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Li Z, He Y, Ge L, Quan R, Chen J, Hu Y, Sa R, Liu J, Ran D, Fu Q, Shi H. Berbamine, a bioactive alkaloid, suppresses equine herpesvirus type 1 in vitro and in vivo. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1163780. [PMID: 37303732 PMCID: PMC10247970 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1163780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1) poses a global threat to equines. The anticancer agent berbamine (BBM), a bioactive alkaloid, has been shown to inhibit viral infection. However, whether BBM can inhibit EHV-1 infection remains unclear. This study investigated the effect of BBM treatment on EHV-1 infection. Quantitative PCR (qPCR), immunoblotting, the Reed-Muench method, and pathological examination were employed to study the ability of BBM to inhibit EHV-1 infection, viral DNA replication, viral protein production, virion secretion, and cytopathogenesis in vitro and in vivo. The in vitro studies revealed that 10 μM BBM effectively suppressed EHV-1 viral entry into cells, viral DNA replication, and virion secretion, while the in vivo studies verified the ability of BBM to suppress EHV-1-induced damage of brain and lung tissues and animal mortality. These findings strongly suggest that BBM could be a serious contender in the therapeutic control of EHV-1 infection of equines.
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Vaccination as a Strategy to Prevent Bluetongue Virus Vertical Transmission. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10111528. [PMID: 34832683 PMCID: PMC8622840 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10111528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 11/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Bluetongue virus (BTV) produces an economically important disease in ruminants of compulsory notification to the OIE. BTV is typically transmitted by the bite of Culicoides spp., however, some BTV strains can be transmitted vertically, and this is associated with fetus malformations and abortions. The viral factors associated with the virus potency to cross the placental barrier are not well defined. The potency of vertical transmission is retained and sometimes even increased in live attenuated BTV vaccine strains. Because BTV possesses a segmented genome, the possibility of reassortment of vaccination strains with wild-type virus could even favor the transmission of this phenotype. In the present review, we will describe the non-vector-based BTV infection routes and discuss the experimental vaccination strategies that offer advantages over this drawback of some live attenuated BTV vaccines.
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3
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Fay PC, Mohd Jaafar F, Batten C, Attoui H, Saunders K, Lomonossoff GP, Reid E, Horton D, Maan S, Haig D, Daly JM, Mertens PPC. Serological Cross-Reactions between Expressed VP2 Proteins from Different Bluetongue Virus Serotypes. Viruses 2021; 13:1455. [PMID: 34452321 PMCID: PMC8402635 DOI: 10.3390/v13081455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Bluetongue (BT) is a severe and economically important disease of ruminants that is widely distributed around the world, caused by the bluetongue virus (BTV). More than 28 different BTV serotypes have been identified in serum neutralisation tests (SNT), which, along with geographic variants (topotypes) within each serotype, reflect differences in BTV outer-capsid protein VP2. VP2 is the primary target for neutralising antibodies, although the basis for cross-reactions and serological variations between and within BTV serotypes is poorly understood. Recombinant BTV VP2 proteins (rVP2) were expressed in Nicotiana benthamiana, based on sequence data for isolates of thirteen BTV serotypes (primarily from Europe), including three 'novel' serotypes (BTV-25, -26 and -27) and alternative topotypes of four serotypes. Cross-reactions within and between these viruses were explored using rabbit anti-rVP2 sera and post BTV-infection sheep reference-antisera, in I-ELISA (with rVP2 target antigens) and SNT (with reference strains of BTV-1 to -24, -26 and -27). Strong reactions were generally detected with homologous rVP2 proteins or virus strains/serotypes. The sheep antisera were largely serotype-specific in SNT, but more cross-reactive by ELISA. Rabbit antisera were more cross-reactive in SNT, and showed widespread, high titre cross-reactions against homologous and heterologous rVP2 proteins in ELISA. Results were analysed and visualised by antigenic cartography, showing closer relationships in some, but not all cases, between VP2 topotypes within the same serotype, and between serotypes belonging to the same 'VP2 nucleotype'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra C. Fay
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, Loughborough LE12 5RD, UK; (P.C.F.); (E.R.); (D.H.); (J.M.D.)
- The Pirbright Institute, Surrey, Woking GU24 ONF, UK;
| | - Fauziah Mohd Jaafar
- UMR VIROLOGIE 1161, INRAE, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, ANSES, Université Paris-Est, F-94700 Maisons-Alfort, France; (F.M.J.); (H.A.)
| | - Carrie Batten
- The Pirbright Institute, Surrey, Woking GU24 ONF, UK;
| | - Houssam Attoui
- UMR VIROLOGIE 1161, INRAE, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, ANSES, Université Paris-Est, F-94700 Maisons-Alfort, France; (F.M.J.); (H.A.)
| | - Keith Saunders
- John Innes Centre, Department of Biochemistry and Metabolism, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK; (K.S.); (G.P.L.)
| | - George P. Lomonossoff
- John Innes Centre, Department of Biochemistry and Metabolism, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK; (K.S.); (G.P.L.)
| | - Elizabeth Reid
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, Loughborough LE12 5RD, UK; (P.C.F.); (E.R.); (D.H.); (J.M.D.)
| | - Daniel Horton
- Pathology and Infectious Diseases, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, UK;
| | - Sushila Maan
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, Hisar 125004, India;
| | - David Haig
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, Loughborough LE12 5RD, UK; (P.C.F.); (E.R.); (D.H.); (J.M.D.)
| | - Janet M. Daly
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, Loughborough LE12 5RD, UK; (P.C.F.); (E.R.); (D.H.); (J.M.D.)
| | - Peter P. C. Mertens
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, Loughborough LE12 5RD, UK; (P.C.F.); (E.R.); (D.H.); (J.M.D.)
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4
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Viral Vector Vaccines against Bluetongue Virus. Microorganisms 2020; 9:microorganisms9010042. [PMID: 33375723 PMCID: PMC7823852 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9010042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Bluetongue virus (BTV), the prototype member of the genus Orbivirus (family Reoviridae), is the causative agent of an important livestock disease, bluetongue (BT), which is transmitted via biting midges of the genus Culicoides. To date, up to 29 serotypes of BTV have been described, which are classified as classical (BTV 1–24) or atypical (serotypes 25–27), and its distribution has been expanding since 1998, with important outbreaks in the Mediterranean Basin and devastating incursions in Northern and Western Europe. Classical vaccine approaches, such as live-attenuated and inactivated vaccines, have been used as prophylactic measures to control BT through the years. However, these vaccine approaches fail to address important matters like vaccine safety profile, effectiveness, induction of a cross-protective immune response among serotypes, and implementation of a DIVA (differentiation of infected from vaccinated animals) strategy. In this context, a wide range of recombinant vaccine prototypes against BTV, ranging from subunit vaccines to recombinant viral vector vaccines, have been investigated. This article offers a comprehensive outline of the live viral vectors used against BTV.
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Teffera M, Babiuk S. Potential of Using Capripoxvirus Vectored Vaccines Against Arboviruses in Sheep, Goats, and Cattle. Front Vet Sci 2019; 6:450. [PMID: 31921911 PMCID: PMC6932975 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2019.00450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The genus capripoxvirus consists of sheeppox virus, goatpox virus, and lumpy skin disease virus, which affect sheep, goats, and cattle, respectively. Together capripoxviruses cause significant economic losses to the sheep, goat, and cattle industry where these diseases are present. These diseases have spread into previously free bordering regions most recently demonstrated with the spread of lumpy skin disease virus into the Middle East, some Eastern European countries, and Russia. This recent spread has highlighted the transboundary nature of these diseases. To control lumpy skin disease virus, live attenuated viral vaccines are used in endemic countries as well as in response to an outbreak. For sheeppox and goatpox, live attenuated viral vaccines are used in endemic countries; these diseases can also be contained through slaughter of infected animals to stamp out the disease. The thermostability, narrow host range, and ability of capripoxviruses to express a wide variety of antigens make capripoxviruses ideal vectors. The ability to immunize animals against multiple diseases simultaneously increases vaccination efficiency by decreasing the number of vaccinations required. Additionally, the use of capripoxvirus vectored vaccines allows the possibility of differentiating infected from vaccinated animals. Arboviruses such as bluetongue virus and Rift Valley fever viruses are also responsible for significant economic losses in endemic countries. In the case of Rift Valley fever virus, vaccination is not routinely practiced unless there is an outbreak making vaccination not as effective, therefore, incorporating Rift Valley fever vaccination into routine capripoxvirus vaccination would be highly beneficial. This review will discuss the potential of using capripoxvirus as a vector expressing protective arboviral antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahder Teffera
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency, National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- Department of Immunology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Shawn Babiuk
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency, National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- Department of Immunology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
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6
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van Rijn PA. Prospects of Next-Generation Vaccines for Bluetongue. Front Vet Sci 2019; 6:407. [PMID: 31824966 PMCID: PMC6881303 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2019.00407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Bluetongue (BT) is a haemorrhagic disease of wild and domestic ruminants with a huge economic worldwide impact on livestock. The disease is caused by BT-virus transmitted by Culicoides biting midges and disease control without vaccination is hardly possible. Vaccination is the most feasible and cost-effective way to minimize economic losses. Marketed BT vaccines are successfully used in different parts of the world. Inactivated BT vaccines are efficacious and safe but relatively expensive, whereas live-attenuated vaccines are efficacious and cheap but are unsafe because of under-attenuation, onward spread, reversion to virulence, and reassortment events. Both manufactured BT vaccines do not enable differentiating infected from vaccinated animals (DIVA) and protection is limited to the respective serotype. The ideal BT vaccine is a licensed, affordable, completely safe DIVA vaccine, that induces quick, lifelong, broad protection in all susceptible ruminant species. Promising vaccine candidates show improvement for one or more of these main vaccine standards. BTV protein vaccines and viral vector vaccines have DIVA potential depending on the selected BTV antigens, but are less effective and likely more costly per protected animal than current vaccines. Several vaccine platforms based on replicating BTV are applied for many serotypes by exchange of serotype dominant outer shell proteins. These platforms based on one BTV backbone result in attenuation or abortive virus replication and prevent disease by and spread of vaccine virus as well as reversion to virulence. These replicating BT vaccines induce humoral and T-cell mediated immune responses to all viral proteins except to one, which could enable DIVA tests. Most of these replicating vaccines can be produced similarly as currently marketed BT vaccines. All replicating vaccine platforms developed by reverse genetics are classified as genetic modified organisms. This implies extensive and expensive safety trails in target ruminant species, and acceptance by the community could be hindered. Nonetheless, several experimental BT vaccines show very promising improvements and could compete with marketed vaccines regarding their vaccine profile, but none of these next generation BT vaccines have been licensed yet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piet A van Rijn
- Department of Virology, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Lelystad, Netherlands.,Department of Biochemistry, Centre for Human Metabolomics, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
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Kamel M, El-Sayed A. Utilization of herpesviridae as recombinant viral vectors in vaccine development against animal pathogens. Virus Res 2019; 270:197648. [PMID: 31279828 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2019.197648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2019] [Revised: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Throughout the past few decades, numerous viral species have been generated as vaccine vectors. Every viral vector has its own distinct characteristics. For example, the family herpesviridae encompasses several viruses that have medical and veterinary importance. Attenuated herpesviruses are developed as vectors to convey heterologous immunogens targeting several serious and crucial pathogens. Some of these vectors have already been licensed for use in the veterinary field. One of their prominent features is their capability to accommodate large amount of foreign DNA, and to stimulate both cell-mediated and humoral immune responses. A better understanding of vector-host interaction builds up a robust foundation for the future development of herpesviruses-based vectors. At the time, many molecular tools are applied to enable the generation of herpesvirus-based recombinant vaccine vectors such as BAC technology, homologous and two-step en passant mutagenesis, codon optimization, and the CRISPR/Cas9 system. This review article highlights the most important techniques applied in constructing recombinant herpesviruses vectors, advantages and disadvantages of each recombinant herpesvirus vector, and the most recent research regarding their use to control major animal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Kamel
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt.
| | - Amr El-Sayed
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
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8
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Modeling Arboviral Infection in Mice Lacking the Interferon Alpha/Beta Receptor. Viruses 2019; 11:v11010035. [PMID: 30625992 PMCID: PMC6356211 DOI: 10.3390/v11010035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Revised: 12/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Arboviruses are arthropod-borne viruses that exhibit worldwide distribution and are a constant threat, not only for public health but also for wildlife, domestic animals, and even plants. To study disease pathogenesis and to develop efficient and safe therapies, the use of an appropriate animal model is a critical concern. Adult mice with gene knockouts of the interferon α/β (IFN-α/β) receptor (IFNAR(-/-)) have been described as a model of arbovirus infections. Studies with the natural hosts of these viruses are limited by financial and ethical issues, and in some cases, the need to have facilities with a biosafety level 3 with sufficient space to accommodate large animals. Moreover, the number of animals in the experiments must provide results with statistical significance. Recent advances in animal models in the last decade among other gaps in knowledge have contributed to the better understanding of arbovirus infections. A tremendous advantage of the IFNAR(-/-) mouse model is the availability of a wide variety of reagents that can be used to study many aspects of the immune response to the virus. Although extrapolation of findings in mice to natural hosts must be done with care due to differences in the biology between mouse and humans, experimental infections of IFNAR(-/-) mice with several studied arboviruses closely mimics hallmarks of these viruses in their natural host. Therefore, IFNAR(-/-) mice are a good model to facilitate studies on arbovirus transmission, pathogenesis, virulence, and the protective efficacy of new vaccines. In this review article, the most important arboviruses that have been studied using the IFNAR(-/-) mouse model will be reviewed.
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Wernike K, Mundt A, Link EK, Aebischer A, Schlotthauer F, Sutter G, Fux R, Beer M. N-terminal domain of Schmallenberg virus envelope protein Gc delivered by recombinant equine herpesvirus type 1 and modified vaccinia virus Ankara: Immunogenicity and protective efficacy in cattle. Vaccine 2018; 36:5116-5123. [PMID: 30049630 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.07.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Revised: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Schmallenberg virus (SBV), which emerged in 2011 in Central Europe and subsequently spread very rapidly throughout the continent, affects predominantly ruminants. SBV is transmitted by insect vectors, and therefore vaccination is one of the major tools of disease control. Only recently, a domain connected to virus neutralization has been identified at the amino-terminal part of the viral envelope protein Gc. Here, this Gc domain delivered by recombinant EHV-1 or MVA vector viruses was tested in a vaccination-challenge trial in cattle, one of the major target species of SBV. The EHV-1-based vaccine conferred protection in two of four animals, whereas immunization using the MVA vector vaccine efficiently induced an SBV-specific antibody response and full protection against SBV challenge infection in all the vaccinated animals. Moreover, due to the absence of antibodies against SBVs N-protein, both vector vaccines enable the differentiation between vaccinated and field-infected animals making them to a promising tool to control SBV spread as well as to prevent disease in domestic ruminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin Wernike
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald - Insel Riems, Germany.
| | - Alice Mundt
- Boehringer Ingelheim Veterinary Research Centre, Bemeroder Str. 31, 30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - Ellen Kathrin Link
- Institute for Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Veterinärstraße 13, 80539 Munich, Germany
| | - Andrea Aebischer
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald - Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Felicia Schlotthauer
- Boehringer Ingelheim Veterinary Research Centre, Bemeroder Str. 31, 30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - Gerd Sutter
- Institute for Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Veterinärstraße 13, 80539 Munich, Germany
| | - Robert Fux
- Institute for Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Veterinärstraße 13, 80539 Munich, Germany
| | - Martin Beer
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald - Insel Riems, Germany
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Pan Z, Liu J, Ma J, Jin Q, Yao H, Osterrieder N. The recombinant EHV-1 vector producing CDV hemagglutinin as potential vaccine against canine distemper. Microb Pathog 2017; 111:388-394. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2017.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Revised: 09/02/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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11
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Said A, Elmanzalawy M, Ma G, Damiani AM, Osterrieder N. An equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1) vector expressing Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) Gn and Gc induces neutralizing antibodies in sheep. Virol J 2017; 14:154. [PMID: 28807043 PMCID: PMC5556661 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-017-0811-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) is an arthropod-borne bunyavirus that can cause serious and fatal disease in humans and animals. RVFV is a negative-sense RNA virus of the Phlebovirus genus in the Bunyaviridae family. The main envelope RVFV glycoproteins, Gn and Gc, are encoded on the M segment of RVFV and known inducers of protective immunity. In an attempt to develop a safe and efficacious RVF vaccine, we constructed and tested a vectored equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1) vaccine that expresses RVFV Gn and Gc. The Gn and Gc genes were custom-synthesized after codon optimization and inserted into EHV-1 strain RacH genome. The rH_Gn-Gc recombinant virus grew in cultured cells with kinetics that were comparable to those of the parental virus and stably expressed Gn and Gc. Upon immunization of sheep, the natural host, neutralizing antibodies against RVFV were elicited by rH_Gn-Gc and protective titers reached to 1:320 at day 49 post immunization but not by parental EHV-1, indicating that EHV-1 is a promising vector alternative in the development of a safe marker RVFV vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdelrahman Said
- Institut für Virologie, Zentrum für Infektionsmedizin - Robert von Ostertag-Haus, Freie Universität Berlin, Robert-von-Ostertag-Str. 7-13, 14163, Berlin, Germany.,Parasitology and Animal Diseases Department, Veterinary Research Division, National Research Center, El Bouhouth St., Dokki, 12622, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mona Elmanzalawy
- Rift Valley Fever department, Veterinary Serum Vaccine Research Institute, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Guanggang Ma
- Institut für Virologie, Zentrum für Infektionsmedizin - Robert von Ostertag-Haus, Freie Universität Berlin, Robert-von-Ostertag-Str. 7-13, 14163, Berlin, Germany
| | - Armando Mario Damiani
- Institut für Virologie, Zentrum für Infektionsmedizin - Robert von Ostertag-Haus, Freie Universität Berlin, Robert-von-Ostertag-Str. 7-13, 14163, Berlin, Germany.,Instituto de Medicina y Biología Experimental de Cuyo, IMBECU-CONICET; Área de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, UNCuyo, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Nikolaus Osterrieder
- Institut für Virologie, Zentrum für Infektionsmedizin - Robert von Ostertag-Haus, Freie Universität Berlin, Robert-von-Ostertag-Str. 7-13, 14163, Berlin, Germany.
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Intramuscular Immunization of Mice with the Live-Attenuated Herpes Simplex Virus 1 Vaccine Strain VC2 Expressing Equine Herpesvirus 1 (EHV-1) Glycoprotein D Generates Anti-EHV-1 Immune Responses in Mice. J Virol 2017; 91:JVI.02445-16. [PMID: 28404844 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02445-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccination remains the best option to combat equine herpesvirus 1 (EHV-1) infection, and several different strategies of vaccination have been investigated and developed over the past few decades. Herein, we report that the live-attenuated herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) VC2 vaccine strain, which has been shown to be unable to enter into neurons and establish latency in mice, can be utilized as a vector for the heterologous expression of EHV-1 glycoprotein D (gD) and that the intramuscular immunization of mice results in strong antiviral humoral and cellular immune responses. The VC2-EHV-1-gD recombinant virus was constructed by inserting an EHV-1 gD expression cassette under the control of the cytomegalovirus immediate early promoter into the VC2 vector in place of the HSV-1 thymidine kinase (UL23) gene. The vaccines were introduced into mice through intramuscular injection. Vaccination with both the VC2-EHV-1-gD vaccine and the commercially available vaccine Vetera EHVXP 1/4 (Vetera; Boehringer Ingelheim Vetmedica) resulted in the production of neutralizing antibodies, the levels of which were significantly higher in comparison to those in VC2- and mock-vaccinated animals (P < 0.01 or P < 0.001). Analysis of EHV-1-reactive IgG subtypes demonstrated that vaccination with the VC2-EHV-1-gD vaccine stimulated robust IgG1 and IgG2a antibodies after three vaccinations (P < 0.001). Interestingly, Vetera-vaccinated mice produced significantly higher levels of IgM than mice in the other groups before and after challenge (P < 0.01 or P < 0.05). Vaccination with VC2-EHV-1-gD stimulated strong cellular immune responses, characterized by the upregulation of both interferon- and tumor necrosis factor-positive CD4+ T cells and CD8+ T cells. Overall, the data suggest that the HSV-1 VC2 vaccine strain may be used as a viral vector for the vaccination of horses as well as, potentially, for the vaccination of other economically important animals.IMPORTANCE A novel virus-vectored VC2-EHV-1-gD vaccine was constructed using the live-attenuated HSV-1 VC2 vaccine strain. This vaccine stimulated strong humoral and cellular immune responses in mice, suggesting that it could protect horses against EHV-1 infection.
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Mayo C, Lee J, Kopanke J, MacLachlan NJ. A review of potential bluetongue virus vaccine strategies. Vet Microbiol 2017; 206:84-90. [PMID: 28377132 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2017.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Revised: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Bluetongue (BT) is an economically important, non-zoonotic arboviral disease of certain wild and domestic species of cloven-hooved ungulates. Bluetongue virus (BTV) is the causative agent and the occurrence of BTV infection is distinctly seasonal in temperate regions of the world, and dependent on the presence of vector biting midges (e.g. Culicoides sonorensis in much of North America). In recent years, severe outbreaks have occurred throughout Europe and BTV is endemic in most tropical and temperate regions of the world. Several vaccines have been licensed for commercial use, including modified live (live-attenuated) and inactivated products, and this review summarizes recent strategies developed for BTV vaccines with emphasis on technologies suitable for differentiating naturally infected from vaccinated animals. The goal of this review is to evaluate realistic vaccine strategies that might be utilized to control or prevent future outbreaks of BT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christie Mayo
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80526, United States.
| | - Justin Lee
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80526, United States
| | - Jennifer Kopanke
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80526, United States
| | - N James MacLachlan
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, United States
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Dowall SD, Buttigieg KR, Findlay-Wilson SJD, Rayner E, Pearson G, Miloszewska A, Graham VA, Carroll MW, Hewson R. A Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) viral vaccine expressing nucleoprotein is immunogenic but fails to confer protection against lethal disease. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2016; 12:519-27. [PMID: 26309231 PMCID: PMC5049717 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2015.1078045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever (CCHF) is a severe tick-borne disease, endemic in many countries in Africa, the Middle East, Eastern Europe and Asia. Between 15–70% of reported cases are fatal with no approved vaccine available. In the present study, the attenuated poxvirus vector, Modified Vaccinia virus Ankara, was used to develop a recombinant candidate vaccine expressing the CCHF virus nucleoprotein. Cellular and humoral immunogenicity was confirmed in 2 mouse strains, including type I interferon receptor knockout mice, which are susceptible to CCHF disease. Despite the immune responses generated post-immunisation, the vaccine failed to protect animals from lethal disease in a challenge model.
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Affiliation(s)
- S D Dowall
- a Public Health England ; Porton Down; Salisbury , Wiltshire , UK
| | - K R Buttigieg
- a Public Health England ; Porton Down; Salisbury , Wiltshire , UK
| | | | - E Rayner
- a Public Health England ; Porton Down; Salisbury , Wiltshire , UK
| | - G Pearson
- a Public Health England ; Porton Down; Salisbury , Wiltshire , UK
| | - A Miloszewska
- a Public Health England ; Porton Down; Salisbury , Wiltshire , UK
| | - V A Graham
- a Public Health England ; Porton Down; Salisbury , Wiltshire , UK
| | - M W Carroll
- a Public Health England ; Porton Down; Salisbury , Wiltshire , UK
| | - R Hewson
- a Public Health England ; Porton Down; Salisbury , Wiltshire , UK
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15
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Marín-López A, Bermúdez R, Calvo-Pinilla E, Moreno S, Brun A, Ortego J. Pathological Characterization Of IFNAR(-/-) Mice Infected With Bluetongue Virus Serotype 4. Int J Biol Sci 2016; 12:1448-1460. [PMID: 27994510 PMCID: PMC5166487 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.14967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 06/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Bluetongue virus (BTV) replicates in lymphoid tissues where infected mononuclear leukocytes secrete proinflammatory and vasoactive mediators that can contribute to bluetongue (BT) pathogenesis. Using the well-characterized IFNAR(-/-) mice animal model, we have now studied the histopathology and dynamics of leukocyte populations in different target tissues (spleen, thymus, and lung) during BTV-4 infection by histological and immunohistochemical techniques. The spleen and thymus of BTV-4 infected mice showed severe lymphoid depletion on H&E stained sections. This finding was confirmed by IHC, showing moderate decreased immunopositivity against CD3 in the thymus, and scarce immunoreactivity against CD3 and CD79 in the rest of the white pulp in the spleen, together with an increase in MAC387 immunostaining. BTV-4 infection also induced the expression of active caspase-3 in the spleen, where apoptotic debris was observed by H&E. A dramatic increase in iNOS immunoreactivity associated to necrotic areas of the white pulp was observed, being less noticeable in the thymus and the lung. The induction of pro-inflammatory cytokines in tissues where BTV replicates was evaluated by measuring transcript levels by RT-qPCR. BTV-4 infection led to enhance transcription of IFN-γ, TNF, IL-6, IL-12-p40, and IL-1β mRNA in the thymus, spleen and lung, correlating with the level of virus replication in these tissues. Disease progression and pathogenesis in IFNAR(-/-) mice closely mimics hallmarks of bluetongue disease in ruminants. IFNAR(-/-) mice are a good choice to facilitate a faster advance in the field of orbiviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Roberto Bermúdez
- Departamento de Ciencias Clínicas Veterinarias, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain
| | | | - Sandra Moreno
- INIA-CISA, Ctra. Algete-El Casar, Valdeolmos, 28130 Madrid, Spain
| | - Alejandro Brun
- INIA-CISA, Ctra. Algete-El Casar, Valdeolmos, 28130 Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Ortego
- INIA-CISA, Ctra. Algete-El Casar, Valdeolmos, 28130 Madrid, Spain
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16
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Feenstra F, van Rijn PA. Current and next-generation bluetongue vaccines: Requirements, strategies, and prospects for different field situations. Crit Rev Microbiol 2016; 43:142-155. [PMID: 27800699 DOI: 10.1080/1040841x.2016.1186005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Bluetongue virus (BTV) causes the hemorrhagic disease bluetongue (BT) in ruminants. The best way to control outbreaks is vaccination. Currently, conventionally modified-live and inactivated vaccines are commercially available, which have been successfully used to control BT, but nonetheless have their specific shortcomings. Therefore, there is a need for improved BT vaccines. The ideal BT vaccine is efficacious, safe, affordable, protective against multiple serotypes and enables the differentiation of infected from vaccinated animals. Different field situations require specific vaccine profiles. Single serotype outbreaks in former BT-free areas need rapid onset of protection against viremia of the respective serotype. In contrary, endemic multiple serotype situations require long-lasting protection against all circulating serotypes. The ideal BT vaccine for all field situations does not exist and balancing between vaccine properties is needed. Many new vaccines candidates, ranging from non-replicating subunits to replicating next-generation reverse genetics based vaccines, have been developed. Some have been tested extensively in large numbers of ruminants, whereas others were developed recently and have only been tested in vitro and in mice models. Most vaccine candidates are promising, but have their specific shortcomings and advantages. In this review, current and next-generation BT vaccines are discussed in the light of prerequisites for different field situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Femke Feenstra
- a Department of Virology , Central Veterinary Institute of Wageningen UR , Lelystad , The Netherlands.,b Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine , Utrecht University , Utrecht , The Netherlands
| | - Piet A van Rijn
- a Department of Virology , Central Veterinary Institute of Wageningen UR , Lelystad , The Netherlands.,c Department of Biochemistry , Center for Human Metabolomics, North-West University , Potchefstroom , South Africa
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17
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Meier AF, Laimbacher AS, Ackermann M. Polycistronic Herpesvirus Amplicon Vectors for Veterinary Vaccine Development. Methods Mol Biol 2016; 1349:201-24. [PMID: 26458838 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-3008-1_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
Heterologous virus-vectored vaccines, particularly those based on canarypox virus vectors, have established a firm place in preventive veterinary medicine. However, herpesvirus-based vaccines have paved the way for DIVA vaccines (discrimination of infected against vaccinated animals), which are particularly desirable for highly contagious livestock diseases that are otherwise combatted by culling of infected animals.In this chapter, we describe the design, the preparation, and the testing of a polycistronic herpesvirus amplicon vaccine against rotaviruses with a particular emphasis on generating heterologous virus-like particles for immunization. After the design, the procedure consists of three steps, first, transient expression of the construct in cell cultures, second, expression and antibody response in a mouse model, and third, application of the system to the desired host species. As a whole, the present information will facilitate the design of novel vaccines of veterinary interest from the designing process until pre-licensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Felicitas Meier
- Vetsuisse Faculty, Institute of Virology, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 266a, Zurich, 8057, Switzerland
| | - Andrea Sara Laimbacher
- Vetsuisse Faculty, Institute of Virology, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 266a, Zurich, 8057, Switzerland
| | - Mathias Ackermann
- Vetsuisse Faculty, Institute of Virology, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 266a, Zurich, 8057, Switzerland.
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18
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Marín-López A, Barriales D, Moreno S, Ortego J, Calvo-Pinilla E. Defeating Bluetongue virus: new approaches in the development of multiserotype vaccines. Future Virol 2016. [DOI: 10.2217/fvl-2016-0061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Bluetongue virus (BTV) is a global threat to domestic and wild ruminants, causing massive economic losses throughout the world. New serotypes of the virus are rapidly emerging in different continents, unfortunately there is little cross-protection between BTV serotypes. The eradication of the virus from a region is particularly complicated in areas where multiple serotypes circulate for a long time. The present review summarizes the actual concerns about the spread of the virus and relevant approaches to develop efficient vaccines against BTV, in particular those focused on a multiserotype design.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Diego Barriales
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal, INIA-CISA, Valdeolmos-Madrid, Spain
| | - Sandra Moreno
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal, INIA-CISA, Valdeolmos-Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Ortego
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal, INIA-CISA, Valdeolmos-Madrid, Spain
| | - Eva Calvo-Pinilla
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal, INIA-CISA, Valdeolmos-Madrid, Spain
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19
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McVey DS, MacLachlan NJ. Vaccines for Prevention of Bluetongue and Epizootic Hemorrhagic Disease in Livestock: A North American Perspective. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2016; 15:385-96. [PMID: 26086559 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2014.1698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Bluetongue (BT) and epizootic hemorrhagic disease (EHD) are noncontagious, insect-transmitted diseases of domestic and wild ruminants caused by related but distinct viruses. There are significant gaps in our scientific knowledge and available countermeasures to control an outbreak of orbivirus-induced disease, whether BT or EHD. Both BT virus (BTV) and EHD virus (EHDV) cause hemorrhagic fevers in susceptible ruminants; however, BT is principally a disease of domestic livestock whereas EHD is principally a disease of certain species of wild, non-African ungulates, notably white-tailed deer. The live-attenuated (modified live virus [MLV]) vaccines available in the United States for use in small ruminant livestock do provide good protection against clinical disease following infection with the homologous virus serotype. Although there is increasing justification that the use of MLV vaccines should be avoided if possible, these are the only vaccines currently available in the United States. Specifically, MLVs are used in California to protect sheep against infection with BTV serotypes 10, 11, and 17, and a MLV to BTV serotype 10 is licensed for use in sheep throughout the United States. These MLV vaccines may need to continue to be used in the immediate future for protective immunization of sheep and goats against BT. There are currently no licensed vaccines available for EHD in the United States other than autogenous vaccines. If there is a need to rapidly develop a vaccine to meet an emerging crisis associated with either BTV or EHDV infections, development of an inactivated virus vaccine in a conventional adjuvanted formulation will likely be required. With two doses of vaccine (and in some instances just one dose), inactivated vaccines can provide substantial immunity to the epizootic serotype of either BTV or EHDV. This strategy is similar to that used in the 2006-2008 BTV serotype 8 outbreaks in northern Europe that provided vaccine to the field within 2 years of the initial incursion (by 2008). Further research and development are warranted to provide more efficacious and effective vaccines for control of BTV and EHDV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Scott McVey
- 1 USDA, ARS , Arthropod-Borne Animal Disease Research Unit, Center for Grain and Animal Health Research, Manhattan, Kansas
| | - N James MacLachlan
- 2 Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California , Davis, California
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20
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Sarkar S, Balasuriya UBR, Horohov DW, Chambers TM. The neuropathogenic T953 strain of equine herpesvirus-1 inhibits type-I IFN mediated antiviral activity in equine endothelial cells. Vet Microbiol 2015; 183:110-8. [PMID: 26790943 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2015.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Revised: 12/16/2015] [Accepted: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Equine herpesvirus-1 (EHV-1) infects equine endothelial cells (EECs) lining the small blood vessels in the central nervous system. However, the effect of type I IFN on EHV-1 replication in the EECs is not well studied. Thus, the primary objective of this study was to investigate the effect of type-I IFN on the replication of the neuropathogenic T953 strain of EHV-1 in vitro in EECs. The initial data showed that the EHV-1 was partly resistant to the biological effect of exogenously supplied recombinant equine IFN-α. Subsequent investigation into the mechanism of resistance showed that EHV-1 infection of EECs interfered with the STAT-1 phosphorylation through which type-I IFN exerts its antiviral effect. Immunofluorescence staining showed interference with the translocation of STAT-1 molecules from cytoplasm to nucleus confirming the virus mediated suppression of STAT-1 activation. Downstream of the JAK-STAT signaling, EHV-1 infection inhibited expression of cellular antiviral proteins including IFN-stimulated gene 56 (ISG56) and viperin. Taken together these findings suggest that the neuropathogenic T953 strain of EHV-1 evades the host innate immune response by inhibiting IFN and this may provide some insight into the pathogenesis of EHV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjay Sarkar
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546-0099, USA
| | - Udeni B R Balasuriya
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546-0099, USA
| | - David W Horohov
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546-0099, USA
| | - Thomas M Chambers
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546-0099, USA.
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21
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Martín V, Pascual E, Avia M, Peña L, Valcárcel F, Sevilla N. Protective Efficacy in Sheep of Adenovirus-Vectored Vaccines against Bluetongue Virus Is Associated with Specific T Cell Responses. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0143273. [PMID: 26619062 PMCID: PMC4664254 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0143273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Accepted: 11/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Bluetongue virus (BTV) is an economically important Orbivirus of the Reoviridae family that causes a hemorrhagic disease in ruminants. Its control has been achieved by inactivated-vaccines that have proven to protect against homologous BTV challenge although unable to induce long-term immunity. Therefore, a more efficient control strategy needs to be developed. Recombinant adenovirus vectors are lead vaccine candidates for protection of several diseases, mainly because of their potency to induce potent T cell immunity. Here we report the induction of humoral and T-cell mediated responses able to protect animals against BTV challenge by recombinant replication-defective human adenovirus serotype 5 (Ad5) expressing either VP7, VP2 or NS3 BTV proteins. First we used the IFNAR(-/-) mouse model system to establish a proof of principle, and afterwards we assayed the protective efficacy in sheep, the natural host of BTV. Mice were completely protected against BTV challenge, developing humoral and BTV-specific CD8+- and CD4+-T cell responses by vaccination with the different rAd5. Sheep vaccinated with Ad5-BTV-VP2 and Ad5-BTV-VP7 or only with Ad5-BTV-VP7 and challenged with BTV showed mild disease symptoms and reduced viremia. This partial protection was achieved in the absence of neutralizing antibodies but strong BTV-specific CD8+ T cell responses in those sheep vaccinated with Ad5-BTV-VP7. These data indicate that rAd5 is a suitable vaccine vector to induce T cell immunity during BTV vaccination and provide new data regarding the relevance of T cell responses in protection during BTV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verónica Martín
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA-INIA), Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agraria y Alimentaria, Valdeolmos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Elena Pascual
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA-INIA), Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agraria y Alimentaria, Valdeolmos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel Avia
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA-INIA), Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agraria y Alimentaria, Valdeolmos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Lourdes Peña
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA-INIA), Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agraria y Alimentaria, Valdeolmos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Félix Valcárcel
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA-INIA), Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agraria y Alimentaria, Valdeolmos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Noemí Sevilla
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA-INIA), Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agraria y Alimentaria, Valdeolmos, Madrid, Spain
- * E-mail:
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22
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Abstract
Inactivated and attenuated vaccines have contributed to the control or even the eradication of significant animal pathogens. However, these traditional vaccine technologies have limitations and disadvantages. Inactivated vaccines lack efficacy against certain pathogens, while attenuated vaccines are not always as safe. New technology vaccines, namely DNA and recombinant viral vector vaccines, are being developed and tested against pathogens of small ruminants. These vaccines induce both humoral and cellular immune responses, are safe to manufacture and use and can be utilized in strategies for differentiation of infected from vaccinated animals. Although there are more strict regulatory requirements for the safety standards of these vaccines, once a vaccine platform is evaluated and established, effective vaccines can be rapidly produced and deployed in the field to prevent spread of emerging pathogens. The present article offers an introduction to these next generation technologies and examples of vaccines that have been tested against important diseases of sheep and goats.
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Affiliation(s)
- C S Kyriakis
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.
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23
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DNA vaccine prime and recombinant FPV vaccine boost: an important candidate immunization strategy to control bluetongue virus type 1. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2015; 99:8643-52. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-015-6697-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2015] [Revised: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 05/15/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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24
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A synthetic biology approach for a vaccine platform against known and newly emerging serotypes of bluetongue virus. J Virol 2014; 88:12222-32. [PMID: 25142610 PMCID: PMC4248921 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02183-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Bluetongue is one of the major infectious diseases of ruminants and is caused by bluetongue virus (BTV), an arbovirus existing in nature in at least 26 distinct serotypes. Here, we describe the development of a vaccine platform for BTV. The advent of synthetic biology approaches and the development of reverse genetics systems has allowed the rapid and reliable design and production of pathogen genomes which can be subsequently manipulated for vaccine production. We describe BTV vaccines based on “synthetic” viruses in which the outer core proteins of different BTV serotypes are incorporated into a common tissue-culture-adapted backbone. As a means of validation for this approach, we selected two BTV-8 synthetic reassortants and demonstrated their ability to protect sheep against virulent BTV-8 challenge. In addition to further highlight the possibilities of genome manipulation for vaccine production, we also designed and rescued a synthetic BTV chimera containing a VP2 protein, including regions derived from both BTV-1 and BTV-8. Interestingly, while the parental viruses were neutralized only by homologous antisera, the chimeric proteins could be neutralized by both BTV-1 and BTV-8 antisera. These data suggest that neutralizing epitopes are present in different areas of the BTV VP2 and likely “bivalent” strains eliciting neutralizing antibodies for multiple strains can be obtained. IMPORTANCE Overall, this vaccine platform can significantly reduce the time taken from the identification of new BTV strains to the development and production of new vaccines, since the viral genomes of these viruses can be entirely synthesized in vitro. In addition, these vaccines can be brought quickly into the market because they alter the approach, but not the final product, of existing commercial products.
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25
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Kochinger S, Renevey N, Hofmann MA, Zimmer G. Vesicular stomatitis virus replicon expressing the VP2 outer capsid protein of bluetongue virus serotype 8 induces complete protection of sheep against challenge infection. Vet Res 2014; 45:64. [PMID: 24928313 PMCID: PMC4063687 DOI: 10.1186/1297-9716-45-64] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2014] [Accepted: 05/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Bluetongue virus (BTV) is an arthropod-borne pathogen that causes an often fatal, hemorrhagic disease in ruminants. Different BTV serotypes occur throughout many temperate and tropical regions of the world. In 2006, BTV serotype 8 (BTV-8) emerged in Central and Northern Europe for the first time. Although this outbreak was eventually controlled using inactivated virus vaccines, the epidemic caused significant economic losses not only from the disease in livestock but also from trade restrictions. To date, BTV vaccines that allow simple serological discrimination of infected and vaccinated animals (DIVA) have not been approved for use in livestock. In this study, we generated recombinant RNA replicon particles based on single-cycle vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) vectors. Immunization of sheep with infectious VSV replicon particles expressing the outer capsid VP2 protein of BTV-8 resulted in induction of BTV-8 serotype-specific neutralizing antibodies. After challenge with a virulent BTV-8 strain, the vaccinated animals neither developed signs of disease nor showed viremia. In contrast, immunization of sheep with recombinant VP5 - the second outer capsid protein of BTV - did not confer protection. Discrimination of infected from vaccinated animals was readily achieved using an ELISA for detection of antibodies against the VP7 antigen. These data indicate that VSV replicon particles potentially represent a safe and efficacious vaccine platform with which to control future outbreaks by BTV-8 or other serotypes, especially in previously non-endemic regions where discrimination between vaccinated and infected animals is crucial.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Gert Zimmer
- Institute of Virology and Immunology (IVI), Sensemattstrasse 293, CH-3147 Mittelhäusern, Switzerland.
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26
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Mohd Jaafar F, Belhouchet M, Vitour D, Adam M, Breard E, Zientara S, Mertens PPC, Attoui H. Immunisation with bacterial expressed VP2 and VP5 of bluetongue virus (BTV) protect α/β interferon-receptor knock-out (IFNAR(-/-)) mice from homologous lethal challenge. Vaccine 2014; 32:4059-67. [PMID: 24886956 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.05.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2014] [Revised: 04/22/2014] [Accepted: 05/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BTV-4 structural proteins VP2 (as two domains: VP2D1 and VP2D2), VP5 (lacking the first 100 amino acids: VP5Δ1-100) and full-length VP7, expressed in bacteria as soluble glutathione S-transferase (GST) fusion-proteins, were used to immunise Balb/c and α/β interferon receptor knock-out (IFNAR(-/-)) mice. Neutralising antibody (NAbs) titres (expressed as log10 of the reciprocal of the last dilution of mouse serum which reduced plaque number by ≥50%) induced by the VP2 domains ranged from 1.806 to 2.408 in Balb/c and IFNAR(-/-) mice. The immunised IFNAR(-/-) mice challenged with a homologous live BTV-4 survived and failed to develop signs of infection (ocular discharge and apathy). Although subsequent attempts to isolate virus were unsuccessful (possibly reflecting presence of neutralising antibodies), a transient/low level viraemia was detected by real time RT-PCR. In contrast, mice immunised with the two VP2 domains with or without VP5Δ1-100 and VP7, then challenged with the heterologous serotype, BTV-8, all died by day 7 post-infection. We conclude that immunisation with bacterially-expressed VP2 domains can induce strong serotype-specific NAb responses. Bacterial expression could represent a cost effective and risk-free alternative to the use of live or inactivated vaccines, particularly if viruses prove to be difficult to propagate in cell culture (like BTV-25). A vaccine based on bacterially expressed VP2 and VP5 of BTV is also DIVA-compatible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fauziah Mohd Jaafar
- Vector-borne Viral Diseases Programme, The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey GU240NF, United Kingdom
| | - Mourad Belhouchet
- Vector-borne Viral Diseases Programme, The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey GU240NF, United Kingdom
| | - Damien Vitour
- Anses, INRA, ENVA-UPEC, UMR 1161 Virology Unit, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety, Maisons-Alfort, 94703 France
| | - Micheline Adam
- Anses, INRA, ENVA-UPEC, UMR 1161 Virology Unit, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety, Maisons-Alfort, 94703 France
| | - Emmanuel Breard
- Anses, INRA, ENVA-UPEC, UMR 1161 Virology Unit, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety, Maisons-Alfort, 94703 France
| | - Stéphan Zientara
- Anses, INRA, ENVA-UPEC, UMR 1161 Virology Unit, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety, Maisons-Alfort, 94703 France
| | - Peter P C Mertens
- Vector-borne Viral Diseases Programme, The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey GU240NF, United Kingdom
| | - Houssam Attoui
- Vector-borne Viral Diseases Programme, The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey GU240NF, United Kingdom.
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27
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Maclachlan NJ, Henderson C, Schwartz-Cornil I, Zientara S. The immune response of ruminant livestock to bluetongue virus: From type I interferon to antibody. Virus Res 2014; 182:71-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2013.09.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2013] [Revised: 09/28/2013] [Accepted: 09/29/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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28
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Coetzee P, van Vuuren M, Venter EH, Stokstad M. A review of experimental infections with bluetongue virus in the mammalian host. Virus Res 2014; 182:21-34. [PMID: 24462840 PMCID: PMC7132480 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2013.12.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2013] [Revised: 12/27/2013] [Accepted: 12/31/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Experimental infection studies with bluetongue virus (BTV) in the mammalian host have a history that stretches back to the late 18th century. Studies in a wide range of ruminant and camelid species as well as mice have been instrumental in understanding BTV transmission, bluetongue (BT) pathogenicity/pathogenesis, viral virulence, the induced immune response, as well as reproductive failures associated with BTV infection. These studies have in many cases been complemented by in vitro studies with BTV in different cell types in tissue culture. Together these studies have formed the basis for the understanding of BTV-host interaction and have contributed to the design of successful control strategies, including the development of effective vaccines. This review describes some of the fundamental and contemporary infection studies that have been conducted with BTV in the mammalian host and provides an overview of the principal animal welfare issues that should be considered when designing experimental infection studies with BTV in in vivo infection models. Examples are provided from the authors' own laboratory where the three Rs (replacement, reduction and refinement) have been implemented in the design of experimental infection studies with BTV in mice and goats. The use of the ARRIVE guidelines for the reporting of data from animal infection studies is emphasized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Coetzee
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort, Pretoria 0110, South Africa; Department of Production Animal Clinical Sciences, Norwegian School of Veterinary Science, P. O. Box 8146 Dep., N-0033 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Moritz van Vuuren
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort, Pretoria 0110, South Africa.
| | - Estelle H Venter
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort, Pretoria 0110, South Africa.
| | - Maria Stokstad
- Department of Production Animal Clinical Sciences, Norwegian School of Veterinary Science, P. O. Box 8146 Dep., N-0033 Oslo, Norway.
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29
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In silico prediction and in vitro identification of bluetongue virus 4 VP5 protein B-cell epitopes. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2013; 98:3033-47. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-013-5416-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2013] [Revised: 11/13/2013] [Accepted: 11/14/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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30
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Calvo-Pinilla E, Castillo-Olivares J, Jabbar T, Ortego J, de la Poza F, Marín-López A. Recombinant vaccines against bluetongue virus. Virus Res 2013; 182:78-86. [PMID: 24287057 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2013.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2013] [Revised: 11/18/2013] [Accepted: 11/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Bluetongue (BT) is a hemorrhagic disease of ruminants caused by bluetongue virus (BTV), the prototype member of the genus Orbivirus within the family Reoviridae and is transmitted via biting midges of the genus Culicoides. BTV can be found on all continents except Antarctica, and up to 26 immunologically distinct BTV serotypes have been identified. Live attenuated and inactivated BTV vaccines have been used over the years with different degrees of success. The multiple outbreaks of BTV in Mediterranean Europe in the last two decades and the incursion of BTV-8 in Northern Europe in 2008 has re-stimulated the interest to develop improved vaccination strategies against BTV. In particular, safer, cross-reactive, more efficacious vaccines with differential diagnostic capability have been pursued by multiple BTV research groups and vaccine manufacturers. A wide variety of recombinant BTV vaccine prototypes have been investigated, ranging from baculovirus-expressed sub-unit vaccines to the use of live viral vectors. This article gives a brief overview of all these modern approaches to develop vaccines against BTV including some recent unpublished data.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Tamara Jabbar
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Javier Ortego
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA), Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agraria (INIA), Valdeolmos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco de la Poza
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA), Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agraria (INIA), Valdeolmos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alejandro Marín-López
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA), Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agraria (INIA), Valdeolmos, Madrid, Spain
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31
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Ortego J, de la Poza F, Marín-López A. Interferon α/β receptor knockout mice as a model to study bluetongue virus infection. Virus Res 2013; 182:35-42. [PMID: 24100234 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2013.09.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2013] [Revised: 09/24/2013] [Accepted: 09/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Bluetongue is an arthropod-borne disease caused by a virus of the genus Orbivirus, the bluetongue virus (BTV), which affects ruminant livestock such as cattle, sheep, and goats and wild ruminants such as deer, and camelids. Recently, adult mice with gene knockouts of the interferon α/β receptor (IFNAR-/-) have been described as a model of lethal BTV infection. IFNAR(-/-) mice are highly susceptible to BTV-1, BTV-4 and BTV-8 infection when the virus is administered intravenously or subcutaneosuly. Disease progression and pathogenesis closely mimics signs of bluetongue disease in ruminants. In the present paper we review the studies where IFNAR(-/-) mice have been used as an animal model to study BTV transmission, pathogenesis, virulence, and protective efficacy of inactivated and new recombinant marker BTV vaccines. Furthermore, we report new data on protective efficacy of different strategies of BTV vaccination and also on induction of interferon α/β and proinflammatory immune responses in IFNAR(-/-) mice infected with BTV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Ortego
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal, CISA-INIA, Valdeolmos, Madrid, Spain.
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32
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Ns1 is a key protein in the vaccine composition to protect Ifnar(-/-) mice against infection with multiple serotypes of African horse sickness virus. PLoS One 2013; 8:e70197. [PMID: 23894615 PMCID: PMC3720900 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0070197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2013] [Accepted: 06/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
African horse sickness virus (AHSV) belongs to the genus Orbivirus. We have now engineered naked DNAs and recombinant modified vaccinia virus Ankara (rMVA) expressing VP2 and NS1 proteins from AHSV-4. IFNAR((-/-)) mice inoculated with DNA/rMVA-VP2,-NS1 from AHSV-4 in an heterologous prime-boost vaccination strategy generated significant levels of neutralizing antibodies specific of AHSV-4. In addition, vaccination stimulated specific T cell responses against the virus. The vaccine elicited partial protection against an homologous AHSV-4 infection and induced cross-protection against the heterologous AHSV-9. Similarly, IFNAR((-/-)) mice vaccinated with an homologous prime-boost strategy with rMVA-VP2-NS1 from AHSV-4 developed neutralizing antibodies and protective immunity against AHSV-4. Furthermore, the levels of immunity were very high since none of vaccinated animals presented viraemia when they were challenged against the homologous AHSV-4 and very low levels when they were challenged against the heterologous virus AHSV-9. These data suggest that the immunization with rMVA/rMVA was more efficient in protection against a virulent challenge with AHSV-4 and both strategies, DNA/rMVA and rMVA/rMVA, protected against the infection with AHSV-9. The inclusion of the protein NS1 in the vaccine formulations targeting AHSV generates promising multiserotype vaccines.
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33
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Jabbar TK, Calvo-Pinilla E, Mateos F, Gubbins S, Bin-Tarif A, Bachanek-Bankowska K, Alpar O, Ortego J, Takamatsu HH, Mertens PPC, Castillo-Olivares J. Protection of IFNAR (-/-) mice against bluetongue virus serotype 8, by heterologous (DNA/rMVA) and homologous (rMVA/rMVA) vaccination, expressing outer-capsid protein VP2. PLoS One 2013; 8:e60574. [PMID: 23593251 PMCID: PMC3625202 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0060574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2012] [Accepted: 02/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The protective efficacy of recombinant vaccines expressing serotype 8 bluetongue virus (BTV-8) capsid proteins was tested in a mouse model. The recombinant vaccines comprised plasmid DNA or Modified Vaccinia Ankara viruses encoding BTV VP2, VP5 or VP7 proteins. These constructs were administered alone or in combination using either a homologous prime boost vaccination regime (rMVA/rMVA) or a heterologous vaccination regime (DNA/rMVA). The DNA/rMVA or rMVA/rMVA prime-boost were administered at a three week interval and all of the animals that received VP2 generated neutralising antibodies. The vaccinated and non-vaccinated-control mice were subsequently challenged with a lethal dose of BTV-8. Mice vaccinated with VP7 alone were not protected. However, mice vaccinated with DNA/rMVA or rMVA/rMVA expressing VP2, VP5 and VP7 or VP2 alone were all protected.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Francisco Mateos
- Centro en Investigación y Sanidad Animal, Valdeolmos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Simon Gubbins
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Oya Alpar
- Centre for Drug Delivery Research, London School of Pharmacy, London, United Kingdom
| | - Javier Ortego
- Centro en Investigación y Sanidad Animal, Valdeolmos, Madrid, Spain
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34
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Wang WS, Sun EC, Liu NH, Yang T, Xu QY, Qin YL, Zhao J, Feng YF, Li JP, Wei P, Zhang CY, Wu DL. Identification of three novel linear B-cell epitopes on the VP5 protein of BTV16. Vet Microbiol 2013; 162:631-642. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2012.11.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2012] [Revised: 11/28/2012] [Accepted: 11/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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35
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Wernike K, Breithaupt A, Keller M, Hoffmann B, Beer M, Eschbaumer M. Schmallenberg virus infection of adult type I interferon receptor knock-out mice. PLoS One 2012; 7:e40380. [PMID: 22792298 PMCID: PMC3391294 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0040380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2012] [Accepted: 06/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Schmallenberg virus (SBV), a novel orthobunyavirus, was discovered in Europe in late 2011. It causes mild and transient disease in adult ruminants, but fetal infection can lead to abortion or severe malformations. There is considerable demand for SBV research, but in vivo studies in large animals are complicated by their long gestation periods and the cost of high containment housing. The goal of this study was to investigate whether type I interferon receptor knock-out (IFNAR−/−) mice are a suitable small animal model for SBV. Twenty IFNAR−/− mice were inoculated with SBV, four were kept as controls. After inoculation, all were observed and weighed daily; two mice per day were sacrificed and blood, brain, lungs, liver, spleen, and intestine were harvested. All but one inoculated mouse lost weight, and two mice died spontaneously at the end of the first week, while another two had to be euthanized. Real-time RT-PCR detected large amounts of SBV RNA in all dead or sick mice; the controls were healthy and PCR-negative. IFNAR−/− mice are susceptible to SBV infection and can develop fatal disease, making them a handy and versatile tool for SBV vaccine research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin Wernike
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany.
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