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Lakshmanan Y, Wong FSY, So KF, Chan HHL. Lycium barbarum glycopeptide promotes neuroprotection in ET-1 mediated retinal ganglion cell degeneration. J Transl Med 2024; 22:727. [PMID: 39103918 PMCID: PMC11302070 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-024-05526-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 07/20/2024] [Indexed: 08/07/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vascular dysregulation is one of the major risk factors of glaucoma, and endothelin-1 (ET-1) may have a role in the pathogenesis of vascular-related glaucoma. Fruit extract from Lycium Barbarum (LB) exhibits anti-ageing and multitarget mechanisms in protecting retinal ganglion cells (RGC) in various animal models. To investigate the therapeutic efficacy of LB glycoproteins (LbGP) in ET-1 induced RGC degeneration, LbGP was applied under pre- and posttreatment conditions to an ET-1 mouse model. Retina structural and functional outcomes were characterised using clinical-based techniques. METHODS Adult C57BL/6 mice were randomly allocated into four experimental groups, namely vehicle control (n = 9), LbGP-Pretreatment (n = 8), LbGP-Posttreatment (day 1) (n = 8) and LbGP-Posttreatment (day 5) (n = 7). Oral administration of LbGP 1 mg/Kg or PBS for vehicle control was given once daily. Pre- and posttreatment (day 1 or 5) were commenced at 1 week before and 1 or 5 days after intravitreal injections, respectively, and were continued until postinjection day 28. Effects of treatment on retinal structure and functions were evaluated using optical coherence tomography (OCT), doppler OCT and electroretinogram measurements at baseline, post-injection days 10 and 28. RGC survival was evaluated by using RBPMS immunostaining on retinal wholemounts. RESULTS ET-1 injection in vehicle control induced transient reductions in arterial flow and retinal functions, leading to significant RNFL thinning and RGC loss at day 28. Although ET-1 induced a transient loss in blood flow or retinal functions in all LbGP groups, LbGP treatments facilitated better restoration of retinal flow and retinal functions as compared with the vehicle control. Also, all three LbGP treatment groups (i.e. pre- and posttreatments from days 1 or 5) significantly preserved thRNFL thickness and RGC densities. No significant difference in protective effects was observed among the three LbGP treatment groups. CONCLUSION LbGP demonstrated neuroprotective effects in a mouse model of ET-1 induced RGC degeneration, with treatment applied either as a pretreatment, immediate or delayed posttreatment. LbGP treatment promoted a better restoration of retinal blood flow, and protected the RNFL, RGC density and retinal functions. This study showed the translational potential of LB as complementary treatment for glaucoma management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yamunadevi Lakshmanan
- Laboratory of Experimental Optometry (Neuroscience), School of Optometry, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
- Centre for Eye and Vision Research (CEVR), 17W Hong Kong Science Park, Hong Kong, China
| | - Francisca Siu Yin Wong
- Laboratory of Experimental Optometry (Neuroscience), School of Optometry, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
- Centre for Eye and Vision Research (CEVR), 17W Hong Kong Science Park, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kwok-Fai So
- Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau (GHM) Institute of CNS Regeneration, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Ophthalmology, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Henry Ho-Lung Chan
- Laboratory of Experimental Optometry (Neuroscience), School of Optometry, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China.
- Centre for Eye and Vision Research (CEVR), 17W Hong Kong Science Park, Hong Kong, China.
- Research Centre for SHARP Vision (RCSV), The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China.
- Research Centre for Chinese Medicine Innovation (RCMI), The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China.
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Hao DL, Li JM, Xie R, Huo HR, Xiong XJ, Sui F, Wang PQ. The role of traditional herbal medicine for ischemic stroke: from bench to clinic-A critical review. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 109:154609. [PMID: 36610141 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2022.154609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ischemic stroke (IS) is a leading cause of death and severe long-term disability worldwide. Over the past few decades, considerable progress has been made in anti-ischemic therapies. However, IS remains a tremendous challenge, with favourable clinical outcomes being generally difficult to achieve from candidate drugs in preclinical phase testing. Traditional herbal medicine (THM) has been used to treat stroke for over 2,000 years in China. In modern times, THM as an alternative and complementary therapy have been prescribed in other Asian countries and have gained increasing attention for their therapeutic effects. These millennia of clinical experience allow THM to be a promising avenue for improving clinical efficacy and accelerating drug discovery. PURPOSE To summarise the clinical evidence and potential mechanisms of THMs in IS. METHODS A comprehensive literature search was conducted in seven electronic databases, including PubMed, EMBASE, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, the Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure, the VIP Information Database, the Chinese Biomedical Literature Database, and the Wanfang Database, from inception to 17 June 2022 to examine the efficacy and safety of THM for IS, and to investigate experimental studies regarding potential mechanisms. RESULTS THM is widely prescribed for IS alone or as adjuvant therapy. In clinical trials, THM is generally administered within 72 h of stroke onset and are continuously prescribed for over 3 months. Compared with Western medicine (WM), THM combined with routine WM can significantly improve neurological function defect scores, promote clinical total effective rate, and accelerate the recovery time of stroke with fewer adverse effects (AEs). These effects can be attributed to multiple mechanisms, mainly anti-inflammation, antioxidative stress, anti-apoptosis, brain blood barrier (BBB) modulation, inhibition of platelet activation and thrombus formation, and promotion of neurogenesis and angiogenesis. CONCLUSIONS THM may be a promising candidate for IS management to guide clinical applications and as a reference for drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan-Li Hao
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Jia-Meng Li
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Ran Xie
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Hai-Ru Huo
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Xing-Jiang Xiong
- Guang'anmen Hospital, Chinese Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Feng Sui
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China.
| | - Peng-Qian Wang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China.
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Au NPB, Kumar G, Asthana P, Gao F, Kawaguchi R, Chang RCC, So KF, Hu Y, Geschwind DH, Coppola G, Ma CHE. Clinically relevant small-molecule promotes nerve repair and visual function recovery. NPJ Regen Med 2022; 7:50. [PMID: 36182946 PMCID: PMC9526721 DOI: 10.1038/s41536-022-00233-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Adult mammalian injured axons regenerate over short-distance in the peripheral nervous system (PNS) while the axons in the central nervous system (CNS) are unable to regrow after injury. Here, we demonstrated that Lycium barbarum polysaccharides (LBP), purified from Wolfberry, accelerated long-distance axon regeneration after severe peripheral nerve injury (PNI) and optic nerve crush (ONC). LBP not only promoted intrinsic growth capacity of injured neurons and function recovery after severe PNI, but also induced robust retinal ganglion cell (RGC) survival and axon regeneration after ONC. By using LBP gene expression profile signatures to query a Connectivity map database, we identified a Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved small-molecule glycopyrrolate, which promoted PNS axon regeneration, RGC survival and sustained CNS axon regeneration, increased neural firing in the superior colliculus, and enhanced visual target re-innervations by regenerating RGC axons leading to a partial restoration of visual function after ONC. Our study provides insights into repurposing of FDA-approved small molecule for nerve repair and function recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ngan Pan Bennett Au
- grid.35030.350000 0004 1792 6846Department of Neuroscience, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Gajendra Kumar
- grid.35030.350000 0004 1792 6846Department of Neuroscience, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Pallavi Asthana
- grid.35030.350000 0004 1792 6846Department of Neuroscience, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Fuying Gao
- grid.19006.3e0000 0000 9632 6718Department of Psychiatry, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - Riki Kawaguchi
- grid.19006.3e0000 0000 9632 6718Department of Psychiatry, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - Raymond Chuen Chung Chang
- grid.194645.b0000000121742757Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, School of Biomedical Sciences, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR ,grid.194645.b0000000121742757State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Kwok Fai So
- grid.194645.b0000000121742757State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR ,grid.194645.b0000000121742757Department of Ophthalmology, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong ,grid.258164.c0000 0004 1790 3548Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yang Hu
- grid.168010.e0000000419368956Department of Ophthalmology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, USA
| | - Daniel H. Geschwind
- grid.19006.3e0000 0000 9632 6718Program in Neurogenetics, Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA ,grid.19006.3e0000 0000 9632 6718Department of Human Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - Giovanni Coppola
- grid.19006.3e0000 0000 9632 6718Program in Neurogenetics, Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA ,grid.19006.3e0000 0000 9632 6718Department of Human Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - Chi Him Eddie Ma
- Department of Neuroscience, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR.
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Sun Q, Du M, Kang Y, Zhu MJ. Prebiotic effects of goji berry in protection against inflammatory bowel disease. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022:1-25. [PMID: 34991393 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2021.2015680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The prevalence of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is increasing, which is concerning because IBD is a known risk factor for the development of colorectal cancer. Emerging evidence highlights environmental factors, particularly dietary factors and gut microbiota dysbiosis, as pivotal inducers of IBD onset. Goji berry, an ancient tonic food and a nutraceutical supplement, contains a range of phytochemicals such as polysaccharides, carotenoids, and polyphenols. Among these phytochemicals, L. barbarum polysaccharides (LBPs) are the most important functional constituents, which have protective effects against oxidative stress, inflammation, and neurodegeneration. Recently, the beneficial effects of goji berry and associated LBPs consumption were linked to prebiotic effects, which can prevent dysbiosis associated with IBD. This review assessed pertinent literature on the protective effects of goji berry against IBD focusing on the gut microbiota and their metabolites in mediating the observed beneficial effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Sun
- School of Food Science, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
| | - Min Du
- Department of Animal Science, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
| | - Yifei Kang
- School of Food Science, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
| | - Mei-Jun Zhu
- School of Food Science, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
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Sun ZQ, Liu JF, Luo W, Wong CH, So KF, Hu Y, Chiu K. Lycium barbarum extract promotes M2 polarization and reduces oligomeric amyloid-β-induced inflammatory reactions in microglial cells. Neural Regen Res 2022; 17:203-209. [PMID: 34100457 PMCID: PMC8451572 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.314325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Lycium barbarum (LB) is a traditional Chinese medicine that has been demonstrated to exhibit a wide variety of biological functions, such as antioxidation, neuroprotection, and immune modulation. One of the main mechanisms of Alzheimer's disease is that microglia activated by amyloid beta (Aβ) transform from the resting state to an M1 state and release pro-inflammatory cytokines to the surrounding environment. In the present study, immortalized microglial cells were pretreated with L. barbarum extract for 1 hour and then treated with oligomeric Aβ for 23 hours. The results showed that LB extract significantly increased the survival of oligomeric Aβ-induced microglial cells, downregulated the expression of M1 pro-inflammatory markers (inducible nitric oxide synthase, tumor necrosis factor α, interleukin-6, and interleukin-1β), and upregulated the expression of M2 anti-inflammatory markers (arginase-1, chitinase-like protein 3, and interleukin-4). LB extract also inhibited the oligomeric Aβ-induced secretion of tumor necrosis factor α, interleukin-6, and interleukin-1β in microglial cells. The results of in vitro cytological experiments suggest that, in microglial cells, LB extract can inhibit oligomeric Aβ-induced M1 polarization and concomitant inflammatory reactions, and promote M2 polarization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong-Qing Sun
- Department of Ophthalmology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Jin-Feng Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Wei Luo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Ching-Hin Wong
- Department of Ophthalmology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Kwok-Fai So
- Department of Ophthalmology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China; State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences; Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Yong Hu
- Department of Orthopaedics & Traumatology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Kin Chiu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine; State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
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Li X, Mo X, Liu T, Shao R, Teopiz K, McIntyre RS, So KF, Lin K. Efficacy of Lycium barbarum polysaccharide in adolescents with subthreshold depression: interim analysis of a randomized controlled study. Neural Regen Res 2021; 17:1582-1587. [PMID: 34916444 PMCID: PMC8771081 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.330618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Subthreshold depression is a highly prevalent condition in adolescents who are at high risk for developing major depressive disorder. In preclinical models of neurological and psychiatric diseases, Lycium barbarum polysaccharide (LBP) extracted from Goji berries had anti-depressant effects including but not limited to anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory properties. However, the effect of LBP on subthreshold depression is unclear. To investigate the clinical efficacy and safety of LBP for treating subthreshold depression in adolescents, we conducted a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial (RCT) with 29 adolescents with subthreshold depression recruited at The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University. The participants were randomly assigned to groups where they received either 300 mg LBP (LBP group, n = 15, 3 boys and 12 girls aged 15.13 ± 2.17 years) or a placebo (placebo group, n = 14, 2 boys and 12 girls aged 15 ± 1.71 years) for 6 successive weeks. Interim analyses revealed that the LBP group exhibited a greater change in Hamilton Depression Scale (HAMD-24) scores relative to the baseline and a higher remission rate (HAMD-24 total score ≤ 7) at 6 weeks compared with the placebo group. Scores on the Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II), Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), Kessler Psychological Distress Scale (Kessler), and Screen for Child Anxiety-Related Emotional Disorders (SCARED) were similar between the LBP and placebo groups. No side effects related to the intervention were reported in either group. These results indicate that LBP administration reduced depressive symptoms in adolescents with subthreshold depression. Furthermore, LBP was well tolerated with no treatment-limiting adverse events. Clinical trials involving a larger sample size are needed to further confirm the anti-depressive effects of LBP in adolescents with subthreshold depression. This study was approved by the Medical Ethics Committee of the Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University (Guangzhou, China; approval No. L2019-08) on April 4, 2019 and was registered on ClinicalTrials.gov (identifier: NCT04032795) on July 25, 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyue Li
- Department of Affective Disorders, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University (Guangzhou Huiai Hospital); Laboratory of Emotion and Cognition, The Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University (Guangzhou Huiai Hospital), Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Xuan Mo
- Department of Psychiatry, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Tao Liu
- Department of Affective Disorders, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University (Guangzhou Huiai Hospital); Laboratory of Emotion and Cognition, The Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University (Guangzhou Huiai Hospital), Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Robin Shao
- Department of Affective Disorders, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University (Guangzhou Huiai Hospital), Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Kayla Teopiz
- Canadian Rapid Treatment Center of Excellence, Mississauga; Mood Disorders Psychopharmacology Unit, Poul Hansen Family Centre for Depression, University, Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Roger S McIntyre
- Mood Disorders Psychopharmacology Unit, Poul Hansen Family Centre for Depression, University, Health Network; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto; Brain and Cognition Discovery Foundation, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Kwok-Fai So
- Department of Affective Disorders, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University (Guangzhou Huiai Hospital); Ministry of Education Joint International Research Laboratory of CNS Regeneration, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province; Neuroscience and Neurorehabilitation Institute, University of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
| | - Kangguang Lin
- Department of Affective Disorders, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University (Guangzhou Huiai Hospital); Laboratory of Emotion and Cognition, The Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University (Guangzhou Huiai Hospital), Guangzhou, Guangdong Province; Neuroscience and Neurorehabilitation Institute, University of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
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Lai AKW, Ng TC, Hung VKL, Tam KC, Cheung CW, Chung SK, Lo ACY. Exacerbated VEGF up-regulation accompanies diabetes-aggravated hemorrhage in mice after experimental cerebral ischemia and delayed reperfusion. Neural Regen Res 2021; 17:1566-1575. [PMID: 34916442 PMCID: PMC8771109 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.330612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Reperfusion therapy is the preferred treatment for ischemic stroke, but is hindered by its short treatment window, especially in patients with diabetes whose reperfusion after prolonged ischemia is often accompanied by exacerbated hemorrhage. The mechanisms underlying exacerbated hemorrhage are not fully understood. This study aimed to identify this mechanism by inducing prolonged 2-hour transient intraluminal middle cerebral artery occlusion in diabetic Ins2Akita/+ mice to mimic patients with diabetes undergoing delayed mechanical thrombectomy. The results showed that at as early as 2 hours after reperfusion, Ins2Akita/+ mice exhibited rapid development of neurological deficits, increased infarct and hemorrhagic transformation, together with exacerbated down-regulation of tight-junction protein ZO-1 and up-regulation of blood-brain barrier-disrupting matrix metallopeptidase 2 and matrix metallopeptidase 9 when compared with normoglycemic Ins2+/+ mice. This indicated that diabetes led to the rapid compromise of vessel integrity immediately after reperfusion, and consequently earlier death and further aggravation of hemorrhagic transformation 22 hours after reperfusion. This observation was associated with earlier and stronger up-regulation of pro-angiogenic vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and its downstream phospho-Erk1/2 at 2 hours after reperfusion, which was suggestive of premature angiogenesis induced by early VEGF up-regulation, resulting in rapid vessel disintegration in diabetic stroke. Endoplasmic reticulum stress-related pro-apoptotic C/EBP homologous protein was overexpressed in challenged Ins2Akita/+ mice, which suggests that the exacerbated VEGF up-regulation may be caused by overwhelming endoplasmic reticulum stress under diabetic conditions. In conclusion, the results mimicked complications in patients with diabetes undergoing delayed mechanical thrombectomy, and diabetes-induced accelerated VEGF up-regulation is likely to underlie exacerbated hemorrhagic transformation. Thus, suppression of the VEGF pathway could be a potential approach to allow reperfusion therapy in patients with diabetic stroke beyond the current treatment window. Experiments were approved by the Committee on the Use of Live Animals in Teaching and Research of the University of Hong Kong [CULATR 3834-15 (approval date January 5, 2016); 3977-16 (approval date April 13, 2016); and 4666-18 (approval date March 29, 2018)].
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Ka Wai Lai
- Department of Ophthalmology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administration Region, China
| | - Tsz Chung Ng
- Department of Ophthalmology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administration Region, China
| | - Victor Ka Lok Hung
- Department of Anesthesiology, Laboratory and Clinical Research Institute for Pain, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administration Region, China
| | - Ka Cheung Tam
- Department of Ophthalmology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administration Region, China
| | - Chi Wai Cheung
- Department of Anesthesiology, Laboratory and Clinical Research Institute for Pain, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administration Region, China
| | - Sookja Kim Chung
- Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macau Special Administration Region; School of Biomedical Sciences, The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administration Region, China
| | - Amy Cheuk Yin Lo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administration Region, China
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Neuropeptide α-Melanocyte-Stimulating Hormone Promotes Neurological Recovery and Repairs Cerebral Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury in Type 1 Diabetes. Neurochem Res 2021; 47:394-408. [PMID: 34586586 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-021-03453-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Persons with type 1 diabetes have an increased risk of stroke compared with the general population. α-Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH) is a neuropeptide that has protective effects against ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) induced organ damages. In this study, we aimed to investigate the neuroprotective role of this peptide on I/R induced brain damage after experimental stroke associated with hyperglycemia using C57BL/6J Ins2Akita/+ mice. Experimental stroke was induced by blocking the right middle cerebral artery for 2 h with reperfusion for 2 and 22 h, respectively using the intraluminal method. Animals were treated intraperitoneally with or without α-MSH at 1 h after ischemia and 1 h after reperfusion. Significantly higher survival rate and lower neurological scores were recorded in animals injected with α-MSH. Similarly, neuron death, glial cells activation as well as oxidative and nitrosative stress were significantly decreased in α-MSH treated group. Relative intensities of matrix metallopeptidases 9, cyclooxygenase 2 and nuclear factor-κB were significantly decreased while intensities of Akt, heme oxygenase (HO) 1, HO-2 and B-cell lymphoma 2 were significantly increased after α-MSH treatment. In addition, gene expressions of monocarboxylate transporter (MCT) 1, MCT-2 and activity-regulated cytoskeleton-associated protein were significantly higher in brain samples treated with α-MSH, suggesting this peptide may have role in neuron survival by an involvement of lactate metabolism. In conclusion, α-MSH is neuroprotective under hyperglycemic condition against I/R induced brain damage by its anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative and anti-apoptotic properties. The use of α-MSH analogues may be potential therapeutic agents for diabetic stroke.
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Deshmukh KP, Rahmani Dabbagh S, Jiang N, Tasoglu S, Yetisen AK. Recent Technological Developments in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Cerebral Edema. ADVANCED NANOBIOMED RESEARCH 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/anbr.202100001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Karthikeya P. Deshmukh
- Department of Chemical Engineering Imperial College London Imperial College Road, Kensington London SW7 2AZ UK
| | - Sajjad Rahmani Dabbagh
- Department of Mechanical Engineering Koc University Rumelifeneri Yolu, Sariyer Istanbul 34450 Turkey
| | - Nan Jiang
- West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine Sichuan University Chengdu 610041 China
| | - Savas Tasoglu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering Koc University Rumelifeneri Yolu, Sariyer Istanbul 34450 Turkey
- Boğaziçi Institute of Biomedical Engineering Boğaziçi University Istanbul 34684 Turkey
| | - Ali K. Yetisen
- Department of Chemical Engineering Imperial College London Imperial College Road, Kensington London SW7 2AZ UK
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Tang LHC, Fung FKC, Lai AKW, Wong IYH, Shih KC, Lo ACY. Autophagic Upregulation Is Cytoprotective in Ischemia/Reperfusion-Injured Retina and Retinal Progenitor Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:8446. [PMID: 34445152 PMCID: PMC8395130 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The cytoprotective versus cytotoxic role of macroautophagy in ocular ischemia/reperfusion injuries remains controversial and its effects under hyperglycemia are unclear. We investigated the involvement of autophagy in in vitro and in vivo normoglycemic and hyperglycemic models of retinal ischemia/reperfusion injury. Retinal ischemia (2 h) and reperfusion (2 or 22 h) was induced in wild-type and type I diabetic Ins2Akita/+ mice using a middle cerebral artery occlusion model. R28 retinal precursor cells were subjected to CoCl2-induced hypoxia with or without autophagic inhibitor NH4Cl. Autophagic regulation during ischemia/reperfusion was assessed through immunohistochemical detection and Western blotting of microtubule-associated protein 1A/1B-light chain 3 (LC3) and lysosomal associated membrane protein 1 (LAMP1). Effect of autophagic inhibition on cell viability and morphology under hypoxic conditions was also evaluated. Upregulation of autophagic markers in the inner retinae was seen after two hours reperfusion, with tapering of the response following 22 h of reperfusion in vivo. LC3-II turnover assays confirmed an increase in autophagic flux in our hypoxic in vitro model. Pharmacological autophagic inhibition under hypoxic conditions decreased cell survival and induced structural changes not demonstrated with autophagic inhibition alone. Yet no statistically significant different autophagic responses in ischemia/reperfusion injuries were seen between the two glycemic states.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Amy Cheuk Yin Lo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; (L.H.C.T.); (F.K.C.F.); (A.K.W.L.); (I.Y.H.W.); (K.C.S.)
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Abbott LC, Nigussie F. Mercury Toxicity and Neurogenesis in the Mammalian Brain. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22147520. [PMID: 34299140 PMCID: PMC8305137 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22147520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 06/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The mammalian brain is formed from billions of cells that include a wide array of neuronal and glial subtypes. Neural progenitor cells give rise to the vast majority of these cells during embryonic, fetal, and early postnatal developmental periods. The process of embryonic neurogenesis includes proliferation, differentiation, migration, the programmed death of some newly formed cells, and the final integration of differentiated neurons into neural networks. Adult neurogenesis also occurs in the mammalian brain, but adult neurogenesis is beyond the scope of this review. Developing embryonic neurons are particularly susceptible to neurotoxicants and especially mercury toxicity. This review focused on observations concerning how mercury, and in particular, methylmercury, affects neurogenesis in the developing mammalian brain. We summarized information on models used to study developmental mercury toxicity, theories of pathogenesis, and treatments that could be used to reduce the toxic effects of mercury on developing neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise C. Abbott
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, 4458 TAMU, College Station, TX 77843-4458, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-541-254-0779
| | - Fikru Nigussie
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, 700 SW 30th Street, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA;
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12
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Anti-cerebral ischemia reperfusion injury of polysaccharides: A review of the mechanisms. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 137:111303. [PMID: 33517189 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury can lead to a series of serious brain diseases and cause death or different degrees of disability. Polysaccharide is a kind of biological macromolecule with multiple pharmacological activities and has been proven that it may be used for the treatment of cerebral I/R injury in the future. By sorting out all relevant research from 2000 to 2020, we selected 74 references and identified 22 kinds of polysaccharides. Almost all of these polysaccharides are extracted from traditional Chinese medicine. Research shows that these polysaccharides can improve cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury through anti-oxidative stress, inhibiting the neuroinflammation, glutamate neurotoxicity and neuronal apoptosis, and exerting neurotrophic effect. The specific mechanisms include clearing ROS and RNS, inhibiting the expression of inflammatory factors, maintaining mitochondrial homeostasis and blocking caspase cascade, regulating NMDA receptor and promoting angiogenesis. We hoped this review is instructive for researchers to design, research and develop polysaccharides.
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Zhang S, Li L, Hu J, Ma P, Zhu H. Polysaccharide of Taxus chinensis var. mairei Cheng et L.K.Fu attenuates neurotoxicity and cognitive dysfunction in mice with Alzheimer's disease. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2020; 58:959-968. [PMID: 32970507 PMCID: PMC7534342 DOI: 10.1080/13880209.2020.1817102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 08/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Polysaccharide of Taxus chinensis var. mairei Cheng et L.K.Fu (Taxaceae) (PTM) functions in anti-apoptosis and antioxidation, but its function on Alzheimer's disease (AD) remains unclear. OBJECTIVE To investigate the effect of PTM on AD. MATERIALS AND METHODS C57BL/6J mice were randomly divided into three groups: control, d-galactose (d-gal), and d-gal + PTM. AD-like symptom was induced by d-gal for 6 weeks, followed with PTM (0.4 g/kg/d) for 14 days. PTM was added to BV2 cells stimulated with d-gal (1, 10, 20, 50, 100 and 500 μg/mL). Cell viability was evaluated by MTT assay. The expression of NRF2, SOD, cleaved caspase-3, Bax and Bcl-2 were detected with Western blot analysis. Cognitive function was evaluated by Morris water maze test. RESULTS Decreased cleaved caspase-3 (1.30 ± 0.09) and Bax/Bcl2 ratio (1.32 ± 0.11) were observed in BV2 cells induced by d-gal + PTM (50 μg/mL). Increased MDA and ROS and decreased SOD were observed in d-gal group. However, decreased MDA (175 ± 9 ng/mL) and ROS level (188 ± 38 ng/mL) were observed after treated with PTM group (p < 0.05). In addition, the expression of NRF2 decreased in d-gal group (0.75 ± 0.09) but increased after treated with PTM (p < 0.05). Furthermore, decreased Aβ1-42 was observed and the cognitive function was improved after PTM intervention (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS This is the first report that PTM inhibited oxidative stress and apoptosis in AD. The result will further accelerate the applications of Taxus chinensis var. mairei and the treatment for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Senwei Zhang
- School of Basic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Lulu Li
- Zhejiang Provincial Hospital of TCM, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jinting Hu
- School of Basic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Ping Ma
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Huimin Zhu
- Department of Geriatrics, Taizhou Central Hospital, Taizhou, China
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The Effect of Lycium barbarum Polysaccharides on Pyroptosis-Associated Amyloid β 1-40 Oligomers-Induced Adult Retinal Pigment Epithelium 19 Cell Damage. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21134658. [PMID: 32629957 PMCID: PMC7369740 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21134658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a sight-threatening disease with limited treatment options. We investigated whether amyloid β1-40 (Aβ1-40) could cause pyroptosis and evaluated the effects of Lycium barbarum polysaccharides (LBP) on Aβ1-40 oligomers-induced retinal pigment epithelium 19 (ARPE-19) damage, which is an in vitro AMD model. Aβ1-40 oligomers verified by Western blot were added to ARPE-19 cells with or without 24 h LBP treatment. Aβ1-40 oligomers significantly decreased ARPE-19 cell viability with obvious morphological changes under light microscopy. SEM revealed swollen cells with a bubbling appearance and ruptured cell membrane, which are morphological characteristics of pyroptosis. ELISA results showed increased expression of IL-1β and IL-18, which are the final products of pyroptosis. LBP administration for 24 h had no toxic effects on ARPE-19 cells and improved cell viability and morphology while disrupting Aβ1-40 oligomerization in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, Aβ1-40 oligomers up-regulated the cellular immunoreactivity of pyroptosis markers including NOD-like receptors protein 3 (NLRP3), caspase-1, and membrane N-terminal cleavage product of GSDMD (GSDMD-N), which could be reversed by LBP treatment. Taken together, this study showed that LBP effectively protects the Aβ1-40 oligomers-induced pyroptotic ARPE-19 cell damages by its anti-Aβ1-40 oligomerization properties and its anti-pyroptotic effects.
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Kim DY, Zhang H, Park S, Kim Y, Bae CR, Kim YM, Kwon YG. CU06-1004 (endothelial dysfunction blocker) ameliorates astrocyte end-feet swelling by stabilizing endothelial cell junctions in cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury. J Mol Med (Berl) 2020; 98:875-886. [PMID: 32415357 PMCID: PMC7297708 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-020-01920-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cerebral ischemia, or stroke, is widespread leading cause of death and disability. Surgical and pharmacological interventions that recover blood flow are the most effective treatment strategies for stroke patients. However, restoring the blood supply is accompanied by severe reperfusion injury, with edema and astrocyte end-feet disruption. Here, we report that the oral administration of CU06-1004 (previously Sac-1004), immediately after onset of ischemia/reperfusion (I/R), ameliorated cerebral damage. CU06-1004 stabilized blood‑brain barrier by inhibiting the disruption of the tight junction-related protein zona occludens-1 and the cortical actin ring in endothelial cells (ECs) after I/R. Interestingly, CU06-1004 significantly suppressed astrocyte end-feet swelling following I/R, by reducing aquaporin 4 and connexin 43 levels, which mediates swelling. Furthermore, the degradation of β1-integrin and β-dystroglycan, which anchors to the cortical actin ring in ECs, was inhibited by CU06-1004 administration after I/R. Consistently, CU06-1004 administration following I/R also suppressed the loss of laminin and collagen type IV, which bind to the cortical actin ring anchoring proteins. Unlike the protective effects of CU06-1004 in ECs, astrocyte viability and proliferation were not directly affected. Taken together, our observations suggest that CU06-1004 inhibits I/R-induced cerebral edema and astrocyte end-feet swelling by maintaining EC junction stability. KEY MESSAGES: • CU06-1004 ameliorates I/R-induced cerebral injury. • EC junction integrity was stabilized by CU06-1004 treatment after I/R. • CU06-1004 reduces astrocyte end-feet swelling following I/R. • EC junction stability affects astrocyte end-feet structure maintenance after I/R.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Young Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Haiying Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
- CURACLE Co., Ltd, Gyeonggi-do, Seongnam-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Songyi Park
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeaji Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Cho-Rong Bae
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Myeong Kim
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Gangwon-do, Chuncheon-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Guen Kwon
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea.
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Sun X, Lv Y, Huang L, Gao H, Ren C, Li J, Bie M, Li W, Koike K, So KF, Xiao J. Pro-inflammatory cytokines serve as communicating molecules between the liver and brain for hepatic encephalopathy pathogenesis and Lycium barbarum polysaccharides protection. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2020; 248:112357. [PMID: 31693919 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2019.112357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Revised: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Gogi berry is a traditional food supplement and medical herbal which has been widely used in Eastern Asian countries. Lycium barbarum polysaccharides (LBP) are the major active components of Gogi berry and have been proved to possess a lot of biological activities. AIM OF THE STUDY We aimed to delineate the protective effect and mechanism of LBP on hepatic encephalopathy (HE). MATERIALS AND METHODS We investigated the protective mechanism of LBP in a thioacetamide (TAA, intraperitoneally injected, 400 mg/kg) induced acute HE mice model. Key phenotypes of clinical HE were phenocopied in the mice model, including high mortality, severe hepatic histology injury, increased hepatic oxidative stress, apoptosis, enhanced circulating levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and ammonia, suppressed tryptophan hydroxylase activity, and deficits in locomotor activity. RESULTS The pathological alterations were effectively ameliorated by the oral administration with LBP (5 mg/kg, oral gavage, everyday), which were mediated by regulating MAPK pathways in both the liver and brain. Knockout of pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α or IL-6 effectively ameliorated impaired mice locomotor activity and MAPK activation in the brain. In an in vitro TNF-α-, IL-6-, or ammonia-induced microglia damaged cell model, cell injuries were evidently protected by the co-administration with LBP (50 μg/ml). CONCLUSION LBP ameliorated the hepatic/brain injuries and impaired locomotor activities in a HE mice model. Pro-inflammatory cytokines may serve as communicating molecules linking the liver and brain for the HE pathogenesis, partly through MAPK regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoming Sun
- Center for Clinical Precision Medication, The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, China; Clinical Pharmacy (School of Integrative Pharmacy, Institute of Integrative Pharmaceutical Research), Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yi Lv
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, Fujian Key Laboratory of Developmental and Neurobiology, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350007, China
| | - Lu Huang
- Guangdong-HongKong-Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration, Ministry of Education CNS Regeneration Collaborative Joint Laboratory, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Diseases, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Hao Gao
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Chaoran Ren
- Guangdong-HongKong-Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration, Ministry of Education CNS Regeneration Collaborative Joint Laboratory, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Diseases, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Jingjing Li
- Guangdong-HongKong-Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration, Ministry of Education CNS Regeneration Collaborative Joint Laboratory, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Diseases, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Man Bie
- Guangdong-HongKong-Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration, Ministry of Education CNS Regeneration Collaborative Joint Laboratory, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Diseases, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Wei Li
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Kazuo Koike
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Kwok-Fai So
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, Fujian Key Laboratory of Developmental and Neurobiology, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350007, China; Guangdong-HongKong-Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration, Ministry of Education CNS Regeneration Collaborative Joint Laboratory, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Diseases, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China; Department of Ophthalmology, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Jia Xiao
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, Fujian Key Laboratory of Developmental and Neurobiology, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350007, China; School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China; Institute of Clinical Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China.
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17
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Lakshmanan Y, Wong FSY, Zuo B, So KF, Bui BV, Chan HHL. Posttreatment Intervention With Lycium Barbarum Polysaccharides is Neuroprotective in a Rat Model of Chronic Ocular Hypertension. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2020; 60:4606-4618. [PMID: 31756254 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.19-27886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To investigate the neuroprotective effects of Lycium barbarum polysaccharides (LBP) against chronic ocular hypertension (OHT) in rats and to consider if effects differed when treatment was applied before (pretreatment) or during (posttreatment) chronic IOP elevation. Methods Sprague-Dawley rats (10-weeks old) underwent suture implantation around the limbus for 15 weeks (OHT) or 1 day (sham). Four experimental groups were studied, three OHT groups (n = 8 each) treated either with vehicle (PBS), LBP pretreatment or posttreatment, and a sham control (n = 5) received no treatment. LBP (1 mg/kg) pre- and posttreatment were commenced at 1 week before and 4 weeks after OHT induction, respectively. Treatments continued up through week 15. IOP was monitored twice weekly for 15 weeks. Optical coherence tomography and ERG were measured at baseline, week 4, 8, 12, and 15. Eyes were collected for ganglion cell layer (GCL) histologic analysis at week 15. Results Suture implantation successfully induced approximately 50% IOP elevation and the cumulative IOP was similar between the three OHT groups. When compared with vehicle control (week 4: -23 ± 5%, P = 0.03), LBP pretreatment delayed the onset of retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thinning (week 4, 8: -2 ± 7%, -11 ± 3%, P > 0.05) and arrested further reduction up through week 15 (-10 ± 4%, P > 0.05). LBP posttreatment intervention showed no significant change in rate of loss (week 4, 15: -25 ± 4.1%, -28 ± 3%). However, both LBP treatments preserved the retinal ganglion cells (RGC) and retinal functions up to week 15, which were significantly reduced in vehicle control. Conclusions LBP posttreatment arrested the subsequent neuronal degeneration after treatment commencement and preserved RGC density and retinal functions in a chronic OHT model, which was comparable with pretreatment outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yamunadevi Lakshmanan
- Laboratory of Experimental Optometry (Neuroscience), School of Optometry, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Francisca Siu Yin Wong
- Laboratory of Experimental Optometry (Neuroscience), School of Optometry, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Bing Zuo
- Centre for Myopia Research, School of Optometry, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Kwok-Fai So
- Department of Ophthalmology, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.,Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau (GHM) Institute of CNS Regeneration, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bang Viet Bui
- Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Henry Ho-Lung Chan
- Laboratory of Experimental Optometry (Neuroscience), School of Optometry, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, China.,Centre for Myopia Research, School of Optometry, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, China
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Pre-Treatment with Laminarin Protects Hippocampal CA1 Pyramidal Neurons and Attenuates Reactive Gliosis Following Transient Forebrain Ischemia in Gerbils. Mar Drugs 2020; 18:md18010052. [PMID: 31940961 PMCID: PMC7024340 DOI: 10.3390/md18010052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Transient brain ischemia triggers selective neuronal death/loss, especially in vulnerable regions of the brain including the hippocampus. Laminarin, a polysaccharide originating from brown seaweed, has various pharmaceutical properties including an antioxidant function. To the best of our knowledge, few studies have been conducted on the protective effects of laminarin against ischemic injury induced by ischemic insults. In this study, we histopathologically investigated the neuroprotective effects of laminarin in the Cornu Ammonis 1 (CA1) field of the hippocampus, which is very vulnerable to ischemia-reperfusion injury, following transient forebrain ischemia (TFI) for five minutes in gerbils. The neuroprotective effect was examined by cresyl violet staining, Fluoro-Jade B histofluorescence staining and immunohistochemistry for neuronal-specific nuclear protein. Additionally, to study gliosis (glial changes), we performed immunohistochemistry for glial fibrillary acidic protein to examine astrocytes, and ionized calcium-binding adaptor molecule 1 to examine microglia. Furthermore, we examined alterations in pro-inflammatory M1 microglia by using double immunofluorescence. Pretreatment with 10 mg/kg laminarin failed to protect neurons in the hippocampal CA1 field and did not attenuate reactive gliosis in the field following TFI. In contrast, pretreatment with 50 or 100 mg/kg laminarin protected neurons, attenuated reactive gliosis and reduced pro-inflammatory M1 microglia in the CA1 field following TFI. Based on these results, we firmly propose that 50 mg/kg laminarin can be strategically applied to develop a preventative against injuries following cerebral ischemic insults.
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Xue S, Hu X, Zhu L, Nie L, Li G. Protective functions of Lycium barbarum polysaccharides in H 2O 2-injured vascular endothelial cells through anti-oxidation and anti-apoptosis effects. Biomed Rep 2019; 11:207-214. [PMID: 31632668 PMCID: PMC6792333 DOI: 10.3892/br.2019.1240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell injury in the cardiovascular endothelia caused by oxidative stress is among the major inducers of endothelium dysfunction and serves an important role in initiating cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Therefore, protecting and improving the normal function of endothelial cells are considered key measures against CVDs. As a traditional Chinese medicinal component, Lycium barbarum is regarded to have high medicinal value. The present study aimed to investigate the potential anti-apoptosis and anti-oxidation effects of Lycium barbarum polysaccharides (LBPs) on injured rat artery endothelial cells, to demonstrate the experimental and medicinal values of LBPs. In the present study, the aortic endothelial cells of rats were cultivated and randomly divided into five groups: A control group, H2O2-injured group (H2O2 group), H2O2+LBPs (110 µg/ml) group (low-dose group, LT), H2O2+LBPs (220 µg/ml) group (medium-dose group, MT) and H2O2+LBPs (440 µg/ml) group (high-dose group, HT). Among these, the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), and the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and nitric oxide (NO) were detected by colorimetry. Additionally, the expression of B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2) and Bcl-2-associated X protein (Bax) were detected by western blotting. It was observed that SOD activity and NO content decreased while MDA content increased significantly in the H2O2 group (P<0.05 vs. control); that SOD activity in the MT and HT group, and NO content in all three LBP groups were increased, while MDA content in the three LBP groups was decreased, compared with the H2O2 group (all P<0.05); that Bcl-2 expression decreased significantly in the H2O2 group while the expression of Bax increased significantly compared with the control group (both P<0.05); and that Bcl-2 expression in all three LBP groups increased, while Bax expression in the MT and HT groups decreased compared with the H2O2 group (all P<0.05), with these altered Bax levels being statistically similar to those in the control group (P>0.05). On light microscopy, the cells in the control group exhibited spindle-shaped morphology, consistent sizes, defined boundaries, and distinct nuclei of equivalent sizes with round or oval morphology. Additionally, the chromatin in the nuclei was evenly distributed, and all cells were adhered in a paving-stone arrangement. Notably, only few cells died. Conversely, the cells in the H2O2 group exhibited signs of damage and enlarged gaps, and focal cells died. In the HT group, the cells once again appeared adherent and exhibited similar morphological status to the normal cells. Overall, these results indicate that LBPs serve a protective role in oxidative-injured vascular endothelial cells through anti-apoptosis and anti-oxidation effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shujing Xue
- School of Basic Medical Science, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750004, P.R. China
| | - Xiaohui Hu
- School of Basic Medical Science, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750004, P.R. China
| | - Lingin Zhu
- School of Public Health and Management, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750004, P.R. China
| | - Lihong Nie
- School of Basic Medical Science, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750004, P.R. China
| | - Guanghua Li
- School of Basic Medical Science, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750004, P.R. China.,School of Public Health and Management, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750004, P.R. China
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20
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Lakshmanan Y, Wong FSY, Yu WY, Li SZC, Choi KY, So KF, Chan HHL. Lycium Barbarum Polysaccharides Rescue Neurodegeneration in an Acute Ocular Hypertension Rat Model Under Pre- and Posttreatment Conditions. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2019; 60:2023-2033. [PMID: 31067322 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.19-26752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To investigate the posttreatment neuronal rescue effects of Lycium barbarum polysaccharides (LBP) in an acute ocular hypertensive (AOH) model. Methods Intraocular pressure (IOP) was elevated manometrically to 80 mm Hg (AOH) or 15 mm Hg (sham) for 120 minutes in adult Sprague-Dawley rats. Five experimental groups were considered: Three AOH groups were pretreated with PBS (vehicle) (n = 9), LBP 1 mg/kg (n = 8), or 10 mg/kg (n = 13), and one AOH group was posttreated with LBP 10 mg/kg (n = 8), once daily. The sham cannulation group (n = 5) received no treatment. Pretreatments commenced 7 days before and posttreatment 6 hours after AOH, and continued up through postcannulation day 28. All the animals underwent optical coherence tomography and electroretinogram measurements at baseline and postcannulation days 10 and 28. The ganglion cell layer (GCL) densities were quantified at day 28. Results Both inner retinal layer thickness (IRLT) and positive scotopic threshold response (pSTR) underwent significant reduction (≥50% of thickness and amplitude) in the vehicle group (P < 0.05). Pretreatment with LBP 1 and 10 mg/kg retained 77 ± 11% and 89 ± 8% of baseline IRLT, respectively, and preserved pSTR functions. The posttreatment group showed a significant reduction in IRLT (-35 ± 8%, P < 0.001) and pSTR (∼48% of baseline, P < 0.001) on day 10. By day 28, there was an improvement in functional pSTR (∼72% of baseline, P > 0.05) with no significant further thinning (-40 ± 8%, P = 0.15) relative to day 10. GCL density was reduced in vehicle control (P = 0.0001), but did not differ between sham and pre- and posttreated AOH groups. Conclusions The rescue effect of LBP posttreatment was observed later, which arrested the secondary degeneration and improved the retinal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yamunadevi Lakshmanan
- Laboratory of Experimental Optometry (Neuroscience), School of Optometry, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Francisca Siu-Yin Wong
- Laboratory of Experimental Optometry (Neuroscience), School of Optometry, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wing-Yan Yu
- Laboratory of Experimental Optometry (Neuroscience), School of Optometry, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Serena Zhe-Chuang Li
- Laboratory of Experimental Optometry (Neuroscience), School of Optometry, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kai-Yip Choi
- Laboratory of Experimental Optometry (Neuroscience), School of Optometry, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kwok-Fai So
- Department of Ophthalmology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau (GHM) Institute of CNS Regeneration, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Henry Ho-Lung Chan
- Laboratory of Experimental Optometry (Neuroscience), School of Optometry, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
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Extraction, Structural Characterization, and Biological Functions of Lycium Barbarum Polysaccharides: A Review. Biomolecules 2019; 9:biom9090389. [PMID: 31438522 PMCID: PMC6770593 DOI: 10.3390/biom9090389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Revised: 08/18/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Lycium barbarum polysaccharides (LBPs), as bioactive compounds extracted from L. barbarum L. fruit, have been widely explored for their potential health properties. The extraction and structural characterization methods of LBPs were reviewed to accurately understand the extraction method and structural and biological functions of LBPs. An overview of the biological functions of LBPs, such as antioxidant function, antitumor activity, neuroprotective effects, immune regulating function, and other functions, were summarized. This review provides an overview of LBPs and a theoretical basis for further studying and extending the applications of LBPs in the fields of medicine and food.
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Ma ZF, Zhang H, Teh SS, Wang CW, Zhang Y, Hayford F, Wang L, Ma T, Dong Z, Zhang Y, Zhu Y. Goji Berries as a Potential Natural Antioxidant Medicine: An Insight into Their Molecular Mechanisms of Action. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2019; 2019:2437397. [PMID: 30728882 PMCID: PMC6343173 DOI: 10.1155/2019/2437397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2018] [Revised: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Goji berries (Lycium fruits) are usually found in Asia, particularly in northwest regions of China. Traditionally, dried goji berries are cooked before they are consumed. They are commonly used in Chinese soups and as herbal tea. Moreover, goji berries are used for the production of tincture, wine, and juice. Goji berries are high antioxidant potential fruits which alleviate oxidative stress to confer many health protective benefits such as preventing free radicals from damaging DNA, lipids, and proteins. Therefore, the aim of the review was to focus on the bioactive compounds and pharmacological properties of goji berries including their molecular mechanisms of action. The health benefits of goji berries include enhancing hemopoiesis, antiradiation, antiaging, anticancer, improvement of immunity, and antioxidation. There is a better protection through synergistic and additive effects in fruits and herbal products from a complex mixture of phytochemicals when compared to one single phytochemical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Feei Ma
- Department of Health and Environmental Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, Suzhou 215123, China
- School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kota Bharu, 15200 Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Hongxia Zhang
- Department of Food Science, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - Sue Siang Teh
- Department of Food Science, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Tunku Abdul Rahman University College, Kuala Lumpur 53300, Malaysia
| | - Chee Woon Wang
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, MAHSA University, Bandar Saujana Putra, Jenjarom, 42610 Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Yutong Zhang
- Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou 121000, China
| | - Frank Hayford
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Biomedical and Allied Health Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, P. O. Box KB143, Korle-Bu, Accra, Ghana
| | - Liuyi Wang
- Department of Health and Environmental Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Tong Ma
- Department of Integrative Medicine and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Institutes of Integrative Medicine of Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Zihan Dong
- Department of Health and Environmental Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Health and Environmental Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Yifan Zhu
- Department of Health and Environmental Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, Suzhou 215123, China
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Zeng P, Li J, Chen Y, Zhang L. The structures and biological functions of polysaccharides from traditional Chinese herbs. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2019; 163:423-444. [PMID: 31030757 PMCID: PMC7102684 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2019.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Most of traditional Chinese medicine substances come from herbal plants. The medicinal quality of herbal plants varies with the locations of cultivation, the parts of the herb collected, the season of the herb collected, and the herb processing method. Polysaccharides are major components of the herb plants and their biosynthesis is partly controlled by the genes but mostly influenced by the availability of the nutrition and determined by the various environmental factors. In recent decades, polysaccharides isolated from different kinds of Chinese herbs have received much attention due to their important biological activities, such as anti-tumor, anti-oxidant, anti-diabetic, radiation protecting, antiviral, hypolipidemic, and immunomodulatory activities. Interestingly, different batches of the same herb can obtain different polysaccharide fractions with subtle differences in molecular weight, monosaccharide compositions, glycosidic linkages, and biological functions. Even with these variations, a large number of bioactive polysaccharides from different kinds of traditional Chinese herbs have been purified, characterized, and reported. This review provides a comprehensive summary of the latest polysaccharide extraction methods and the strategies used for monosaccharide compositional analysis plus polysaccharide structural characterization. Most importantly, the reported chemical characteristics and biological activities of the polysaccharides from the famous traditional Chinese herbs including Astragalus membranaceus, Ginseng, Lycium barbarum, Angelica sinensis, Cordyceps sinensis, and Ophiopogon japonicus will be reviewed and discussed. The published studies provide evidence that polysaccharides from traditional Chinese herbs play an important role in their medical applications, which forms the basis for future research, development, and application of these polysaccharides as functional foods and therapeutics in modern medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengjiao Zeng
- Systems Biology and Medicine Center for Complex Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China,Corresponding authors:
| | - Juan Li
- Department of Medical Records, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yulong Chen
- Department of Gynecology, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Lijuan Zhang
- Systems Biology and Medicine Center for Complex Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China,Corresponding authors:
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Singh V, Krishan P, Shri R. Antioxidant-mediated neuroprotection by Allium schoenoprasum L. leaf extract against ischemia reperfusion-induced cerebral injury in mice. J Basic Clin Physiol Pharmacol 2018; 29:403-410. [PMID: 29933243 DOI: 10.1515/jbcpp-2017-0070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 12/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Background Oxidative stress is strongly implicated in ischemia reperfusion (IR)-mediated functional and neuronal impairment. Therefore, strategies employing antioxidants to reverse the damage due to IR are being investigated. Allium schoenoprasum L. is a culinary medicine whose antioxidant properties are well documented but whose neuroprotective potential has not been examined. Hence, the present study was designed to evaluate the effect of A. schoenoprasum leaf extract (ASLE) on functional deficit against IR-induced cerebral injury in mice. Methods Acute toxicity studies of ASLE were performed following the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development Guideline 423. IR injury was induced by bilateral common carotid artery occlusion (BCCAO) for 15 min followed by 24-h reperfusion. Animals were treated for 7 days with ASLE (200 and 400 mg/kg, p.o. once daily) after IR injury. Functional outcomes (memory and sensorimotor functions) were measured using Morris water maze and neurological severity score, respectively. Cerebral infarct size and oxidative stress (thiobarbituric acid reactive species (TBARS), reduced glutathione (GSH), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity) were measured in order to elucidate the neuroprotective mechanism of ASLE. Results No toxic effects of ASLE were observed in mice. Oral treatment with ASLE for 7 days significantly attenuated IR-mediated memory and sensorimotor function deficit in the animals. The extract also reduced the cerebral infarct size and rise in brain TBARS levels, and restored the GSH levels and SOD activity. Conclusions The results of the present study suggest that ASLE is safe and effective in improving functional outcomes. It demonstrates neuroprotective effect by enhancing the antioxidant defence against IR injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varinder Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Punjabi University, Patiala, Punjab, India
| | - Pawan Krishan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Punjabi University, Patiala, Punjab, India
| | - Richa Shri
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Punjabi University, Patiala, Punjab, 147002, India
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Yang J, Wei YQ, Ding JB, Li YL, Ma JL, Liu JL. Research and application of Lycii Fructus in medicinal field. CHINESE HERBAL MEDICINES 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chmed.2018.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
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Liu XF, Zhou DD, Xie T, Hao JL, Malik TH, Lu CB, Qi J, Pant OP, Lu CW. The Nrf2 Signaling in Retinal Ganglion Cells under Oxidative Stress in Ocular Neurodegenerative Diseases. Int J Biol Sci 2018; 14:1090-1098. [PMID: 29989056 PMCID: PMC6036726 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.25996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2018] [Accepted: 04/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) are one of the important cell types affected in many ocular neurodegenerative diseases. Oxidative stress is considered to be involved in retinal RGCs death in ocular neurodegenerative diseases. More and more attention has been focused on studying the agents that may have neuroprotective effects. Nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2) is a key nuclear transcription factor for the systemic antioxidant defense system. This review elucidates the underlying mechanism of the Nrf2-mediated neuroprotective effects on RGCs in ocular neurodegenerative diseases, such as diabetic retinopathy and retinal ischemia-reperfusion injury. Several Nrf2 inducers that shield RGCs from oxidative stress-induced neurodegeneration via regulating Nrf2 signaling are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiu-Fen Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin, China
| | - Dan-Dan Zhou
- Department of Radiology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin, China
| | - Tian Xie
- Department of . Neurosurgery, The People's Hospital of Jilin Province, Jilin, China
| | - Ji-Long Hao
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin, China
| | - Tayyab Hamid Malik
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin, China
| | - Cheng-Bo Lu
- Department of Cardiology, The First Hospital of Jiamusi University, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Jing Qi
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin, China
| | - Om Prakash Pant
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin, China
| | - Cheng-Wei Lu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin, China
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Wang G, Yuan Y, Gao L, Tan X, Yang G, Zhao F, Jin Y. Disruption of Intracellular ATP Generation and Tight Junction Protein Expression during the Course of Brain Edema Induced by Subacute Poisoning of 1,2-Dichloroethane. Front Neurosci 2018; 12:12. [PMID: 29410610 PMCID: PMC5787108 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.00012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to explore changes in intracellular ATP generation and tight junction protein expression during the course of brain edema induced by subacute poisoning of 1,2-dichloroethane (1,2-DCE). Mice were exposed to 1.2 g/m3 1,2-DCE for 3.5 h per day for 1, 2, or 3 days, namely group A, B, and C. Na+-K+-ATPase and Ca2+-ATPase activity, ATP and lactic acid content, intracellular free Ca2+ concentration and ZO-1 and occludin expression in the brain were measured. Results of present study disclosed that Ca2+-ATPase activities in group B and C, and Na+/K+-ATPase activity in group C decreased, whereas intracellular free Ca2+ concentrations in group B and C increased significantly compared with control. Moreover, ATP content decreased, whereas lactic acid content increased significantly in group C compared with control. On the other hand, expressions of ZO-1 and occludin at both the protein and gene levels in group B and C decreased significantly compared with control. In conclusion, findings from this study suggest that calcium overload and depressed expression of tight junction associated proteins, such as ZO-1 and occludin might play an important role in the early phase of brain edema formation induced by subacute poisoning of 1,2-DCE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaoyang Wang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yuan Yuan
- Department of Health Laboratory Technology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Lanyue Gao
- Department of Health Laboratory Technology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiaoqiong Tan
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Guangqian Yang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Fenghong Zhao
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yaping Jin
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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Shi Z, Zhu L, Li T, Tang X, Xiang Y, Han X, Xia L, Zeng L, Nie J, Huang Y, Tsang CK, Wang Y, Lei Z, Xu Z, So KF, Ruan Y. Neuroprotective Mechanisms of Lycium barbarum Polysaccharides Against Ischemic Insults by Regulating NR2B and NR2A Containing NMDA Receptor Signaling Pathways. Front Cell Neurosci 2017; 11:288. [PMID: 29021742 PMCID: PMC5623723 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2017.00288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2017] [Accepted: 09/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Glutamate excitotoxicity plays an important role in neuronal death after ischemia. However, all clinical trials using glutamate receptor inhibitors have failed. This may be related to the evidence that activation of different subunit of NMDA receptor will induce different effects. Many studies have shown that activation of the intrasynaptic NR2A subunit will stimulate survival signaling pathways, whereas upregulation of extrasynaptic NR2B will trigger apoptotic pathways. A Lycium barbarum polysaccharide (LBP) is a mixed compound extracted from Lycium barbarum fruit. Recent studies have shown that LBP protects neurons against ischemic injury by anti-oxidative effects. Here we first reported that the effect of LBP against ischemic injury can be achieved by regulating NR2B and NR2A signaling pathways. By in vivo study, we found LBP substantially reduced CA1 neurons from death after transient global ischemia and ameliorated memory deficit in ischemic rats. By in vitro study, we further confirmed that LBP increased the viability of primary cultured cortical neurons when exposed to oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) for 4 h. Importantly, we found that LBP antagonized increase in expression of major proteins in the NR2B signal pathway including NR2B, nNOS, Bcl-2-associated death promoter (BAD), cytochrome C (cytC) and cleaved caspase-3, and also reduced ROS level, calcium influx and mitochondrial permeability after 4 h OGD. In addition, LBP prevented the downregulation in the expression of NR2A, pAkt and pCREB, which are important cell survival pathway components. Furthermore, LBP attenuated the effects of a NR2B co-agonist and NR2A inhibitor on cell mortality under OGD conditions. Taken together, our results demonstrated that LBP is neuroprotective against ischemic injury by its dual roles in activation of NR2A and inhibition of NR2B signaling pathways, which suggests that LBP may be a superior therapeutic candidate for targeting glutamate excitotoxicity for the treatment of ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongshan Shi
- GHM Institute of CNS Regeneration (GHMICR), Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China.,Department of Anatomy, Jinan University School of Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Ministry of Education CNS Regeneration International Collaborative Laboratory, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lihui Zhu
- GHM Institute of CNS Regeneration (GHMICR), Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China.,Department of Anatomy, Jinan University School of Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Ministry of Education CNS Regeneration International Collaborative Laboratory, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tingting Li
- GHM Institute of CNS Regeneration (GHMICR), Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoya Tang
- GHM Institute of CNS Regeneration (GHMICR), Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yonghui Xiang
- GHM Institute of CNS Regeneration (GHMICR), Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xinjia Han
- GHM Institute of CNS Regeneration (GHMICR), Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Luoxing Xia
- GHM Institute of CNS Regeneration (GHMICR), Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ling Zeng
- GHM Institute of CNS Regeneration (GHMICR), Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Junhua Nie
- GHM Institute of CNS Regeneration (GHMICR), Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yongxia Huang
- GHM Institute of CNS Regeneration (GHMICR), Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Ophthalmology and State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Chi Kwan Tsang
- Clinical Neuroscience Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhigang Lei
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Zaocheng Xu
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Kwok-Fai So
- GHM Institute of CNS Regeneration (GHMICR), Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China.,Ministry of Education CNS Regeneration International Collaborative Laboratory, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Ophthalmology and State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yiwen Ruan
- GHM Institute of CNS Regeneration (GHMICR), Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China.,Department of Anatomy, Jinan University School of Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Ministry of Education CNS Regeneration International Collaborative Laboratory, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
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Xie J, Wu DT, Li WZ, Ning CG, Tang YP, Zhao J, Li SP. Effects of Polysaccharides in Lycium Barbarum
Berries from Different Regions of China on Macrophages Function and their Correlation to the Glycosidic Linkages. J Food Sci 2017; 82:2411-2420. [DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.13813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Revised: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 06/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Inst. of Chinese Medical Sciences; Univ. of Macau; Macao SAR China
| | - Ding-Tao Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Inst. of Chinese Medical Sciences; Univ. of Macau; Macao SAR China
| | - Wen-Zhi Li
- Infinitus (China) Co. Ltd.; Guangzhou China
| | | | - Yu-Ping Tang
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae, and National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine; Nanjing Univ. of Chinese Medicine; Nanjing 210023 China
| | - Jing Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Inst. of Chinese Medical Sciences; Univ. of Macau; Macao SAR China
| | - Shao-Ping Li
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Inst. of Chinese Medical Sciences; Univ. of Macau; Macao SAR China
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Millar LJ, Shi L, Hoerder-Suabedissen A, Molnár Z. Neonatal Hypoxia Ischaemia: Mechanisms, Models, and Therapeutic Challenges. Front Cell Neurosci 2017; 11:78. [PMID: 28533743 PMCID: PMC5420571 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2017.00078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 225] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Neonatal hypoxia-ischaemia (HI) is the most common cause of death and disability in human neonates, and is often associated with persistent motor, sensory, and cognitive impairment. Improved intensive care technology has increased survival without preventing neurological disorder, increasing morbidity throughout the adult population. Early preventative or neuroprotective interventions have the potential to rescue brain development in neonates, yet only one therapeutic intervention is currently licensed for use in developed countries. Recent investigations of the transient cortical layer known as subplate, especially regarding subplate's secretory role, opens up a novel set of potential molecular modulators of neonatal HI injury. This review examines the biological mechanisms of human neonatal HI, discusses evidence for the relevance of subplate-secreted molecules to this condition, and evaluates available animal models. Neuroserpin, a neuronally released neuroprotective factor, is discussed as a case study for developing new potential pharmacological interventions for use post-ischaemic injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lancelot J. Millar
- Molnár Group, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of OxfordOxford, UK
| | - Lei Shi
- Molnár Group, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of OxfordOxford, UK
- JNU-HKUST Joint Laboratory for Neuroscience and Innovative Drug Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan UniversityGuangzhou, China
| | | | - Zoltán Molnár
- Molnár Group, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of OxfordOxford, UK
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Manthey AL, Chiu K, So KF. Effects of Lycium barbarum on the Visual System. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2017; 135:1-27. [PMID: 28807155 DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2017.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Lycium barbarum (wolfberry, gogi berry, gouqizi, ) is one of the most widely used Chinese herbal medicines (CHMs) and is also one of the most scientifically studied. Indeed, the polysaccharide component of this berry (LBP) has been shown to have antioxidant, antiinflammatory, antiexcitotoxic, and antiapoptotic properties. These properties make it a particularly useful treatment option for the ocular environment. Although there are a handful of studies investigating the use of LBP to treat diseases affecting the lens, the vast majority of the published literature investigating LBP in the visual system focus on the retina. In this chapter, we have described what is currently understood concerning the effects of LBP treatment on various retinal diseases, including glaucoma, ischemia/reperfusion, age-related macular degeneration, retinitis pigmentosa, and diabetic retinopathy. We then describe the functions attributed to LBP using other cellular contexts to elucidate the full mechanisms this CHM utilizes in the retina. By making connections between what is known about the function of LBP in a variety of tissues and its function as a therapy for retinal degenerative diseases, we hope to further emphasize the continued use of this CHM in clinical medicine in addition to providing a platform for additional study.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kin Chiu
- The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China.
| | - Kwok-Fai So
- The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China; Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Diseases, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China; Ministry of Education Joint International Research Laboratory of CNS Regeneration, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China; Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China.
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Tian JY, Chen WW, Cui J, Wang H, Chao C, Lu ZY, Bi YY. Effect of Lycium bararum polysaccharides on methylmercury-induced abnormal differentiation of hippocampal stem cells. Exp Ther Med 2016; 12:683-689. [PMID: 27446261 PMCID: PMC4950050 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2016.3415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 02/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to observe the effects of a general extract of Lycium bararum polysaccharides (LBPs) on methylmercury (MeHg)-induced damage in hippocampus neural stem cells (hNSCs). The hippocampal tissues of embryonic day 16 Sprague-Dawley rats were extracted for the isolation, purification and cloning of hNSCs. Following passage and proliferation for 10 days, the cells were allocated at random into the following groups: Control, LBPs, MeHg and MeHg + LBPs. MTT and microtubule-associated protein 2 (MAP-2)/glial fibrillary acidic protein/Hoechst immunofluorescence tests were performed to detect the differentiation and growth of hNSCs in the various groups. The differentiation rate of MeHg-treated hNSCs and the perimeter of MAP-2-positive neurons were 3.632±0.63% and 62.36±5.58 µm, respectively, significantly lower compared with the control group values of 6.500±0.81% and 166±8.16 µm (P<0.05). Furthermore, the differentiation rate and the perimeter of MAP-2-positive neurons in LBPs groups cells was 7.75±0.59% and 253.3±11.21 µm, respectively, significantly higher compared with the control group (P<0.05). The same parameters in the MeHg + LBPs group were 5.92±0.98% and 111.9±6.07 µm, respectively, significantly higher than the MeHg group (P<0.05). The astrocyte differentiation rates in the MeHg and MeHg + LBPs group were 41.19±2.14 and 34.58±1.70, respectively (P<0.05). These results suggest that LBPs may promote the generation and development of new neurons and inhibit the MeHg-induced abnormal differentiation of astrocytes. Thus, LBPs may be considered to be a potential new treatment for MeHg-induced neurotoxicity in hNSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Ying Tian
- Department of Health, Labor Health and Environment, School of Public Health, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, P.R. China; Department of Anatomy, Basic Medical School, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750004, P.R. China
| | - Wei-Wei Chen
- Department of Health, Labor Health and Environment, School of Public Health, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, P.R. China
| | - Jing Cui
- Department of Health, Labor Health and Environment, School of Public Health, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, P.R. China
| | - Hao Wang
- Department of Health, Labor Health and Environment, School of Public Health, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, P.R. China
| | - Ci Chao
- Department of Health, Labor Health and Environment, School of Public Health, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, P.R. China
| | - Zhi-Yan Lu
- Department of Health, Labor Health and Environment, School of Public Health, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, P.R. China
| | - Yong-Yi Bi
- Department of Health, Labor Health and Environment, School of Public Health, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, P.R. China
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Lin R, Yu K, Li X, Tao J, Lin Y, Zhao C, Li C, Chen LD. Electroacupuncture ameliorates post-stroke learning and memory through minimizing ultrastructural brain damage and inhibiting the expression of MMP-2 and MMP-9 in cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injured rats. Mol Med Rep 2016; 14:225-33. [PMID: 27177163 PMCID: PMC4918523 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2016.5227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2015] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate the potential neuroprotective effects of electroacupuncture (EA) in the treatment of cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury, and to elucidate the association between this neuroprotective effect and brain ultrastructure and expression of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and 9. Rats underwent focal cerebral I/R injury by arterial ligation and received in vivo therapeutic EA at the Baihui (DU20) and Shenting (DU24) acupoints. The therapeutic efficacy was then evaluated following the surgery. The results of the current study demonstrated that EA treatment significantly ameliorated neurological deficits and reduced cerebral infarct volume compared with I/R injured rats. Furthermore, EA improved the learning and memory ability of rats following I/R injury, inhibited blood brain barrier breakdown and reduced neuronal damage in the ischemic penumbra. Furthermore, EA attenuated ultrastructural changes in the brain tissue following ischemia and inhibited MMP-2/MMP-9 expression in cerebral I/R injured rats. The results suggest that EA ameliorates anatomical deterioration, and learning and memory deficits in rats with cerebral I/R injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruhui Lin
- College of Rehabilitation Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, P.R. China
| | - Kunqiang Yu
- TCM Rehabilitation Research Center of SATCM, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, P.R. China
| | - Xiaojie Li
- College of Rehabilitation Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, P.R. China
| | - Jing Tao
- College of Rehabilitation Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, P.R. China
| | - Yukun Lin
- College of Rehabilitation Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, P.R. China
| | - Congkuai Zhao
- College of Rehabilitation Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, P.R. China
| | - Chunyan Li
- College of Rehabilitation Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, P.R. China
| | - Li-Dian Chen
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Exercise Rehabilitation, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, P.R. China
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Neuro-protective Mechanisms of Lycium barbarum. Neuromolecular Med 2016; 18:253-63. [PMID: 27033360 DOI: 10.1007/s12017-016-8393-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Neuronal diseases, including retinal disorders, stroke, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease and spinal cord injury, affect a large number of people worldwide and cause heavy social and economic burdens. Although many efforts have been made by scientists and clinicians to develop novel drug and healthcare strategies, few of them received satisfactory outcomes to date. Lycium barbarum is a traditional homology of medicine and food in Chinese medicine, with the capability to nourish the eyes, liver and kidneys. Recent studies have also explored its powerful neuro-protective effects on a number of neuronal diseases. In the current review, we collected key recent findings regarding the neuro-protective effects and mechanisms of L. barbarum derivatives, primarily its polysaccharide (LBP) , in some common diseases of the nervous system. A comprehensive comparison with currently available drugs has also been discussed. In general, LBP is a promising neuronal protector with potent ameliorative effects on key pathological events, such as oxidative stress, inflammation, apoptosis and cell death with minimal side effects.
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Jiao R, Liu Y, Gao H, Xiao J, So KF. The Anti-Oxidant and Antitumor Properties of Plant Polysaccharides. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2016; 44:463-488. [DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x16500269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/30/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress has been increasingly recognized as a major contributing factor in a variety of human diseases, from inflammation to cancer. Although certain parts of signaling pathways are still under investigation, detailed molecular mechanisms for the induction of diseases have been elucidated, especially the link between excessive oxygen reactive species (ROS) damage and tumorigenesis. Emerging evidence suggests anti-oxidant therapy can play a key role in treating those diseases. Among potential drug resources, plant polysaccharides are natural anti-oxidant constituents important for human health because of their long history in ethnopharmacology, wide availability and few side effects upon consumption. Plant polysaccharides have been shown to possess anti-oxidant, anti-inflammation, cell viability promotion, immune-regulation and antitumor functions in a number of disease models, both in laboratory studies and in the clinic. In this paper, we reviewed the research progress of signaling pathways involved in the initiation and progression of oxidative stress- and cancer-related diseases in humans. The natural sources, structural properties and biological actions of several common plant polysaccharides, including Lycium barbarum, Ginseng, Zizyphus Jujuba, Astragalus lentiginosus, and Ginkgo biloba are discussed in detail, with emphasis on their signaling pathways. All of the mentioned common plant polysaccharides have great potential to treat oxidative stress and cancinogenic disorders in cell models, animal disease models and clinical cases. ROS-centered pathways (e.g. mitochondrial autophagy, MAPK and JNK) and transcription factor-related pathways (e.g. NF-[Formula: see text]B and HIF) are frequently utilized by these polysaccharides with or without the further involvement of inflammatory and death receptor pathways. Some of the polysaccharides may also influence tumorigenic pathways, such as Wnt and p53 to play their anti-tumor roles. In addition, current problems and future directions for the application of those plant polysaccharides are also listed and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Jiao
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yingxia Liu
- State Key Discipline of Infectious Diseases, Department of Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen Third People’s Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Hao Gao
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jia Xiao
- Department of Immunobiology, Institute of Tissue Transplantation and Immunology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- State Key Discipline of Infectious Diseases, Department of Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen Third People’s Hospital, Shenzhen, China
- Department of Anatomy, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Kwok Fai So
- Department of Anatomy, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
- Department of Ophthalmology, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- GMH Institute of Central Nervous System Regeneration, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
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Deficiency of aldose reductase attenuates inner retinal neuronal changes in a mouse model of retinopathy of prematurity. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2015; 253:1503-13. [PMID: 25921391 DOI: 10.1007/s00417-015-3024-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2015] [Revised: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 04/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) is a leading cause of childhood blindness where vascular abnormality and retinal dysfunction are reported. We showed earlier that genetic deletion of aldose reductase (AR), the rate-limiting enzyme in the polyol pathway, reduced the neovascularization through attenuating oxidative stress induction in the mouse oxygen-induced retinopathy (OIR) modeling ROP. In this study, we further investigated the effects of AR deficiency on retinal neurons in the mouse OIR. Seven-day-old wild-type and AR-deficient mice were exposed to 75 % oxygen for 5 days and then returned to room air. Electroretinography was used to assess the neuronal function at postnatal day (P) 30. On P17 and P30, retinal cytoarchitecture was examined by morphometric analysis and immunohistochemistry for calbindin, protein kinase C alpha, calretinin, Tuj1, and glial fibrillary acidic protein. In OIR, attenuated amplitudes and delayed implicit time of a-wave, b-wave, and oscillatory potentials were observed in wild-type mice, but they were not significantly changed in AR-deficient mice. The morphological changes of horizontal, rod bipolar, and amacrine cells were shown in wild-type mice and these changes were partly preserved with AR deficiency. AR deficiency attenuated the Müller cell gliosis induced in OIR. Our observations demonstrated AR deficiency preserved retinal functions in OIR and AR deficiency could partly reduce the extent of retinal neuronal histopathology. These findings suggested a therapeutic potential of AR inhibition in ROP treatment with beneficial effects on the retinal neurons.
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Choi MJ, Choi BT, Shin HK, Shin BC, Han YK, Baek JU. Establishment of a comprehensive list of candidate antiaging medicinal herb used in korean medicine by text mining of the classical korean medical literature, "dongeuibogam," and preliminary evaluation of the antiaging effects of these herbs. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2015; 2015:873185. [PMID: 25861371 PMCID: PMC4377522 DOI: 10.1155/2015/873185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2014] [Revised: 01/03/2015] [Accepted: 01/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The major objectives of this study were to provide a list of candidate antiaging medicinal herbs that have been widely utilized in Korean medicine and to organize preliminary data for the benefit of experimental and clinical researchers to develop new drug therapies by analyzing previous studies. "Dongeuibogam," a representative source of the Korean medicine literature, was selected to investigate candidate antiaging medicinal herbs and to identify appropriate terms that describe the specific antiaging effects that these herbs are predicted to elicit. In addition, we aimed to review previous studies that referenced the selected candidate antiaging medicinal herbs. From our chosen source, "Dongeuibogam," we were able to screen 102 terms describing antiaging effects, which were further classified into 11 subtypes. Ninety-seven candidate antiaging medicinal herbs were selected using the criterion that their antiaging effects were described using the same terms as those employed in "Dongeuibogam." These candidates were classified into 11 subtypes. Of the 97 candidate antiaging medicinal herbs selected, 47 are widely used by Korean medical doctors in Korea and were selected for further analysis of their antiaging effects. Overall, we found an average of 7.7 previous studies per candidate herb that described their antiaging effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moo Jin Choi
- Division of Humanities and Social Medicine, School of Korean Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan 626-870, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung Tae Choi
- Division of Meridian and Structural Medicine, School of Korean Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan 626-870, Republic of Korea
| | - Hwa Kyoung Shin
- Division of Meridian and Structural Medicine, School of Korean Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan 626-870, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung Cheul Shin
- Department of Korean Rehabilitation Medicine, Pusan National University Korean Medicine Hospital, Yangsan 626-789, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoo Kyoung Han
- Division of Humanities and Social Medicine, School of Korean Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan 626-870, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Ung Baek
- Division of Humanities and Social Medicine, School of Korean Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan 626-870, Republic of Korea
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Lam CS, Tipoe GL, So KF, Fung ML. Neuroprotective mechanism of Lycium barbarum polysaccharides against hippocampal-dependent spatial memory deficits in a rat model of obstructive sleep apnea. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0117990. [PMID: 25714473 PMCID: PMC4340928 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0117990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2014] [Accepted: 01/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic intermittent hypoxia (CIH) is a hallmark of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), which induces hippocampal injuries mediated by oxidative stress. This study aims to examine the neuroprotective mechanism of Lycium barbarum polysaccharides (LBP) against CIH-induced spatial memory deficits. Adult Sprague–Dawley rats were exposed to hypoxic treatment resembling a severe OSA condition for a week. The animals were orally fed with LBP solution (1mg/kg) daily 2 hours prior to hypoxia or in air for the control. The effect of LBP on the spatial memory and levels of oxidative stress, inflammation, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, apoptosis and neurogenesis in the hippocampus was examined. There was a significant deficit in the spatial memory and an elevated level of malondialdehyde with a decreased expression of antioxidant enzymes (SOD, GPx-1) in the hypoxic group when compared with the normoxic control. In addition, redox-sensitive nuclear factor kappa B (NFКB) canonical pathway was activated with a translocation of NFКB members (p65, p50) and increased expression levels of NFКB-dependent inflammatory cytokines and mediator (TNFα, IL-1β, COX-2); also, a significantly elevated level of ER stress (GRP78/Bip, PERK, CHOP) and autophagic flux in the hypoxic group, leading to neuronal apoptosis in hippocampal subfields (DG, CA1, CA3). Remarkably, LBP administration normalized the elevated level of oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, ER stress, autophagic flux and apoptosis induced by hypoxia. Moreover, LBP significantly mitigated both the caspase-dependent intrinsic (Bax, Bcl2, cytochrome C, cleaved caspase-3) and extrinsic (FADD, cleaved caspase-8, Bid) signaling apoptotic cascades. Furthermore, LBP administration prevented the spatial memory deficit and enhanced the hippocampal neurogenesis induced by hypoxia. Our results suggest that LBP is neuroprotective against CIH-induced hippocampal-dependent spatial memory deficits by promoting hippocampal neurogenesis and negatively modulating the apoptotic signaling cascades activated by oxidative stress and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Sing Lam
- Department of Physiology, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, PR China
| | - George Lim Tipoe
- Department of Anatomy, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, PR China
- Research Centre of Heart, Brain, Hormone & Healthy Aging, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, PR China
| | - Kwok-Fai So
- Department of Anatomy, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, PR China
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, PR China
- Research Centre of Heart, Brain, Hormone & Healthy Aging, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, PR China
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, PR China
- Guangdong-HongKong-Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration, Jinan University, Guangdong, PR China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Diseases, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Man-Lung Fung
- Department of Physiology, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, PR China
- Research Centre of Heart, Brain, Hormone & Healthy Aging, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, PR China
- * E-mail:
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Liu L, Lao W, Ji QS, Yang ZH, Yu GC, Zhong JX. Lycium barbarum polysaccharides protected human retinal pigment epithelial cells against oxidative stress-induced apoptosis. Int J Ophthalmol 2015; 8:11-6. [PMID: 25709900 PMCID: PMC4325234 DOI: 10.3980/j.issn.2222-3959.2015.01.02] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2014] [Accepted: 10/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate the protective effect and its mechanism of lycium barbarum polysaccharides (LBP) against oxidative stress-induced apoptosis in human retinal pigment epithelial cells. METHODS ARPE-19 cells, a human retinal pigment epithelial cell lines, were exposed to different concentrations of H2O2 for 24h, then cell viability was measured by Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) assay to get the properly concentration of H2O2 which can induce half apoptosis of APRE-19. With different concentrations of LBP pretreatment, the ARPE-19 cells were then exposed to appropriate concentration of H2O2, cell apoptosis was detected by flow cytometric analysis. Expression levels of Bcl-2 and Bax were measured by real time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) technique. RSULTS LBP significantly reduced the H2O2-induced ARPE-19 cells' apoptosis. LBP inhibited the H2O2-induced down-regulation of Bcl-2 and up-regulation of Bax. CONCLUSION LBP could protect ARPE-19 cells from H2O2-induced apoptosis. The Bcl-2 family had relationship with the protective effects of LBP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lian Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou 510630, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Wei Lao
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou 510630, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Qing-Shan Ji
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou 510630, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Zhi-Hao Yang
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou 510630, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Guo-Cheng Yu
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou 510630, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Jing-Xiang Zhong
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou 510630, Guangdong Province, China
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Cheng J, Zhou ZW, Sheng HP, He LJ, Fan XW, He ZX, Sun T, Zhang X, Zhao RJ, Gu L, Cao C, Zhou SF. An evidence-based update on the pharmacological activities and possible molecular targets of Lycium barbarum polysaccharides. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2014; 9:33-78. [PMID: 25552899 PMCID: PMC4277126 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s72892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Lycium barbarum berries, also named wolfberry, Fructus lycii, and Goji berries, have been used in the People’s Republic of China and other Asian countries for more than 2,000 years as a traditional medicinal herb and food supplement. L. barbarum polysaccharides (LBPs) are the primary active components of L. barbarum berries and have been reported to possess a wide array of pharmacological activities. Herein, we update our knowledge on the main pharmacological activities and possible molecular targets of LBPs. Several clinical studies in healthy subjects show that consumption of wolfberry juice improves general wellbeing and immune functions. LBPs are reported to have antioxidative and antiaging properties in different models. LBPs show antitumor activities against various types of cancer cells and inhibit tumor growth in nude mice through induction of apoptosis and cell cycle arrest. LBPs may potentiate the efficacy of lymphokine activated killer/interleukin-2 combination therapy in cancer patients. LBPs exhibit significant hypoglycemic effects and insulin-sensitizing activity by increasing glucose metabolism and insulin secretion and promoting pancreatic β-cell proliferation. They protect retinal ganglion cells in experimental models of glaucoma. LBPs protect the liver from injuries due to exposure to toxic chemicals or other insults. They also show potent immunoenhancing activities in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, LBPs protect against neuronal injury and loss induced by β-amyloid peptide, glutamate excitotoxicity, ischemic/reperfusion, and other neurotoxic insults. LBPs ameliorate the symptoms of mice with Alzheimer’s disease and enhance neurogenesis in the hippocampus and subventricular zone, improving learning and memory abilities. They reduce irradiation- or chemotherapy-induced organ toxicities. LBPs are beneficial to male reproduction by increasing the quality, quantity, and motility of sperm, improving sexual performance, and protecting the testis against toxic insults. Moreover, LBPs exhibit hypolipidemic, cardioprotective, antiviral, and antiinflammatory activities. There is increasing evidence from preclinical and clinical studies supporting the therapeutic and health-promoting effects of LBPs, but further mechanistic and clinical studies are warranted to establish the dose–response relationships and safety profiles of LBPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang Cheng
- Department of Neurology, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, People's Republic of China ; Department of Pharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Zhi-Wei Zhou
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Hui-Ping Sheng
- Department of Infectious Diseases, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, People's Republic of China
| | - Lan-Jie He
- Department of Endocrinology, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, People's Republic of China
| | - Xue-Wen Fan
- Department of Neurology, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi-Xu He
- Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine, Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering Research Center and Sino-US Joint Laboratory for Medical Sciences, Guiyang Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Sun
- Key Laboratory of Craniocerebral Diseases of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, People's Republic of China
| | - Xueji Zhang
- Research Center for Bioengineering and Sensing Technology, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruan Jin Zhao
- Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Sarasota, FL, USA
| | - Ling Gu
- School of Biology and Chemistry, University of Pu'er, Pu'er, Yunnan, People's Republic of China
| | - Chuanhai Cao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Shu-Feng Zhou
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA ; Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine, Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering Research Center and Sino-US Joint Laboratory for Medical Sciences, Guiyang Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, People's Republic of China
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Qi B, Ji Q, Wen Y, Liu L, Guo X, Hou G, Wang G, Zhong J. Lycium barbarum polysaccharides protect human lens epithelial cells against oxidative stress-induced apoptosis and senescence. PLoS One 2014; 9:e110275. [PMID: 25333784 PMCID: PMC4198253 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0110275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2014] [Accepted: 09/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives We aimed to investigate the protective effect of Lycium barbarum polysaccharides (LBPs) against oxidative stress–induced apoptosis and senescence in human lens epithelial cells. Methods To study apoptosis, SRA01/04 cells, a human lens epithelial cell lines, were exposed to 200 µM hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) for 24 h with or without pretreatment with LBPs. Cell viability was measured using a Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) assay. Cell apoptosis, intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), and the loss of mitochondria membrane potential (Δψm) were detected by flow cytometric analyses. Expression levels of Bcl-2 and Bax proteins were measured by western blot analysis. The levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione (GSH) were quantized using commercial enzymatic kits according to the manufacturer's instructions. To study senescence, SRA01/04 cells were pre-incubated with LBPs and all cells were then exposed to 100 µM H2O2 for 96 h. Cellular senescence was assessed by morphologic examination and senescence-associated β-galactosidase (SA-β-gal) staining. Results LBPs significantly reduced H2O2-induced cell apoptosis, the generation of ROS, the loss of Δψm, and the levels of MDA. LBPs also inhibited H2O2-induced downregulated Bcl-2 and upregulated Bax proteins and increased the levels of SOD and GSH enzyme activity. Moreover, LBPs significantly attenuated H2O2-induced cellular senescence. Conclusions These findings suggested that LBPs protect human lens epithelial cells from H2O2-induced apoptosis by modulating the generation of ROS, loss of Δψm, Bcl-2 family, and antioxidant enzyme activity and attenuating cellular senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Qi
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Qingshan Ji
- Department of Ophthalmology, Affiliated Anhui Provincial Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Yuechun Wen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Affiliated Anhui Provincial Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Lian Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaoling Guo
- Department of Cell Biology, the Cell Biology Institute of Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Guanghui Hou
- Department of Ophthalmology, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Zhuhai, Guangdong, China
| | - Guifang Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jingxiang Zhong
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- * E-mail:
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Ren W, Jing G, Shen Q, Yao X, Jing Y, Lin F, Pan W. Occludin and connexin 43 expression contribute to the pathogenesis of traumatic brain edema. Neural Regen Res 2014; 8:2703-12. [PMID: 25206581 PMCID: PMC4145997 DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-5374.2013.29.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2013] [Accepted: 06/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The experimental model of traumatic brain injury was established in Sprague-Dawley rats according to Feeney's free falling method. The brains were harvested at 2, 6 and 24 hours, and at 3 and 5 days after injury. Changes in brain water content were determined using the wet and dry weights. Our results showed that water content of tissue significantly increased after traumatic brain injury, and reached minimum at 24 hours. Hematoxylin-eosin staining revealed pathological impairment of brain tissue at each time point after injury, particularly at 3 days, with nerve cell edema, degenera-tion, and necrosis observed, and the apoptotic rate significantly increased. Immunohistochemistry and western blot analysis revealed that the expression of occludin at the injured site gradually de-creased as injury time advanced and reached a minimum at 3 days after injury; the expression of connexin 43 gradually increased as injury time advanced and reached a peak at 24 hours after in-jury. The experimental findings indicate that changes in occludin and connexin 43 expression were consistent with the development of brain edema, and may reflect the pathogenesis of brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanyin Ren
- Guangdong Medical College, Zhanjiang 524023, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Guojie Jing
- Huizhou First People's Hospital, Huizhou 516003, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Qin Shen
- Huizhou First People's Hospital, Huizhou 516003, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Xiaoteng Yao
- Huizhou First People's Hospital, Huizhou 516003, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Yingchao Jing
- Huizhou First People's Hospital, Huizhou 516003, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Feng Lin
- Guangdong Medical College, Zhanjiang 524023, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Weidong Pan
- Guangdong Medical College, Zhanjiang 524023, Guangdong Province, China
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Attenuated Blood-Brain Barrier Dysfunction by XQ-1H Following Ischemic Stroke in Hyperlipidemic Rats. Mol Neurobiol 2014; 52:162-75. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-014-8851-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2014] [Accepted: 07/31/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Xia G, Xin N, Liu W, Yao H, Hou Y, Qi J. Inhibitory effect of Lycium barbarum polysaccharides on cell apoptosis and senescence is potentially mediated by the p53 signaling pathway. Mol Med Rep 2014; 9:1237-41. [PMID: 24549741 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2014.1964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2013] [Accepted: 02/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Lycium barbarum (L. barbarum) fruit or extract has been regarded as a superior-grade Chinese medicine, used to modulate body immunity and for anti-aging purposes. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms behind these effects remain unclear. In the present study, L. barbarum polysaccharides (LBPs), considered a major contributor of L. barbarum effects, were used to elucidate its mechanism of action by phenotypic and senescence associated-β-galactosidase (SA-β-gal) assays, evaluation of survival rates in vivo and expression profiling of genes related to the p53 signaling pathway in a zebrafish model. Zebrafish embryos were continuously exposed to various concentrations of LBPs (1.0, 2.0, 3.0 and 4.0 mg/ml) for 3 days. The results of fluorescent acridine orange and SA-β-gal staining indicated that cell apoptosis and senescence mainly occur in the head at 24 hours post fertilization (hpf) and 72 hpf. In addition, resistance to replicative senescence was observed at low doses of LBPs, especially at the 3.0 mg/ml concentration. Furthermore, the expression of genes that relate to aging, such as p53, p21 and Bax, was decreased, while that of Mdm2 and TERT genes was increased after treatment with LBPs. The results demonstrated that the effects of LBPs on cell apoptosis and aging might be mediated by the p53-mediated pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangqing Xia
- College of Life Science, Tonghua Normal University, Tonghua, Jilin 134002, P.R. China
| | - Nian Xin
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, P.R. China
| | - Wei Liu
- College of Life Science, Tonghua Normal University, Tonghua, Jilin 134002, P.R. China
| | - Huimin Yao
- College of Life Science, Tonghua Normal University, Tonghua, Jilin 134002, P.R. China
| | - Yi Hou
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, P.R. China
| | - Jie Qi
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, P.R. China
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Activation of the Nrf2/HO-1 antioxidant pathway contributes to the protective effects of Lycium barbarum polysaccharides in the rodent retina after ischemia-reperfusion-induced damage. PLoS One 2014; 9:e84800. [PMID: 24400114 PMCID: PMC3882254 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0084800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2013] [Accepted: 11/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Lycium barbarum polysaccharides (LBP), extracts from the wolfberries, are protective to retina after ischemia-reperfusion (I/R). The antioxidant response element (ARE)–mediated antioxidant pathway plays an important role in maintaining the redox status of the retina. Heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), combined with potent AREs in its promoter, is a highly effective therapeutic target for the protection against neurodegenerative diseases, including I/R-induced retinal damage. The aim of our present study was to investigate whether the protective effect of LBP after I/R damage was mediated via activation of the Nrf2/HO-1-antioxidant pathway in the retina. Retinal I/R was induced by an increase in intraocular pressure to 130 mm Hg for 60 minutes. Prior to the induction of ischemia, rats were orally treated with either vehicle (PBS) or LBP (1 mg/kg) once a day for 1 week. For specific experiments, zinc protoporphyrin (ZnPP, 20 mg/kg), an HO-1 inhibitor, was intraperitoneally administered at 24 h prior to ischemia. The protective effects of LBP were evaluated by quantifying ganglion cell and amacrine cell survival, and by measuring cell apoptosis in the retinal layers. In addition, HO-1 expression was examined using Western blotting and immunofluorescence analyses. Cytosolic and nuclear Nrf2 was measured using immunofluorescent staining. LBP treatment significantly increased Nrf2 nuclear accumulation and HO-1 expression in the retina after I/R injury. Increased apoptosis and a decrease in the number of viable cells were observed in the ganglion cell layer (GCL) and inner nuclear layer (INL) in the I/R retina, which were reversed by LBP treatment. The HO-1 inhibitor, ZnPP, diminished the LBP treatment-induced protective effects in the retina after I/R. Taken together, these results suggested that LBP partially exerted its beneficial neuroprotective effects via the activation of Nrf2 and an increase in HO-1 protein expression.
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Zhao Z, Luo Y, Li G, Zhu L, Wang Y, Zhang X. Thoracic aorta vasoreactivity in rats under exhaustive exercise: effects of Lycium barbarum polysaccharides supplementation. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2013; 10:47. [PMID: 24152940 PMCID: PMC4015534 DOI: 10.1186/1550-2783-10-47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2013] [Accepted: 10/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Reduced arterial compliance is associated with an increased rate of morbidity and mortality in cardiovascular disease. Exercise is beneficial for compromised arterial compliance. However, the beneficial effects of exercise are lost with exhaustion. Lycium barbarum L. has been used in China for centuries to maintain good health. In this regard, the primary purpose of this study was to characterize the effects of the polysaccharides from Lycium barbarum (LBPs) on arterial compliance during exhaustive exercise. Methods A four-week swimming exercise program was designed for rats, and the blood levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), super oxide dismutase (SOD), nitric oxide(NO) and heat shock protein 70(HSP70) were detected. The tension of aorta rings was measured to evaluate the response of rats on noradrenaline (NA)-induced contractions. Results The rats administered LBPs showed longer swimming time until exhaustion than the control group of rats. Exercise-induced MDA elevation was repressed by LBPs supplementation. The LBPs-supplemented rats displayed a significant increase of SOD, NO, HSP70 than the non-supplemented rats. Additionally, LBPs significantly up-regulated the expression of eNOS and improved the endothelium-dependent vasodilatation of the aorta ring. Conclusion Our study proved that LBPs administration significantly inhibited the oxidative stress, and improved the arterial compliance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhifang Zhao
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China
| | - Yan Luo
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China
| | - Guanghua Li
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China
| | - Lingqin Zhu
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China
| | - Yin Wang
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China
| | - Xuehong Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China
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Zhang Y, Zhang P, Shen X, Tian S, Wu Y, Zhu Y, Jia J, Wu J, Hu Y. Early exercise protects the blood-brain barrier from ischemic brain injury via the regulation of MMP-9 and occludin in rats. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:11096-112. [PMID: 23708107 PMCID: PMC3709721 DOI: 10.3390/ijms140611096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2013] [Revised: 05/05/2013] [Accepted: 05/16/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Early exercise within 24 h after stroke can reduce neurological deficits after ischemic brain injury. However, the mechanisms underlying this neuroprotection remain poorly understood. Ischemic brain injury disrupts the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and then triggers a cascade of events, leading to secondary brain injury and poor long-term outcomes. This study verified the hypothesis that early exercise protected the BBB after ischemia. Adult rats were randomly assigned to sham, early exercise (EE) or non-exercise (NE) groups. The EE and NE groups were subjected to ischemia induced by middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). The EE group ran on a treadmill beginning 24 h after ischemia, 30 min per day for three days. After three-days’ exercise, EB extravasation and electron microscopy were used to evaluate the integrity of the BBB. Neurological deficits, cerebral infarct volume and the expression of MMP-9, the tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1), and occludin were determined. The data indicated that early exercise significantly inhibited the ischemia-induced reduction of occludin, and an increase in MMP-9 promoted TIMP-1 expression (p < 0.01), attenuated the BBB disruption (p < 0.05) and neurological deficits (p < 0.01) and diminished the infarct volume (p < 0.01). Our results suggest that the neuroprotection conferred by early exercise was likely achieved by improving the function of the BBB via the regulation of MMP-9 and occludin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuling Zhang
- Department of Rehabilitation of Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China; E-Mails: (Y.Z.); (P.Z.); (X.S.); (S.T.); (Y.W.); (Y.Z.); (J.J.); (J.W.)
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Pengyue Zhang
- Department of Rehabilitation of Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China; E-Mails: (Y.Z.); (P.Z.); (X.S.); (S.T.); (Y.W.); (Y.Z.); (J.J.); (J.W.)
| | - Xiafeng Shen
- Department of Rehabilitation of Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China; E-Mails: (Y.Z.); (P.Z.); (X.S.); (S.T.); (Y.W.); (Y.Z.); (J.J.); (J.W.)
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Shan Tian
- Department of Rehabilitation of Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China; E-Mails: (Y.Z.); (P.Z.); (X.S.); (S.T.); (Y.W.); (Y.Z.); (J.J.); (J.W.)
| | - Yi Wu
- Department of Rehabilitation of Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China; E-Mails: (Y.Z.); (P.Z.); (X.S.); (S.T.); (Y.W.); (Y.Z.); (J.J.); (J.W.)
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yulian Zhu
- Department of Rehabilitation of Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China; E-Mails: (Y.Z.); (P.Z.); (X.S.); (S.T.); (Y.W.); (Y.Z.); (J.J.); (J.W.)
| | - Jie Jia
- Department of Rehabilitation of Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China; E-Mails: (Y.Z.); (P.Z.); (X.S.); (S.T.); (Y.W.); (Y.Z.); (J.J.); (J.W.)
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Junfa Wu
- Department of Rehabilitation of Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China; E-Mails: (Y.Z.); (P.Z.); (X.S.); (S.T.); (Y.W.); (Y.Z.); (J.J.); (J.W.)
| | - Yongshan Hu
- Department of Rehabilitation of Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China; E-Mails: (Y.Z.); (P.Z.); (X.S.); (S.T.); (Y.W.); (Y.Z.); (J.J.); (J.W.)
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel./Fax: +86-21-5288-7820
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Zhang Q, DU X, Xu Y, Dang L, Xiang L, Zhang J. The effects of Gouqi extracts on Morris maze learning in the APP/PS1 double transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Exp Ther Med 2013; 5:1528-1530. [PMID: 23737913 PMCID: PMC3671880 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2013.1006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2013] [Accepted: 03/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study examined the effects of Gouqi (Lycium barbarum) on the learning and memory abilities of an APP/PS1 double transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease. We employed a Morris water maze to examine the spatial memory in this mice line with or without Gouqi extracts treatment. We identified that 2 weeks of oral administration of Gouqi extracts at 10 mg/kg improved the performance of the APP/PS1 mice in the learning and the memory retrieval phases of the Morris maze. In correlation with this, the levels of Aβ(1–42) in hippocampal tissue were reduced by the Gouqi treatment. We conclude that pharmacological treatment with Gouqi extracts is beneficial at the later stages of Alzheimer’s disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianlin Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Renmin's Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan 450006
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Jin M, Huang Q, Zhao K, Shang P. Biological activities and potential health benefit effects of polysaccharides isolated from Lycium barbarum L. Int J Biol Macromol 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2012.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Ishikawa H, Caputo M, Franzese N, Weinbren NL, Slakter A, Patel M, Stahl CE, Jacotte MA, Acosta S, Franyuti G, Shinozuka K, Tajiri N, van Loveren H, Kaneko Y, Borlongan CV. Stroke in the eye of the beholder. Med Hypotheses 2013; 80:411-5. [PMID: 23395299 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2012.12.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2012] [Accepted: 12/29/2012] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The pathophysiological changes that occur during ischemic stroke can have a profound effect on the surrounding nerve tissue. To this end, we advance the hypothesis that retinal damage can occur as a consequence of ischemic stroke in animal models. We discuss the preclinical evidence over the last 3 decades supporting this hypothesis of retinal damage following ischemic stroke. In our evaluation of the hypothesis, we highlight the animal models providing evidence of pathological and mechanistic link between ischemic stroke and retinal damage. That retinal damage is closely associated with ischemic stroke, yet remains neglected in stroke treatment regimen, provides the impetus for recognizing the treatment of retinal damage as a critical component of stroke therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroto Ishikawa
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, 12901 Bruce B. Downs Blvd, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
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