1
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Ma YS, Deng SQ, Zhang P, Thomsen JS, Andreasen A, Chang SJ, Zhang J, Gu L, Zhai XY. Identification of countercurrent tubule-vessel arrangements in the early development of mouse kidney based on immunohistochemistry and computer-assisted 3D visualization. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0307223. [PMID: 39137214 PMCID: PMC11321558 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0307223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 08/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Nephron loop-vessel countercurrent arrangement in the medulla provides the structural basis for the formation of concentrated urine. To date, the morphogenesis of it and relevant water and solutes transportation has not been fully elucidated. In this study, with immunohistochemistry for aquaporins (AQP) and Na-K-2Cl co-transporter (NKCC2), as well as 3D visualization, we noticed in embryonic day 14.5 kidneys that the countercurrent arrangement of two pairs of loop-vessel was established as soon as the loop and vessel both extended into the medulla. One pair happened between descending limb and ascending vasa recta, the other occurred between thick ascending limb and descending vasa recta. Meanwhile, the immunohistochemical results showed that the limb and vessel expressing AQP-1 such as descending thick and thin limb and descending vasa recta was always accompanied with AQP-1 negative ascending vasa recta or capillaries and thick ascending limb, respectively. Moreover, the thick ascending limb expressing NKCC2 closely contacted with descending vasa recta without expressing NKCC2. As kidney developed, an increasing number of loop-vessels in countercurrent arrangement extended into the interstitium of the medulla. In addition, we observed that the AQP-2 positive ureteric bud and their branches were separated from those pairs of tubule-vessels by a relatively large and thin-walled veins or capillaries. Thus, the present study reveals that the loop-vessel countercurrent arrangement is formed at the early stage of nephrogenesis, which facilitates the efficient transportation of water and electrolytes to maintain the medullary osmolality and to form a concentrated urine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Sheng Ma
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Basic Medical College, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
- Department of Morphology, Medical College of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning, China
| | - Si-Qi Deng
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Basic Medical College, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
- Department of Pathology, the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Ping Zhang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Basic Medical College, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
- Department of Morphology, Medical College of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning, China
| | | | - Arne Andreasen
- Department of Biomedicine–Anatomy, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Shi-Jie Chang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Intelligent Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Basic Medical College, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Ling Gu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Basic Medical College, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Xiao-Yue Zhai
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Basic Medical College, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
- Institute of Nephropathology, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
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2
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Mohammedsaleh ZM, Hassanein EHM, Ali FEM, Althagafy HS, Al-Abbas NS, Atwa AM. Perindopril Dampens Cd-induced Nephrotoxicity by Suppressing Inflammatory Burden, Ang II/Ang 1-7, and Apoptosis Signaling Pathways. Biol Trace Elem Res 2024; 202:3193-3203. [PMID: 37848587 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-023-03907-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023]
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) is one of the most abundant toxic heavy metals, and its exposure is linked to serious kidney intoxication, a major health problem. Evidence reported that inflammatory damage is a key factor in Cd renal intoxication. Perindopril (PER) is an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor approved for treating hypertension and other cardiovascular problems. Significantly, RAS activation results in inflammatory damage. Our study aimed to examine the renoprotective effects of PER in Cd-induced nephrotoxicity, the impact of inflammation, and the underlying molecular mechanisms. PER was given at a dose of 1 mg/kg per day. Cd was injected at a dose of 1.2 mg/kg, as a single dose. Treatment with PER led to a significant decrease in serum levels of urea, creatinine, uric acid, and urine albumin/creatinine ratio. PER effectively mitigated inflammation by decreasing MPO, NO, IL-1β, IL-6, and INF-γ levels mediated by downregulating NF-κB expression and suppressing JAK-1 and STAT3 phosphorylation. PER modulates Ang II/Ang 1-7 axis in Cd-intoxicated rats by decreasing Ang II expression and increasing Ang-(1-7) expression. PER inhibits Cd-induced apoptosis by lowering Bax, cytochrome c, and cleaved caspase 3 expressions while increasing Bcl-2 expression. In conclusion, PER dampens Cd-induced kidney intoxication by modulating Ang II/Ang 1-7 axis, suppressing NF-κB, JAK-1/STAT3, and apoptosis signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuhair M Mohammedsaleh
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, 71491, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Emad H M Hassanein
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Assiut Branch, Assiut, 71524, Egypt
| | - Fares E M Ali
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Assiut Branch, Assiut, 71524, Egypt.
| | - Hanan S Althagafy
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Jeddah, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nouf S Al-Abbas
- Department of Biology, Jamoum University College, Umm Al-Qura University, 21955, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed M Atwa
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Egyptian Russian University, Cairo, Egypt
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3
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Labib HS, Salman MI, Halim MI, Fawaz SI. Apoptosis in lupus nephritis patients: a study of Bcl-2 to assess glomerular and tubular damage. EGYPTIAN RHEUMATOLOGY AND REHABILITATION 2023. [DOI: 10.1186/s43166-023-00186-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an immune-mediated disease, due to exposure of self-antigens, through impairment of apoptosis and failure of lymphocytic tolerance. Impaired regulation of the pro- and anti-apoptotic gene products which coordinate programmed cell death may result in autoreactive B and T cells and autoimmunity. Genetically engineered mice that over-express the anti-apoptotic molecule Bcl-2, B cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl2) in B-lymphocytes advance a lupus-like illness. Lupus nephritis (LN) is one of the most serious manifestations of this autoimmune disorder. Glomerulonephritis (GN) is caused by either impaired regulation of apoptosis and/or clearance of apoptotic cells leading to a T cell-mediated autoimmune reaction with initiation of pathological immune complex deposits.
Objective
To evaluate the correlation between Bcl2 glomerular and tubular expression and pathological findings and laboratory data in different types of SLE GN.
Results
Compared to the control group, patients with lupus nephritis have significantly higher glomerular, interstitial and tubular expression level (P value < 0.001). BCL2 expression was positively correlated with serum anti-ds-DNA, urine 24-h protein and with the chronicity index. All LN patients had significant glomerular, interstitial and tubular deposits of BCL2, P value < 0.001, P value 0.004, and P value 0.03, respectively.
Conclusion
The intrinsic pathway of apoptosis interferes not only with the pathogenesis of lupus glomerulonephritis but also interferes with the pathogenesis of tubulointerstitial lupus nephritis. tubulointerstitial lesions may not only be a result of glomerular injury but also a significant factor in lupus nephritis.
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Schaier M, Theiner S, Baier D, Braun G, Berger W, Koellensperger G. Multiparametric Tissue Characterization Utilizing the Cellular Metallome and Immuno-Mass Spectrometry Imaging. JACS AU 2023; 3:419-428. [PMID: 36873697 PMCID: PMC9975846 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.2c00571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we present a workflow that enables spatial single-cell metallomics in tissue decoding the cellular heterogeneity. Low-dispersion laser ablation in combination with inductively coupled plasma time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-TOFMS) provides mapping of endogenous elements with cellular resolution at unprecedented speed. Capturing the heterogeneity of the cellular population by metals only is of limited use as the cell type, functionality, and cell state remain elusive. Therefore, we expanded the toolbox of single-cell metallomics by integrating the concepts of imaging mass cytometry (IMC). This multiparametric assay successfully utilizes metal-labeled antibodies for cellular tissue profiling. One important challenge is the need to preserve the original metallome in the sample upon immunostaining. Therefore, we studied the impact of extensive labeling on the obtained endogenous cellular ionome data by quantifying elemental levels in consecutive tissue sections (with and without immunostaining) and correlating elements with structural markers and histological features. Our experiments showed that the elemental tissue distribution remained intact for selected elements such as sodium, phosphorus, and iron, while absolute quantification was precluded. We hypothesize that this integrated assay not only advances single-cell metallomics (enabling to link metal accumulation to multi-dimensional characterization of cells/cell populations), but in turn also enhances selectivity in IMC, as in selected cases, labeling strategies can be validated by elemental data. We showcase the power of this integrated single-cell toolbox using an in vivo tumor model in mice and provide mapping of the sodium and iron homeostasis as linked to different cell types and function in mouse organs (such as spleen, kidney, and liver). Phosphorus distribution maps added structural information, paralleled by the DNA intercalator visualizing the cellular nuclei. Overall, iron imaging was the most relevant addition to IMC. In tumor samples, for example, iron-rich regions correlated with high proliferation and/or located blood vessels, which are key for potential drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Schaier
- Institute
of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Waehringer Strasse 38, Vienna 1090, Austria
- Vienna
Doctoral School in Chemistry (DoSChem), University of Vienna, Waehringer Strasse 42, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - Sarah Theiner
- Institute
of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Waehringer Strasse 38, Vienna 1090, Austria
- . Phone: +43-1-4277-52384
| | - Dina Baier
- Institute
of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Waehringer Strasse 42, Vienna 1090, Austria
- Institute
of Cancer Research and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Borschkegasse 8A, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - Gabriel Braun
- Institute
of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Waehringer Strasse 38, Vienna 1090, Austria
- Vienna
Doctoral School in Chemistry (DoSChem), University of Vienna, Waehringer Strasse 42, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - Walter Berger
- Institute
of Cancer Research and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Borschkegasse 8A, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - Gunda Koellensperger
- Institute
of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Waehringer Strasse 38, Vienna 1090, Austria
- . Phone: +43-1-4277-52303
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5
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Putra IMWA, Fakhrudin N, Nurrochmad A, Wahyuono S. A Review of Medicinal Plants with Renoprotective Activity in Diabetic Nephropathy Animal Models. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:560. [PMID: 36836916 PMCID: PMC9963806 DOI: 10.3390/life13020560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetic nephropathy (DN), also recognized as diabetic kidney disease, is a kidney malfunction caused by diabetes mellitus. A possible contributing factor to the onset of DN is hyperglycemia. Poorly regulated hyperglycemia can damage blood vessel clusters in the kidneys, leading to kidney damage. Its treatment is difficult and expensive because its causes are extremely complex and poorly understood. Extracts from medicinal plants can be an alternative treatment for DN. The bioactive content in medicinal plants inhibits the progression of DN. This work explores the renoprotective activity and possible mechanisms of various medicinal plant extracts administered to diabetic animal models. Research articles published from 2011 to 2022 were gathered from several databases including PubMed, Scopus, ProQuest, and ScienceDirect to ensure up-to-date findings. Results showed that medicinal plant extracts ameliorated the progression of DN via the reduction in oxidative stress and suppression of inflammation, advanced glycation end-product formation, cell apoptosis, and tissue injury-related protein expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Made Wisnu Adhi Putra
- Department of Biology, University of Dhyana Pura, Badung 80351, Indonesia
- Doctorate Program of Pharmacy, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia
| | - Nanang Fakhrudin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia
- Medicinal Plants and Natural Products Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia
| | - Arief Nurrochmad
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia
| | - Subagus Wahyuono
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia
- Medicinal Plants and Natural Products Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia
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6
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Gao M, Zhang Z, Zhang Y, Li M, Che X, Cui X, Wang M, Xiong Y. Steamed Panax notoginseng attenuates renal anemia in an adenine-induced mouse model of chronic kidney disease. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 288:114941. [PMID: 35007683 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.114941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Panax notoginseng (PN) (Burk.) F. H. Chen is a medicinal herb used to treat blood disorders since ancient times, of which the steamed form exhibits the anti-anemia effect and acts with a "blood-tonifying" function according to the traditional use. However, its pharmacological effect and mechanism on alleviating renal anemia (RA) are still unclear. AIMS OF THE STUDY The study aims to investigate the effect of steamed Panax notoginseng (SPN) to attenuate RA and its underlying mechanism based on the model of adenine-induced RA mice. MATERIALS AND METHODS Seventy mice were randomly divided into seven groups of ten: the control group, model group, the erythropoietin (EPO) group, the Fufang E'jiao Jiang (FEJ) group, the high-dose steamed PN (H-SPN) group, the middle-dose steamed PN (M-SPN) group, and the low-dose steamed PN (L-SPN) group. The adenine induction RA model was applied to assess the "blood enriching" function of SPN. The blood routine indexes, erythrocyte fragility, pathologic morphology of kidney tissue and the expression levels of related cytokines and proteins in the mice were detected after 3-week administration with SPN and positive drugs. RESULTS Our study provided evidences that SPN could ameliorate RA. Compared with the control group, SPN could attenuate RA by significantly increasing the numbers of peripheral blood cells (p < 0.01), improving the erythrocyte fragility (p < 0.01), and restoring the expression of EPO mRNA in the kidneys and EPO receptor mRNA in bone marrow nucleated cells. The expression of TGF-β1 mRNA was declined and the expression of HGF mRNA was significantly increased in a dose-dependent way after the treatment of SPN. Additionally, the expression of Bcl-2 and Bcl-2/Bax ratio in the kidneys were significantly increased. In contrast, there was a highly significant decrease in the expression of Bax (p < 0.01), following SPN treatment. CONCLUSION SPN could alleviate RA by promoting the overall hematopoiesis and inhibiting the progress of renal injury in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Gao
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, China; Yunnan Key Laboratory of Panax notoginseng, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Zejun Zhang
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, China; Yunnan Key Laboratory of Panax notoginseng, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Yiming Zhang
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, China; Yunnan Key Laboratory of Panax notoginseng, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Minghui Li
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, China; Yunnan Key Laboratory of Panax notoginseng, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Xiaoyan Che
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, China; Yunnan Key Laboratory of Panax notoginseng, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Xiuming Cui
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, China; Yunnan Key Laboratory of Panax notoginseng, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Mei Wang
- Leiden University-European Center for Chinese Medicine and Natural Compounds, Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, Leiden, 2333BE, the Netherlands; SU Biomedicine B.V., Leiden, 2333BE, the Netherlands; Center for Drug Discovery & Technology Development of Yunnan Traditional Medicine, Kunming, 650217, China
| | - Yin Xiong
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, China; Yunnan Key Laboratory of Panax notoginseng, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, China; Leiden University-European Center for Chinese Medicine and Natural Compounds, Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, Leiden, 2333BE, the Netherlands.
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7
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Majumder S, Pushpakumar S, Juin SK, Jala VR, Sen U. Toll-like receptor 4 mutation protects the kidney from Ang-II-induced hypertensive injury. Pharmacol Res 2022; 175:106030. [PMID: 34896544 PMCID: PMC8755630 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2021.106030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Cellular autophagy is a protective mechanism where cells degrade damaged organelles to maintain intracellular homeostasis. Apoptosis, on the other hand, is considered as programmed cell death. Interestingly, autophagy inhibits apoptosis by degrading apoptosis regulators. In hypertension, an imbalance of autophagy and apoptosis regulators can lead to renal injury and dysfunction. Previously, we have reported that toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) mutant mice are protective against renal damage, in part, due to reduced oxidative stress and inflammation. However, the detailed mechanism remained elusive. In this study, we tested the hypothesis of whether TLR4 mutation reduces Ang-II-induced renal injury by inciting autophagy and suppressing apoptosis in the hypertensive kidney. Male mice with normal TLR4 expression (TLR4N, C3H/HeOuJ) and mutant TLR4 (TLR4M, C3H/HeJLps-d) aged 10-12 weeks were infused with Ang-II (1000 ng/kg/d) for 4 weeks to create hypertension. Saline infused appropriate control were used. Blood pressure was increased along with increased TLR4 expression in TLR4N mice receiving Ang-II compared to TLR4N control. Autophagy was downregulated, and apoptosis was upregulated in TLR4N mice treated with Ang-II. Also, kidney injury markers plasma lipocalin-2 (LCN2) and kidney injury molecule 1 (KIM-1) were upregulated in TLR4N mice treated with Ang-II. Besides, increased nuclear translocation and activity of NF-kB were measured in Ang-II-treated TLR4N mice. TLR4M mice remained protected against all these insults in hypertension. Together, these results suggest that Ang-II-induced TLR4 activation suppresses autophagy, induces apoptosis and kidney injury through in part by activating NF-kB signaling, and TLR4 mutation protects the kidney from Ang-II-induced hypertensive injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suravi Majumder
- Department of Internal Medicine, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Sathnur Pushpakumar
- Department of Physiology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Subir K Juin
- Department of Physiology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Venkatakrishna R Jala
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Utpal Sen
- Department of Physiology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA.
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8
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Zhang P, Zhang X, Zhang J, Song Y, Liu T, Zeng Z, Fu X, Fu H, Zhang H, Qin Q, Fu N, Guo Z. Novel Nanoliposomes Alleviate Contrast-Induced Nephropathy by Mediating Apoptosis Response in New Zealand Rabbits. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:681849. [PMID: 34295921 PMCID: PMC8290201 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.681849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to test the preventive effects of nano liposomes against contrast-induced nephropathy (CIN) in New Zealand rabbits. Sixty New Zealand rabbits were randomly divided into four groups, with 15 rabbits in each group: control group, contrast group, hydration group and nano liposome group. Serum creatinine (Scr) and Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN) were measured before and after injection of the contrast agent iopromide. Oxidative stress markers, such as superoxide dismutase (SOD) and malondialdehyde (MDA), and apoptosis markers, such as Bcl2-Associated X (Bax) and B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2), were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Rabbits were killed 24 h after injection of the contrast medium and both kidneys were removed. Real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) and Western blot assays were performed in kidney tissue. Pathological changes were analyzed under the optical and electron microscope. Compared with the hydration group, the nano liposome group showed improved protection of renal function, with significantly different Scr and BUN levels, incidence of CIN, apoptosis index, RT-PCR and Western blot protein expression patterns. Under the optical and electron microscope, the renal injury in the nano liposome group was less than in the hydration group. However, based on SOD and MDA, there was no significant difference in oxidative stress when compared with the hydration group. Apoptosis is an important mechanism in CIN. Nano liposomes can prevent the occurrence of CIN by decreasing apoptosis, reducing damage to the kidney by the contrast agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Tianjin Chest Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Xue Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, The Third Central Hospital of Tianjin, Tianjin, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Tianjin Chest Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Yanqiu Song
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Tianjin Chest Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Ting Liu
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Tianjin Chest Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhican Zeng
- Graduate School of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaofeng Fu
- Graduate School of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Han Fu
- Graduate School of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Hong Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Tianjin Chest Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Qin Qin
- Department of Cardiology, Tianjin Chest Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Naikuan Fu
- Department of Cardiology, Tianjin Chest Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhigang Guo
- Department of Cardiology, Tianjin Chest Hospital, Tianjin, China
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Tohamy AF, Hussein S, Moussa IM, Rizk H, Daghash S, Alsubki RA, Mubarak AS, Alshammari HO, Al-Maary KS, Hemeg HA. Lucrative antioxidant effect of metformin against cyclophosphamide induced nephrotoxicity. Saudi J Biol Sci 2021; 28:2755-2761. [PMID: 34025161 PMCID: PMC8117244 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2021.03.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclophosphamide is anticancer drug with a well-Known nephrotoxicity. This work was applied to study the lucrative antioxidant influence of metformin as co-therapy on the nephrotoxicity induced by cyclophosphamide in the treatment of different cancer diseases. Four groups of male Sprague Dawley rats were used; Control group (C) received single I.P. injection of 0.2 ml saline, Metformin (MET) group received daily gavage of 200 mg/kg metformin for two weeks, Cyclophosphamide (CP) group received single I.P. injection of 200 mg/kg CP, Protector group (CP.MET) received daily gavage of 200 mg/kg metformin for two weeks and single I.P. injection of 200 mg/kg CP at day 7. By day 14 rats were euthanized. Samples were collected from kidney tissues and blood for kidney function evaluation, histopathological and assessment of oxidative stress markers. The results disclosed that CP yields many functional and structural damage to the kidney, worsened oxidative stress markers and kidney function indicators. The protector group displayed better kidney tissue morphology, acceptable kidney function indicators as well as satisfactory oxidative stress markers. In assumption, metformin could be combined with CP owing to its lucrative effect counter to CP persuaded nephrotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adel F. Tohamy
- Department of Toxicology and Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt
| | - Shaymaa Hussein
- Department of Cytology and Histology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt
| | - Ihab M. Moussa
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
- Corresponding author at: Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Hamdy Rizk
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt
| | - Samer Daghash
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt
| | - Roua A. Alsubki
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, Chair of Medical and Molecular Genetics Research, College of Applied Medical Science, King Saud University, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ayman S. Mubarak
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hanan O. Alshammari
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khalid S. Al-Maary
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hassan A. Hemeg
- Department of Medical Technology/Microbiology, College of Applied Medical Science, Taibah University, Madinah, Saudi Arabia
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10
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Stewart T, Kallash M, Vehaskari VM, Hodgeson SM, Aviles DH. Increased Autophagy and Apoptosis in the Kidneys of Intrauterine Growth Restricted Rats. Fetal Pediatr Pathol 2019; 38:185-194. [PMID: 30741571 DOI: 10.1080/15513815.2018.1564160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND IUGR has been associated with nephron loss and chronic kidney disease (CKD). MATERIALS AND METHODS We examined autophagy and apoptosis markers in the kidneys of IUGR Sprague Dawley rats induced by maternal low protein diet (LP), comparing them to controls. The autophagy marker LC3B, the pro-apoptotic protein Bax, and the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2 were determined by quantitative immunoblotting. Immunohistochemical expressions of LC3B, Bax, and Bcl-2 were evaluated at 4 weeks age. Glomerular counts (by maceration techniques) were performed at 5 weeks. RESULTS The LP diet offspring were lighter (P < 0.05). In IUGR kidneys, LC3B and Bax were increased at birth (p < 0.05, p < 0.001) and at 4 weeks (p < 0.0142, p < 0.0001), Bcl-2 was decreased at birth (p < 0.05), and there were less glomeruli (p < 0.01) at 5 weeks. CONCLUSIONS Autophagy and apoptosis may have a role in IUGR associated decreased nephron number in Sprague rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyrus Stewart
- a Louisiana State University, Health Sciences Center , New Orleans , Louisiana , USA
| | - Mahmoud Kallash
- b Nationwide Children's Hospital , Columbus , Ohio , USA.,c University at Buffalo , Buffalo , New York , USA
| | - V Matti Vehaskari
- a Louisiana State University, Health Sciences Center , New Orleans , Louisiana , USA
| | - Sydney M Hodgeson
- a Louisiana State University, Health Sciences Center , New Orleans , Louisiana , USA
| | - Diego H Aviles
- a Louisiana State University, Health Sciences Center , New Orleans , Louisiana , USA.,d Children's Hospital , New Orleans , Louisiana , USA
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11
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Zhang J, Cong J, Yang J, Thomsen JS, Andreasen A, Chang SJ, Wang KY, Gu L, Zhai XY. Morphologic and morphometric study on microvasculature of developing mouse kidneys. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2018; 315:F852-F860. [DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00615.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A proper morphogenesis of the renal microvasculature is crucial not only for fulfilling the renal function but also to slow down the progression of chronic kidney disease in adulthood. However, the current description of the developing microvasculature is incomplete. The present study investigated the morphogenesis and volume densities of the renal microvasculature using computer-assisted tubular tracing, immunohistochemistry for CD34, and unbiased stereology. The earliest glomerular capillaries were observed at the lower cleft of the S-shaped nephrons, as simple loops connecting the afferent and efferent arterioles. In parallel with this, the peritubular capillaries were established. Noticeably, from early nephrogenesis on, the efferent arterioles of the early-formed glomeruli ran in close proximity to their own thick ascending limbs. In addition, the ascending vasa recta arising from the arcuate or interlobular veins also ran in close proximity to the thick descending limb. Thus, the tubules and vessels formed the typical countercurrent relation in the medulla. No loop bends were observed between descending and ascending vasa recta. The volume density of the cortical and medullary peritubular capillary increased 3.3- and 2.6-fold, respectively, from 2.34 (0.13) and 7.03 (0.09)% [means (SD)] at embryonic day 14.5 (E14.5) to 7.71 (0.44) and 18.27 (1.17)% at postnatal day 40 (P40). In contrast, the volume density of glomeruli changed only slightly during kidney development, from 4.61 (0.47)% at E14.5 to 6.07 (0.2)% at P7 to 4.19 (0.47)% at P40. These results reflect that the growth and formation of the renal microvasculature closely correspond to functional development of the tubules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Basic Medicine College, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jing Cong
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Basic Medicine College, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang, China
| | - Jie Yang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Basic Medicine College, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | | | - Arne Andreasen
- Department of Biomedicine-Anatomy, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Shi-Jie Chang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Fundamental Science, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Kai-Yue Wang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Basic Medicine College, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Ling Gu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Basic Medicine College, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiao-Yue Zhai
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Basic Medicine College, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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12
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Increased glomerular Bax/Bcl2 ratio is positively correlated with glomerular sclerosis in lupus nephritis. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY 2018; 25:83-88. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pathophys.2018.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2017] [Revised: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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13
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Kato T, Hagiyama M, Takashima Y, Yoneshige A, Ito A. Cell adhesion molecule-1 shedding induces apoptosis of renal epithelial cells and exacerbates human nephropathies. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2018; 314:F388-F398. [PMID: 29070574 PMCID: PMC6048447 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00385.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Revised: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is an important problem throughout the world, associated with the increase of blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and serum creatinine (sCre) and with renal tubular injuries. It is crucial to elucidate the molecular mechanisms of renal injuries to identify the new therapeutics and early diagnostic methods. We focused on cell adhesion molecule-1 (CADM1) protein. CADM1, its isoform SP4, is expressed in the epithelial cells of various tissues, including renal distal tubules, localized on the lateral cell membrane, mediates cell-cell adhesion via trans-homophilic binding, and interacts with various proteins. We previously reported that its expression was downregulated by post-proteolytic cleavage (α- and β-shedding) in pulmonary diseases. To investigate whether CADM1 α-shedding occurs in human nephropathies, we performed Western blotting and immunohistochemical analysis of specimens with arterionephrosclerosis (AS) and diabetic nephropathy (DN) from autopsied kidneys. CADM1 α-shedding was induced in AS and DN kidneys and derived from the decrease in full-length CADM1 (FL-CADM1) and increase of the COOH-terminal fragment (α-CTF). In particular, the reduced FL-CADM1 level was correlated with tubular and tubulointerstitial injuries and the increases in BUN and sCre levels. Apoptosis of renal tubular epithelial cells (TECs) was promoted in both nephropathies, and it was significantly correlated with the decrease in the FL-CADM1. Furthermore, FL-CADM1 knockdown by small interfering RNA downregulated anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 protein and promoted apoptosis of cultured renal TECs. The present study suggests that the reduction of FL-CADM1 leads to renal TEC apoptosis and could exacerbate renal tubular and tubulointerstitial injuries, which contribute to the development of CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Kato
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Kindai University , Osaka , Japan
- Urologic Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Man Hagiyama
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Kindai University , Osaka , Japan
| | - Yasutoshi Takashima
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Kindai University , Osaka , Japan
| | - Azusa Yoneshige
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Kindai University , Osaka , Japan
| | - Akihiko Ito
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Kindai University , Osaka , Japan
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14
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Letts RFR, Zhai XY, Bhikha C, Grann BL, Blom NB, Thomsen JS, Rubin DM, Christensen EI, Andreasen A. Nephron morphometry in mice and rats using tomographic microscopy. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2017; 312:F210-F229. [DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00207.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Revised: 09/21/2016] [Accepted: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim was to quantify the glomerular capillary surface area, the segmental tubular radius, length, and area of single nephrons in mouse and rat kidneys. Multiple 2.5-µm-thick serial Epon sections were obtained from three mouse and three rat kidneys for three-dimensional reconstruction of the nephron tubules. Micrographs were aligned for each kidney, and 359 nephrons were traced and their segments localized. Thirty mouse and thirty rat nephrons were selected for further investigation. The luminal radius of each segment was determined by two methods. The luminal surface area was estimated from the radius and length of each segment. High-resolution micrographs were recorded for five rat glomeruli, and the capillary surface area determined. The capillary volume and surface area were corrected for glomerular shrinkage. A positive correlation was found between glomerular capillary area and proximal tubule area. The thickest part of the nephron, i.e., the proximal tubule, was followed by the thinnest part of the nephron, i.e., the descending thin limb, and the diameters of the seven identified nephron segments share the same rank in the two species. The radius and length measurements from mouse and rat nephrons generally share the same pattern; rat tubular radius-to-mouse tubular radius ratio ≈ 1.47, and rat tubular length-to-mouse tubular length ratio ≈ 2.29, suggesting relatively longer tubules in the rat. The detailed tables of mouse and rat glomerular capillary area and segmental radius, length, and area values may be used to enhance understanding of the associated physiology, including existing steady-state models of the urine-concentrating mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robyn F. R. Letts
- Biomedical Engineering Research Group in the School of Electrical and Information Engineering, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Xiao-Yue Zhai
- Department of Histology and Embryology, China Medical University, Shenyang, People’s Republic of China; and
| | - Charita Bhikha
- Biomedical Engineering Research Group in the School of Electrical and Information Engineering, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Birgitte L. Grann
- Department of Biomedicine–Anatomy, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Nicklas B. Blom
- Department of Biomedicine–Anatomy, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | - David M. Rubin
- Biomedical Engineering Research Group in the School of Electrical and Information Engineering, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | | | - Arne Andreasen
- Department of Histology and Embryology, China Medical University, Shenyang, People’s Republic of China; and
- Department of Biomedicine–Anatomy, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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15
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Song XF, Tian H, Zhang P, Zhang ZX. Expression of Cyt-c-Mediated Mitochondrial Apoptosis-Related Proteins in Rat Renal Proximal Tubules during Development. Nephron Clin Pract 2016; 135:77-86. [PMID: 27665619 DOI: 10.1159/000450585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Apoptosis regulates embryogenesis, organ metamorphosis and tissue homeostasis. Mitochondrial signaling is an apoptotic pathway, in which Cyt-c and Apaf-1 are transformed into an apoptosome, which activates procaspase-9 and triggers apoptosis. This study evaluated Cyt-c, Apaf-1 and caspase-9 expression during renal development. METHODS Kidneys from embryonic (E) 16-, 18-, and 20-day-old fetuses and postnatal (P) 1-, 3-, 5-, 7-, 14-, and 21-day-old pups were obtained. Immunohistochemical analysis, dual-labeled immunofluorescence, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end-labeling (TUNEL) technique assay and Western blot were performed in addition to histological analysis. RESULTS Immunohistochemistry showed that Cyt-c was strongly expressed in proximal and distal tubules (DTs) at all time points. Caspase-9 and Apaf-1 were strongly expressed in proximal tubules (PTs) but only weakly expressed in DTs. Dual-labeled immunofluorescence showed that most tubules expressed both Cyt-c and Apaf-1, except for some tubules that only expressed Cyt-c. The TUNEL assay showed a greater percentage of apoptotic cells in PTs compared to DTs. Apaf-1 and cleaved caspase-9 protein expression gradually increased during the embryonic period and peaked during the early postnatal period but apparently declined from P7. Cyt-c protein expression was weak during the embryonic period but obviously increased after P1. CONCLUSION This study showed that PTs are more sensitive to apoptosis than DTs during rat renal development, even though both tubule segments contain a large number of mitochondria. Furthermore, Cyt-c-mediated mitochondrial apoptosis-related proteins play an important role in PTs during the early postnatal kidney development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Feng Song
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, China
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16
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Song XF, Tian H, Zhang ZX. Differential activation of CD95-mediated apoptosis related proteins in proximal and distal tubules during rat renal development. Tissue Cell 2016; 48:417-24. [PMID: 27561622 DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2016.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Revised: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 08/20/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The CD95-mediated apoptotic pathway is the best characterized of the death receptor-mediated apoptotic pathways. The present study characterized localization and expression of proteins involved in CD95-mediated apoptosis during rat renal development. Kidneys were obtained from embryonic (E) 18 and 20-day-old fetuses and postnatal (P) 1-, 3-, 5-, 7-, 14-, and 21-day-old pups. Immunohistochemical characterization revealed that CD95, FasL and cleaved caspase-3 were strongly expressed in proximal tubules and weakly expressed in distal tubules, but that expression of caspase-8 in distal tubules was stronger than that in proximal tubules. Results from terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling assays showed that levels of apoptosis in proximal tubules slowly increased after E18, while those of distal tubules slowly decreased after P5. Western blotting demonstrated that expression of CD95, FasL and FADD was very weak during embryonic development, but rapidly increased at P14. Expression of cleaved caspase-3 was maintained at high levels after P1, while caspase-8 expression gradually reached a peak at P7. Results from this study reveal that the CD95-mediated apoptotic pathway is a key driver of apoptosis in proximal tubules during late postnatal kidney development in rats and suggest that apoptosis in distal tubules is mediated by a different apoptotic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Feng Song
- Deparment of Histology and Embryology, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning, China.
| | - He Tian
- Deparment of Histology and Embryology, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning, China
| | - Zhen-Xing Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning, China
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17
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A microwave antigen retrieval method using two heating steps for enhanced immunostaining on aldehyde-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue sections. Histochem Cell Biol 2016; 145:675-80. [DOI: 10.1007/s00418-016-1426-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/08/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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18
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Huo S, Du W, Shi P, Si Y, Zhao S. The role of spermatogenesis-associated protein 6 in testicular germ cell tumors. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL PATHOLOGY 2015; 8:9119-9125. [PMID: 26464655 PMCID: PMC4583887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2015] [Accepted: 06/25/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the role of spermatogenesis-associated protein 6 (SPATA6) in the testicular germ cell tumors (TGCTs). METHODS Human embryonic carcinoma (EC)-derived cell line NTera2 was employed and randomly divided into normal control group, SPATA6c group, siSPATA6c group, and SPATA6c + siSPATA6c group. The recombinant expression vector pcDNA3.1 (+)-SPATA6 and target sequence for SPATA6-specific siRNA was transfected into NTera2 cells in the SPATA6c group and siSPATA6c group, respectively. The SPATA6 protein levels in each group were determined by Western blot. Cell proliferation and apoptosis rate were assessed by 3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2 5-diphenyl-2Htetrazolium bromide (MTT) colorimetric assay and flow cytometry (FCM) assay, respectively. In addition, Western blot was performed to investigate the expression of Bax and B-cell lymphoma (Bcl)-2 in each group. RESULTS Compared with control group, protein levels of SPATA6 were significantly reduced in the siSPATA6c group, but were statistically increased in the SPATA6c group (P < 0.05). Similarly, the cell viability was significantly decreased by transfection with SPATA6 siRNA, but was increased by transfection with pcDNA3.1 (+)-SPATA6 compared with the control group. Moreover, the percentages of apoptosis cell were significantly higher in siSPATA6 group than those in the three groups. After transfection of SPATA6 siRNA, the expression of Bax was significantly increased, but the expression of Bcl-2 was markedly decreased than that in the control group and SPATA6c group. CONCLUSION SPATA6 may play an important role in TGCTs, and down-regulation of SPATA6 could lead to apoptosis of TGCTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiwei Huo
- Shandong UniversityJinan 250100, Shandong, China
- The Central Hospital of TaianTaian 271000, Shandong, China
| | - Wenyan Du
- The Branch of Tai’an Central HospitalTaian 271000, Shandong, China
| | - Peng Shi
- The Central Hospital of TaianTaian 271000, Shandong, China
| | - Yuexiu Si
- The Fifth Hospital of JinanJinnan 250100, Shandong, China
| | - Shengtian Zhao
- The Second Hospital of Shandong UniversityJinan 250100, Shandong, China
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19
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Chang SJ, Li S, Andreasen A, Sha XZ, Zhai XY. A reference-free method for brightness compensation and contrast enhancement of micrographs of serial sections. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0127855. [PMID: 26020531 PMCID: PMC4447386 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0127855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2014] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction of an organ or tissue from a stack of histologic serial sections provides valuable morphological information. The procedure includes section preparation of the organ or tissue, micrographs acquisition, image registration, 3D reconstruction, and visualization. However, the brightness and contrast through the image stack may not be consistent due to imperfections in the staining procedure, which may cause difficulties in micro-structure identification using virtual sections, region segmentation, automatic target tracing, etc. In the present study, a reference-free method, Sequential Histogram Fitting Algorithm (SHFA), is therefore developed for adjusting the severe and irregular variance of brightness and contrast within the image stack. To apply the SHFA, the gray value histograms of individual images are first calculated over the entire image stack and a set of landmark gray values are chosen. Then the histograms are transformed so that there are no abrupt changes in progressing through the stack. Finally, the pixel gray values of the original images are transformed into the desired ones based on the relationship between the original and the transformed histograms. The SHFA is tested on an image stacks from mouse kidney sections stained with toluidine blue, and captured by a slide scanner. As results, the images through the entire stack reveal homogenous brightness and consistent contrast. In addition, subtle color differences in the tissue are well preserved so that the morphological details can be recognized, even in virtual sections. In conclusion, compared with the existing histogram-based methods, the present study provides a practical method suitable for compensating brightness, and improving contrast of images derived from a large number of serial sections of biological organ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Jie Chang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Shuo Li
- Department of Biochemistry, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Arne Andreasen
- Department of Biomedicine—Anatomy, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Xian-Zheng Sha
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Xiao-Yue Zhai
- Department of Histology and Embryology, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
- * E-mail:
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20
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He X, Xie Z, Dong Q, Chen P, Hu J, Wang T. Apoptosis in the kidneys of rats that experienced intrauterine growth restriction. Nephrology (Carlton) 2014; 20:34-9. [PMID: 25243775 DOI: 10.1111/nep.12340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaori He
- Department of Neonatology; Second Xiangya Hospital; Central South University; Changsha Hunan China
| | - Zongde Xie
- Department of Neonatology; Second Xiangya Hospital; Central South University; Changsha Hunan China
| | - Qingyi Dong
- Department of Neonatology; Second Xiangya Hospital; Central South University; Changsha Hunan China
| | - Pingyang Chen
- Department of Neonatology; Second Xiangya Hospital; Central South University; Changsha Hunan China
| | - Jingtao Hu
- Department of Neonatology; Second Xiangya Hospital; Central South University; Changsha Hunan China
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of Neonatology; Second Xiangya Hospital; Central South University; Changsha Hunan China
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21
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Non-rigid landmark-based large-scale image registration in 3-D reconstruction of mouse and rat kidney nephrons. Micron 2014; 68:122-129. [PMID: 25464150 DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2014.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Revised: 09/12/2014] [Accepted: 10/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Serial histological sections are suffering from mechanical distortions that disturb the reconstruction of 3-D objects. We have corrected such artifacts with a non-rigid landmark-based method that respects the original geometry in the tissue block. The method is exemplified on a large scale in the registration of semi-thin serial sections of the mouse and rat kidneys, and has been tested on FFPE-sections. AIM In this study of mouse and rat kidneys, we have measured and characterized the deformations introduced in the preparation of 2.5-μm-thick Epon sections and then eliminated them by a landmark-based non-rigid transformation (NRT). METHODS We obtained 2.5-μm-thick serial Epon sections from three mouse kidneys and three rat kidneys for 3-D reconstruction of the nephron tubules. First, the images from 3000 serial mouse and 13,000 serial rat sections underwent a classic rigid registration (CRR), and the distortions were measured and indexed. The section images underwent a further NRT in order to compensate for the deformations. The NRT used is a classic interactive landmark-based approach. The quality of the NRT was verified by comparing the geometry of the transformed images with corresponding block images. RESULTS After CRR, the 2.5-μm-thick sections had a linear deformation of up to 2%, the tubular lengths were overestimated with up to 1.5×, and it was most difficult to trace the tubules from section to section. After the additional NRT, the geometry of the images reflected the original geometry in the block, the tubular lengths were no longer overestimated, and the NRT highly facilitated the tracing of the tubular system. CONCLUSIONS NRT has facilitated the tracing of the tubular system in kidneys, a tracing, which would otherwise have been most difficult to perform. NRT has yielded substantial new knowledge to segmental and spatial nephron organization in the mouse and rat kidneys.
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Yang L, Zhao Z, Deng Y, Zhou Z, Hou J. Toxicity induced by F. poae-contaminated feed and the protective effect of Montmorillonite supplementation in broilers. Food Chem Toxicol 2014; 74:120-30. [PMID: 25296281 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2014.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2014] [Revised: 09/19/2014] [Accepted: 09/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The T-2 and HT-2 toxins, the main metabolites of Fusarium poae, induce toxicity in broilers and accumulate in tissues. Consequently, during the breeding process of broilers, diets are frequently supplemented with physical adsorbents to protect birds against the toxicity induced by mycotoxins. In the present research, T-2 and HT-2 were produced in maize inoculated with F. poae. Mont, the strongest adsorbent based on in vitro adsorption ratios, was added to the contaminated diet. One-day-old chickens were randomly and equally divided into the following four groups: control diet group, Mont supplemented diet group, contaminated diet group and detoxification diet group. The experiment lasted for 42 days. Compared to the control group, the contaminated group showed significant decrease in body weight, feed intake and TP (P < 0.05), and marked increase in FCR, ALP, AST and ALT activity, T-2/HT-2 residues in the tissues and the relative expressions of apoptosis-related mRNAs (P < 0.05). Mont supplementation provided protection for the treated broilers in terms of performance, blood biochemistry, hepatic function, T-2/HT-2 residue of tissues and apoptosis. Therefore, Mont may be suitable as a detoxification agent for T-2/HT-2 in feed for broilers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingchen Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, No.1 Wei-Gang, Xuanwu District, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Zhiyong Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, No.1 Wei-Gang, Xuanwu District, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yifeng Deng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, No.1 Wei-Gang, Xuanwu District, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Zhenlei Zhou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, No.1 Wei-Gang, Xuanwu District, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jiafa Hou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, No.1 Wei-Gang, Xuanwu District, Nanjing 210095, China.
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23
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Christensen EI, Grann B, Kristoffersen IB, Skriver E, Thomsen JS, Andreasen A. Three-dimensional reconstruction of the rat nephron. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2014; 306:F664-71. [PMID: 24477686 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00522.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
This study gives a three-dimensional (3D) structural analysis of rat nephrons and their connections to collecting ducts. Approximately 4,500 2.5-μm-thick serial sections from the renal surface to the papillary tip were obtained from each of 3 kidneys of Wistar rats. Digital images were recorded and aligned into three image stacks and traced from image to image. Short-loop nephrons (SLNs), long-loop nephrons (LLNs), and collecting ducts (CDs) were reconstructed in 3D. We identified a well-defined boundary between the outer stripe and the inner stripe of the outer medulla corresponding to the transition of descending thick limbs to descending thin limbs and between the inner stripe and the inner medulla, i.e., the transition of ascending thin limbs into ascending thick limbs of LLNs. In all nephrons, a mosaic pattern of proximal tubule (PT) cells and descending thin limb (DTL) cells was observed at the transition between the PT and the DTL. The course of the LLNs revealed tortuous proximal "straight" tubules and winding of the DTLs within the outer half of the inner stripe. The localization of loop bends of SLNs in the inner stripe of the outer medulla and the bends of LLNs in the inner medulla reflected the localization of their glomeruli; i.e., the deeper the glomerulus, the deeper the bend. Each CD drained approximately three to six nephrons with a different pattern than previously established in mice. This information will provide a basis for evaluation of structural changes within nephrons as a result of physiological or pharmaceutical intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik I Christensen
- Dept. of Biomedicine, Anatomy Section of Cell Biology, Univ. of Aarhus, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
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Direct physical contact between intercalated cells in the distal convoluted tubule and the afferent arteriole in mouse kidneys. PLoS One 2013; 8:e70898. [PMID: 24039709 PMCID: PMC3764123 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0070898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2013] [Accepted: 06/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent physiological studies in the kidney proposed the existence of a secondary feedback mechanism termed ‘crosstalk’ localized after the macula densa. This newly discovered crosstalk contact between the nephron tubule and its own afferent arteriole may potentially revolutionize our understanding of renal vascular resistance and electrolyte regulation. However, the nature of such a crosstalk mechanism is still debated due to a lack of direct and comprehensive morphological evidence. Its exact location along the nephron, its prevalence among the different types of nephrons, and the type of cells involved are yet unknown. To address these issues, computer assisted 3-dimensional nephron tracing was applied in combination with direct immunohistochemistry on plastic sections and electron microscopy. ‘Random’ contacts in the cortex were identified by the tracing and excluded. We investigated a total of 168 nephrons from all cortical regions. The results demonstrated that the crosstalk contact existed, and that it was only present in certain nephrons (90% of the short-looped and 75% of the long-looped nephrons). The crosstalk contacts always occurred at a specific position – the last 10% of the distal convoluted tubule. Importantly, we demonstrated, for the first time, that the cells found in the tubule wall at the contact site were always type nonA-nonB intercalated cells. In conclusion, the present work confirmed the existence of a post macula densa physical crosstalk contact.
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Molvaer RK, Andreasen A, Heegaard S, Thomsen JS, Hjortdal J, Urbak SF, Nielsen K. Interactive 3D computer model of the human corneolimbal region: crypts, projections and stem cells. Acta Ophthalmol 2013; 91:457-62. [PMID: 22682073 DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-3768.2012.02446.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aims to clarify the existence of and to map the localization of different proposed stem cell niches in the corneal limbal region. MATERIALS AND METHODS One human eye was cut into 2200 consecutive sections. Every other section was stained with haematoxylin and eosin, digitized at low and high magnification, aligned, 3D reconstructed and visualized using interactive 3D visualization software. The visualization software has interactive tools that make free rotations in all directions possible and makes it possible to create virtual sections independent of the original cutting plan. In all, one low-magnification and 24 high-magnification interactive 3D models were created. Immunohistochemistry against stem cell markers p63 and ΔNp63α was performed as a supplement to the 3D models. RESULTS Using the interactive 3D models, we identified three types of stem cell niches in the limbal region: limbal epithelial crypts (LECs), limbal crypts (LCs) and focal stromal projections (FSPs). In all, eight LECs, 25 LCs and 105 FSPs were identified in the limbal region. The LECs, LCs and FSPs were predominantly located in the superior limbal region with seven LECs, 19 LCs and 93 FSPs in the superior limbal region and one LEC, six LCs and 12 FSPs in the inferior limbal region. Only few LECs, LCs and FSPs were localized nasally and temporally. CONCLUSION Interactive 3D models are a powerful tool that may help to shed more light on the existence and spatial localization of the different stem cell niches (LECs, LCs and FSPs) in the corneal limbal region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rikke K Molvaer
- Department of Ophthalmology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
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Si CL, Shen T, Jiang YY, Wu L, Yu GJ, Ren XD, Xu GH, Hu WC. Antioxidant properties and neuroprotective effects of isocampneoside II on hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative injury in PC12 cells. Food Chem Toxicol 2013; 59:145-52. [PMID: 23770344 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2013.05.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2013] [Revised: 05/29/2013] [Accepted: 05/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress has been considered as a major cause of cell damage in various neurodegenerative disorders. One of the reasonable strategies for delaying the disease's progression is to prevent reactive oxygen species (ROS) mediated cellular injury by dietary or pharmaceutical augmentation of free radical scavengers. Isocampneoside II (ICD) is an active phenylethanoid glycoside isolated from the medicinal hardwood genus Paulownia. This study was designed to explore free radical scavenging potential of ICD in different in vitro systems and its protective role in hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂)-induced oxidative stress and apoptotic death in cultured rat pheochromocytoma (PC12) cells. The results showed ICD eliminated approximately 80.75% superoxide radical at the concentration of 0.1mg/ml and inhibited metal chelating by 22.07% at 8 mg/ml. Additionally, ICD showed a strong ability on reducing power and provided protection against oxidative protein damage induced by hydroxyl radicals. Pretreatment of PC12 cells with ICD prior to H₂O₂ exposure elevated cell viability, enhanced activity of superoxide dismutase and catalase, and decreased levels of malondialdehyde and intracellular ROS. Furthermore, ICD inhibited cell apoptosis and Bax/Bcl-2 ratio induced by H₂O₂. These findings suggested ICD may be considered as a potential antioxidant agent and should encourage for further research in neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan-Ling Si
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Pulp & Paper, College of Materials Science & Chemical Engineering, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300457, PR China.
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