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Ding H, Shi X, Wen Z, Zhu X, Chen P, Hu Y, Xiao K, Yang J, Tian T, Zhang D, Wang S, Li Y. Molecular Identification and Functional Characterization of LC-PUFA Biosynthesis Elongase ( elovl2) Gene in Chinese Sturgeon ( Acipenser sinensis). Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:2343. [PMID: 39199889 PMCID: PMC11350804 DOI: 10.3390/ani14162343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2024] [Revised: 07/16/2024] [Accepted: 08/01/2024] [Indexed: 09/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Elongases of very-long-chain fatty acids (Elovls) are critical rate-limiting enzymes that are involved in LC-PUFA biosynthesis through catalyzing the two-carbon elongation of a pre-existing fatty acyl chain. Thus far, several Elovls have been extensively studied in teleost. However, the functional and physiological roles of Elovls in chondrichthyans have rarely been reported. In this study, we identified and characterized elovl2 from the endangered Chinese sturgeon (Acipenser sinensis) by whole genome scanning. The results show that the coding sequence of elovl2 was 894 bp in length, for a putative protein of 297 amnio acids. Comparative genomic analyses indicated that Chinese sturgeon elovl2 was evolutionarily conserved. Functional characterization in yeast demonstrated that the Chinese sturgeon Elovl2 could efficiently elongate C20 (ARA and EPA) and C22 (22:4n-6 and 22:5n-3) substrates, confirming its critical roles in LC-PUFA biosynthesis. Spatial and temporal expression analyses showed high elovl2 mRNA levels were detected in the liver and brain and showed an increase trend both in embryonic and post-hatching stages. Interestingly, diets with vegetable oils as lipid sources could significantly induce the high expression of elovl2 in Chinese sturgeon, implying that the endogenous LC-PUFA biosynthesis pathway was stimulated by lack of LC-PUFA in their diets. Our findings will enhance our understanding about the evolutionary and functional roles of elovl2 and provide novel insights into the LC-PUFA biosynthesis mechanism in vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoze Ding
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Three Gorges Project for Conservation of Fishes, Yichang 443100, China; (H.D.); (X.S.); (X.Z.); (P.C.); (Y.H.); (K.X.); (J.Y.); (T.T.); (D.Z.)
- Chinese Sturgeon Research Institute, China Three Gorges Corporation, Yichang 443100, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Institute of Marine Sciences, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China
| | - Xuetao Shi
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Three Gorges Project for Conservation of Fishes, Yichang 443100, China; (H.D.); (X.S.); (X.Z.); (P.C.); (Y.H.); (K.X.); (J.Y.); (T.T.); (D.Z.)
- Chinese Sturgeon Research Institute, China Three Gorges Corporation, Yichang 443100, China
| | - Zhengyong Wen
- Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province for Fishes Conservation and Utilization in the Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River, Neijiang Normal University, Neijiang 641100, China;
| | - Xin Zhu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Three Gorges Project for Conservation of Fishes, Yichang 443100, China; (H.D.); (X.S.); (X.Z.); (P.C.); (Y.H.); (K.X.); (J.Y.); (T.T.); (D.Z.)
- Chinese Sturgeon Research Institute, China Three Gorges Corporation, Yichang 443100, China
| | - Pei Chen
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Three Gorges Project for Conservation of Fishes, Yichang 443100, China; (H.D.); (X.S.); (X.Z.); (P.C.); (Y.H.); (K.X.); (J.Y.); (T.T.); (D.Z.)
- Chinese Sturgeon Research Institute, China Three Gorges Corporation, Yichang 443100, China
| | - Yacheng Hu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Three Gorges Project for Conservation of Fishes, Yichang 443100, China; (H.D.); (X.S.); (X.Z.); (P.C.); (Y.H.); (K.X.); (J.Y.); (T.T.); (D.Z.)
- Chinese Sturgeon Research Institute, China Three Gorges Corporation, Yichang 443100, China
| | - Kan Xiao
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Three Gorges Project for Conservation of Fishes, Yichang 443100, China; (H.D.); (X.S.); (X.Z.); (P.C.); (Y.H.); (K.X.); (J.Y.); (T.T.); (D.Z.)
- Chinese Sturgeon Research Institute, China Three Gorges Corporation, Yichang 443100, China
| | - Jing Yang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Three Gorges Project for Conservation of Fishes, Yichang 443100, China; (H.D.); (X.S.); (X.Z.); (P.C.); (Y.H.); (K.X.); (J.Y.); (T.T.); (D.Z.)
- Chinese Sturgeon Research Institute, China Three Gorges Corporation, Yichang 443100, China
| | - Tian Tian
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Three Gorges Project for Conservation of Fishes, Yichang 443100, China; (H.D.); (X.S.); (X.Z.); (P.C.); (Y.H.); (K.X.); (J.Y.); (T.T.); (D.Z.)
- Chinese Sturgeon Research Institute, China Three Gorges Corporation, Yichang 443100, China
| | - Dezhi Zhang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Three Gorges Project for Conservation of Fishes, Yichang 443100, China; (H.D.); (X.S.); (X.Z.); (P.C.); (Y.H.); (K.X.); (J.Y.); (T.T.); (D.Z.)
- Chinese Sturgeon Research Institute, China Three Gorges Corporation, Yichang 443100, China
| | - Shuqi Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Institute of Marine Sciences, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China
| | - Yang Li
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Three Gorges Project for Conservation of Fishes, Yichang 443100, China; (H.D.); (X.S.); (X.Z.); (P.C.); (Y.H.); (K.X.); (J.Y.); (T.T.); (D.Z.)
- Chinese Sturgeon Research Institute, China Three Gorges Corporation, Yichang 443100, China
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2
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Zhao B, Peng Y, Itakura Y, Lizanda M, Haga Y, Satoh S, Navarro JC, Monroig Ó, Kabeya N. A complete biosynthetic pathway of the long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in an amphidromous fish, ayu sweetfish Plecoglossus altivelis (Stomiati; Osmeriformes). Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2024; 1869:159498. [PMID: 38703945 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2024.159498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024]
Abstract
The biosynthetic capability of the long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFA) in teleosts are highly diversified due to evolutionary events such as gene loss and subsequent neo- and/or sub-functionalisation of enzymes encoded by existing genes. In the present study, we have comprehensively characterised genes potentially involved in LC-PUFA biosynthesis, namely one front-end desaturase (fads2) and eight fatty acid elongases (elovl1a, elovl1b, elovl4a, elovl4b, elovl5, elovl7, elovl8a and elovl8b) from an amphidromous teleost, Ayu sweetfish, Plecoglossus altivelis. Functional analysis confirmed Fads2 with Δ6, Δ5 and Δ8 desaturase activities towards multiple PUFA substrates and several Elovl enzymes exhibited elongation capacities towards C18-20 or C18-22 PUFA substrates. Consequently, P. altivelis possesses a complete enzymatic capability to synthesise physiologically important LC-PUFA including arachidonic acid (ARA, 20:4n-6), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5n-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n-3) from their C18 precursors. Interestingly, the loss of elovl2 gene in P. altivelis was corroborated by genomic and phylogenetic analyses. However, this constraint would possibly be overcome by the function of alternative Elovl enzymes, such as Elovl1b, which has not hitherto been functionally characterised in teleosts. The present study contributes novel insights into LC-PUFA biosynthesis in the relatively understudied teleost group, Osmeriformes (Stomiati), thereby enhancing our understanding of the complement of LC-PUFA biosynthetic genes within teleosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Zhao
- College of Fisheries, Zhejiang Ocean University, No. 1 Haida South Road, Dinghai District, Zhoushan 316022, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Yingying Peng
- Graduate School of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, 4-5-7 Konan, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8477, Japan
| | - Yuki Itakura
- Department of Marine Biosciences, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, 4-5-7 Konan, Minato, Tokyo 108-8477, Japan
| | - Myriam Lizanda
- Instituto de Acuicultura Torre de la Sal (IATS), CSIC, Ribera de Cabanes 12595, Castellón, Spain
| | - Yutaka Haga
- Department of Marine Biosciences, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, 4-5-7 Konan, Minato, Tokyo 108-8477, Japan
| | - Shuichi Satoh
- Department of Advanced Aquaculture Science, Fukui Prefectural University, Katsumi, 49-8-2 Obama, Fukui 917-0116, Japan
| | - Juan C Navarro
- Instituto de Acuicultura Torre de la Sal (IATS), CSIC, Ribera de Cabanes 12595, Castellón, Spain
| | - Óscar Monroig
- Instituto de Acuicultura Torre de la Sal (IATS), CSIC, Ribera de Cabanes 12595, Castellón, Spain
| | - Naoki Kabeya
- Department of Marine Biosciences, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, 4-5-7 Konan, Minato, Tokyo 108-8477, Japan.
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3
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Baer J, Ziegaus S, Schumann M, Geist J, Brinker A. Escaping malnutrition by shifting habitats: A driver of three-spined stickleback invasion in Lake Constance. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2024; 104:746-757. [PMID: 37984830 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.15622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
Fatty acids, and especially long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, are biologically important components in the metabolism of vertebrates, including fish. Essential fatty acids (EFA) are those that in a given animal cannot be synthesized or modified from precursors and must therefore be acquired via the diet. Because EFAs are often unevenly distributed in nature, this requirement may drive species to make behavioral or ecological adaptations to avoid malnutrition. This is especially true for fish like the three-spined stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus L.) of Upper Lake Constance (ULC), whose recent marine ancestors evolved with access to EFA-rich prey, but which found themselves in an EFA-deficient habitat. An unexpected and unprecedented ecological shift in the ULC stickleback population from the littoral to pelagic zones in 2012 might be linked to EFA availability, triggering ecological release and enabling them to build a hyperabundant population while displacing the former keystone species, the pelagic whitefish Coregonus wartmanni. To test this hypothesis, sticklebacks from the littoral and pelagic zones of ULC were sampled seasonally in two consecutive years, and their stomach contents and fatty acid profiles were analysed. Pelagic sticklebacks were found to possess significantly higher values of an important EFA, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), especially during autumn. Evaluation of the DHA supply suggests that sticklebacks feeding in the littoral zone during autumn could not meet their DHA requirement, whereas DHA availability in the pelagic zone was surplus to demand. During autumn, pelagic sticklebacks consumed large amounts of DHA-rich prey, that is, copepods, whereas littoral sticklebacks relied mainly mostly on cladocerans, which provide much lower quantities of DHA. Access to pelagic zooplankton in 2012 was possibly facilitated by low densities of previously dominant zooplanktivorous whitefish. The present study offers a convincing physiological explanation for the observed expansion of invasive sticklebacks from the littoral to the pelagic zones of Lake Constance, contributing to a phase shift with severe consequences for fisheries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Baer
- Fisheries Research Station Baden-Württemberg, Langenargen, Germany
| | - Sabrina Ziegaus
- Fisheries Research Station Baden-Württemberg, Langenargen, Germany
- Aquatic Systems Biology Unit, Department of Life Science Systems, Technical University of Munich, TUM School of Life Sciences, Freising, Germany
| | - Mark Schumann
- Fisheries Research Station Baden-Württemberg, Langenargen, Germany
| | - Juergen Geist
- Aquatic Systems Biology Unit, Department of Life Science Systems, Technical University of Munich, TUM School of Life Sciences, Freising, Germany
| | - Alexander Brinker
- Fisheries Research Station Baden-Württemberg, Langenargen, Germany
- University of Constance, Institute for Limnology, Konstanz, Germany
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4
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Dick MF, Hobson KA, Guglielmo CG. Experimental evidence that EPA and DHA are dietary requirements in a migratory shorebird, but they do not affect muscle oxidative capacity. J Exp Biol 2024; 227:jeb246105. [PMID: 38300135 PMCID: PMC10911131 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.246105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
Dietary n-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFAs) are hypothesized to be natural doping agents in migratory shorebirds, enabling prolonged flight by increasing membrane fluidity and oxidative capacity of the flight muscles. Animals can obtain n-3 LCPUFAs from the diet or by conversion of dietary α-linolenic acid, 18:3 n-3. However, the capacity to meet n-3 LCPUFA requirements from 18:3 n-3 varies among species. Direct tests of muscle oxidative enhancement and fatty acid conversion capacity are lacking in marine shorebirds that evolved eating diets rich in n-3 LCPUFAs. We tested whether the presence and type of dietary fatty acids influence the fatty acid composition and flight muscle oxidative capacity in western sandpipers (Calidris mauri). Sandpipers were fed diets low in n-3 PUFAs, high in 18:3 n-3, or high in n-3 LCPUFAs. Dietary fatty acid composition was reflected in multiple tissues, and low intake of n-3 LCPUFAs decreased the abundance of these fatty acids in all tissues, even with a high intake of 18:3 n-3. This suggests that 18:3 n-3 cannot replace n-3 LCPUFAs, and dietary n-3 LCPUFAs are required for sandpipers. Flight muscle indicators of enzymatic oxidative capacity and regulators of lipid metabolism did not change. However, the n-3 LCPUFA diet was associated with increased FAT/CD36 mRNA expression, potentially benefitting fatty acid transport during flight. Our study suggests that flight muscle lipid oxidation is not strongly influenced by n-3 PUFA intake. The type of dietary n-3 PUFA strongly influences the abundance of n-3 LCPUFAs in the body and could still impact whole-animal performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morag F. Dick
- Department of Biology, Centre for Animals on the Move, Advanced Facility for Avian Research, Western University, London, ON, Canada, N6A 5B7
| | - Keith A. Hobson
- Department of Biology, Centre for Animals on the Move, Advanced Facility for Avian Research, Western University, London, ON, Canada, N6A 5B7
| | - Christopher G. Guglielmo
- Department of Biology, Centre for Animals on the Move, Advanced Facility for Avian Research, Western University, London, ON, Canada, N6A 5B7
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5
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Rigaud C, Kahilainen KK, Calderini ML, Pilecky M, Kainz MJ, Tiirola M, Taipale SJ. Preparing for the future offspring: European perch (Perca fluviatilis) biosynthesis of physiologically required fatty acids for the gonads happens already in the autumn. Oecologia 2023; 203:477-489. [PMID: 37975885 PMCID: PMC10684423 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-023-05480-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) are critical for reproduction and thermal adaptation. Year-round variability in the expression of fads2 (fatty acid desaturase 2) in the liver of European perch (Perca fluviatilis) in a boreal lake was tested in relation to individual variation in size, sex, and maturity, together with stable isotopes values as well as fatty acids (FA) content in different tissues and prey items. ARA and DHA primary production was restricted to the summer months, however, perch required larger amounts of these PUFA during winter, as their ARA and DHA muscle content was higher compared to summer. The expression of fads2 in perch liver increased during winter and was higher in mature females. Mature females stored DHA in their gonads already in late summer and autumn, long before the upcoming spring spawning period in May. Lower δ13CDHA values in the gonads in September suggest that these females actively synthesized DHA as part of this reproductive investment. Lower δ13CARA values in the liver of all individuals during winter suggest that perch were synthesizing essential FA to help cope with over-wintering conditions. Perch seem able to modulate its biosynthesis of physiologically required PUFA in situations of stress (fasting or cold temperatures) or in situations of high energetic demand (gonadal development). Biosynthesis of physiologically required PUFA may be an important part of survival and reproduction in aquatic food webs with long cold periods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyril Rigaud
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland.
| | | | - Marco L Calderini
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Matthias Pilecky
- WasserCluster Lunz-Inter-university Center for Aquatic Ecosystem Studies, Lunz am See, Austria
- Danube University Krems, Research Lab of Aquatic Ecosystem Research and Health, Krems, Austria
| | - Martin J Kainz
- WasserCluster Lunz-Inter-university Center for Aquatic Ecosystem Studies, Lunz am See, Austria
- Danube University Krems, Research Lab of Aquatic Ecosystem Research and Health, Krems, Austria
| | - Marja Tiirola
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Sami J Taipale
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
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6
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Zhao R, Yang CR, Wang YX, Xu ZM, Li SQ, Li JC, Sun XQ, Wang HW, Wang Q, Zhang Y, Li JT. Fads2b Plays a Dominant Role in ∆6/∆5 Desaturation Activities Compared with Fads2a in Common Carp ( Cyprinus carpio). Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10638. [PMID: 37445816 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241310638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFAs) are essential for mammalian health, development and growth. However, most mammals, including humans, are incapable of synthesizing n-6 and n-3 HUFAs. Fish can convert C18 unsaturated fatty acids into n-6 and n-3 HUFAs via fatty acid desaturase (Fads), in which Fads2 is a key enzyme in HUFA biosynthesis. The allo-tetraploid common carp theoretically encode two duplicated fads2 genes. The expression patterns and desaturase functions of these two homologous genes are still unknown. In this study, the full length of the fads2a and fads2b were identified in common carp (Cyprinus carpio). Expression analyses indicate that both genes were mainly expressed in the liver and the expression of fads2b is higher than fads2a at different developmental stages in carp embryos. Heterogenous expression and 3D docking analyses suggested that Fads2b demonstrated stronger ∆6 and ∆5 desaturase activities than Fads2a. The core promotor regions of fads2a and fads2b were characterized and found to have different potential transcriptional binding sites. These results revealed the same desaturase functions, but different activities of two homologues of fasd2 genes in common carp. The data showed that fads2b played a more important role in HUFA synthesis through both expression and functional analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Genomics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs and Beijing Key Laboratory of Fishery Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Beijing 100141, China
| | - Chen-Ru Yang
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Genomics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs and Beijing Key Laboratory of Fishery Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Beijing 100141, China
| | - Ya-Xin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Genomics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs and Beijing Key Laboratory of Fishery Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Beijing 100141, China
| | - Zi-Ming Xu
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Genomics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs and Beijing Key Laboratory of Fishery Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Beijing 100141, China
| | - Shang-Qi Li
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Genomics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs and Beijing Key Laboratory of Fishery Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Beijing 100141, China
| | - Jin-Cheng Li
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Genomics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs and Beijing Key Laboratory of Fishery Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Beijing 100141, China
| | - Xiao-Qing Sun
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Genomics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs and Beijing Key Laboratory of Fishery Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Beijing 100141, China
| | - Hong-Wei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Genomics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs and Beijing Key Laboratory of Fishery Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Beijing 100141, China
| | - Qi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Genomics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs and Beijing Key Laboratory of Fishery Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Beijing 100141, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Genomics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs and Beijing Key Laboratory of Fishery Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Beijing 100141, China
| | - Jiong-Tang Li
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Genomics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs and Beijing Key Laboratory of Fishery Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Beijing 100141, China
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7
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Kabeya N, Kimura K, Matsushita Y, Suzuki S, Nagakura Y, Kinami R, Noda H, Takagi K, Okamoto K, Miwa M, Haga Y, Satoh S, Yoshizaki G. Determination of dietary essential fatty acids in a deep-sea fish, the splendid alfonsino Beryx splendens: functional characterization of enzymes involved in long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis. FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2023; 49:425-439. [PMID: 37074473 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-023-01192-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The splendid alfonsino Beryx splendens is a commercially important deep-sea fish in East Asian countries. Because the wild stock of this species has been declining, there is an urgent need to develop aquaculture systems. In the present study, we investigated the long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (LC-PUFA) requirements of B. splendens, which are known as essential dietary components in many carnivorous marine fish species. The fatty acid profiles of the muscles, liver, and stomach contents of B. splendens suggested that it acquires substantial levels of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) from its natural diet. The functional characterization of a fatty acid desaturase (Fads2) and three elongases (Elovl5, Elovl4a, and Elovl4b) from B. splendens confirmed their enzymatic capabilities in LC-PUFA biosynthesis. Fads2 showed Δ6 and Δ8 bifunctional desaturase activities. Elovl5 showed preferential elongase activities toward C18 and C20 PUFA substrates, whereas Elovl4a and Elovl4b showed activities toward various C18-22 substrates. Given that Fads2 showed no Δ5 desaturase activity and no other fads-like sequence was found in the B. splendens genome, EPA and arachidonic acid cannot be synthesized from C18 precursors; hence, they can be categorized as dietary essential fatty acids in B. splendens. EPA can be converted into DHA in B. splendens via the so-called Sprecher pathway. However, given that fads2 is only expressed in the brain, it is unlikely that the capacity of B. splendens to biosynthesize DHA from EPA can fulfill its physiological requirements. These results will be useful to researchers developing B. splendens aquaculture methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Kabeya
- Department of Marine Biosciences, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, 4-5-7 Konan, Minato, Tokyo, 108-8477, Japan
| | - Kazunori Kimura
- Department of Marine Biosciences, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, 4-5-7 Konan, Minato, Tokyo, 108-8477, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Matsushita
- Department of Marine Biosciences, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, 4-5-7 Konan, Minato, Tokyo, 108-8477, Japan
| | - Satoshi Suzuki
- Shizuoka Prefectural Research Institute of Fishery and Ocean, 136-24 Iwashigashima, Yaizu, Shizuoka, 425-0032, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Nagakura
- Shizuoka Prefectural Research Institute of Fishery and Ocean, 136-24 Iwashigashima, Yaizu, Shizuoka, 425-0032, Japan
| | - Ryuhei Kinami
- Shizuoka Prefectural Research Institute of Fishery and Ocean, 136-24 Iwashigashima, Yaizu, Shizuoka, 425-0032, Japan
- Aquaculture Research Institute, Kindai University, 1330 Takata, Shingu, Wakayama, 647-1101, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Noda
- Shizuoka Prefectural Research Institute of Fishery and Ocean, 136-24 Iwashigashima, Yaizu, Shizuoka, 425-0032, Japan
| | - Koji Takagi
- Shizuoka Prefectural Research Institute of Fishery and Ocean, 136-24 Iwashigashima, Yaizu, Shizuoka, 425-0032, Japan
| | - Kazutoshi Okamoto
- Shizuoka Prefectural Research Institute of Fishery and Ocean, 136-24 Iwashigashima, Yaizu, Shizuoka, 425-0032, Japan
- Marine Open Innovation Institute, 2F Shimizu-Marine Bldg., 9-25 Hinodecho, Shimizu, Shizuoka, 424-0922, Japan
| | - Misako Miwa
- Department of Marine Biosciences, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, 4-5-7 Konan, Minato, Tokyo, 108-8477, Japan
| | - Yutaka Haga
- Department of Marine Biosciences, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, 4-5-7 Konan, Minato, Tokyo, 108-8477, Japan
| | - Shuichi Satoh
- Department of Marine Biosciences, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, 4-5-7 Konan, Minato, Tokyo, 108-8477, Japan
- Faculty of Marine Science and Technology, Fukui Prefectural University, 1-1 Gakuencho, Obama, Fukui, 917-0003, Japan
| | - Goro Yoshizaki
- Department of Marine Biosciences, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, 4-5-7 Konan, Minato, Tokyo, 108-8477, Japan.
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8
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Zhang Y, Zhang J, Gao K, Lu R, Cao X, Yang L, Nie G. Genome-wide comparative identification and analysis of membrane-FADS-like superfamily genes in freshwater economic fishes. FEBS Open Bio 2023. [PMID: 36883721 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.13594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 02/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Membrane fatty acid desaturase (FADS)-like superfamily proteins (FADSs) are essential for the synthesis of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Recently, studies on FADS in fishes have mostly focused on marine species, and a comprehensive analysis of the FADS superfamily, including the FADS, stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD), and sphingolipid delta 4-desaturase (DEGS) families, in freshwater economic fishes is urgently required. To this end, we conducted a thorough analysis of the number, gene/protein structure, chromosomal location, gene linkage map, phylogeny, and expression of the FADS superfamily. We identified 156 FADSs genes in the genome of 27 representative species. Notably, FADS1 and SCD5 were lost in most freshwater fish and other teleosts. All FADSs proteins contain 4 transmembrane helices and 2-3 amphipathic α-helices. FADSs in the same family are often linked on the same chromosome; moreover, FADS and SCD or DEGS are frequently collocated on the same chromosome. In addition, FADS, SCD, and DEGS family proteins share similar evolutionary patterns. Interestingly, FADS6, as a member of the FADS family, exhibits a similar gene structure and chromosome location to that of SCD family members, which may be the transitional form of FADS and SCD. This study shed light on the type, structure, and phylogenetic relationship of FADSs in freshwater fishes, offering a new perspective into the functional mechanism analysis of FADSs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuru Zhang
- College of Fisheries, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, China.,College of Fisheries, Engineering Technology Research Centre of Henan Province for Aquatic Animal Cultivation, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Junmei Zhang
- College of Fisheries, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, China.,College of Fisheries, Engineering Technology Research Centre of Henan Province for Aquatic Animal Cultivation, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Kedi Gao
- College of Fisheries, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, China.,College of Fisheries, Engineering Technology Research Centre of Henan Province for Aquatic Animal Cultivation, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Ronghua Lu
- College of Fisheries, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, China.,College of Fisheries, Engineering Technology Research Centre of Henan Province for Aquatic Animal Cultivation, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Xianglin Cao
- College of Fisheries, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, China.,College of Fisheries, Engineering Technology Research Centre of Henan Province for Aquatic Animal Cultivation, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Liping Yang
- College of Fisheries, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, China.,College of Fisheries, Engineering Technology Research Centre of Henan Province for Aquatic Animal Cultivation, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Guoxing Nie
- College of Fisheries, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, China.,College of Fisheries, Engineering Technology Research Centre of Henan Province for Aquatic Animal Cultivation, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, China
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9
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Kowarik C, Martin-Creuzburg D, Mathers KL, Weber C, Robinson CT. Stream degradation affects aquatic resource subsidies to riparian ground-dwelling spiders. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 855:158658. [PMID: 36113799 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Freshwater systems have undergone drastic alterations during the last century, potentially affecting cross-boundary resource transfers between aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. One important connection is the export of biomass by emergent aquatic insects containing omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), especially eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), that is scarce in terrestrial systems. Because of taxon-specific differences in PUFA content and functional traits, the contribution of different insect groups should be considered, in addition to total biomass export. In this context, one important trait is the emergence mode. Stoneflies, in contrast to other aquatic insects, crawl to land to emerge instead of flying directly from the water surface, making them accessible to ground-dwelling predators. Because stoneflies are especially susceptible to environmental change, stream degradation might cause a mismatch of available and required nutrients, particularly for ground-dwelling predators. In this study, we estimated emergent biomass and EPA export along two streams with different levels of habitat degradation. The EPA content in aquatic insects did not differ with different degrees of habitat degradation and total biomass export in spring was with 7.9 ± 9.6 mg m-2 day-1 in the degraded and 7.3 ± 8.5 mg m-2 day-1 in the natural system, also unaffected. However, habitat degradation substantially altered the contribution of crawling emergence to the total export in spring, with no biomass export by stoneflies at the most degraded sites. The EPA content in ground-dwelling spiders was correlated with emergent stonefly biomass, making up only 16.0 ± 6.2 % of total fatty acids at sites with no stonefly emergence, but 27.3 ± 3.0 % at sites with highest stonefly emergence. Because immune function in ground-dwelling spiders has been connected to EPA levels, reduced crawling emergence might impact spider fitness. Functional traits, like emergence mode as well as nutritional quality, should be considered when assessing the effects of stream degradation on adjacent terrestrial ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Kowarik
- Eawag (Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology), Department of Aquatic Ecology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland; Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland.
| | | | - Kate L Mathers
- Geography and Environment, Centre for Hydrological and Ecosystem Science, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE11 3TU, UK; Eawag (Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology), Department of Surface Waters Research and Management, 6047 Kastanienbaum, Switzerland
| | - Christine Weber
- Eawag (Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology), Department of Surface Waters Research and Management, 6047 Kastanienbaum, Switzerland
| | - Christopher T Robinson
- Eawag (Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology), Department of Aquatic Ecology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland; Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
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10
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Torsabo D, Ishak SD, Noordin NM, Koh ICC, Abduh MY, Iber BT, Kuah MK, Abol-Munafi AB. Enhancing Reproductive Performance of Freshwater Finfish Species through Dietary Lipids. AQUACULTURE NUTRITION 2022; 2022:7138012. [PMID: 36860466 PMCID: PMC9973229 DOI: 10.1155/2022/7138012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Dietary lipid manipulation in the feed of commercially cultured finfish is used not only to improve production and culture but also to enhance their reproductive performances. The inclusion of lipid in broodstock diet positively affects growth, immunological responses, gonadogenesis, and larval survival. In this review, existing literature on the importance of freshwater finfish species to aquaculture and the inclusion of dietary lipid compounds in freshwater fish feed to accelerate the reproduction rate is being summarized and discussed. Although lipid compounds have been confirmed to improve reproductive performance, only a few members of the most economically important species have reaped benefits from quantitative and qualitative lipid studies. There is a knowledge gap on the effective inclusion and utilization of dietary lipids on gonad maturation, fecundity, fertilization, egg morphology, hatching rate, and consequently, larval quality contributing to the survival and good performance of freshwater fish culture. This review provides a baseline for potential future research for optimizing dietary lipid inclusion in freshwater broodstock diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald Torsabo
- Higher Institution Centre of Excellence (HICoE), Institute of Tropical Aquaculture and Fisheries, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia
- Department of Fisheries and Aquaculture, Federal University of Agriculture Makurdi, Makurdi, Benue State, Nigeria
| | - Sairatul Dahlianis Ishak
- Higher Institution Centre of Excellence (HICoE), Institute of Tropical Aquaculture and Fisheries, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Noordiyana Mat Noordin
- Higher Institution Centre of Excellence (HICoE), Institute of Tropical Aquaculture and Fisheries, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia
- Faculty of Fisheries and Food Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Ivan Chong Chu Koh
- Faculty of Fisheries and Food Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Muhammad Yazed Abduh
- Faculty of Fisheries and Food Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Benedict Terkula Iber
- Higher Institution Centre of Excellence (HICoE), Institute of Tropical Aquaculture and Fisheries, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia
- Department of Fisheries and Aquaculture, Federal University of Agriculture Makurdi, Makurdi, Benue State, Nigeria
| | - Meng-Kiat Kuah
- Lab-Ind Resource Sdn Bhd, 48300 Bandar Bukit Beruntung, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Ambok Bolong Abol-Munafi
- Higher Institution Centre of Excellence (HICoE), Institute of Tropical Aquaculture and Fisheries, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia
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11
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Emam M, Eslamloo K, Caballero-Solares A, Lorenz EK, Xue X, Umasuthan N, Gnanagobal H, Santander J, Taylor RG, Balder R, Parrish CC, Rise ML. Nutritional immunomodulation of Atlantic salmon response to Renibacterium salmoninarum bacterin. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:931548. [PMID: 36213116 PMCID: PMC9532746 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.931548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the immunomodulatory effect of varying levels of dietary ω6/ω3 fatty acids (FA) on Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) antibacterial response. Two groups were fed either high-18:3ω3 or high-18:2ω6 FA diets for 8 weeks, and a third group was fed for 4 weeks on the high-18:2ω6 diet followed by 4 weeks on the high-18:3ω3 diet and termed "switched-diet". Following the second 4 weeks of feeding (i.e., at 8 weeks), head kidney tissues from all groups were sampled for FA analysis. Fish were then intraperitoneally injected with either a formalin-killed Renibacterium salmoninarum bacterin (5 × 107 cells mL-1) or phosphate-buffered saline (PBS control), and head kidney tissues for gene expression analysis were sampled at 24 h post-injection. FA analysis showed that the head kidney profile reflected the dietary FA, especially for C18 FAs. The qPCR analyses of twenty-three genes showed that both the high-ω6 and high-ω3 groups had significant bacterin-dependent induction of some transcripts involved in lipid metabolism (ch25ha and lipe), pathogen recognition (clec12b and tlr5), and immune effectors (znrf1 and cish). In contrast, these transcripts did not significantly respond to the bacterin in the "switched-diet" group. Concurrently, biomarkers encoding proteins with putative roles in biotic inflammatory response (tnfrsf6b) and dendritic cell maturation (ccl13) were upregulated, and a chemokine receptor (cxcr1) was downregulated with the bacterin injection regardless of the experimental diets. On the other hand, an inflammatory regulator biomarker, bcl3, was only significantly upregulated in the high-ω3 fed group, and a C-type lectin family member (clec3a) was only significantly downregulated in the switched-diet group with the bacterin injection (compared with diet-matched PBS-injected controls). Transcript fold-change (FC: bacterin/PBS) showed that tlr5 was significantly over 2-fold higher in the high-18:2ω6 diet group compared with other diet groups. FC and FA associations highlighted the role of DGLA (20:3ω6; anti-inflammatory) and/or EPA (20:5ω3; anti-inflammatory) vs. ARA (20:4ω6; pro-inflammatory) as representative of the anti-inflammatory/pro-inflammatory balance between eicosanoid precursors. Also, the correlations revealed associations of FA proportions (% total FA) and FA ratios with several eicosanoid and immune receptor biomarkers (e.g., DGLA/ARA significant positive correlation with pgds, 5loxa, 5loxb, tlr5, and cxcr1). In summary, dietary FA profiles and/or regimens modulated the expression of some immune-relevant genes in Atlantic salmon injected with R. salmoninarum bacterin. The modulation of Atlantic salmon responses to bacterial pathogens and their associated antigens using high-ω6/high-ω3 diets warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Emam
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, NL, Canada
| | - Khalil Eslamloo
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, NL, Canada
| | | | - Evandro Kleber Lorenz
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, NL, Canada
| | - Xi Xue
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, NL, Canada
| | | | - Hajarooba Gnanagobal
- Marine Microbial Pathogenesis and Vaccinology Laboratory, Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, NL, Canada
| | - Javier Santander
- Marine Microbial Pathogenesis and Vaccinology Laboratory, Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, NL, Canada
| | | | - Rachel Balder
- Cargill Animal Nutrition and Health, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Christopher C. Parrish
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, NL, Canada
| | - Matthew L. Rise
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, NL, Canada
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12
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Datsomor AK, Gillard G, Jin Y, Olsen RE, Sandve SR. Molecular Regulation of Biosynthesis of Long Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Atlantic Salmon. MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGY (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2022; 24:661-670. [PMID: 35907166 PMCID: PMC9385821 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-022-10144-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Salmon is a rich source of health-promoting omega-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 LC-PUFA), such as eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5n-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n-3). The LC-PUFA biosynthetic pathway in Atlantic salmon is one of the most studied compared to other teleosts. This has largely been due to the massive replacement of LC-PUFA-rich ingredients in aquafeeds with terrestrial plant oils devoid of these essential fatty acids (EFA) which ultimately pushed dietary content towards the minimal requirement of EFA. The practice would also reduce tissue content of n-3 LC-PUFA compromising the nutritional value of salmon to the human consumer. These necessitated detailed studies of endogenous biosynthetic capability as a contributor to these EFA. This review seeks to provide a comprehensive and concise overview of the current knowledge about the molecular genetics of PUFA biosynthesis in Atlantic salmon, highlighting the enzymology and nutritional regulation as well as transcriptional control networks. Furthermore, we discuss the impact of genome duplication on the complexity of salmon LC-PUFA pathway and highlight probable implications on endogenous biosynthetic capabilities. Finally, we have also compiled and made available a large RNAseq dataset from 316 salmon liver samples together with an R-script visualization resource to aid in explorative and hypothesis-driven research into salmon lipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex K. Datsomor
- Center for Integrative Genetics (CIGENE), Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Faculty of Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Gareth Gillard
- Center for Integrative Genetics (CIGENE), Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Faculty of Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Yang Jin
- Center for Integrative Genetics (CIGENE), Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Faculty of Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Rolf E. Olsen
- Institute of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Simen R. Sandve
- Center for Integrative Genetics (CIGENE), Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Faculty of Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
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13
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Sam KK, Lau NS, Kuah MK, Lading EA, Shu-Chien AC. A complete inventory of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis pathway enzymes in the miniaturized cyprinid Paedocypris micromegethes. FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2022; 48:817-838. [PMID: 35643977 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-022-01082-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The capacity for long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (LC-PUFA) biosynthesis activity in a species depends on the enzymatic activities of fatty acyl desaturase (Fads) and elongation of very long-chain fatty acid (Elovl). The miniaturized fish Paedocypris micromegethes is a developmentally truncated cyprinid living in highly acidic water conditions in tropical peat swamps. The capacity for LC-PUFA biosynthesis in this species, which has a reduced genome size, is unknown. A high-quality de novo transcriptome assembly enabled the identification of a putative Fads2 and four Elovl. The Fads2 was verified as a P. micromegethes Fads2 ortholog with in vitro Δ5 and Δ6 activities. The Elovl sequences were established as an Elovl5, Elovl2, and two Elovl4 paralogs, namely Elovl4a and Elovl4b. These Elovl enzymes, mainly Elovl5 and Elovl2, fulfill the necessary C18, C20, and C22 PUFA elongation steps for LC-PUFA biosynthesis. Collectively, these results validate the presence of a complete repertoire of LC-PUFA biosynthesis enzymes in a peat swamp miniatured freshwater fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ka-Kei Sam
- Centre for Chemical Biology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11900, Bayan Lepas, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Nyok-Sean Lau
- Centre for Chemical Biology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11900, Bayan Lepas, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Meng-Kiat Kuah
- Lab-Ind Resource Sdn. Bhd, 48300, Bukit Beruntung, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Engkamat Anak Lading
- Forest Department Sarawak, Forest Department HQ, Level 11, Baitul Makmur II, Medan Raya, Petra Jaya, 93050, Kuching, Sarawak, Malaysia
| | - Alexander Chong Shu-Chien
- Centre for Chemical Biology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11900, Bayan Lepas, Penang, Malaysia.
- School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Minden, Penang, Malaysia.
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14
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A chromosome-level genome assembly of the jade perch (Scortum barcoo). Sci Data 2022; 9:408. [PMID: 35840598 PMCID: PMC9287455 DOI: 10.1038/s41597-022-01523-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Endemic to Australia, jade perch (Scortum barcoo) is a highly profitable freshwater bass species. It has extraordinarily high levels of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), which detailed genes involved in are largely unclear. Meanwhile, there were four chromosome-level bass species have been previous sequenced, while the bass ancestor genome karyotypes have not been estimated. Therefore, we sequenced, assembled and annotated a genome of jade perch to characterize the detailed genes for biosynthesis of omega-3 PUFAs and to deduce the bass ancestor genome karyotypes. We constructed a chromosome-level genome assembly with 24 pairs of chromosomes, 657.7 Mb in total length, and the contig and the scaffold N50 of 4.8 Mb and 28.6 Mb respectively. We also identified repetitive elements (accounting for 19.7% of the genome assembly) and predicted 26,905 protein-coding genes. Meanwhile, we performed genome-wide localization and characterization of several important genes encoding some key enzymes in the biosynthesis pathway of PUFAs. These genes may contribute to the high concentration of omega-3 in jade perch. Moreover, we conducted a series of comparative genomic analyses among four representative bass species at a chromosome level, resulting in a series of sequences of a deductive bass ancestor genome. Measurement(s) | whole genome sequencing | Technology Type(s) | Illumina Sequencing • Oxford Nanopore Sequencing |
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15
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Sun J, Li J, Li Y, Du J, Zhao N, Mai K, Ai Q. Regulation of Δ6Fads2 Gene Involved in LC-PUFA Biosynthesis Subjected to Fatty Acid in Large Yellow Croaker ( Larimichthys crocea) and Rainbow Trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss). Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12050659. [PMID: 35625587 PMCID: PMC9139026 DOI: 10.3390/biom12050659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Δ6 fatty acyl desaturase (Δ6Fads2) is regarded as the first rate-limiting desaturase that catalyzes the biosynthesis of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFA) from 18-carbon fatty acid in vertebrates, but the underlying regulatory mechanism of fads2 has not been comprehensively understood. This study aimed to investigate the regulation role of fads2 subjected to fatty acid in large yellow croaker and rainbow trout. In vivo, large yellow croaker and rainbow trout were fed a fish oil (FO) diet, a soybean oil (SO) diet or a linseed oil (LO) diet for 10 weeks. The results show that LO and SO can significantly increase fads2 expression (p < 0.05). In vitro experiments were conducted in HEK293T cells or primary hepatocytes to determine the transcriptional regulation of fads2. The results show that CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein α (C/EBPα) can up-regulate fads2 expression. GATA binding protein 3 (GATA3) can up-regulate fads2 expression in rainbow trout but showed opposite effect in large yellow croaker. Furthermore, C/EBPα protein levels were significantly increased by LO and SO (p < 0.05), gata3 expression was increased in rainbow trout by LO but decreased in large yellow croaker by LO and SO. In conclusion, we revealed that FO replaced by LO and SO increased fads2 expression through a C/EBPα and GATA3 dependent mechanism in large yellow croaker and rainbow trout. This study might provide critical insights into the regulatory mechanisms of fads2 expression and LC-PUFA biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Sun
- The Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Feed (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), The Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ministry of Education), Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, China; (J.S.); (J.L.); (Y.L.); (J.D.); (N.Z.); (K.M.)
| | - Jingqi Li
- The Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Feed (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), The Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ministry of Education), Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, China; (J.S.); (J.L.); (Y.L.); (J.D.); (N.Z.); (K.M.)
| | - Yongnan Li
- The Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Feed (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), The Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ministry of Education), Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, China; (J.S.); (J.L.); (Y.L.); (J.D.); (N.Z.); (K.M.)
| | - Jianlong Du
- The Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Feed (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), The Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ministry of Education), Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, China; (J.S.); (J.L.); (Y.L.); (J.D.); (N.Z.); (K.M.)
| | - Nannan Zhao
- The Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Feed (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), The Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ministry of Education), Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, China; (J.S.); (J.L.); (Y.L.); (J.D.); (N.Z.); (K.M.)
| | - Kangsen Mai
- The Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Feed (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), The Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ministry of Education), Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, China; (J.S.); (J.L.); (Y.L.); (J.D.); (N.Z.); (K.M.)
- Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, 1 Wenhai Road, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Qinghui Ai
- The Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Feed (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), The Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ministry of Education), Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, China; (J.S.); (J.L.); (Y.L.); (J.D.); (N.Z.); (K.M.)
- Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, 1 Wenhai Road, Qingdao 266237, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-0532-82031943
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16
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Partial fads2 Gene Knockout Diverts LC-PUFA Biosynthesis via an Alternative Δ8 Pathway with an Impact on the Reproduction of Female Zebrafish (Danio rerio). Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13040700. [PMID: 35456508 PMCID: PMC9032720 DOI: 10.3390/genes13040700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The zebrafish (Danio rerio) genome contains a single gene fads2 encoding a desaturase (FADS2) with both Δ6 and Δ5 activities, the key player in the endogenous biosynthesis of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFAs), which serve essential functions as membrane components, sources of energy and signaling molecules. LC-PUFAs include the precursors of eicosanoids and are thus predicted to be indispensable molecules for reproductive health in virtually all vertebrates. In mice, an amniotic vertebrate, fads2 deletion mutants, both males and females, have been confirmed to be sterile. In anamniotic vertebrates, such as fish, there is still no information available on the reproductive (in)ability of fads2 mutants, although zebrafish have become an increasingly important model of lipid metabolism, including some aspects of the generation of germ cells and early embryonic development. In the present study, we apply the CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing system to induce mutations in the zebrafish genome and create crispants displaying a degree of fads2 gene editing within the range of 50–80%. Focusing on adult G0 crispant females, we investigated the LC-PUFA profiles of eggs. Our data suggest an impaired pathway of the LC-PUFA biosynthesis of the ω6 and ω3 series in the first-rate limiting steps of the conversion of linoleic acid (LA) into γ-linolenic acid (GLA), and α-linolenic acid (ALA) into stearidonic acid (SDA), respectively, finally resulting in bad-quality eggs. Our data suggest the existence of an alternative Δ8 pathway, which bypasses the first endogenous LC-PUFA biosynthetic step in zebrafish in vivo, and suggest that the zebrafish bifunctional FADS2 enzyme is actually a trifunctional Δ6/Δ5/Δ8 desaturase.
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17
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Bao Y, Shen Y, Li X, Wu Z, Jiao L, Li J, Zhou Q, Jin M. A New Insight Into the Underlying Adaptive Strategies of Euryhaline Marine Fish to Low Salinity Environment Through Cholesterol Nutrition to Regulate Physiological Responses. Front Nutr 2022; 9:855369. [PMID: 35571938 PMCID: PMC9097951 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.855369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Salinity is an important environmental factor that can affect the metabolism of aquatic organisms, while cholesterol can influence cellular membrane fluidity which are vital in adaption to salinity changes. Hence, a 4-week feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the effects of water salinity (normal 23 psu and low 5 psu) and three dietary cholesterol levels (CH0.16, 0.16%, CH1.0, 1.0% and CH1.6, 1.6%) on osmoregulation, cholesterol metabolism, fatty acid composition, long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (LC-PUFA) biosynthesis, oxidative stress (OS), and endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) of the euryhaline fish black seabream (Acanthopagrus schlegelii). The results indicated that in low salinity, fish fed with the CH1.0 diet improved ion reabsorption and osmoregulation by increased Na+ concentration in serum as well as expression levels of osmoregulation-related gene expression levels in gills. Both dietary cholesterol level and water salinity significantly affected most cholesterol metabolic parameters in the serum and tissues, and the results showed that low salinity promoted cholesterol synthesis but inhibited cholesterol catabolism. Besides, in low salinity, hepatic expression levels of LC-PUFA biosynthesis genes were upregulated by fed dietary cholesterol supplementation with contents of LC-PUFAs, including EPA and DHA being increased. Malondialdehyde (MDA) was significantly increased in low-salinity environment, whereas MDA content was decreased in fish fed with dietary CH1.0 by activating related antioxidant enzyme activity and gene expression levels. A similar pattern was recorded for ERS, which stimulated the expression of nuclear factor kappa B (nf-κb), triggering inflammation. Nevertheless, fish reared in low salinity and fed with dietary CH1.0 had markedly alleviated ERS and downregulated gene expression levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Overall, these findings demonstrate that cholesterol, as an important nutrient, plays vital roles in the process of adaptation to low salinity of A. schlegelii, and provides a new insight into underlying adaptive strategies of euryhaline marine fish reared in low salinity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangguang Bao
- Laboratory of Fish and Shellfish Nutrition, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Biotechnology Ministry of Education, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Yuedong Shen
- Laboratory of Fish and Shellfish Nutrition, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Biotechnology Ministry of Education, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Xuejiao Li
- Laboratory of Fish and Shellfish Nutrition, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Biotechnology Ministry of Education, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Zhaoxun Wu
- Laboratory of Fish and Shellfish Nutrition, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Biotechnology Ministry of Education, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Lefei Jiao
- Laboratory of Fish and Shellfish Nutrition, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Biotechnology Ministry of Education, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Jing Li
- Laboratory of Fish and Shellfish Nutrition, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Biotechnology Ministry of Education, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Qicun Zhou
- Laboratory of Fish and Shellfish Nutrition, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Biotechnology Ministry of Education, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Min Jin
- Laboratory of Fish and Shellfish Nutrition, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Biotechnology Ministry of Education, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- *Correspondence: Min Jin
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Yoon GR, Bugg WS, Fehrmann F, Yusishen ME, Suh M, Anderson WG. Long-term effects of temperature during early life on growth and fatty acid metabolism in age-0 Lake Sturgeon (Acipenser fulvescens). J Therm Biol 2022; 105:103210. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2022.103210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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19
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Monroig Ó, Shu-Chien A, Kabeya N, Tocher D, Castro L. Desaturases and elongases involved in long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis in aquatic animals: From genes to functions. Prog Lipid Res 2022; 86:101157. [DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2022.101157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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20
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Hudson CM, Ladd SN, Leal MC, Schubert CJ, Seehausen O, Matthews B. Fit and fatty freshwater fish: contrasting polyunsaturated fatty acid phenotypes between hybridizing stickleback lineages. OIKOS 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.08558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cameron M. Hudson
- Dept of Fish Ecology and Evolution, Eawag, Swiss Federal Inst. of Aquatic Science and Technology, Center of Ecology, Evolution and Biochemistry Kastanienbaum Switzerland
- Aquatic Ecology and Evolution, Inst. of Ecology and Evolution, Univ. of Bern Bern Switzerland
| | - S. Nemiah Ladd
- Dept of Surface Waters – Research and Management, Eawag, Swiss Federal Inst. of Aquatic Science and Technology, Center of Ecology, Evolution and Biochemistry Kastanienbaum Switzerland
- Ecosystem Physiology, Univ. of Freiburg Freiburg Germany
| | - Miguel C. Leal
- ECOMARE, CESAM – Center for Environmental and Marine Studies, Dept of Biology, Univ. of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago Aveiro Portugal
| | - Carsten J. Schubert
- Dept of Surface Waters – Research and Management, Eawag, Swiss Federal Inst. of Aquatic Science and Technology, Center of Ecology, Evolution and Biochemistry Kastanienbaum Switzerland
| | - Ole Seehausen
- Dept of Fish Ecology and Evolution, Eawag, Swiss Federal Inst. of Aquatic Science and Technology, Center of Ecology, Evolution and Biochemistry Kastanienbaum Switzerland
- Aquatic Ecology and Evolution, Inst. of Ecology and Evolution, Univ. of Bern Bern Switzerland
| | - Blake Matthews
- Dept of Fish Ecology and Evolution, Eawag, Swiss Federal Inst. of Aquatic Science and Technology, Center of Ecology, Evolution and Biochemistry Kastanienbaum Switzerland
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21
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A Review on Sarcocornia Species: Ethnopharmacology, Nutritional Properties, Phytochemistry, Biological Activities and Propagation. Foods 2021; 10:foods10112778. [PMID: 34829059 PMCID: PMC8625059 DOI: 10.3390/foods10112778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Sarcocornia A. J. Scott is a halophytic edible succulent plant belonging to the Amaranthaceae family. To date, the genus includes 28 species distributed worldwide in saline environments, usually salt marshes. Sarcocornia (Scott) is similar to Salicornia (L.), which has a recognized commercial value in morphological and taxonomical traits. Species of both genera are commonly named samphire or glassworts in Europe, and their fleshy shoots are commercialized under their traditional names. Due to their nutritional, organoleptic and medicinal properties, Sarcocornia species have a high economic potential in various biotechnology sectors. Being highly tolerant to salt, they can be cultivated in saline conditions, and dissimilar to Salicornia, they are perennial, i.e., they can be harvested year-round. Therefore, Sarcocornia species are considered promising gourmet vegetables to be explored in the context of climate change, soil and water salinization and eco-sustainability. We hereby put together and reviewed the most relevant information on Sarcocornia taxonomy, morphology, nutritional and pharmacological properties, uses in ethnomedicine, potential applications in biotechnology, and propagation strategies.
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22
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Pérez JA, Castro A, Rolo C, Torres A, Dorta-Guerra R, Acosta NG, Rodríguez C. Fatty acid profiles and omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFA) biosynthesis capacity of three dual purpose chicken breeds. J Food Compost Anal 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2021.104005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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23
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Kowarik C, Martin-Creuzburg D, Robinson CT. Cross-Ecosystem Linkages: Transfer of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids From Streams to Riparian Spiders via Emergent Insects. Front Ecol Evol 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2021.707570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are essential resources unequally distributed throughout landscapes. Certain PUFAs, such as eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), are common in aquatic but scarce in terrestrial ecosystems. In environments with low PUFA availability, meeting nutritional needs requires either adaptations in metabolism to PUFA-poor resources or selective foraging for PUFA-rich resources. Amphibiotic organisms that emerge from aquatic ecosystems represent important resources that can be exploited by predators in adjacent terrestrial habitats. Here, we traced PUFA transfer from streams to terrestrial ecosystems, considering benthic algae as the initial PUFA source, through emergent aquatic insects to riparian spiders. We combined carbon stable isotope and fatty acid analyses to follow food web linkages across the ecosystem boundary and investigated the influence of spider lifestyle (web building vs. ground dwelling), season, and ecosystem degradation on PUFA relations. Our data revealed that riparian spiders consumed considerable amounts of aquatic-derived resources. EPA represented on average 15 % of the total fatty acids in riparian spiders. Season had a strong influence on spider PUFA profiles, with highest EPA contents in spring. Isotope data revealed that web-building spiders contain more aquatic-derived carbon than ground dwelling spiders in spring, although both spider types had similarly high EPA levels. Comparing a natural with an anthropogenically degraded fluvial system revealed higher stearidonic acid (SDA) contents and Σω3/Σω6 ratios in spiders collected along the more natural river in spring but no difference in spider EPA content between systems. PUFA profiles of riparian spiders where distinct from other terrestrial organism and more closely resembled that of emergent aquatic insects (higher Σω3/Σω6 ratio). We show here that the extent to which riparian spiders draw on aquatic PUFA subsidies can vary seasonally and depends on the spider’s lifestyle, highlighting the complexity of aquatic-terrestrial linkages.
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24
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Twining CW, Bernhardt JR, Derry AM, Hudson CM, Ishikawa A, Kabeya N, Kainz MJ, Kitano J, Kowarik C, Ladd SN, Leal MC, Scharnweber K, Shipley JR, Matthews B. The evolutionary ecology of fatty-acid variation: Implications for consumer adaptation and diversification. Ecol Lett 2021; 24:1709-1731. [PMID: 34114320 DOI: 10.1111/ele.13771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2020] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The nutritional diversity of resources can affect the adaptive evolution of consumer metabolism and consumer diversification. The omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA; 20:5n-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; 22:6n-3) have a high potential to affect consumer fitness, through their widespread effects on reproduction, growth and survival. However, few studies consider the evolution of fatty acid metabolism within an ecological context. In this review, we first document the extensive diversity in both primary producer and consumer fatty acid distributions amongst major ecosystems, between habitats and amongst species within habitats. We highlight some of the key nutritional contrasts that can shape behavioural and/or metabolic adaptation in consumers, discussing how consumers can evolve in response to the spatial, seasonal and community-level variation of resource quality. We propose a hierarchical trait-based approach for studying the evolution of consumers' metabolic networks and review the evolutionary genetic mechanisms underpinning consumer adaptation to EPA and DHA distributions. In doing so, we consider how the metabolic traits of consumers are hierarchically structured, from cell membrane function to maternal investment, and have strongly environment-dependent expression. Finally, we conclude with an outlook on how studying the metabolic adaptation of consumers within the context of nutritional landscapes can open up new opportunities for understanding evolutionary diversification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelia W Twining
- Max Planck Institute of Animal Behavior, Radolfzell, Germany.,Limnological Institute, University of Konstanz, Konstanz-Egg, Germany
| | - Joey R Bernhardt
- Department of Biology, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada.,Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Alison M Derry
- Département des Sciences Biologiques, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Cameron M Hudson
- Department of Fish Ecology and Evolution, Eawag, Center of Ecology, Evolution and Biochemistry, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Kastanienbaum, Switzerland
| | - Asano Ishikawa
- Ecological Genetics Laboratory, National Institute of Genetics, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Naoki Kabeya
- Department of Marine Biosciences, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology (TUMSAT, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Martin J Kainz
- WasserCluster Lunz-Inter-university Center for Aquatic Ecosystems Research, Lunz am See, Austria
| | - Jun Kitano
- Ecological Genetics Laboratory, National Institute of Genetics, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Carmen Kowarik
- Department of Aquatic Ecology, Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Sarah Nemiah Ladd
- Ecosystem Physiology, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Miguel C Leal
- ECOMARE and CESAM - Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies and Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Kristin Scharnweber
- Department of Ecology and Genetics; Limnology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.,University of Potsdam, Plant Ecology and Nature Conservation, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Jeremy R Shipley
- Max Planck Institute of Animal Behavior, Radolfzell, Germany.,Department of Fish Ecology and Evolution, Eawag, Center of Ecology, Evolution and Biochemistry, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Kastanienbaum, Switzerland
| | - Blake Matthews
- Department of Fish Ecology and Evolution, Eawag, Center of Ecology, Evolution and Biochemistry, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Kastanienbaum, Switzerland
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25
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Xie D, Chen C, Dong Y, You C, Wang S, Monroig Ó, Tocher DR, Li Y. Regulation of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis in teleost fish. Prog Lipid Res 2021; 82:101095. [PMID: 33741387 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2021.101095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Omega-3 (n-3) long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFA, C20-24), including eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5n-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n-3), are involved in numerous biological processes and have a range of health benefits. Fish have long been considered as the main source of n-3 LC-PUFA in human diets. However, the capacity for endogenous biosynthesis of LC-PUFA from C18 PUFA varies in fish species based on the presence, expression and activity of key enzymes including fatty acyl desaturases (Fads) and elongation of very long-chain fatty acids (Elovl) proteins. In this article, we review progress on the identified Fads and Elovl, as well as the regulatory mechanisms of LC-PUFA biosynthesis both at transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels in teleosts. The most comprehensive advances have been obtained in rabbitfish Siganus canaliculatus, a marine teleost demonstrated to have the entire pathway for LC-PUFA biosynthesis, including the roles of transcription factors hepatocyte nuclear factor 4α (Hnf4α), liver X receptor alpha (Lxrα), sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1 (Srebp-1), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (Pparγ) and stimulatory protein 1 (Sp1), as well as post-transcriptional regulation by individual microRNA (miRNA) or clusters. This research has, for the first time, demonstrated the involvement of Hnf4α, Pparγ and miRNA in the regulation of LC-PUFA biosynthesis in vertebrates. The present review provides readers with a relatively comprehensive overview of the progress made into understanding LC-PUFA biosynthetic systems in teleosts, and some insights into improving endogenous LC-PUFA biosynthesis capacity aimed at reducing the dependence of aquafeeds on fish oil while maintaining or increasing flesh LC-PUFA content and the nutritional quality of farmed fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dizhi Xie
- College of Marine Sciences of South China Agricultural University & Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Cuiying Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China
| | - Yewei Dong
- Animal Science & Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Cuihong You
- Animal Science & Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Shuqi Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China.
| | - Óscar Monroig
- Instituto de Acuicultura Torre de la Sal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IATS-CSIC), 12595 Castellón, Spain.
| | - Douglas R Tocher
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China; Institute of Aquaculture, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling FK94LA, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Yuanyou Li
- College of Marine Sciences of South China Agricultural University & Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China.
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26
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Lamarre J, Cheema SK, Robertson GJ, Wilson DR. Omega-3 fatty acids accelerate fledging in an avian marine predator: a potential role of cognition. J Exp Biol 2021; 224:jeb.235929. [PMID: 33462136 PMCID: PMC7929930 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.235929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Consuming omega-3 fatty acids (n-3 LCPUFAs) during development improves cognition in mammals, but the effect remains untested in other taxa. In aquatic ecosystems, n-3 LCPUFAs are produced by phytoplankton and bioaccumulate in the food web. Alarmingly, the warming and acidification of aquatic systems caused by climate change impair n-3 LCPUFA production, with an anticipated decrease of 80% by the year 2100. We tested whether n-3 LCPUFA consumption affects the physiology, morphology, behaviour and cognition of the chicks of a top marine predator, the ring-billed gull. Using a colony with little access to n-3 LCPUFAs, we supplemented siblings from 22 fenced nests with contrasting treatments from hatching until fledging; one sibling received n-3 LCPUFA-rich fish oil and the other, a control sucrose solution without n-3 LCPUFAs. Halfway through the nestling period, half the chicks receiving fish oil were switched to the sucrose solution to test whether n-3 LCPUFA intake remains crucial past the main growth phase (chronic versus transient treatments). Upon fledging, n-3 LCPUFAs were elevated in the blood and brains of chicks receiving the chronic treatment, but were comparable to control levels among those receiving the transient treatment. Across the entire sample, chicks with elevated n-3 LCPUFAs in their tissues fledged earlier despite their morphology and activity levels being unrelated to fledging age. Fledging required chicks to escape fences encircling their nest. We therefore interpret fledging age as a possible indicator of cognition, with chicks with improved cognition fledging earlier. These results provide insight into whether declining dietary n-3 LCPUFAs will compromise top predators' problem-solving skills, and thus their ability to survive in a rapidly changing world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessika Lamarre
- Cognitive and Behavioural Ecology Program, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St John's, NL, Canada, A1B 3X9
| | - Sukhinder Kaur Cheema
- Department of Biochemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St John's, NL, Canada, A1B 3X9
| | - Gregory J Robertson
- Wildlife Research Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Mount Pearl, NL, Canada, A1N 4T3
| | - David R Wilson
- Department of Psychology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St John's, NL, Canada, A1B 3X9
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Srivarathan S, Phan ADT, Hong HT, Chua ET, Wright O, Sultanbawa Y, Netzel ME. Tecticornia sp. (Samphire)-A Promising Underutilized Australian Indigenous Edible Halophyte. Front Nutr 2021; 8:607799. [PMID: 33614696 PMCID: PMC7892789 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.607799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Salinization is gradually increasing over cropping soils and is challenging Governments in many countries, including Australia. There has been a high demand for utilizing arid and semi-arid land for sustainable food production. Currently, the main crops and forage plants are salt sensitive, while halophytes can tolerate a wide range of salinities. Samphire is an Australian indigenous edible halophyte and belongs to the genus Tecticornia. It is an underutilized, succulent plant growing on arid or semi-arid land. Most samphire species have a long history of use as food, but also as non-food (fodder and medicine), among indigenous communities in Australia, while scientific information is limited on their nutritional composition and potential bioactivity. The present study reports, for the first time, the nutritional composition, bioactive compounds (phytochemicals) and antioxidant capacity of six Australian grown samphire from different locations. The results showed that celosianin II and isocelosianin II could be identified as the predominant betalains (phytochemicals) in pigmented samphire species. Proximates and fiber varied significantly (p < 0.05) between the samphire species with a highest value of fiber of 46.8 g/100 g dry weight (DW). Furthermore, samphire could be identified as a valuable source of essential minerals and trace elements, such as iron (41.5 mg/100 g DW), magnesium (1.2 g/100 g DW) and sodium (16.7 g/100 g DW). The fatty acid profile, mainly palmitic, stearic, oleic, linoleic and α-linolenic acid, was similar among the studied species. Total phenolic content and DPPH-radical scavenging capacity were different (p < 0.05) between the six samphire samples. These initial results are very promising and indicate that Australian grown samphire may have the potential to be utilized as a functional food ingredient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukirtha Srivarathan
- ARC Industrial Transformation Training Centre for Uniquely Australian Foods, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, Coopers Plains, QLD, Australia
- Department of Biosystems Technology, Faculty of Technology, University of Jaffna, Kilinochchi, Sri Lanka
| | - Anh Dao Thi Phan
- ARC Industrial Transformation Training Centre for Uniquely Australian Foods, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, Coopers Plains, QLD, Australia
| | - Hung Trieu Hong
- ARC Industrial Transformation Training Centre for Uniquely Australian Foods, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, Coopers Plains, QLD, Australia
| | - Elvis T. Chua
- Algae Biotechnology Laboratory, School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Olivia Wright
- ARC Industrial Transformation Training Centre for Uniquely Australian Foods, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, Coopers Plains, QLD, Australia
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Yasmina Sultanbawa
- ARC Industrial Transformation Training Centre for Uniquely Australian Foods, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, Coopers Plains, QLD, Australia
| | - Michael E. Netzel
- ARC Industrial Transformation Training Centre for Uniquely Australian Foods, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, Coopers Plains, QLD, Australia
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28
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Hudson CM, Lucek K, Marques DA, Alexander TJ, Moosmann M, Spaak P, Seehausen O, Matthews B. Threespine Stickleback in Lake Constance: The Ecology and Genomic Substrate of a Recent Invasion. Front Ecol Evol 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2020.611672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Invasive species can be powerful models for studying contemporary evolution in natural environments. As invading organisms often encounter new habitats during colonization, they will experience novel selection pressures. Threespine stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus complex) have recently colonized large parts of Switzerland and are invasive in Lake Constance. Introduced to several watersheds roughly 150 years ago, they spread across the Swiss Plateau (400–800 m a.s.l.), bringing three divergent hitherto allopatric lineages into secondary contact. As stickleback have colonized a variety of different habitat types during this recent range expansion, the Swiss system is a useful model for studying contemporary evolution with and without secondary contact. For example, in the Lake Constance region there has been rapid phenotypic and genetic divergence between a lake population and some stream populations. There is considerable phenotypic variation within the lake population, with individuals foraging in and occupying littoral, offshore pelagic, and profundal waters, the latter of which is a very unusual habitat for stickleback. Furthermore, adults from the lake population can reach up to three times the size of adults from the surrounding stream populations, and are large by comparison to populations globally. Here, we review the historical origins of the threespine stickleback in Switzerland, and the ecomorphological variation and genomic basis of its invasion in Lake Constance. We also outline the potential ecological impacts of this invasion, and highlight the interest for contemporary evolution studies.
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29
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Chen C, Wang S, Hu Y, Zhang M, He X, You C, Wen X, Monroig Ó, Tocher DR, Li Y. miR-26a mediates LC-PUFA biosynthesis by targeting the Lxrα-Srebp1 pathway in the marine teleost Siganus canaliculatus. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:13875-13886. [PMID: 32759307 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.014858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs have been recently shown to be important regulators of lipid metabolism. However, the mechanisms of microRNA-mediated regulation of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (LC-PUFA) biosynthesis in vertebrates remain largely unknown. Herein, we for the first time addressed the role of miR-26a in LC-PUFA biosynthesis in the marine rabbitfish Siganus canaliculatus The results showed that miR-26a was significantly down-regulated in liver of rabbitfish reared in brackish water and in S. canaliculatus hepatocyte line (SCHL) incubated with the LC-PUFA precursor α-linolenic acid, suggesting that miR-26a may be involved in LC-PUFA biosynthesis because of its abundance being regulated by factors affecting LC-PUFA biosynthesis. Opposite patterns were observed in the expression of liver X receptor α (lxrα) and sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1 (srebp1), as well as the LC-PUFA biosynthesis-related genes (Δ4 fads2, Δ6Δ5 fads2, and elovl5) in SCHL cells incubated with α-linolenic acid. Luciferase reporter assays revealed rabbitfish lxrα as a target of miR-26a, and overexpression of miR-26a in SCHL cells markedly reduced protein levels of Lxrα, Srebp1, and Δ6Δ5 Fads2 induced by the agonist T0901317. Moreover, increasing endogenous Lxrα by knockdown of miR-26a facilitated Srebp1 activation and concomitant increased expression of genes involved in LC-PUFA biosynthesis and consequently promoted LC-PUFA biosynthesis both in vitro and in vivo These results indicate a critical role of miR-26a in regulating LC-PUFA biosynthesis through targeting the Lxrα-Srebp1 pathway and provide new insights into the regulatory network controlling LC-PUFA biosynthesis and accumulation in vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuiying Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology and Research Center for Nutrition, Feed and Healthy Breeding of Aquatic Animals of Guangdong Province, Shantou University, Shantou, China
| | - Shuqi Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology and Research Center for Nutrition, Feed and Healthy Breeding of Aquatic Animals of Guangdong Province, Shantou University, Shantou, China
| | - Yu Hu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology and Research Center for Nutrition, Feed and Healthy Breeding of Aquatic Animals of Guangdong Province, Shantou University, Shantou, China
| | - Mei Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology and Research Center for Nutrition, Feed and Healthy Breeding of Aquatic Animals of Guangdong Province, Shantou University, Shantou, China
| | - Xianda He
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology and Research Center for Nutrition, Feed and Healthy Breeding of Aquatic Animals of Guangdong Province, Shantou University, Shantou, China
| | - Cuihong You
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology and Research Center for Nutrition, Feed and Healthy Breeding of Aquatic Animals of Guangdong Province, Shantou University, Shantou, China
| | - Xiaobo Wen
- College of Marine Sciences of South China Agricultural University and Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
| | - Óscar Monroig
- Instituto de Acuicultura Torre de la Sal-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Castellón, Spain
| | - Douglas R Tocher
- Institute of Aquaculture, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Yuanyou Li
- College of Marine Sciences of South China Agricultural University and Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China.
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Reis D, Pérez J, Lund I, Acosta N, Abdul-Jalbar B, Bolaños A, Rodríguez C. Esterification and modification of [1-14C] n-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids in pikeperch (Sander lucioperca) larvae reared under linoleic or α-linolenic acid-based diets and variable environmental salinities. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2020; 246-247:110449. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2020.110449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2020] [Revised: 05/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Ferosekhan S, Turkmen S, Xu H, Afonso JM, Zamorano MJ, Kaushik S, Izquierdo M. The Relationship between the Expression of Fatty Acyl Desaturase 2 ( fads2) Gene in Peripheral Blood Cells (PBCs) and Liver in Gilthead Seabream, Sparus aurata Broodstock Fed a Low n-3 LC-PUFA Diet. Life (Basel) 2020; 10:life10070117. [PMID: 32707702 PMCID: PMC7400341 DOI: 10.3390/life10070117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The principle aim of this study is to elucidate the relationship between the fatty acid desaturase 2 gene (fads2) expression pattern in peripheral blood cells (PBCs) and liver of gilthead seabream (GSB), Sparus aurata broodstock in order to determine the possible use of fads2 expression as a potential biomarker for the selection of broodstock. This selection could be utilized for breeding programs aiming to improve reproduction, health, and nutritional status. Passive Integrated Transponder (PIT)-tagged GSB broodstock (Male-1.22 ± 0.20 kg; 44.8 ± 2 cm and female-2.36 ± 0.64 kg; 55.1 cm) were fed a diet containing low levels of fish meal and fish oil (EPA 2.5; DHA 1.7 and n-3 LC-PUFA 4.6% TFA) for one month. After the feeding period, fads2 expression in PBCs and liver of both male and female broodstock were highly significantly correlated (r = 0.89; p < 0.001). Additionally, in male broodstock, liver fads2 expression was significantly correlated (p < 0.05) to liver contents in 16:0 (r = 0.95; p = 0.04) and total saturates (r = 0.97; p = 0.03) as well as to 20:3n–6/20:2n–6 (r = 0.98; p = 0.02) a Fads2 product/precursor ratio. Overall, we found a positive and significant correlation between fads2 expression levels in the PBCs and liver of GSB broodstock. PBCs fads2 expression levels indicate a strong potential for utilization as a non-invasive method to select animals having increased fatty acid bioconversion capability, better able to deal with diets free of fish meal and fish oil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shajahan Ferosekhan
- Aquaculture Research Group (GIA), IU-ECOAQUA, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35214 Telde, Spain; (S.T.); (H.X.); (J.M.A.); (M.J.Z.); (S.K.); (M.I.)
- ICAR-Central Institute of Freshwater Aquaculture, Bhubaneswar 751002, India
- Correspondence:
| | - Serhat Turkmen
- Aquaculture Research Group (GIA), IU-ECOAQUA, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35214 Telde, Spain; (S.T.); (H.X.); (J.M.A.); (M.J.Z.); (S.K.); (M.I.)
- Department of Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Hanlin Xu
- Aquaculture Research Group (GIA), IU-ECOAQUA, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35214 Telde, Spain; (S.T.); (H.X.); (J.M.A.); (M.J.Z.); (S.K.); (M.I.)
| | - Juan Manuel Afonso
- Aquaculture Research Group (GIA), IU-ECOAQUA, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35214 Telde, Spain; (S.T.); (H.X.); (J.M.A.); (M.J.Z.); (S.K.); (M.I.)
| | - Maria Jesus Zamorano
- Aquaculture Research Group (GIA), IU-ECOAQUA, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35214 Telde, Spain; (S.T.); (H.X.); (J.M.A.); (M.J.Z.); (S.K.); (M.I.)
| | - Sadasivam Kaushik
- Aquaculture Research Group (GIA), IU-ECOAQUA, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35214 Telde, Spain; (S.T.); (H.X.); (J.M.A.); (M.J.Z.); (S.K.); (M.I.)
| | - Marisol Izquierdo
- Aquaculture Research Group (GIA), IU-ECOAQUA, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35214 Telde, Spain; (S.T.); (H.X.); (J.M.A.); (M.J.Z.); (S.K.); (M.I.)
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Soo HJ, Sam KK, Chong J, Lau NS, Ting SY, Kuah MK, Kwang SY, Ranjani M, Shu-Chien AC. Functional characterisation of fatty acyl desaturase, Fads2, and elongase, Elovl5, in the Boddart's goggle-eyed goby Boleophthalmus boddarti (Gobiidae) suggests an incapacity for long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2020; 97:83-99. [PMID: 32222967 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.14328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Revised: 03/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The biosynthesis of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFA), a process to convert C18 polyunsaturated fatty acids into eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) or arachidonic acid (ARA), requires the concerted activities of two enzymes, the fatty acyl desaturase (Fads) and elongase (Elovl). This study highlights the cloning, functional characterisation and tissue expression pattern of a Fads and an Elovl from the Boddart's goggle-eyed goby (Boleophthalmus boddarti), a mudskipper species widely distributed in the Indo-Pacific region. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the cloned fads and elovl are clustered with other teleost orthologs, respectively. The investigation of the genome of several mudskipper species, namely Boleophthalmus pectinirostris, Periophthalmus schlosseri and Periophthalmus magnuspinnatus, revealed a single Fads2 and two elongases, Elovl5 and Elovl4 for each respective species. A heterologous yeast assay indicated that the B. boddarti Fads2 possessed low desaturation activity on C18 PUFA and no desaturation on C20 and C22 PUFA substrates. In comparison, the Elovl5 showed a wide range of substrate specificity, with a capacity to elongate C18, C20 and C22 PUFA substrates. An amino acid residue that affects the capacity to elongate C22:5n-3 was identified in the B. boddarti Elovl5. Both genes are highly expressed in brain tissue. Among all tissues, DHA is highly concentrated in neuron-rich tissues, whereas EPA is highly deposited in gills. Taken together, the results showed that due to the inability to perform desaturation steps, B. boddarti is unable to biosynthesise LC-PUFA, relying on dietary intake to acquire these nutrients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han-Jie Soo
- School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Minden, Malaysia
| | - Ka Kei Sam
- Centre for Chemical Biology, Sains@USM, Bayan Lepas, Malaysia
| | - Joey Chong
- School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Minden, Malaysia
| | - Nyok-Sean Lau
- Centre for Chemical Biology, Sains@USM, Bayan Lepas, Malaysia
| | - Seng Yeat Ting
- Centre for Chemical Biology, Sains@USM, Bayan Lepas, Malaysia
| | - Meng-Kiat Kuah
- Centre for Chemical Biology, Sains@USM, Bayan Lepas, Malaysia
| | - Sim Yee Kwang
- Center for Marine and Coastal Studies, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Minden, Malaysia
| | | | - Alexander Chong Shu-Chien
- School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Minden, Malaysia
- Centre for Chemical Biology, Sains@USM, Bayan Lepas, Malaysia
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Emam M, Katan T, Caballero-Solares A, Taylor RG, Parrish KS, Rise ML, Parrish CC. Interaction between ω6 and ω3 fatty acids of different chain lengths regulates Atlantic salmon hepatic gene expression and muscle fatty acid profiles. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2020; 375:20190648. [PMID: 32536300 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2019.0648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Atlantic salmon smolts (approx. 20-months old) were fed experimental diets with different combinations of omega-6:omega-3 fatty acids (FAs) (high-ω6, high-ω3, or balanced) and eicosapentaenoic acid plus docosahexaenoic acid (EPA + DHA) levels (0.3, 1.0 or 1.4%) for 12 weeks. Muscle FA (% total FA) reflected dietary C18-polyunsaturated FA; however, muscle EPA per cent and content (mg g-1) were not different in salmon fed high-ω3 or balanced diets. Muscle DHA per cent was similar among treatments, while DHA content increased in fish fed 1.4% EPA + DHA, compared with those fed 0.3-1.0% EPA + DHA combined with high-ω6 FA. Muscle 20:3ω6 (DGLA) content was highest in those fed high-ω6 with 0.3% EPA + DHA. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction analyses on liver RNA showed that the monounsaturated FA synthesis-related gene, scdb, was upregulated in fish fed 1.0% EPA + DHA with high-ω6 compared to those fed 0.3% EPA + DHA. In high-ω3-fed salmon, liver elovl2 transcript levels were higher with 0.3% EPA + DHA than with 1.0% EPA + DHA. In high-ω6-fed fish, elovl2 did not vary with EPA + DHA levels, but it was positively correlated with muscle ARA, 22:4ω3 and DGLA. These results suggest dietary 18:3ω3 elongation contributed to maintaining muscle EPA + DHA levels despite a two- to threefold change in dietary proportions, while 18:2ω6 with 0.3% EPA + DHA increased muscle DGLA more than arachidonic acid (ARA). Positive correlations between hepatic elovl2 and fabp10a with muscle ω6:ω3 and EPA + DHA + ARA, respectively, were confirmed by reanalysing data from a previous salmon trial with lower variations in dietary EPA + DHA and ω6:ω3 ratios. This article is part of the theme issue 'The next horizons for lipids as 'trophic biomarkers': evidence and significance of consumer modification of dietary fatty acids'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Emam
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada A1C 5S7
| | - Tomer Katan
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada A1C 5S7
| | - Albert Caballero-Solares
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada A1C 5S7
| | | | - Kathleen S Parrish
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada A1C 5S7
| | - Matthew L Rise
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada A1C 5S7
| | - Christopher C Parrish
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada A1C 5S7
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34
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Rivera-Pérez C, Valenzuela-Quiñonez F, Caraveo-Patiño J. Comparative and functional analysis of desaturase FADS1 (∆5) and FADS2 (∆6) orthologues of marine organisms. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY D-GENOMICS & PROTEOMICS 2020; 35:100704. [PMID: 32554222 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbd.2020.100704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Revised: 05/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Fatty acid desaturases are key enzymes involved in unsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis, which insert double bonds at specific positions of fatty acids, playing a pivotal role in unsaturated fatty acid synthesis required for membrane lipid fluidity. The ∆5 and ∆6 desaturases are responsible for producing long chain-polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFA) through their precursors α-linolenic acid and linoleic acid in organisms lacking or with very low ability to synthesize LC-PUFA by themselves. Extensive studies of fatty acid desaturases are available in model organisms, such as humans and mouse; however, the diversity of these genes in the marine biodiversity is less known. This study performed an exhaustive analysis to identify the ∆5 and ∆6 desaturases in the available marine genomes in databases, as well as transcriptomes and EST databases, and their coding sequences were compared to the well-characterized ∆5 and ∆6 desaturases from humans. The FADS1 and FADS2 genetic structures are well conserved among all the organisms analyzed. A common amino acid pattern was identified to discriminate between ∆5 and ∆6 desaturases. The analysis of the conserved motif involved in catalysis showed that 20% of the desaturases, ∆5 and ∆6, have lost motifs required for catalysis. Additionally, bifunctional ∆5/∆6 desaturases were able to be identified by amino acid sequence patterns found in previously described enzymes. A revision of the expression profiles and functional activity on sequences in databases and scientific literature provided information regarding the function of these marine organism enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Javier Caraveo-Patiño
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste (CIBNOR), La Paz, B.C.S. 23096, Mexico
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35
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Bláhová Z, Harvey TN, Pšenička M, Mráz J. Assessment of Fatty Acid Desaturase (Fads2) Structure-Function Properties in Fish in the Context of Environmental Adaptations and as a Target for Genetic Engineering. Biomolecules 2020; 10:E206. [PMID: 32023831 PMCID: PMC7072455 DOI: 10.3390/biom10020206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Fatty acid desaturase 2 (Fads2) is the key enzyme of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (LC-PUFA) biosynthesis. Endogenous production of these biomolecules in vertebrates, if present, is insufficient to meet demand. Hence, LC-PUFA are considered as conditionally essential. At present, however, LC-PUFA are globally limited nutrients due to anthropogenic factors. Research attention has therefore been paid to finding ways to maximize endogenous LC-PUFA production, especially in production species, whereby deeper knowledge on molecular mechanisms of enzymatic steps involved is being generated. This review first briefly informs about the milestones in the history of LC-PUFA essentiality exploration before it focuses on the main aim-to highlight the fascinating Fads2 potential to play roles fundamental to adaptation to novel environmental conditions. Investigations are summarized to elucidate on the evolutionary history of fish Fads2, providing an explanation for the remarkable plasticity of this enzyme in fish. Furthermore, structural implications of Fads2 substrate specificity are discussed and some relevant studies performed on organisms other than fish are mentioned in cases when such studies have to date not been conducted on fish models. The importance of Fads2 in the context of growing aquaculture demand and dwindling LC-PUFA supply is depicted and a few remedies in the form of genetic engineering to improve endogenous production of these biomolecules are outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuzana Bláhová
- South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Zátiší 728/II, 389 25 Vodňany, Czech Republic
| | - Thomas Nelson Harvey
- Centre for Integrative Genetics (CIGENE), Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Faculty of Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 1430 Ås, Norway
| | - Martin Pšenička
- South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Zátiší 728/II, 389 25 Vodňany, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Mráz
- South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Zátiší 728/II, 389 25 Vodňany, Czech Republic
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36
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Ishikawa A, Kabeya N, Ikeya K, Kakioka R, Cech JN, Osada N, Leal MC, Inoue J, Kume M, Toyoda A, Tezuka A, Nagano AJ, Yamasaki YY, Suzuki Y, Kokita T, Takahashi H, Lucek K, Marques D, Takehana Y, Naruse K, Mori S, Monroig O, Ladd N, Schubert CJ, Matthews B, Peichel CL, Seehausen O, Yoshizaki G, Kitano J. A key metabolic gene for recurrent freshwater colonization and radiation in fishes. Science 2019; 364:886-889. [PMID: 31147520 DOI: 10.1126/science.aau5656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Colonization of new ecological niches has triggered large adaptive radiations. Although some lineages have made use of such opportunities, not all do so. The factors causing this variation among lineages are largely unknown. Here, we show that deficiency in docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), an essential ω-3 fatty acid, can constrain freshwater colonization by marine fishes. Our genomic analyses revealed multiple independent duplications of the fatty acid desaturase gene Fads2 in stickleback lineages that subsequently colonized and radiated in freshwater habitats, but not in close relatives that failed to colonize. Transgenic manipulation of Fads2 in marine stickleback increased their ability to synthesize DHA and survive on DHA-deficient diets. Multiple freshwater ray-finned fishes also show a convergent increase in Fads2 copies, indicating its key role in freshwater colonization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asano Ishikawa
- Ecological Genetics Laboratory, National Institute of Genetics, Shizuoka, Japan.,Department of Genetics, Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Naoki Kabeya
- Department of Marine Biosciences, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Aquatic Bioscience, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koki Ikeya
- Gifu World Freshwater Aquarium, Gifu, Japan
| | - Ryo Kakioka
- Ecological Genetics Laboratory, National Institute of Genetics, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Jennifer N Cech
- Divisions of Human Biology and Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Naoki Osada
- Graduate School of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Miguel C Leal
- Department of Fish Ecology and Evolution, Eawag Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Biogeochemistry, Kastanienbaum, Switzerland
| | - Jun Inoue
- Marine Genomics Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Manabu Kume
- Ecological Genetics Laboratory, National Institute of Genetics, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Atsushi Toyoda
- Comparative Genomics Laboratory, National Institute of Genetics, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Ayumi Tezuka
- Faculty of Agriculture, Ryukoku University, Otsu, Shiga, Japan
| | | | - Yo Y Yamasaki
- Ecological Genetics Laboratory, National Institute of Genetics, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Yuto Suzuki
- Department of Marine Bioscience, Fukui Prefectural University, Obama, Fukui, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Kokita
- Department of Marine Bioscience, Fukui Prefectural University, Obama, Fukui, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Takahashi
- Department of Applied Aquabiology, National Fisheries University, Shimonoseki, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Kay Lucek
- Department of Fish Ecology and Evolution, Eawag Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Biogeochemistry, Kastanienbaum, Switzerland.,Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - David Marques
- Department of Fish Ecology and Evolution, Eawag Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Biogeochemistry, Kastanienbaum, Switzerland.,Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Yusuke Takehana
- Laboratory of Bioresources, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Naruse
- Laboratory of Bioresources, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
| | - Seiichi Mori
- Biological Laboratory, Gifu Kyoritsu University, Ogaki, Gifu, Japan
| | - Oscar Monroig
- Instituto de Acuicultura Torre de la Sal (IATS-CSIC), Ribera de Cabanes, Castellón, Spain
| | - Nemiah Ladd
- Department of Surface Waters-Research and Management, Eawag Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Biogeochemistry, Kastanienbaum, Switzerland.,Department of Earth Sciences, ETH-Zurich, Zurich Switzerland
| | - Carsten J Schubert
- Department of Surface Waters-Research and Management, Eawag Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Biogeochemistry, Kastanienbaum, Switzerland
| | - Blake Matthews
- Department of Fish Ecology and Evolution, Eawag Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Biogeochemistry, Kastanienbaum, Switzerland.,Department of Aquatic Ecology, Eawag Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Biogeochemistry, Kastanienbaum, Switzerland
| | - Catherine L Peichel
- Divisions of Human Biology and Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA.,Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Ole Seehausen
- Department of Fish Ecology and Evolution, Eawag Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Biogeochemistry, Kastanienbaum, Switzerland.,Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Goro Yoshizaki
- Department of Marine Biosciences, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jun Kitano
- Ecological Genetics Laboratory, National Institute of Genetics, Shizuoka, Japan. .,Department of Genetics, Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), Shizuoka, Japan
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Sp1 is Involved in Vertebrate LC-PUFA Biosynthesis by Upregulating the Expression of Liver Desaturase and Elongase Genes. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20205066. [PMID: 31614732 PMCID: PMC6829471 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20205066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Revised: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The rabbitfish Siganus canaliculatus was the first marine teleost demonstrated to have the ability for the biosynthesis of long-chain (≥C20) polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFA) from C18 PUFA precursors, and all the catalytic enzymes including two fatty acyl desaturase 2 (Δ4 Fads2 and Δ6/Δ5 Fads2) and two elongases (Elovl4 and Elovl5) have been identified, providing a good model for studying the regulatory mechanisms of LC-PUFA biosynthesis in fish. Stimulatory protein 1 (Sp1) has been speculated to be a vital transcription factor in determining the promoter activity of Fads-like genes in fish, however its regulatory effects on gene expression and LC-PUFA biosynthesis have not been demonstrated. Bioinformatic analysis predicted potential Sp1 binding sites in the promoters of the rabbitfish Δ6/Δ5 fads2 and elovl5, but not in Δ4 fads2 promoter. Here we cloned full-length cDNA of the rabbitfish sp1 gene, which encoded a putative protein of 701 amino acids, and was expressed in all tissues studied with highest levels in gill and eyes. The dual luciferase reporter assay in HepG2 line cells demonstrated the importance of the Sp1 binding site for the promoter activities of both Δ6/Δ5 fads2 and elovl5. Moreover, the electrophoretic mobility shift assay confirmed the direct interaction of Sp1 with the two promoters. Insertion of the Sp1 binding site of Δ6/Δ5 fads2 promoter into the corresponding region of the Δ4 fads2 promoter significantly increased activity of the latter. In the Siganus canaliculatus hepatocyte line (SCHL) cells, mRNA levels of Δ6/Δ5 fads2 and elovl5 were positively correlated with the expression of sp1 when sp1 was overexpressed or knocked-down by RNAi or antagonist (mithramycin) treatment. Moreover, overexpression of sp1 also led to a higher conversion of 18:2n−6 to 18:3n−6, 18:2n−6 to 20:2n−6, and 18:3n−3 to 20:3n−3, which related to the functions of Δ6/Δ5 Fads2 and Elovl5, respectively. These results indicated that Sp1 is involved in the transcriptional regulation of LC-PUFA biosynthesis by directly targeting Δ6/Δ5 fads2 and elovl5 in rabbitfish, which is the first report of Sp1 involvement in the regulation of LC-PUFA biosynthesis in vertebrates.
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38
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Garrido D, Kabeya N, Betancor MB, Pérez JA, Acosta NG, Tocher DR, Rodríguez C, Monroig Ó. Functional diversification of teleost Fads2 fatty acyl desaturases occurs independently of the trophic level. Sci Rep 2019; 9:11199. [PMID: 31371768 PMCID: PMC6671994 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-47709-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The long-chain (≥C20) polyunsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis capacity of fish varies among species, with trophic level hypothesised as a major factor. The biosynthesis capacity is largely dependent upon the presence of functionally diversified fatty acyl desaturase 2 (Fads2) enzymes, since many teleosts have lost the gene encoding a Δ5 desaturase (Fads1). The present study aimed to characterise Fads2 from four teleosts occupying different trophic levels, namely Sarpa salpa, Chelon labrosus, Pegusa lascaris and Atherina presbyter, which were selected based on available data on functions of Fads2 from closely related species. Therefore, we had insight into the variability of Fads2 within the same phylogenetic group. Our results showed that Fads2 from S. salpa and C. labrosus were both Δ6 desaturases with further Δ8 activity while P. lascaris and A. presbyter Fads2 showed Δ4 activity. Fads2 activities of herbivorous S. salpa are consistent with those reported for carnivorous Sparidae species. The results suggested that trophic level might not directly drive diversification of teleost Fads2 as initially hypothesised, and other factors such as the species' phylogeny appeared to be more influential. In agreement, Fads2 activities from P. lascaris and A. presbyter were similar to their corresponding phylogenetic counterparts Solea senegalensis and Chirostoma estor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Garrido
- Departamento de Biología Animal, Edafología y Geología, Universidad de La Laguna, La Laguna, 38206, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
| | - Naoki Kabeya
- Department of Aquatic Bioscience, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mónica B Betancor
- Institute of Aquaculture, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, FK9 4LA, Scotland, UK
| | - José A Pérez
- Departamento de Biología Animal, Edafología y Geología, Universidad de La Laguna, La Laguna, 38206, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
| | - N Guadalupe Acosta
- Departamento de Biología Animal, Edafología y Geología, Universidad de La Laguna, La Laguna, 38206, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
| | - Douglas R Tocher
- Institute of Aquaculture, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, FK9 4LA, Scotland, UK
| | - Covadonga Rodríguez
- Departamento de Biología Animal, Edafología y Geología, Universidad de La Laguna, La Laguna, 38206, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain.
| | - Óscar Monroig
- Instituto de Acuicultura Torre de la Sal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IATS-CSIC), 12595 Ribera de Cabanes, Castellón, Spain.
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Chen C, Wang S, Zhang M, Chen B, You C, Xie D, Liu Y, Monroig Ó, Tocher DR, Waiho K, Li Y. miR-24 is involved in vertebrate LC-PUFA biosynthesis as demonstrated in marine teleost Siganus canaliculatus. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2019; 1864:619-628. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2019.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Revised: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Sustainable Valorization of Halophytes from the Mediterranean Area: A Comprehensive Evaluation of Their Fatty Acid Profile and Implications for Human and Animal Nutrition. SUSTAINABILITY 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/su11082197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Halophytic plants can provide an economical and environmentally sustainable source of products for human and animal feeding, in the context of the increase of worldwide emergent semi-arid landscapes. This work reports a comprehensive evaluation of the qualitative and quantitative composition of fatty acids (FA) of nineteen Mediterranean halophytes collected in southern Portugal, with the purpose of establishing their possible uses as food and feed. For FA determination, lipids and free FA were converted to the corresponding fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) and analyzed by GC-MS. Beta maritima had the highest FAME levels (7.3 mg/g DW) while Suaeda vera had the lowest content (1.0 mg/g DW). The most common saturated fatty acid (SFA) across all studied species was palmitic acid. The most prevalent monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) was oleic acid. Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) levels were led by linoleic acid. Less common FAMEs were also detected, namely eicosadienoic and hexadecatrienoic acids. Cotula coronopifolia, Phragmites australis and Suaeda vera displayed the best FA nutritional profiles. These species also showed bioactivities relevant for both human and animal health according to the literature and thus, collectively with this study, they could be further explored as food and feed.
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Wei Z, Liu X, Zhou Z, Xu J. De novo transcriptomic analysis of gonad of Strongylocentrotus nudus and gene discovery for biosynthesis of polyunsaturated fatty acids. Genes Genomics 2019; 41:583-597. [PMID: 30830682 DOI: 10.1007/s13258-019-00799-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Strongylocentrotus nudus is an important cultured sea urchin species in north China, because its gonad is rich in unsaturated fatty acids, particularly long polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFAs). These PUFAs play pleiotropic and crucial roles in a wide range of biological process. OBJECTIVE However, the genes contributing to biosynthesis PUFAs have not been elucidated yet, and the molecular mechanism relative to the difference in PUFA composition between male and female gonad as been revealed but the corresponding has not been understood. METHODS In this paper, solexa sequencing based transcriptomic approach was used to identify and characterize the key genes relative to PUFA synthesis and further conducted different expressed genes between male and female gonad. RESULTS A total of 130,124 transcripts and 189330 unigenes were de novo assembled from 64.32 Gb data. Next, these unigenes were subjected to functional annotation by mapping to six public databases, and this process revealed a lot of genes involving in lipid metabolism. In addition, three types of fatty acids front-end desaturase and three species of very long fatty acids elongase were identified and the pathway for PUFA biosynthesis was hypothesized. Last, comparative analysis revealed the higher expression level of Δ5 desaturase, Δ6 desaturase, ELOVL-4, -6 and -7 in male gonad compared with female. CONCLUSION This results could plausible explain the differ in composition of PUFAs between male and female gonad of sea urchin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenlin Wei
- Biological Sciences Department, Dezhou University, Dezhou, 253023, Shandong, China.
| | - Xiaolin Liu
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zunchun Zhou
- Liaoning Key Lab of Marine Fishery Molecular Biology, Liaoning Ocean and Fisheries Science Research Institute, Dalian, 116023, Liaoning, China
| | - Junxiao Xu
- Biological Sciences Department, Dezhou University, Dezhou, 253023, Shandong, China
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Panserat S, Marandel L, Seiliez I, Skiba-Cassy S. New Insights on Intermediary Metabolism for a Better Understanding of Nutrition in Teleosts. Annu Rev Anim Biosci 2019; 7:195-220. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-animal-020518-115250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The rapid development of aquaculture production throughout the world over the past few decades has led to the emergence of new scientific challenges to improve fish nutrition. The diet formulations used for farmed fish have been largely modified in the past few years. However, bottlenecks still exist in being able to suppress totally marine resources (fish meal and fish oil) in diets without negatively affecting growth performance and flesh quality. A better understanding of fish metabolism and its regulation by nutrients is thus mandatory. In this review, we discuss four fields of research that are highly important for improving fish nutrition in the future: ( a) fish genome complexity and subsequent consequences for metabolism, ( b) microRNAs (miRNAs) as new actors in regulation of fish metabolism, ( c) the role of autophagy in regulation of fish metabolism, and ( d) the nutritional programming of metabolism linked to the early life of fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Panserat
- INRA, University of Pau & Pays de l'Adour, E2S UPPA, UMR1419 Nutrition, Metabolisme, Aquaculture, Aquapôle, F-64310 Saint-Pée-sur-Nivelle, France
| | - L. Marandel
- INRA, University of Pau & Pays de l'Adour, E2S UPPA, UMR1419 Nutrition, Metabolisme, Aquaculture, Aquapôle, F-64310 Saint-Pée-sur-Nivelle, France
| | - I. Seiliez
- INRA, University of Pau & Pays de l'Adour, E2S UPPA, UMR1419 Nutrition, Metabolisme, Aquaculture, Aquapôle, F-64310 Saint-Pée-sur-Nivelle, France
| | - S. Skiba-Cassy
- INRA, University of Pau & Pays de l'Adour, E2S UPPA, UMR1419 Nutrition, Metabolisme, Aquaculture, Aquapôle, F-64310 Saint-Pée-sur-Nivelle, France
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The elongation of very long-chain fatty acid 6 gene product catalyses elongation of n-13 : 0 and n-15 : 0 odd-chain SFA in human cells. Br J Nutr 2019; 121:241-248. [PMID: 30602402 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114518003185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Normal odd-chain SFA (OCSFA), particularly tridecanoic acid (n-13 : 0), pentadecanoic acid (n-15 : 0) and heptadecanoic acid (n-17 : 0), are normal components of dairy products, beef and seafood. The ratio of n-15 : 0:n-17 : 0 in ruminant foods (dairy products and beef) is 2:1, while in seafood and human tissues it is 1:2, and their appearance in plasma is often used as a marker for ruminant fat intake. Human elongases encoded by elongation of very long-chain fatty acid (ELOVL)1, ELOVL3, ELOVL6 and ELOVL7 catalyse biosynthesis of the dominant even-chain SFA; however, there are no reports of elongase function on OCSFA. ELOVL transfected MCF7 cells were treated with n-13 : 0, n-15 : 0 or n-17 : 0 (80 µm) and products analysed. ELOVL6 catalysed elongation of n-13 : 0→n-15 : 0 and n-15 : 0→n-17 : 0; and ELOVL7 had modest activity toward n-15 : 0 (n-15 : 0→n-17 : 0). No elongation activity was detected for n-17 : 0→n-19 : 0. Our data expand ELOVL specificity to OCSFA, providing the first molecular evidence demonstrating ELOVL6 as the major elongase acting on OCSFA n-13 : 0 and n-15 : 0 fatty acids. Studies of food intake relying on OCSFA as a biomarker should consider endogenous human metabolism when relying on OCSFA ratios to indicate specific food intake.
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Li Y, Yin Z, Dong Y, Wang S, Monroig Ó, Tocher DR, You C. Pparγ Is Involved in the Transcriptional Regulation of Liver LC-PUFA Biosynthesis by Targeting the Δ6Δ5 Fatty Acyl Desaturase Gene in the Marine Teleost Siganus canaliculatus. MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGY (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2019; 21:19-29. [PMID: 30206714 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-018-9854-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
As the first marine teleost demonstrated to have the ability of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFA) biosynthesis from C18 PUFA precursors, the rabbitfish Siganus canaliculatus provides us a unique model for clarifying the regulatory mechanisms of LC-PUFA biosynthesis in teleosts aiming at the replacement of dietary fish oil (rich in LC-PUFA) with vegetable oils (rich in C18 PUFA precursors but devoid of LC-PUFA). In the study of transcription regulation of gene encoding the Δ6Δ5 fatty acyl desaturase (Δ6Δ5 Fads), a rate-limiting enzyme catalyzing the first step of LC-PUFA biosynthesis in rabbitfish, a binding site for the transcription factor (TF), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (Pparγ), was predicted in Δ6Δ5 fads2 promoter by bioinformatics analysis, and thus the present study focused on the regulatory roles of Pparγ on Δ6Δ5 fads2. First, the activity of the Δ6Δ5 fads2 promoter was proved to be downregulated by pparγ overexpression and upregulated by treatment of Pparγ antagonist (GW9662), respectively, in HEK 293T cells with the dual luciferase reporter assay. Pparγ was further confirmed to interact with the promoter by electrophoretic mobility shift assay. Moreover, in S. canaliculatus hepatocyte line (SCHL) cells, GW9662 decreased the expression of pparγ together with increase of Δ6Δ5 fads2 mRNA. Besides, Δ6Δ5 fads2 expression was increased by pparγ RNAi knockdown and reduced by its mRNA overexpression. Furthermore, knockdown of pparγ induced a high conversion of 18:3n-3 to 18:4n-3 and 18:2n-6 to 18:3n-6, while pparγ mRNA overexpression led to a lower conversion of that, and finally a significant decrease of 20:4n-6(ARA), 20:5n-3(EPA), and 22:6n-3(DHA) production. The results indicate that Pparγ is involved in the transcriptional regulation of liver LC-PUFA biosynthesis by targeting Δ6Δ5 fads2 in rabbitfish, which is the first report of Pparγ involvement in the regulation of LC-PUFA biosynthesis in teleosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyou Li
- School of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China.
| | - Ziyan Yin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China
| | - Yewei Dong
- School of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Shuqi Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China
| | - Óscar Monroig
- Institute of Aquaculture, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, Scotland, FK9 4LA, UK
| | - Douglas R Tocher
- Institute of Aquaculture, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, Scotland, FK9 4LA, UK
| | - Cuihong You
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China.
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Comparison of the growth performance and long-chain PUFA biosynthetic ability of the genetically improved farmed tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) reared in different salinities. Br J Nutr 2019; 121:374-383. [PMID: 30621805 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114518003471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
To compare the growth and biosynthetic ability of long-chain PUFA (LC-PUFA) of the genetically improved farmed tilapia (GIFT) (Oreochromis niloticus) in different water salinities, an 8-week feeding trial was conducted on the GIFT juveniles at 0, 12 and 24 ‰ (parts per thousand; ppt), respectively, with three isonitrogenous (32 %) and isolipidic (8 %) diets (D1-D3). Diet D1 with fish oils (rich in LC-PUFA) as lipid source was used as the control, while D2 and D3 with vegetable oil (free LC-PUFA) blends as lipid source contained different ratios of linoleic acid (LA, 18 : 2n-6) and α-linolenic acid (ALA, 18 : 3n-3) at 4·04 (D2) and 0·54 (D3), respectively. At the end of feeding trial, the growth performance of D2 and D3 groups under all salinity treatments was as good as that of D1 group, which indicates that the GIFT juveniles may convert dietary LA and ALA into LC-PUFA to meet the requirement of essential fatty acids for normal growth and physiology. When fed the same diets, GIFT at 12 ppt had a better growth performance coupled with a higher liver and muscle arachidonic acid content than those in freshwater. Furthermore, brackish water (24 ppt) significantly promoted the mRNA levels of elongase 5 of very long-chain fatty acids (elovl5) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (pparα) in liver, when compared with freshwater. These results suggest that the GIFT may display better growth performance together with a relatively higher endogenous LC-PUFA biosynthetic ability under brackish water (12 and 24 ppt), probably through improving the expression of elovl5 and pparα in liver.
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Ferraz RB, Kabeya N, Lopes-Marques M, Machado AM, Ribeiro RA, Salaro AL, Ozório R, Castro LFC, Monroig Ó. A complete enzymatic capacity for long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis is present in the Amazonian teleost tambaqui, Colossoma macropomum. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2019; 227:90-97. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2018.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Liao K, Ran Z, Meng R, Xu J, Cao J, Xu X, Wang Y, Xu S, Yan X. Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis and its response to cadmium exposure in silver pomfret. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2019; 206:61-71. [PMID: 30453168 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2018.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Revised: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Despite a close interaction between cadmium (Cd) and long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (LC-PUFA) metabolism, the influence of Cd exposure on the endogenous synthesis of LC-PUFA has received little attention. In the present study, we hypothesized that Cd exposure would affect the synthesis of LC-PUFA in the marine fish silver pomfret (Pampus argenteus). Therefore, the molecular basis of LC-PUFA biosynthesis and regulation was investigated as the first step to understanding the mechanisms underpinning the effects of Cd exposure. Thereafter, transcriptional regulation of the genes that participate in LC-PUFA biosynthesis and regulation by Cd exposure were also explored. Our results showed that fatty acyl desaturase 2 (Fads2) and elongases of very long-chain fatty acids 5 (Elovl5), two key enzymes involved in LC-PUFA biosynthesis, enabled silver pomfret to biosynthesize 20:3n-6 and 20:4n-3 from 18:2n-6 and 18:3n-3. The results also raise the possibility that silver pomfret may have the ability to produce docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n-3) from endogenous eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5n-3). The expression of silver pomfret fads2 and elovl5 was transcriptionally regulated by the peroxisome proliferator activated receptor α (Pparα). The expression of fads2, elovl5 and pparα in the brain was significantly increased in response to Cd exposure. In addition, Cd exposure significantly reduced the DHA concentration and significantly increased the malondialdehyde concentration in the brain of silver pomfret. Cd exposure likely increases brain-specific DHA synthesis from EPA by transcriptionally activating fads2 and elovl5 via Pparα in silver pomfret. This regulation may be a coping mechanism for the reduction of DHA caused by Cd-oxidative stress in the brains of silver pomfret.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Liao
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Zhaoshou Ran
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Ran Meng
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Jilin Xu
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China.
| | - Jiayi Cao
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Xiaorong Xu
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Yajun Wang
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Shanliang Xu
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Xiaojun Yan
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China.
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Lopes-Marques M, Kabeya N, Qian Y, Ruivo R, Santos MM, Venkatesh B, Tocher DR, Castro LFC, Monroig Ó. Retention of fatty acyl desaturase 1 (fads1) in Elopomorpha and Cyclostomata provides novel insights into the evolution of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis in vertebrates. BMC Evol Biol 2018; 18:157. [PMID: 30340454 PMCID: PMC6194568 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-018-1271-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Provision of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFA) in vertebrates occurs through the diet or via endogenous production from C18 precursors through consecutive elongations and desaturations. It has been postulated that the abundance of LC-PUFA in the marine environment has remarkably modulated the gene complement and function of Fads in marine teleosts. In vertebrates two fatty acyl desaturases, namely Fads1 and Fads2, encode ∆5 and ∆6 desaturases, respectively. To fully clarify the evolutionary history of LC-PUFA biosynthesis in vertebrates, we investigated the gene repertoire and function of Fads from species placed at key evolutionary nodes. Results We demonstrate that functional Fads1Δ5 and Fads2∆6 arose from a tandem gene duplication in the ancestor of vertebrates, since they are present in the Arctic lamprey. Additionally, we show that a similar condition was retained in ray-finned fish such as the Senegal bichir and spotted gar, with the identification of fads1 genes in these lineages. Functional characterisation of the isolated desaturases reveals the first case of a Fads1 enzyme with ∆5 desaturase activity in the Teleostei lineage, the Elopomorpha. In contrast, in Osteoglossomorpha genomes, while no fads1 was identified, two separate fads2 duplicates with ∆6 and ∆5 desaturase activities respectively were uncovered. Conclusions We conclude that, while the essential genetic components involved LC-PUFA biosynthesis evolved in the vertebrate ancestor, the full completion of the LC-PUFA biosynthesis pathway arose uniquely in gnathostomes. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12862-018-1271-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mónica Lopes-Marques
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR/CIMAR), U. Porto - University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208, Matosinhos, Portugal.,Laboratory of Histology and Embryology, Department of Microscopy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar (ICBAS), U.Porto - University of Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, P 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
| | - Naoki Kabeya
- Department of Aquatic Bioscience, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1, Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
| | - Yu Qian
- Institute of Aquaculture, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, FK9 4LA, Scotland, UK
| | - Raquel Ruivo
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR/CIMAR), U. Porto - University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208, Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Miguel M Santos
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR/CIMAR), U. Porto - University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208, Matosinhos, Portugal.,Faculty of Sciences (FCUP), Department of Biology, U.Porto - University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, P 4169-007, Porto, Portugal
| | - Byrappa Venkatesh
- Comparative Genomics Laboratory, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Biopolis, Singapore, 138673, Singapore
| | - Douglas R Tocher
- Institute of Aquaculture, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, FK9 4LA, Scotland, UK
| | - L Filipe C Castro
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR/CIMAR), U. Porto - University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208, Matosinhos, Portugal. .,Faculty of Sciences (FCUP), Department of Biology, U.Porto - University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, P 4169-007, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Óscar Monroig
- Institute of Aquaculture, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, FK9 4LA, Scotland, UK. .,Instituto de Acuicultura Torre de la Sal (IATS-CSIC), Ribera de Cabanes, 12595, Castellón, Spain.
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Machado AM, Tørresen OK, Kabeya N, Couto A, Petersen B, Felício M, Campos PF, Fonseca E, Bandarra N, Lopes-Marques M, Ferraz R, Ruivo R, Fonseca MM, Jentoft S, Monroig Ó, da Fonseca RR, C Castro LF. " Out of the Can": A Draft Genome Assembly, Liver Transcriptome, and Nutrigenomics of the European Sardine, Sardina pilchardus. Genes (Basel) 2018; 9:E485. [PMID: 30304855 PMCID: PMC6210256 DOI: 10.3390/genes9100485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Revised: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Clupeiformes, such as sardines and herrings, represent an important share of worldwide fisheries. Among those, the European sardine (Sardina pilchardus, Walbaum 1792) exhibits significant commercial relevance. While the last decade showed a steady and sharp decline in capture levels, recent advances in culture husbandry represent promising research avenues. Yet, the complete absence of genomic resources from sardine imposes a severe bottleneck to understand its physiological and ecological requirements. We generated 69 Gbp of paired-end reads using Illumina HiSeq X Ten and assembled a draft genome assembly with an N50 scaffold length of 25,579 bp and BUSCO completeness of 82.1% (Actinopterygii). The estimated size of the genome ranges between 655 and 850 Mb. Additionally, we generated a relatively high-level liver transcriptome. To deliver a proof of principle of the value of this dataset, we established the presence and function of enzymes (Elovl2, Elovl5, and Fads2) that have pivotal roles in the biosynthesis of long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, essential nutrients particularly abundant in oily fish such as sardines. Our study provides the first omics dataset from a valuable economic marine teleost species, the European sardine, representing an essential resource for their effective conservation, management, and sustainable exploitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- André M Machado
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), University of Porto, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal.
| | - Ole K Tørresen
- Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES), Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, 0371 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Naoki Kabeya
- Department of Aquatic Bioscience, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8654, Japan.
| | - Alvarina Couto
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), University of Porto, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal.
- The Bioinformatics Centre, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Bent Petersen
- Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, DK-1350 Copenhagen, Denmark.
- Centre of Excellence for Omics-Driven Computational Biodiscovery, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Asian Institute of Medicine, Science and Technology, Kedah 08000, Malaysia.
| | - Mónica Felício
- Portuguese Institute for the Sea and Atmosphere, (IPMA), 1749-077 Lisbon, Portugal.
| | - Paula F Campos
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), University of Porto, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal.
- The Bioinformatics Centre, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Elza Fonseca
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), University of Porto, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal.
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, 4099-022 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Narcisa Bandarra
- Portuguese Institute for the Sea and Atmosphere, (IPMA), 1749-077 Lisbon, Portugal.
| | - Mónica Lopes-Marques
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), University of Porto, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal.
| | - Renato Ferraz
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), University of Porto, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal.
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto, 4099-022 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Raquel Ruivo
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), University of Porto, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal.
| | - Miguel M Fonseca
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), University of Porto, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal.
| | - Sissel Jentoft
- Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES), Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, 0371 Oslo, Norway.
- Centre for Coastal Research, Department of Natural Sciences, University of Agder, 4630 Kristiansand, Norway.
| | - Óscar Monroig
- Instituto de Acuicultura Torre de la Sal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IATS-CSIC), 12595 Ribera de Cabanes, Spain.
| | - Rute R da Fonseca
- The Bioinformatics Centre, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark.
- Center for Macroecology, Evolution, and Climate, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - L Filipe C Castro
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), University of Porto, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal.
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, 4099-022 Porto, Portugal.
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Surm JM, Toledo TM, Prentis PJ, Pavasovic A. Insights into the phylogenetic and molecular evolutionary histories of Fad and Elovl gene families in Actiniaria. Ecol Evol 2018; 8:5323-5335. [PMID: 29938056 PMCID: PMC6010785 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.4044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Revised: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 03/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The biosynthesis of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFAs, ≥ C20) is reliant on the action of desaturase and elongase enzymes, which are encoded by the fatty acyl desaturase (Fad) and elongation of very long-chain fatty acid (Elovl) gene families, respectively. In Metazoa, research investigating the distribution and evolution of these gene families has been restricted largely to Bilateria. Here, we provide insights into the phylogenetic and molecular evolutionary histories of the Fad and Elovl gene families in Cnidaria, the sister phylum to Bilateria. Four model cnidarian genomes and six actiniarian transcriptomes were interrogated. Analysis of the fatty acid composition of a candidate cnidarian species, Actinia tenebrosa, was performed to determine the baseline profile of this species. Phylogenetic analysis revealed lineage-specific gene duplication in actiniarians for both the Fad and Elovl gene families. Two distinct cnidarian Fad clades clustered with functionally characterized Δ5 and Δ6 proteins from fungal and plant species, respectively. Alternatively, only a single cnidarian Elovl clade clustered with functionally characterized Elovl proteins (Elovl4), while two additional clades were identified, one actiniarian-specific (Novel ElovlA) and the another cnidarian-specific (Novel ElovlB). In actiniarians, selection analyses revealed pervasive purifying selection acting on both gene families. However, codons in the Elovl gene family show patterns of nucleotide variation consistent with the action of episodic diversifying selection following gene duplication events. Significantly, these codons may encode amino acid residues that are functionally important for Elovl proteins to target and elongate different precursor fatty acids. In A. tenebrosa, the fatty acid analysis revealed an absence of LC-PUFAs > C20 molecules and implies that the Elovl enzymes are not actively contributing to the elongation of these LC-PUFAs. Overall, this study has revealed that actiniarians possess Fad and Elovl genes required for the biosynthesis of some LC-PUFAs, and that these genes appear to be distinct from bilaterians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joachim M. Surm
- School of Biomedical SciencesFaculty of HealthQueensland University of TechnologyBrisbaneAustralia
- Institute of Health and Biomedical InnovationQueensland University of TechnologyKelvin GroveAustralia
| | - Tarik M. Toledo
- School of Biomedical SciencesFaculty of HealthQueensland University of TechnologyBrisbaneAustralia
- Institute of Health and Biomedical InnovationQueensland University of TechnologyKelvin GroveAustralia
| | - Peter J. Prentis
- School of Earth, Environmental and Biological SciencesScience and Engineering FacultyQueensland University of TechnologyBrisbaneAustralia
- Institute for Future EnvironmentsQueensland University of TechnologyBrisbaneAustralia
| | - Ana Pavasovic
- School of Biomedical SciencesFaculty of HealthQueensland University of TechnologyBrisbaneAustralia
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