytokines, and growth factors. Overall, the goal of this review is to emphasize the importance of GPCRs as critical signal transducers and targets for drug development in PH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek Strassheim
- Departments of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Vijaya Karoor
- Departments of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.,Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Research laboratories, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Kurt Stenmark
- Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Research laboratories, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Alexander Verin
- Vascular Biology Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Evgenia Gerasimovskaya
- Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Research laboratories, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
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Endoplasmic reticulum stress stimulates the release of extracellular vesicles carrying danger-associated molecular pattern (DAMP) molecules. Oncotarget 2018; 9:6707-6717. [PMID: 29467921 PMCID: PMC5805507 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.24158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Disturbances in endoplasmic reticulum (ER) function lead to ER stress which, when severe or prolonged, may result in apoptosis. Severe ER stress has been implicated in several pathological conditions including pre-eclampsia, a multisystem disorder of pregnancy associated with the release of pro-inflammatory factors from the placenta into the maternal circulation. Here, we show that severe ER stress induced by two distinct mechanisms in BeWo choriocarcinoma cells leads to the release of extracellular vesicles (EVs) carrying pro-inflammatory damage-associated molecular pattern (DAMP) molecules. Co-treatment with the antioxidant pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate results in a reduction in ER stress-induced EV-associated DAMP release. We further demonstrate that severe ER stress is associated with changes in the expression of several stress-related proteins, notably Cited-2 and phosphorylated JNK. Together, these data indicate that severe ER stress-mediated release of EV-associated DAMPs may contribute to the heightened systemic maternal inflammatory response characteristic of pre-eclampsia and may also be relevant to other chronic inflammatory diseases which display elevated ER stress.
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Motomura K, Okada N, Morita H, Hara M, Tamari M, Orimo K, Matsuda G, Imadome KI, Matsuda A, Nagamatsu T, Fujieda M, Sago H, Saito H, Matsumoto K. A Rho-associated coiled-coil containing kinases (ROCK) inhibitor, Y-27632, enhances adhesion, viability and differentiation of human term placenta-derived trophoblasts in vitro. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0177994. [PMID: 28542501 PMCID: PMC5438149 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0177994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Although human term placenta-derived primary cytotrophoblasts (pCTBs) represent a good human syncytiotrophoblast (STB) model, in vitro culture of pCTBs is not always easily accomplished. Y-27632, a specific inhibitor of Rho-associated coiled-coil containing kinases (ROCK), reportedly prevented apoptosis and improved cell-to-substrate adhesion and culture stability of dissociated cultured human embryonic stem cells and human corneal endothelial cells. The Rho kinase pathway regulates various kinds of cell behavior, some of which are involved in pCTB adhesion and differentiation. In this study, we examined Y-27632's potential for enhancing pCTB adhesion, viability and differentiation. pCTBs were isolated from term, uncomplicated placentas by trypsin-DNase I-Dispase II treatment and purified by HLA class I-positive cell depletion. Purified pCTBs were cultured on uncoated plates in the presence of epidermal growth factor (10 ng/ml) and various concentrations of Y-27632. pCTB adhesion to the plates was evaluated by phase-contrast imaging, viability was measured by WST-8 assay, and differentiation was evaluated by immunofluorescence staining, expression of fusogenic genes and hCG-β production. Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1 (Rac1; one of the effector proteins of the Rho family) and protein kinase A (PKA) involvement was evaluated by using their specific inhibitors, NSC-23766 and H-89. We found that Y-27632 treatment significantly enhanced pCTB adhesion to plates, viability, cell-to-cell fusion and hCG-β production, but showed no effects on pCTB proliferation or apoptosis. Furthermore, NSC-23766 and H-89 each blocked the effects of Y-27632, suggesting that Y-27632 significantly enhanced pCTB differentiation via Rac1 and PKA activation. Our findings suggest that Rac1 and PKA may be interactively involved in CTB differentiation, and addition of Y-27632 to cultures may be an effective method for creating a stable culture model for studying CTB and STB biology in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenichiro Motomura
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
- Center of Maternal-Fetal, Neonatal and Reproductive Medicine, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail: (K. Motomura); (K. Matsumoto)
| | - Naoko Okada
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideaki Morita
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mariko Hara
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masato Tamari
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keisuke Orimo
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Go Matsuda
- Division of Advanced Medicine for Virus Infections, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Imadome
- Division of Advanced Medicine for Virus Infections, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akio Matsuda
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takeshi Nagamatsu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mikiya Fujieda
- Department of Pediatrics, Kochi Medical School, Kochi, Japan
| | - Haruhiko Sago
- Center of Maternal-Fetal, Neonatal and Reproductive Medicine, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hirohisa Saito
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenji Matsumoto
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail: (K. Motomura); (K. Matsumoto)
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Abou-Kheir W, Barrak J, Hadadeh O, Daoud G. HTR-8/SVneo cell line contains a mixed population of cells. Placenta 2016; 50:1-7. [PMID: 28161053 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2016.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Revised: 11/28/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The placenta, a transient organ in humans, is essential for pregnancy maintenance and fetal development. Trophoblast and stromal cells are the main cell types present in human placenta. Trophoblast cells are derivatives of the trophectoderm layer and fulfill the endocrine, exchange, invasion and implantation processes of the placenta, whereas stromal cells are of extraembryonic mesenchymal origin and are important for villous formation and maintenance. Different cell lines were developed to study trophoblast functions including BeWo, JEG-3 and JAR from chorioncarcinoma while HTR-8/SVneo was developed using first trimester extravillous trophoblast infected with simian virus 40 large T antigen (SV40). These cell lines are largely used to study trophoblast functions including cell fusion, migration and invasion. Therefore, the purity of each cell lines is crucial in order to be able to use them as a model recapitulating trophoblast cells. METHODS HTR-8/SVneo, BeWo, JEG-3 and JAR were analyzed for epithelial and mesenchymal markers using immunofluorescence, real time PCR and Western blot. RESULTS Our results showed that HTR-8/SVneo cell line contains two populations of cells suggesting the presence of trophoblast and stromal/mesenchymal cells. While all cells in BeWo, JEG-3 and Jar are positive for the trophoblast/epithelial marker CK7, HTR-8/SVneo cells contained few clusters of CK7 positive cells. Interestingly, vimentin expression was detected in a subset of HTR-8/SVneo cells and was completely absent from all other tested placental cell lines. DISCUSSION Our results unveil the presence of a heterogeneous population of trophoblast and stromal cells within HTR-8/SVneo cell line. This mixed population of cells should be taken into consideration when using this cell line to study trophoblast functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wassim Abou-Kheir
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon.
| | - Joanna Barrak
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Ola Hadadeh
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Georges Daoud
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon.
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Malhotra SS, Banerjee P, Gupta SK. Regulation of trophoblast differentiation during embryo implantation and placentation: Implications in pregnancy complications. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jrhm.2016.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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12
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Costa MA. Scrutinising the regulators of syncytialization and their expression in pregnancy-related conditions. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2016; 420:180-93. [PMID: 26586208 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2015.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Revised: 11/05/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The placenta is important for the success of gestation and foetal development. In fact, this specialized pregnancy organ is essential for foetal nourishment, support, and protection. In the placenta, there are different cell populations, including four subtypes of trophoblasts. Cytotrophoblasts fuse and differentiate into the multinucleated syncytiotrophoblast (syncytialization). Syncytialization is a hallmark of placentation and is highly regulated by numerous molecules with distinct roles. Placentas from pregnancies complicated by preeclampsia, intrauterine growth restriction or trisomy 21 have been associated with a defective syncytialization and an altered expression of its modulators. This work proposes to review the molecules that promote or inhibit both fusion and biochemical differentiation of cytotrophoblasts. Moreover, it will also analyse the syncytialization modulators abnormally expressed in pathological placentas, highlighting the molecules that may contribute to the aetiology of these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Costa
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.
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Abstract
Rnd3, also known as RhoE, belongs to the Rnd subclass of the Rho family of small guanosine triphosphate (GTP)-binding proteins. Rnd proteins are unique due to their inability to switch from a GTP-bound to GDP-bound conformation. Even though studies of the biological function of Rnd3 are far from being concluded, information is available regarding its expression pattern, cellular localization, and its activity, which can be altered depending on the conditions. The compiled data from these studies implies that Rnd3 may not be a traditional small GTPase. The basic role of Rnd3 is to report as an endogenous antagonist of RhoA signaling-mediated actin cytoskeleton dynamics, which specifically contributes to cell migration and neuron polarity. In addition, Rnd3 also plays a critical role in arresting cell cycle distribution, inhibiting cell growth, and inducing apoptosis and differentiation. Increasing data have shown that aberrant Rnd3 expression may be the leading cause of some systemic diseases; particularly highlighted in apoptotic cardiomyopathy, developmental arrhythmogenesis and heart failure, hydrocephalus, as well as tumor metastasis and chemotherapy resistance. Therefore, a better understanding of the function of Rnd3 under different physiological and pathological conditions, through the use of suitable models, would provide a novel insight into the origin and treatment of multiple human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Jie
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medicine Science, Guangdong Medical College, Zhanjiang, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Kelsey C Andrade
- Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Xi Lin
- Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Xiangsheng Yang
- Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Xiaojing Yue
- Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Jiang Chang
- Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Houston, Texas, USA
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Gupta SK, Malhotra SS, Malik A, Verma S, Chaudhary P. Cell Signaling Pathways Involved During Invasion and Syncytialization of Trophoblast Cells. Am J Reprod Immunol 2015; 75:361-71. [PMID: 26490782 DOI: 10.1111/aji.12436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2015] [Accepted: 09/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Implantation involves an extensive cross talk between the trophoblast cells and the receptive endometrium through embryonic as well as endometrial-derived factors that regulate the invasion and migration of trophoblast cells and also syncytia formation. Any aberration in this highly regulated process may lead to pregnancy complications such as preeclampsia, intrauterine growth restriction, or even pregnancy failure. How various cytokines and growth factors act by activating various cell signaling pathways leading to the expression of the effector molecules have been reviewed, which control invasion and migration of trophoblast cells and syncytialization. The gaps in our current understanding of the various signaling pathways, activated by different cytokines/growth factors, their possible cross talk for optimized effector function(s), and future prospects in this field have been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satish Kumar Gupta
- Reproductive Cell Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, India
| | - Sudha Saryu Malhotra
- Reproductive Cell Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, India
| | - Ankita Malik
- Reproductive Cell Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, India
| | - Sonam Verma
- Reproductive Cell Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, India
| | - Piyush Chaudhary
- Reproductive Cell Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, India
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15
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Zhou Z, Wang R, Yang X, Lu XY, Zhang Q, Wang YL, Wang H, Zhu C, Lin HY, Wang H. The cAMP-responsive element binding protein (CREB) transcription factor regulates furin expression during human trophoblast syncytialization. Placenta 2014; 35:907-18. [PMID: 25175744 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2014.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2014] [Revised: 07/28/2014] [Accepted: 07/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The multinucleated syncytiotrophoblast is formed and maintained by cytotrophoblast cell fusion and serves multiple functions to ensure a successful pregnancy. We have previously reported that the proprotein convertase furin is required for trophoblast syncytialization by processing type 1 insulin-like growth factor receptor (IGF1R). METHODS Utilizing trophoblast cell fusion models including induced fusion of choriocarcinoma BeWo cells and spontaneous fusion of primary cultured term cytotrophoblast cells, the expression of furin was evaluated by quantitative real-time PCR, Western blotting and immunofluorescence. The key transcription factor regulating the FUR gene promoter and critical responsive elements were identified by luciferase reporter assays, truncated mutants analysis, site-directed mutagenesis and ChIP. RESULTS We demonstrated that the levels of FUR mRNA were significantly stimulated by cAMP/PKA signaling pathway during spontaneous fusion of cytotrophoblast cells and forskolin-induced fusion of BeWo cells. cAMP-responsive element binding protein (CREB) was proven to be the key transcription factor which regulated the FUR P1 promoter during forskolin-induced BeWo cell fusion, and two critical cAMP-responsive elements (CREs) in the P1 promoter were further identified. Finally, we showed that CREB mediated endogenous furin activation and that CREB siRNA attenuated forskolin-induced furin expression and cell fusion in BeWo cells. DISCUSSION This provides the first evidence of the upstream regulator of furin during trophoblast cell fusion. CONCLUSIONS The above results suggest that the FUR transcription is activated by CREB-dependent stimulation of the FUR P1 promoter during human trophoblast syncytialization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, PR China; Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, PR China
| | - R Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, PR China; Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, PR China
| | - X Yang
- Department of Human Reproductive Medicine, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100006, PR China
| | - X-Y Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, PR China; Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, PR China
| | - Q Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, PR China; Laboratory Animal Center, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China
| | - Y-L Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, PR China
| | - H Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, PR China
| | - C Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, PR China
| | - H-Y Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, PR China.
| | - H Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, PR China.
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Løset M, Johnson MP, Melton PE, Ang W, Huang RC, Mori TA, Beilin LJ, Pennell C, Roten LT, Iversen AC, Austgulen R, East CE, Blangero J, Brennecke SP, Moses EK. Preeclampsia and cardiovascular disease share genetic risk factors on chromosome 2q22. Pregnancy Hypertens 2014; 4:178-85. [PMID: 26104425 DOI: 10.1016/j.preghy.2014.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2013] [Revised: 03/06/2014] [Accepted: 03/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Four putative single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) risk variants at the preeclampsia susceptibility locus on chromosome 2q22; rs2322659 (LCT), rs35821928 (LRP1B), rs115015150 (RND3) and rs17783344 (GCA), were recently shown to associate with known cardiovascular risk factors in a Mexican American cohort. This study aimed to further evaluate the pleiotropic effects of these preeclampsia risk variants in an independent Australian population-based cohort. METHODS The four SNPs were genotyped in the Western Australian Pregnancy Cohort (Raine) Study that included DNA, clinical and biochemical data from 1246 mothers and 1404 of their now adolescent offspring. Genotype association analyses were undertaken using the SOLAR software. RESULTS Nominal associations (P<0.05) with cardiovascular risk factors were detected for all four SNPs. The LCT SNP was associated with decreased maternal height (P=0.005) and decreased blood glucose levels in adolescents (P=0.022). The LRP1B SNP was associated with increased maternal height (P=0.026) and decreased maternal weight (P=0.044). The RND3 SNP was associated with decreased triglycerides in adolescents (P=0.001). The GCA SNP was associated with lower risk in adolescents to be born of a preeclamptic pregnancy (P=0.003) and having a mother with prior preeclamptic pregnancy (P=0.033). CONCLUSIONS Our collective findings support the hypothesis that genetic mechanisms for preeclampsia and CVD are, at least in part, shared, but need to be interpreted with some caution as a Bonferroni correction for multiple testing adjusted the statistical significance threshold (adjusted P<0.001).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mari Løset
- Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), N-7491 Trondheim, Norway.
| | - Matthew P Johnson
- Department of Genetics, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78227, USA
| | - Phillip E Melton
- Centre for Genetic Origins of Health and Disease, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Wei Ang
- School of Women's and Infants' Health, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Rae-Chi Huang
- School of Medicine and Pharmacology, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6000, Australia; Telethon Institute for Child Health Research, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6008, Australia
| | - Trevor A Mori
- School of Medicine and Pharmacology, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6000, Australia
| | - Lawrence J Beilin
- School of Medicine and Pharmacology, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6000, Australia
| | - Craig Pennell
- School of Women's and Infants' Health, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Linda T Roten
- Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), N-7491 Trondheim, Norway; Central Norway Regional Health Authority (RHA), N-7501 Stjørdal, Norway
| | - Ann-Charlotte Iversen
- Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), N-7491 Trondheim, Norway; Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), N-7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Rigmor Austgulen
- Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), N-7491 Trondheim, Norway; Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), N-7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Christine E East
- Department of Perinatal Medicine, Royal Women's Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - John Blangero
- Department of Genetics, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78227, USA
| | - Shaun P Brennecke
- Department of Perinatal Medicine, Royal Women's Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Eric K Moses
- Centre for Genetic Origins of Health and Disease, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
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Ishikawa A, Omata W, Ackerman WE, Takeshita T, Vandré DD, Robinson JM. Cell fusion mediates dramatic alterations in the actin cytoskeleton, focal adhesions, and E-cadherin in trophoblastic cells. Cytoskeleton (Hoboken) 2014; 71:241-56. [PMID: 24623684 DOI: 10.1002/cm.21165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2013] [Revised: 12/20/2013] [Accepted: 01/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The syncytiotrophoblast of the human placenta is a unique epithelia structure with millions of nuclei sharing a common cytoplasm. The syncytiotrophoblast forms by cell-cell fusion of cytotrophoblasts (CTB), the mononuclear precursor cells. The trophoblastic BeWo cell line has been used as a surrogate for CTB since they can be induced to fuse, and subsequently display numerous syncytiotrophoblast differentiation markers following syncytial formation. In this study, we have focused on alterations in the cell-adhesion molecule E-cadherin, actin cytoskeleton, and focal adhesions following BeWo cell fusion, since these entities may be interrelated. There was a dramatic reorganization of the distribution of E-cadherin as well as a reduction in the amount of E-cadherin following cell fusion. Reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton was also observed, which was associated with a change in the globular actin (G-actin)/filamentous actin (F-actin) ratio. Concomitantly, the morphology of focal adhesions was altered, but this occurred without a corresponding change in the levels of focal adhesion marker proteins. Thus, extensive remodeling of the actin cytoskeleton and focal adhesions accompanies cell fusion and differentiation and appears related to alterations in E-cadherin in trophoblastic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsuko Ishikawa
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
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Chang L, Guo F, Wang Y, Lv Y, Huo B, Wang L, Liu W. MicroRNA-200c regulates the sensitivity of chemotherapy of gastric cancer SGC7901/DDP cells by directly targeting RhoE. Pathol Oncol Res 2013; 20:93-8. [PMID: 23821457 DOI: 10.1007/s12253-013-9664-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2013] [Accepted: 06/03/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Gastric cancer remains a worldwide burden as the second leading cause of cancer-related death. Drug resistance of chemotherapy looms as a major clinical obstacle to successful treatment. Recent evidence indicated that miRNA-200c can restore the sensitivity of NSCLC cells to cisplatin and cetuximab. The expression of miRNA-200c and RhoE were investigated in gastric cancer tissues and cells (SGC7901 and SGC7901/DDP) by qRT-PCR. A luciferase reporter assay was done to understand the potential correlation between miRNA-200c and RhoE. Pre-miR-200c was transfected in SGC7901/DDP cells to confirm whether miRNA-200c could regulate RhoE expression. RhoE was knocked down to explore the role of RhoE on sensitivity of chemotherapy in gastric cancer by MTT. Western blot analysis was performed to further explore the mechanism of RhoE in regulating drug resistance. The results showed that miRNA-200c was significantly lower in cancerous tissues than those in the paired normal tissues, whereas the expression of RhoE was just the opposite. The significant difference of miRNA-200c and RhoE were observed between SGC7901 cells and SGC7901/DDP cells. miRNA-200c has target sites in the 3'-UTR of RhoE mRNA by luciferase reporter assay. Transfection of pre-miR-200c reduces RhoE expression. Meanwhile, the knockdown of RhoE enhanced the sensitivity of SGC7901/DDP cells and changed expression of some genes. These suggested that miRNA-200c regulated the sensitivity of chemotherapy to cisplatin (DDP) in gastric cancer by possibly targeting RhoE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Chang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, 12 Jiankang Road, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, China
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