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Sedik AA, Hussein DT, Fathy K, Mowaad NA. Neuroprotective and cognitive enhancing effects of herbecetin against thioacetamide induced hepatic encephalopathy in rats via upregulation of AMPK and SIRT1 signaling pathways. Sci Rep 2024; 14:11396. [PMID: 38762495 PMCID: PMC11102433 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-61639-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Acute liver injury, there is a risky neurological condition known as hepatic encephalopathy (HE). Herbacetin is a glycosylated flavonoid with many pharmacological characteristics. The purpose of this study was to assess the ability of herbacetin to protect against the cognitive deficits associated with thioacetamide (TAA) rat model and delineate the underlying behavioral and pharmacological mechanisms. Rats were pretreated with herbacetin (20 and 40 mg/kg) for 30days. On 30th day, the rats were injected with TAA (i.p. 350 mg/kg) in a single dose. In addition to a histpathological studies, ultra-structural architecture of the brain, liver functions, oxidative stress biomarkers, and behavioral tests were evaluated. Compared to the TAA-intoxicated group, herbacetin improved the locomotor and cognitive deficits, serum hepatotoxicity indices and ammonia levels. Herbacetin reduced brain levels of malodialdeyde, glutamine synthetase (GS), tumor necrosis factor- alpha (TNF-α), interleukin 1 B (IL-1β), annexin v, and increased brain GSH, Sirtuin 1 (SIRT1), and AMP-activated kinase (AMPK) expression levels. Also, herbacetin improve the histopathological changes and ultra- structure of brain tissue via attenuating the number of inflammatory and apoptotic cells. Herbacetin treatment significantly reduced the toxicity caused by TAA. These findings suggest that herbacetin might be taken into account as a possible neuroprotective and cognitive enhancing agent due to its ability to reduce oxidative stress, inflammation and apoptosis associated with TAA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed A Sedik
- Pharmacology Department, Medical Research and Clinical Studies Institute, National Research Centre, El-Buhouth St., Dokki, Cairo, 12622, Egypt
| | - Dalia T Hussein
- Fellow of Biochemistry, Children Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Khaled Fathy
- Electron Microscopy Unit, Mansoura University, El Mansoura, 35516, Egypt
| | - Noha A Mowaad
- Narcotics, Ergogenics and Poisons Department, Medical Research and Clinical Studies Institute, National Research Centre, El-Buhouth St., Dokki, Cairo, 12622, Egypt.
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2
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Ommati MM, Mobasheri A, Niknahad H, Rezaei M, Alidaee S, Arjmand A, Mazloomi S, Abdoli N, Sadeghian I, Sabouri S, Saeed M, Mousavi K, Najibi A, Heidari R. Low-dose ketamine improves animals' locomotor activity and decreases brain oxidative stress and inflammation in ammonia-induced neurotoxicity. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2023; 37:e23468. [PMID: 37491939 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.23468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2022] [Revised: 06/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023]
Abstract
Ammonium ion (NH4 + ) is the major suspected molecule responsible for neurological complications of hepatic encephalopathy (HE). No specific pharmacological action for NH4 + -induced brain injury exists so far. Excitotoxicity is a well-known phenomenon in the brain of hyperammonemic cases. The hyperactivation of the N-Methyl- d-aspartate (NMDA) receptors by agents such as glutamate, an NH4 + metabolite, could cause excitotoxicity. Excitotoxicity is connected with events such as oxidative stress and neuroinflammation. Hence, utilizing NMDA receptor antagonists could prevent neurological complications of NH4 + neurotoxicity. In the current study, C57BL6/J mice received acetaminophen (APAP; 800 mg/kg, i.p) to induce HE. Hyperammonemic animals were treated with ketamine (0.25, 0.5, and 1 mg/kg, s.c) as an NMDA receptor antagonist. Animals' brain and plasma levels of NH4 + were dramatically high, and animals' locomotor activities were disturbed. Moreover, several markers of oxidative stress were significantly increased in the brain. A significant increase in brain tissue levels of TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β was also detected in hyperammonemic animals. It was found that ketamine significantly normalized animals' locomotor activity, improved biomarkers of oxidative stress, and decreased proinflammatory cytokines. The effects of ketamine on oxidative stress biomarkers and inflammation seem to play a key role in its neuroprotective mechanisms in the current study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Mehdi Ommati
- College of Life Sciences, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Environmental and Animal Product Safety, College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, Henan, China
| | - Ali Mobasheri
- Research Unit of Medical Imaging, Physics, and Technology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Departments of Orthopedics, Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, State Research Institute Centre for Innovative Medicine, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Hossein Niknahad
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Rezaei
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Sepideh Alidaee
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Abdollah Arjmand
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sahra Mazloomi
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Narges Abdoli
- Food and Drug Administration, Iran Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran
| | - Issa Sadeghian
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Biotechnology Incubator, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Samira Sabouri
- Henan Key Laboratory of Environmental and Animal Product Safety, College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, Henan, China
| | - Mohsen Saeed
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Khadijeh Mousavi
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Asma Najibi
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Reza Heidari
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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Niknahad H, Mobasheri A, Arjmand A, Rafiei E, Alidaee S, Razavi H, Bagheri S, Rezaei H, Sabouri S, Najibi A, Khodaei F, Kashani SMA, Ommati MM, Heidari R. Hepatic encephalopathy complications are diminished by piracetam via the interaction between mitochondrial function, oxidative stress, inflammatory response, and locomotor activity. Heliyon 2023; 9:e20557. [PMID: 37810869 PMCID: PMC10551565 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e20557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background of the study: Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is a complication in which brain ammonia (NH4+) levels reach critically high concentrations because of liver failure. HE could lead to a range of neurological complications from locomotor and behavioral disturbances to coma. Several tactics have been established for subsiding blood and brain NH4+. However, there is no precise intervention to mitigate the direct neurological complications of NH4+. Purpose It has been found that oxidative stress, mitochondrial damage, and neuro-inflammation play a fundamental role in NH4+ neurotoxicity. Piracetam is a drug used clinically in neurological complications such as stroke and head trauma. Piracetam could significantly diminish oxidative stress and improve brain mitochondrial function. Research methods In the current study, piracetam (100 and 500 mg/kg, oral) was used in a mice model of HE induced by thioacetamide (TA, 800 mg/kg, single dose, i.p). Results Significant disturbances in animals' locomotor activity, along with increased oxidative stress biomarkers, including reactive oxygen species formation, protein carbonylation, lipid peroxidation, depleted tissue glutathione, and decreased antioxidant capacity, were evident in the brain of TA-treated mice. Meanwhile, mitochondrial permeabilization, mitochondrial depolarization, suppression of dehydrogenases activity, and decreased ATP levels were found in the brain of the TA group. The level of pro-inflammatory cytokines was also significantly high in the brain of HE animals. Conclusion It was found that piracetam significantly enhanced mice's locomotor activity, blunted oxidative stress biomarkers, decreased inflammatory cytokines, and improved mitochondrial indices in hyperammonemic mice. These data suggest piracetam as a neuroprotective agent which could be repurposed for the management of HE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Niknahad
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Ali Mobasheri
- Research Unit of Medical Imaging, Physics, And Technology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, FI-90014, Oulu, Finland
- University Medical Center Utrecht, Departments of Orthopedics Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, 3508, GA, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, State Research Institute Centre for Innovative Medicine, LT-08406, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Abdollah Arjmand
- Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Elahe Rafiei
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Sepideh Alidaee
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Hadi Razavi
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Sara Bagheri
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Heresh Rezaei
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Samira Sabouri
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Ecological, Animal Sciences, And Environmental Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, 030801, China
| | - Asma Najibi
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Forouzan Khodaei
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Seyyed Mohammad Amin Kashani
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Mehdi Ommati
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Ecological, Animal Sciences, And Environmental Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, 030801, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Environmental and Animal Product Safety, College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471000, Henan, China
| | - Reza Heidari
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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Sedik AA, Hassan A, Saleh DO. Neuromodulatory role of L-arginine: nitric oxide precursor against thioacetamide-induced-hepatic encephalopathy in rats via downregulation of NF-κB-mediated apoptosis. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:84791-84804. [PMID: 37378730 PMCID: PMC10359237 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-28184-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate the impact of arginine (ARG), a nitric oxide (NO) precursor, on thioacetamide (TAA)-induced hepatic encephalopathy (HE) in rats by injection of TAA (100 mg/kg, i.p) three times per week for six consecutive weeks. TAA-injected rats were administered ARG (100 mg/kg; p.o.) concurrently with TAA for the six consecutive weeks. Blood samples were withdrawn, and rats were sacrificed; liver and brain tissues were isolated. Results of the present study demonstrated that ARG administration to TAA-injected rats revealed a restoration in the serum and brain ammonia levels as well as serum aspartate transaminase, alanine transaminase, and alkaline phosphatase and total bilirubin levels as well as behavioral alterations evidenced by restoration in locomotor activity, motor skill performance, and memory impairment. ARG showed also improvement in the hepatic and neuro-biochemical values, pro-inflammatory cytokines, and oxidative stress biomarkers. All these results were confirmed by histopathological evaluation as well as ultrastructural imaging of the cerebellum using a transmission electron microscope. Furthermore, treatment with ARG could ameliorate the immunological reactivity of nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and cleaved caspase-3 proteins in the cerebellum and hepatic tissues. From all the previous results, it can be fulfilled that ARG showed a beneficial role in modulating the adverse complications associated with TAA-induced HE in rats via reducing hyperammonemia and downregulating nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB)-mediated apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed A Sedik
- Pharmacology Department, Medical Research and Clinical Studies Institute, National Research Centre, Giza, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Azza Hassan
- Pathology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Dalia O Saleh
- Pharmacology Department, Medical Research and Clinical Studies Institute, National Research Centre, Giza, Cairo, Egypt
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Bouzbib C, El Mourabit H, Wendum D, Lasnier E, Mouri S, Housset C, Thabut D, Weiss N, Rudler M. ATP-binding cassette transporters expression in rats with cirrhosis and hepatic encephalopathy. Clin Res Hepatol Gastroenterol 2022; 46:101784. [PMID: 34384925 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinre.2021.101784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pathophysiology of acute encephalopathy in cirrhotic patients is not completely understood. Factors implicated include ammonia, inflammation, various metabolic disorders and drug toxicity. Recent studies have evidenced an increased permeability of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) in models of chronic liver disease and encephalopathy, either to solutes, or to leukocytes. A modification of the expression of BBB ATP-Binding Cassette (ABC) transporters, actively transporting endogenous and exogenous components through the BBB, has been described in models of acute liver failure. We hypothesized that a modification of ABC transporters expression may contribute to drug-induced acute encephalopathy in cirrhosis. MATERIEL AND METHODS A rat model of cirrhosis induced by Bile Duct Ligation (BDL) was studied, and compared to a SHAM rat model. Rats were sacrificed and brains studied after decapitation. Genic expression of ABC transporters, including P-gp, BCRP, MRP1, MRP2, MRP4 and MRP5 was evaluated by RT-qPCR on isolated brain microvessels. Encephalopathy was assessed 6 weeks after surgery by a trail suspension test and an Open Field Test. RESULTS BDL rats developed a histologically proven cirrhosis and displayed a higher ammonemia than SHAM rats (183 µmol/L vs 53 µmol/L, p = 0.0003). BDL rats presented with encephalopathy shown by neurobehavioral tests. MRP2 was not detected neither in BDL nor in SHAM rats. There was a decrease in the genic expression of MRP5 6 weeks after surgery. Expressions of P-gp, BCRP, MRP1 and MRP4 were not different between the 2 groups. CONCLUSION We suggest that acute encephalopathy in cirrhotic BDL rats may be associated to a modification of ABC transporter MRP5 on the BBB, that could be responsible for a decrease clearance of neurotoxic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Bouzbib
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine (CRSA), Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition (ICAN), Paris, France; Brain Liver Pitié-Salpêtrière Study Group, Sorbonne Université, INSERM UMR_S 938, Centre de recherche Saint-Antoine & Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition (ICAN), Paris, France; AP-HP.Sorbonne Université, Liver Intensive Care Unit, Hepatogastroenterology department, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, 47-83 boulevard de l'Hôpital 75013 Paris, France
| | - Haquima El Mourabit
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine (CRSA), Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition (ICAN), Paris, France; Brain Liver Pitié-Salpêtrière Study Group, Sorbonne Université, INSERM UMR_S 938, Centre de recherche Saint-Antoine & Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition (ICAN), Paris, France
| | - Dominique Wendum
- AP-HP.Sorbonne Université, Department of Pathology, Saint-Antoine Hospital, 184 rue du Faubourg-Saint-Antoine, 75012 Paris, France
| | - Elisabeth Lasnier
- AP-HP.Sorbonne Université, Department of Biochemistry, Saint-Antoine Hospital, 184 rue du Faubourg-Saint-Antoine, 75012 Paris, France
| | - Sarah Mouri
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine (CRSA), Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition (ICAN), Paris, France; Brain Liver Pitié-Salpêtrière Study Group, Sorbonne Université, INSERM UMR_S 938, Centre de recherche Saint-Antoine & Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition (ICAN), Paris, France; AP-HP.Sorbonne Université, Liver Intensive Care Unit, Hepatogastroenterology department, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, 47-83 boulevard de l'Hôpital 75013 Paris, France
| | - Chantal Housset
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine (CRSA), Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition (ICAN), Paris, France; Brain Liver Pitié-Salpêtrière Study Group, Sorbonne Université, INSERM UMR_S 938, Centre de recherche Saint-Antoine & Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition (ICAN), Paris, France
| | - Dominique Thabut
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine (CRSA), Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition (ICAN), Paris, France; Brain Liver Pitié-Salpêtrière Study Group, Sorbonne Université, INSERM UMR_S 938, Centre de recherche Saint-Antoine & Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition (ICAN), Paris, France; AP-HP.Sorbonne Université, Liver Intensive Care Unit, Hepatogastroenterology department, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, 47-83 boulevard de l'Hôpital 75013 Paris, France.
| | - Nicolas Weiss
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine (CRSA), Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition (ICAN), Paris, France; Brain Liver Pitié-Salpêtrière Study Group, Sorbonne Université, INSERM UMR_S 938, Centre de recherche Saint-Antoine & Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition (ICAN), Paris, France; AP-HP.Sorbonne Université, Neurological Intensive Care Unit, Neurology department, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, 47-83 boulevard de l'Hôpital 75013 Paris, France.
| | - Marika Rudler
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine (CRSA), Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition (ICAN), Paris, France; Brain Liver Pitié-Salpêtrière Study Group, Sorbonne Université, INSERM UMR_S 938, Centre de recherche Saint-Antoine & Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition (ICAN), Paris, France; AP-HP.Sorbonne Université, Liver Intensive Care Unit, Hepatogastroenterology department, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, 47-83 boulevard de l'Hôpital 75013 Paris, France
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Roy S, Chakrabarti M, Dasgupta H, Mahale A, Tripathi S, Sharma V, Banerjee M, Kulkarni OP. Inhibition of Autotaxin Ameliorates LPA-Mediated Neuroinflammation and Alleviates Neurological Dysfunction in Acute Hepatic Encephalopathy. ACS Chem Neurosci 2022; 13:2829-2841. [PMID: 36112416 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.2c00046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Growing evidence suggests an essential role of neuroinflammation in behavioral abnormalities associated with hepatic encephalopathy (HE). Here, we report the involvement of autotaxin-lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) signaling in HE's pathogenesis. We demonstrate that the autotaxin (ATX) inhibitor PF-8380 attenuates neuroinflammation and improves neurological dysfunction in the mouse model of HE. In the thioacetamide (TAA)-induced model of HE, we found a twofold increase in the levels of ammonia in the brain and in plasma along with a significant change in HE-related behavioral parameters. Mice with HE show an increased brain weight, increased levels of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), IL-1β (interleukin-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and LPA 18:0 in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus, and increased levels of LPA 18:0 in plasma. Treatment with the autotaxin inhibitor (ATXi) did not affect liver injury, as we observed no change in liver function markers including aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and total bilirubin (TBIL) and no change in ammonia levels in the brain and plasma. However, ATXi treatment significantly ameliorated the neuroinflammation, reduced the levels of LPA 18:0 in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus in the brain and plasma, and reduced brain edema and the levels of IL1β, IL-6, and TNF-α. The neurobehavioral symptoms for HE such as the cognitive and motor function deficit and overall clinical grading score were significantly improved in ATXi-treated mice. Mouse astrocytes and microglia stimulated with NH4CL with or without ATXi showed significant attenuation of oxidative stress and the neuroinflammatory effect of NH4CL in ATXi-treated cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhasis Roy
- TCG Life Sciences Private Ltd., Biolab, Bengal Intelligent Park Ltd., Block EP and GP, Sector V, Salt Lake, Kolkata 700091, West Bengal, India
| | - Monali Chakrabarti
- TCG Life Sciences Private Ltd., Biolab, Bengal Intelligent Park Ltd., Block EP and GP, Sector V, Salt Lake, Kolkata 700091, West Bengal, India
| | - Hemantika Dasgupta
- TCG Life Sciences Private Ltd., Biolab, Bengal Intelligent Park Ltd., Block EP and GP, Sector V, Salt Lake, Kolkata 700091, West Bengal, India
| | - Ashutosh Mahale
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani-Hyderabad Campus, Hyderabad 500078, India
| | - Shraddha Tripathi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani-Hyderabad Campus, Jawahar Nagar, Kapra Mandal, Ranga Reddy District, Hyderabad 500078, India
| | - Vivek Sharma
- Department of Biological Sciences, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani-Hyderabad Campus, Jawahar Nagar, Kapra Mandal, Ranga Reddy District, Hyderabad 500078, India
| | - Manish Banerjee
- TCG Life Sciences Private Ltd., Biolab, Bengal Intelligent Park Ltd., Block EP and GP, Sector V, Salt Lake, Kolkata 700091, West Bengal, India
| | - Onkar Prakash Kulkarni
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani-Hyderabad Campus, Hyderabad 500078, India
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7
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Influence of acute and unpredictable chronic stress on spatio-temporal dynamics of exploratory activity in zebrafish with emphasis on homebase-related behaviors. Behav Brain Res 2022; 435:114034. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2022.114034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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8
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DeMorrow S, Cudalbu C, Davies N, Jayakumar AR, Rose CF. 2021 ISHEN guidelines on animal models of hepatic encephalopathy. Liver Int 2021; 41:1474-1488. [PMID: 33900013 PMCID: PMC9812338 DOI: 10.1111/liv.14911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
This working group of the International Society of Hepatic Encephalopathy and Nitrogen Metabolism (ISHEN) was commissioned to summarize and update current efforts in the development and characterization of animal models of hepatic encephalopathy (HE). As defined in humans, HE in animal models is based on the underlying degree and severity of liver pathology. Although hyperammonemia remains the key focus in the pathogenesis of HE, other factors associated with HE have been identified, together with recommended animal models, to help explore the pathogenesis and pathophysiological mechanisms of HE. While numerous methods to induce liver failure and disease exist, less have been characterized with neurological and neurobehavioural impairments. Moreover, there still remains a paucity of adequate animal models of Type C HE induced by alcohol, viruses and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease; the most common etiologies of chronic liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- S DeMorrow
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Texas, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, Texas, USA; Research division, Central Texas Veterans Healthcare System, Temple Texas USA.,Correspondance: Sharon DeMorrow, PhD, ; tel: +1-512-495-5779
| | - C Cudalbu
- Center for Biomedical Imaging, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - N Davies
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, University College London, Royal Free Campus, London, United Kingdom
| | - AR Jayakumar
- General Medical Research, Neuropathology Section, R&D Service and South Florida VA Foundation for Research and Education Inc; Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami FL, USA
| | - CF Rose
- Hepato-Neuro Laboratory, CRCHUM, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
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9
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Chang Y, Lin S, Li Y, Liu S, Ma T, Wei W. Umbilical cord blood CD34 + cells administration improved neurobehavioral status and alleviated brain injury in a mouse model of cerebral palsy. Childs Nerv Syst 2021; 37:2197-2205. [PMID: 33559728 PMCID: PMC8263416 DOI: 10.1007/s00381-021-05068-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Cerebral palsy (CP) is the most common neuromuscular disease in children, and currently, there is no cure. Several studies have reported the benefits of umbilical cord blood (UCB) cell treatment for CP. However, these studies either examined the effects of UCB cell fraction with a short experimental period or used neonatal rat models for a long-term study which displayed an insufficient immunological reaction and clearance of human stem cells. Here, we developed a CP model by hypoxia-ischemic injury (HI) using immunodeficient mice and examined the effects of human UCB CD34+ hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) on CP therapy over a period of 8 weeks. METHODS Sixty postnatal day-9 (P9) mouse pups were randomly divided into 4 groups (n = 15/group) as follows: (1) sham operation (control group), (2) HI-induced CP model, (3) CP model with CD34+ HSC transplantation, and (4) CP model with CD34- cell transplantation. Eight weeks after insult, the sensorimotor performance was analyzed by rotarod treadmill, gait dynamic, and open field assays. The pathological changes in brain tissue of mice were determined by HE staining, Nissl staining, and MBP immunohistochemistry of the hippocampus in the mice. RESULTS HI brain injury in mice pups resulted in significant behavioral deficits and loss of neurons. Both CD34+ HSCs and CD34- cells improved the neurobehavioral statuses and alleviated the pathological brain injury. In comparison with CD34- cells, the CD34+ HSC compartments were more effective. CONCLUSION These findings indicate that CD34+ HSC transplantation was neuroprotective in neonatal mice and could be an effective therapy for CP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanqun Chang
- Department of Medical Rehabilitation, Guangdong Women and Children Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shouheng Lin
- Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yongsheng Li
- Guangdong Cord Blood Bank, Guangzhou, China. .,Guangzhou Municipality Tianhe Nuoya Bio-engineering Co., Ltd., Guangzhou, China.
| | - Song Liu
- Guangzhou Reborn Health Management Consultation Co., Ltd., Guangzhou, China
| | - Tianbao Ma
- Guangdong Cord Blood Bank, Guangzhou, China ,Guangzhou Municipality Tianhe Nuoya Bio-engineering Co., Ltd., Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei Wei
- Guangdong Cord Blood Bank, Guangzhou, China ,Guangzhou Municipality Tianhe Nuoya Bio-engineering Co., Ltd., Guangzhou, China
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10
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Hepatoprotective effect of ultrasonicated ginseng berry extract on a rat mild bile duct ligation model. J Ginseng Res 2019; 43:606-617. [PMID: 31695567 PMCID: PMC6823758 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2018.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Revised: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The Panax ginseng berry extract (GBE) is well known to have an antidiabetic effect. The aim of this study is to evaluate and investigate the protective effect of ultrasonication-processed P. ginseng berry extract (UGBE) compared with GBE on liver fibrosis induced by mild bile duct ligation (MBDL) model in rats. After ultrasonication process, the composition ratio of ginsenoside in GBE was changed. The component ratio of ginsenosides Rh1, Rh4, Rg2, Rg3, Rk1, Rk3, and F4 in the extract was elevated. Methods In this study, the protective effect of the newly developed UGBE was evaluated on hepatotoxicity and neuronal damage in MBDL model. Silymarin (150 mg/kg) was used for positive control. UGBE (100 mg/kg, 250 mg/kg, 500 mg/kg), GBE (250 mg/kg), and silymarin (150 mg/kg) were orally administered for 6 weeks after MBDL surgery. Results The MBDL surgery induced severe hepatotoxicity that leads to liver inflammation in rats. Also, the serum ammonia level was increased by MBDL surgery. However, the liver dysfunction of MBDL surgery–operated rats was attenuated by UGBE treatment via myeloid differentiation factor 88-dependent Toll-like receptor 4 signaling pathways. Conclusion UGBE has a protective effect on liver fibrosis induced by MBDL in rats through inhibition of the TLR4 signaling pathway in liver.
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11
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Braissant O, Rackayová V, Pierzchala K, Grosse J, McLin VA, Cudalbu C. Longitudinal neurometabolic changes in the hippocampus of a rat model of chronic hepatic encephalopathy. J Hepatol 2019; 71:505-515. [PMID: 31173812 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2019.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Revised: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS The sequence of events in hepatic encephalopathy (HE) remains unclear. Using the advantages of in vivo 1H-MRS (9.4T) we aimed to analyse the time-course of disease in an established model of type C HE by analysing the longitudinal changes in a large number of brain metabolites together with biochemical, histological and behavioural assessment. We hypothesized that neurometabolic changes are detectable very early, and that these early changes will offer insight into the primary events underpinning HE. METHODS Wistar rats underwent bile-duct ligation (BDL) and were studied before BDL and at post-operative weeks 2, 4, 6 and 8 (n = 26). In vivo short echo-time 1H-MRS (9.4T) of the hippocampus was performed in a longitudinal manner, as were biochemical (plasma), histological and behavioural tests. RESULTS Plasma ammonium increased early after BDL and remained high during the study. Brain glutamine increased (+47%) as early as 2-4 weeks post-BDL while creatine (-8%) and ascorbate (-12%) decreased. Brain glutamine and ascorbate correlated closely with rising plasma ammonium, while brain creatine correlated with brain glutamine. The increases in brain glutamine and plasma ammonium were correlated, while plasma ammonium correlated negatively with distance moved. Changes in astrocyte morphology were observed at 4 weeks. These early changes were further accentuated at 6-8 weeks post-BDL, concurrently with the known decreases in brain organic osmolytes. CONCLUSION Using a multimodal, in vivo and longitudinal approach we have shown that neurometabolic changes are already noticeable 2 weeks after BDL. These early changes are suggestive of osmotic/oxidative stress and are likely the premise of some later changes. Early decreases in cerebral creatine and ascorbate are novel findings offering new avenues to explore neuroprotective strategies for HE treatment. LAY SUMMARY The sequence of events in chronic hepatic encephalopathy (HE) remains unclear, therefore using the advantages of in vivo proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy at 9.4T we aimed to test the hypothesis that neurometabolic changes are detectable very early in an established model of type C HE, offering insight into the primary events underpinning HE, before advanced liver disease confounds the findings. These early, previously unreported neurometabolic changes occurred as early as 2 to 4 weeks after bile-duct ligation, namely an increase in plasma ammonium and brain glutamine, a decrease in brain creatine and ascorbate together with behavioural and astrocyte morphology changes, and continued to progress throughout the 8-week course of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Braissant
- Service of Clinical Chemistry, University of Lausanne and University Hospital of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Veronika Rackayová
- Laboratory of Functional and Metabolic Imaging, Center for Biomedical Imaging, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland; Centre d'Imagerie Biomedicale (CIBM), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Katarzyna Pierzchala
- Centre d'Imagerie Biomedicale (CIBM), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jocelyn Grosse
- Laboratory of Behavioral Genetics, Brain Mind Institute, School Of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Valérie A McLin
- Swiss Pediatric Liver Center, Department of Pediatrics, Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospitals Geneva, and University of Geneva Medical School, Switzerland
| | - Cristina Cudalbu
- Centre d'Imagerie Biomedicale (CIBM), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland.
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12
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Modulation of sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor by FTY720 contributes in improvement of hepatic encephalopathy induced by bile duct ligation. Brain Res Bull 2019; 146:253-269. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2019.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Revised: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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13
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Wilhelmsson U, Lebkuechner I, Leke R, Marasek P, Yang X, Antfolk D, Chen M, Mohseni P, Lasič E, Bobnar ST, Stenovec M, Zorec R, Nagy A, Sahlgren C, Pekna M, Pekny M. Nestin Regulates Neurogenesis in Mice Through Notch Signaling From Astrocytes to Neural Stem Cells. Cereb Cortex 2019; 29:4050-4066. [DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhy284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Revised: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
The intermediate filament (nanofilament) protein nestin is a marker of neural stem cells, but its role in neurogenesis, including adult neurogenesis, remains unclear. Here, we investigated the role of nestin in neurogenesis in adult nestin-deficient (Nes–/–) mice. We found that the proliferation of Nes–/– neural stem cells was not altered, but neurogenesis in the hippocampal dentate gyrus of Nes–/– mice was increased. Surprisingly, the proneurogenic effect of nestin deficiency was mediated by its function in the astrocyte niche. Through its role in Notch signaling from astrocytes to neural stem cells, nestin negatively regulates neuronal differentiation and survival; however, its expression in neural stem cells is not required for normal neurogenesis. In behavioral studies, nestin deficiency in mice did not affect associative learning but was associated with impaired long-term memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrika Wilhelmsson
- Laboratory of Astrocyte Biology and CNS Regeneration, Center for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Isabell Lebkuechner
- Laboratory of Astrocyte Biology and CNS Regeneration, Center for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Renata Leke
- Laboratory of Astrocyte Biology and CNS Regeneration, Center for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Pavel Marasek
- Laboratory of Astrocyte Biology and CNS Regeneration, Center for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Xiaoguang Yang
- Laboratory of Astrocyte Biology and CNS Regeneration, Center for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Daniel Antfolk
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Biosciences, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Meng Chen
- Laboratory of Astrocyte Biology and CNS Regeneration, Center for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Paria Mohseni
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Eva Lasič
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology–Molecular Cell Physiology, Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Saša Trkov Bobnar
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology–Molecular Cell Physiology, Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Celica BIOMEDICAL, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Matjaž Stenovec
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology–Molecular Cell Physiology, Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Celica BIOMEDICAL, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | | | - Andras Nagy
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Cecilia Sahlgren
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Biosciences, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Marcela Pekna
- Laboratory of Regenerative Neuroimmunology, Center for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - Milos Pekny
- Laboratory of Astrocyte Biology and CNS Regeneration, Center for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
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14
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Effect of sirolimus on liver cirrhosis and hepatic encephalopathy of common bile duct-ligated rats. Eur J Pharmacol 2018; 824:133-139. [PMID: 29444470 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2018.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Revised: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 02/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Cirrhosis is often associated with portal hypertension and portal-systemic collateral vessels formation attributed to angiogenesis, which leads to severe complications as hepatic encephalopathy. Sirolimus has anti-fibrosis and anti-angiogenesis effects, but whether it influences the severity of portal-systemic collaterals and hepatic encephalopathy is unknown. This study was thus designed to address this issue in rats with common bile duct ligation-induced liver cirrhosis. Sham-operated rats were surgical controls. Rats were intraperitoneally administered with 0.5 and 2 mg/kg/day sirolimus or vehicle for 2 weeks. Four weeks post operations, motor activities, body weight, biochemistry and hemodynamic data were measured. The liver was dissected for histopathology, immunohistochemical stains and protein analysis. On the parallel cirrhotic groups, the portal-systemic shunting was determined. The results showed that the body weight gain was significantly lower in sirolimus-treated rats. Sirolimus reduced portal pressure and plasma levels of alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase and ammonia, and attenuated hepatic inflammation and fibrosis in cirrhotic rats. In addition, the hepatic phosphorylated mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and P70S6K protein expressions were significantly downregulated and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) expression upregulated by sirolimus. Sirolimus did not influence portal-systemic shunting and motor activities of cirrhotic rats. In conclusion, sirolimus significantly improved hepatic inflammation and fibrosis accompanied by portal pressure reduction in cirrhotic rats, in which down-regulated mTOR/P70S6K and up-regulated eNOS expressions might play a role. However, sirolimus did not significantly change the severity of portal-systemic collaterals and motor activities, suggesting that the multifactorial pathogenesis of hepatic encephalopathy could not be fully overcome by sirolimus.
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Jiang X, Xu L, Tang L, Liu F, Chen Z, Zhang J, Chen L, Pang C, Yu X. Role of the indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase/kynurenine pathway of tryptophan metabolism in behavioral alterations in a hepatic encephalopathy rat model. J Neuroinflammation 2018; 15:3. [PMID: 29301550 PMCID: PMC5753541 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-017-1037-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background This study aims to explore the role of indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase (IDO)/kynurenine (KYN) pathway of tryptophan (TRY) metabolism in behavioral alterations observed in hepatic encephalopathy (HE) rats. Methods Expression levels of proinflammatory cytokines were tested by QT-PCR and ELISA, levels of IDOs were tested by QT-PCR and Western blot, and levels of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), KYN, TRY, 3-hydroxykynurenine (3-HK), and kynurenic acid (KA) in different brain regions were estimated using HPLC. Effects of the IDO direct inhibitor 1-methyl-l-tryptophan (1-MT) on cognitive, anxiety, and depressive-like behavior were evaluated in bile duct ligation (BDL) rats. Results Increased serum TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 levels were shown in rats 7 days after BDL, and these increases were observed earlier than those in the brain, indicating peripheral immune activation may result in central upregulation of proinflammatory cytokines. Moreover, BDL rats showed a progressive decline in memory formation, as well as anxiety and depressive-like behavior. Further study revealed that IDO expression increased after BDL, accompanied by a decrease of 5-HT and an increase of KYN, as well as abnormal expression of 3-HK and KA. The above results affected by BDL surgery were reversed by IDO inhibitor 1-MT treatment. Conclusion Taken together, these findings indicate that (1) behavioral impairment in BDL rats is correlated with proinflammatory cytokines; (2) TRY pathway of KYN metabolism, activated by inflammation, may play an important role in HE development; and (3) 1-MT may serve as a therapeutic agent for HE. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12974-017-1037-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Jiang
- Department of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Pharmaceutical College, Ningbo, Zhejiang Province, 315000, China. .,Mingzhou Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 315000, China.
| | - Lexing Xu
- Department of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Pharmaceutical College, Ningbo, Zhejiang Province, 315000, China
| | - Lin Tang
- Department of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Pharmaceutical College, Ningbo, Zhejiang Province, 315000, China
| | - Fuhe Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Pharmaceutical College, Ningbo, Zhejiang Province, 315000, China
| | - Ziwei Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Pharmaceutical College, Ningbo, Zhejiang Province, 315000, China
| | - Jiajia Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Pharmaceutical College, Ningbo, Zhejiang Province, 315000, China
| | - Lei Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Pharmaceutical College, Ningbo, Zhejiang Province, 315000, China
| | - Cong Pang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huai'an First People's Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 223001, China.
| | - Xuefeng Yu
- Department of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Pharmaceutical College, Ningbo, Zhejiang Province, 315000, China.
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16
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Mendes NF, Mariotti FFN, de Andrade JS, de Barros Viana M, Céspedes IC, Nagaoka MR, Le Sueur-Maluf L. Lactulose decreases neuronal activation and attenuates motor behavioral deficits in hyperammonemic rats. Metab Brain Dis 2017; 32:2073-2083. [PMID: 28875419 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-017-0098-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Lactulose is a nonabsorbable disaccharide commonly used in clinical practice to treat hepatic encephalopathy. However, its effects on neuropsychiatric disorders and motor behavior have not been fully elucidated. Male Wistar rats were bile-duct ligated, and 3 weeks after surgery, treated with lactulose administrated by gavage (1.43 or 3.57 g/kg), once a day for seven days. Plasma levels of ammonia, aspartate aminotransferase, total bilirubin, and creatinine were quantified and histopathological analysis of the livers was performed. Locomotor activity measurements were performed in an open field. The expression of water channel aquaporin-4 was investigated and the analysis of Fos protein immunoreactivity was used to evaluate the pattern of neural activation in brain areas related to motor behavior. Bile-duct ligated rats showed hyperammonemia, loss of liver integrity and function, impaired locomotor activity, reduced aquaporin-4 protein expression, and neuronal hyperactivity. Lactulose treatment was able to reduce ammonia plasma levels, despite not having an effect on biochemical parameters of liver function, such as aspartate aminotransferase activity and total bilirubin levels, or on the cirrhotic hepatic architecture. Lactulose was also able to reduce the locomotor activity impairments and to mitigate or reverse most changes in neuronal activation. Lactulose had no effect on reduced aquaporin-4 protein expression. Our findings confirm the effectiveness of lactulose in reducing hyperammonemia and neuronal hyperactivity in brain areas related to motor behavior, reinforcing the importance of its clinical use in the treatment of the symptoms of cirrhosis-associated encephalopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natália Ferreira Mendes
- Departmento de Biociências, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, UNIFESP, 133/136 - Vila Mathias, Santos/SP, 11015-020, Brazil
- Laboratório de Sinalização Celular, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, UNICAMP, Campinas/SP, 13083-864, Brazil
| | - Flora França Nogueira Mariotti
- Departmento de Biociências, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, UNIFESP, 133/136 - Vila Mathias, Santos/SP, 11015-020, Brazil
| | - José Simões de Andrade
- Departmento de Biociências, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, UNIFESP, 133/136 - Vila Mathias, Santos/SP, 11015-020, Brazil
| | - Milena de Barros Viana
- Departmento de Biociências, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, UNIFESP, 133/136 - Vila Mathias, Santos/SP, 11015-020, Brazil
| | - Isabel Cristina Céspedes
- Departmento de Biociências, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, UNIFESP, 133/136 - Vila Mathias, Santos/SP, 11015-020, Brazil
- Departamento de Morfologia e Genética, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, UNIFESP, 11015-020, São Paulo/SP, 04023-900, Brazil
| | - Márcia Regina Nagaoka
- Departmento de Biociências, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, UNIFESP, 133/136 - Vila Mathias, Santos/SP, 11015-020, Brazil
| | - Luciana Le Sueur-Maluf
- Departmento de Biociências, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, UNIFESP, 133/136 - Vila Mathias, Santos/SP, 11015-020, Brazil.
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Morán J, Stokowska A, Walker FR, Mallard C, Hagberg H, Pekna M. Intranasal C3a treatment ameliorates cognitive impairment in a mouse model of neonatal hypoxic-ischemic brain injury. Exp Neurol 2017; 290:74-84. [PMID: 28062175 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2017.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Revised: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/02/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Perinatal asphyxia-induced brain injury is often associated with irreversible neurological complications such as intellectual disability and cerebral palsy but available therapies are limited. Novel neuroprotective therapies as well as approaches stimulating neural plasticity mechanism that can compensate for cell death after hypoxia-ischemia (HI) are urgently needed. We previously reported that single i.c.v. injection of complement-derived peptide C3a 1h after HI induction prevented HI-induced cognitive impairment when mice were tested as adults. Here, we tested the effects of intranasal treatment with C3a on HI-induced cognitive deficit. Using the object recognition test, we found that intranasal C3a treated mice were protected from HI-induced impairment of memory function assessed 6weeks after HI induction. C3a treatment ameliorated HI-induced reactive gliosis in the hippocampus, while it did not affect the extent of hippocampal tissue loss, neuronal cell density, expression of the pan-synaptic marker synapsin I or the expression of growth associated protein 43. In conclusion, our results reveal that brief pharmacological treatment with C3a using a clinically feasible non-invasive mode of administration ameliorates HI-induced cognitive impairment. Intranasal administration is a plausible route to deliver C3a into the brain of asphyxiated infants at high risk of developing hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Morán
- Center for Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Anna Stokowska
- Center for Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Frederik R Walker
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Carina Mallard
- Perinatal Center, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Henrik Hagberg
- Perinatal Center, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; Centre for the Developing Brain, King's College, London, UK; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Marcela Pekna
- Center for Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia.
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18
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Rackayova V, Braissant O, McLin VA, Berset C, Lanz B, Cudalbu C. 1H and 31P magnetic resonance spectroscopy in a rat model of chronic hepatic encephalopathy: in vivo longitudinal measurements of brain energy metabolism. Metab Brain Dis 2016; 31:1303-1314. [PMID: 26253240 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-015-9715-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Accepted: 07/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Chronic liver disease (CLD) leads to a spectrum of neuropsychiatric disorders named hepatic encephalopathy (HE). Even though brain energy metabolism is believed to be altered in chronic HE, few studies have explored energy metabolism in CLD-induced HE, and their findings were inconsistent. The aim of this study was to characterize for the first time in vivo and longitudinally brain metabolic changes in a rat model of CLD-induced HE with a focus on energy metabolism, using the methodological advantages of high field proton and phosphorus Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (1H- and 31P-MRS). Wistar rats were bile duct ligated (BDL) and studied before BDL and at post-operative weeks 4 and 8. Glutamine increased linearly over time (+146 %) together with plasma ammonium (+159 %). As a compensatory effect, other brain osmolytes decreased: myo-inositol (-36 %), followed by total choline and creatine. A decrease in the neurotransmitters glutamate (-17 %) and aspartate (-28 %) was measured only at week 8, while no significant changes were observed for lactate and phosphocreatine. Among the other energy metabolites measured by 31P-MRS, we observed a non-significant decrease in ATP together with a significant decrease in ADP (-28 %), but only at week 8 after ligation. Finally, brain glutamine showed the strongest correlations with changes in other brain metabolites, indicating its importance in type C HE. In conclusion, mild alterations in some metabolites involved in energy metabolism were observed but only at the end stage of the disease when edema and neurological changes are already present. Therefore, our data indicate that impaired energy metabolism is not one of the major causes of early HE symptoms in the established model of type C HE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Rackayova
- Laboratory of Functional and Metabolic Imaging (LIFMET), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Olivier Braissant
- Service of Biomedicine, University Hospital of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Valérie A McLin
- Swiss Center for Liver Disease in Children, Department of Pediatrics, University Hospitals Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Corina Berset
- Centre d'Imagerie Biomedicale (CIBM), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Bernard Lanz
- Laboratory of Functional and Metabolic Imaging (LIFMET), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Cristina Cudalbu
- Centre d'Imagerie Biomedicale (CIBM), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland.
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Elberry DA, Amin SN, Esmail RSEN, Rashed LA, Gamal MM. Effect of undifferentiated versus hepatogenic partially differentiated mesenchymal stem cells on hepatic and cognitive functions in liver cirrhosis. EXCLI JOURNAL 2016; 15:652-670. [PMID: 28337098 PMCID: PMC5318675 DOI: 10.17179/excli2016-645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Liver cirrhosis is the outcome of chronic liver injury. The current study aimed to investigate the therapeutic effect of undifferentiated mesenchymal stem cells versus in vitro partially differentiated mesenchymal stem cells on liver cirrhosis and hepatic encephalopathy. 50 adult male albino rats constituted the animal model and were divided into the following groups: control, thioacetamide, undifferentiated mesenchymal stem cells and hepatocyte growth factor-differentiated mesenchymal stem cells groups. Cognitive assessment was achieved by open field test and Y-maze task. We measured serum alanine aminotransferase, albumin and transforming growth factor-beta1, gene expression of α-smooth muscle actin, matrix metalloprotein-2, its tissue inhibitor and apoptotic markers: Bax and Bcl2, brain glial fibrillary acidic protein, synaptophysin, and dopaminergic receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalia Azmy Elberry
- Department of Medical Physiology, Kasr Al Ainy Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt
| | - Shaimaa Nasr Amin
- Department of Medical Physiology, Kasr Al Ainy Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt
| | | | - Laila Ahmed Rashed
- Department of Biochemistry, Kasr Al Ainy Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt
| | - Maha Mohamed Gamal
- Department of Medical Physiology, Kasr Al Ainy Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt
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Dilektasli E, Ozmen MM, Gundogdu E, Dizen H, Besler HT, Ozogul C. The effects of obstructive jaundice on the brain: An experimental study. Asian J Surg 2015; 39:155-63. [PMID: 26187138 DOI: 10.1016/j.asjsur.2015.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2015] [Revised: 03/18/2015] [Accepted: 03/19/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE The study aims to evaluate the alterations in the brain due to oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation resulting from obstructive jaundice. METHODS Forty-one Wistar albino rats were used in this study. Simple laparotomy was performed in the sham group (n = 5). In the remaining 36 rats, the common bile duct (CBD) was found and ligated. They were divided into six groups. Group I, Group II, and Group III were sacrificed at the 3(rd), 7(th), and 14(th) day of ligation, respectively. In Group Id, Group IId, and Group IIId ligated bile ducts were decompressed at the 3(rd), 7(th), and 14(th) day, respectively. One week after decompression these rats were also sacrificed and samples were taken. RESULTS After the CBD ligation, serum levels of bilirubin and malondialdehyde were found to be increased progressively in parallel to the ligation time of the CBD. After decompression these values decreased. In electron microscopy evaluation, the damage was found to be irreversible depending on the length of the obstruction period. In Group II, the damage was mostly reversible after the internal drainage period of 7 days. However in Group III, the tissue damage was found to be irreversible despite the decreased values of oxidative stress and bilirubin. CONCLUSION Ultrastructural changes in brain tissue including damage in the glial cells and neurons, were found to be irreversible if the CBD ligation period was >7 days and did not regress even after decompression. It is unreliable to trace these changes using blood levels of bilirubin and free radicals. Therefore, timing is extremely critical for medical therapies and drainage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evren Dilektasli
- Acute Care Surgery and Surgical Critical Care, Department of General Surgery, Medical School, USC, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of General Surgery, Sevket Yilmaz Training and Research Hospital, Bursa, Turkey.
| | - M M Ozmen
- Department of General Surgery, Medical School, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Emre Gundogdu
- Department of General Surgery, Batman State Hospital, Batman, Turkey
| | - Hayrettin Dizen
- Department of General Surgery, Yunus Emre State Hospital, Eskisehir, Turkey
| | - H T Besler
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Candan Ozogul
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical School, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
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21
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Méndez-López M, Méndez M, Arias J, Arias JL. Effects of a high protein diet on cognition and brain metabolism in cirrhotic rats. Physiol Behav 2015; 149:220-8. [PMID: 26048304 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2015.05.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Revised: 05/28/2015] [Accepted: 05/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is a neurological complication observed in patients with liver disease. Patients who suffer from HE present neuropsychiatric, neuromuscular and behavioral symptoms. Animal models proposed to study HE resulting from cirrhosis mimic the clinical characteristics of cirrhosis and portal hypertension, and require the administration of hepatotoxins such as thioacetamide (TAA). The aim of this study was to assess the effects of a high protein diet on motor function, anxiety and memory processes in a model of cirrhosis induced by TAA administration. In addition, we used cytochrome c-oxidase (COx) histochemistry to assess the metabolic activity of the limbic system regions. Male rats were distributed into groups: control, animals with cirrhosis, Control rats receiving a high protein diet, and animals with cirrhosis receiving a high protein diet. Results showed preserved motor function and normal anxiety levels in all the groups. The animals with cirrhosis showed an impairment in active avoidance behavior and spatial memory, regardless of the diet they received. However, the animals with cirrhosis and a high protein diet showed longer escape latencies on the spatial memory task. The model of cirrhosis presented an under-activation of the dentate gyrus and CA3 hippocampal subfields and the medial part of the medial mammillary nucleus. The results suggest that a high protein intake worsens spatial memory deficits shown by the TAA-induced model of cirrhosis. However, high protein ingestion has no influence on the COx hypoactivity associated with the model.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Méndez-López
- Department of Psychology, University of Zaragoza, Campus Ciudad Escolar s/n., 44003 Teruel, Spain.
| | - M Méndez
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, Instituto de Neurociencias del Principado de Asturias (INEUROPA), University of Oviedo, Plaza Feijóo s/n., 33003 Oviedo, Spain.
| | - J Arias
- Faculty of Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n., 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - J L Arias
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, Instituto de Neurociencias del Principado de Asturias (INEUROPA), University of Oviedo, Plaza Feijóo s/n., 33003 Oviedo, Spain.
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22
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Hyperammonemia in gene-targeted mice lacking functional hepatic glutamine synthetase. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:5521-6. [PMID: 25870278 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1423968112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Urea cycle defects and acute or chronic liver failure are linked to systemic hyperammonemia and often result in cerebral dysfunction and encephalopathy. Although an important role of the liver in ammonia metabolism is widely accepted, the role of ammonia metabolizing pathways in the liver for maintenance of whole-body ammonia homeostasis in vivo remains ill-defined. Here, we show by generation of liver-specific Gln synthetase (GS)-deficient mice that GS in the liver is critically involved in systemic ammonia homeostasis in vivo. Hepatic deletion of GS triggered systemic hyperammonemia, which was associated with cerebral oxidative stress as indicated by increased levels of oxidized RNA and enhanced protein Tyr nitration. Liver-specific GS-deficient mice showed increased locomotion, impaired fear memory, and a slightly reduced life span. In conclusion, the present observations highlight the importance of hepatic GS for maintenance of ammonia homeostasis and establish the liver-specific GS KO mouse as a model with which to study effects of chronic hyperammonemia.
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23
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Le Sueur-Maluf L, Viana MB, Nagaoka MR, Amorim ALB, Cardoso AN, Rodrigues BC, Mendes NF, Bittencourt JC, Céspedes IC. Behavioral alterations and Fos protein immunoreactivity in brain regions of bile duct-ligated cirrhotic rats. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2015; 87:331-493. [PMID: 25714078 DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765201420130262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2013] [Accepted: 08/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) encompasses a variety of neuropsychiatric symptoms, including anxiety and psychomotor dysfunction. Although HE is a frequent complication of liver cirrhosis, the neurobiological substrates responsible for its clinical manifestations are largely unclear. In the present study, male Wistar rats were bile duct-ligated (BDL), a procedure which induces liver cirrhosis, and on the 21st day after surgery tested in the elevated plus-maze (EPM) and in an open field for anxiety and locomotor activity measurements. Analysis of Fos protein immunoreactivity (Fos-ir) was used to better understand the neurobiological alterations present in BDL animals. Plasma levels of ammonia were quantified and histopathological analysis of the livers was performed. BDL rats showed a significant decrease in the percentage of entries and time spent in the open arms of the EPM, an anxiogenic effect. These animals also presented significant decreases in Fos-ir in the lateral septal nucleus and medial amygdalar nucleus. Their ammonia plasma levels were significantly higher when compared to the sham group and the diagnosis of cirrhosis was confirmed by histopathological analysis. These results indicate that the BDL model induces anxiogenic results, possibly related to changes in the activation of anxiety-mediating circuitries and to increases in ammonia plasma levels.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Milena B Viana
- Departamento de Biociências, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Santos, SP, Brasil
| | - Márcia R Nagaoka
- Departamento de Biociências, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Santos, SP, Brasil
| | - Ana Laura B Amorim
- Departamento de Biociências, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Santos, SP, Brasil
| | - Amanda N Cardoso
- Departamento de Biociências, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Santos, SP, Brasil
| | - Bruna C Rodrigues
- Departamento de Biociências, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Santos, SP, Brasil
| | - Natália F Mendes
- Departamento de Biociências, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Santos, SP, Brasil
| | - Jackson C Bittencourt
- Departamento de Anatomia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Isabel C Céspedes
- Departamento de Biociências, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Santos, SP, Brasil
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Dhanda S, Sandhir R. Role of dopaminergic and serotonergic neurotransmitters in behavioral alterations observed in rodent model of hepatic encephalopathy. Behav Brain Res 2015; 286:222-35. [PMID: 25639545 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2015.01.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2014] [Revised: 01/17/2015] [Accepted: 01/22/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The present study was designed to evaluate the role of biogenic amines in behavioral alterations observed in rat model of hepatic encephalopathy (HE) following bile duct ligation (BDL). Male Wistar rats subjected to BDL developed biliary fibrosis after four weeks which was supported by altered liver function tests, increased ammonia levels and histological staining (Sirius red). Animals were assessed for their behavioral performance in terms of cognitive, anxiety and motor functions. The levels of dopamine (DA), serotonin (5-HT), epinephrine and norepinephrine (NE) were estimated in different regions of brain viz. cortex, hippocampus, striatum and cerebellum using HPLC along with activity of monoamine oxidase (MAO). Cognitive assessment of BDL rats revealed a progressive decline in learning, memory formation, retrieval, exploration of novel environment and spontaneous locomotor activity along with decrease in 5-HT and NE levels. This was accompanied by an increase in MAO activity. Motor functions of BDL rats were also altered which were evident from decrease in the time spent on the rotating rod and higher foot faults assessed using narrow beam walk task. A global decrease was observed in the DA content along with an increase in MAO activity. Histopathological studies using hematoxylin-eosin (H&E) and cresyl violet exhibited marked neuronal degeneration, wherein neurons appeared more pyknotic, condensed and damaged. The results reveal that dopaminergic and serotonergic pathways are disturbed in chronic liver failure post-BDL which may be responsible for behavioral impairments observed in HE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saurabh Dhanda
- Department of Biochemistry, Basic Medical Science Block, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India
| | - Rajat Sandhir
- Department of Biochemistry, Basic Medical Science Block, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India.
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Schousboe A, Waagepetersen HS, Leke R, Bak LK. Effects of hyperammonemia on brain energy metabolism: controversial findings in vivo and in vitro. Metab Brain Dis 2014; 29:913-7. [PMID: 24577633 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-014-9513-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2014] [Accepted: 02/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The literature related to the effects of elevated plasma ammonia levels on brain energy metabolism is abundant, but heterogeneous in terms of the conclusions. Thus, some studies claim that ammonia has a direct, inhibitory effect on energy metabolism whereas others find no such correlation. In this review, we discuss both recent and older literature related to this controversial topic. We find that it has been consistently reported that hepatic encephalopathy and concomitant hyperammonemia lead to reduced cerebral oxygen consumption. However, this may not be directly linked to an effect of ammonia but related to the fact that hepatic encephalopathy is always associated with reduced brain activity, a condition clearly characterized by a decreased CMRO2. Whether this may be related to changes in GABAergic function remains to be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arne Schousboe
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
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Mitra NK, Goh TEW, Bala Krishnan T, Nadarajah VD, Vasavaraj AK, Soga T. Effect of intra-cisternal application of kainic acid on the spinal cord and locomotor activity in rats. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL PATHOLOGY 2013; 6:1505-1515. [PMID: 23923068 PMCID: PMC3726965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2013] [Accepted: 06/27/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) is a neurodegenerative disease of idiopathic etiology. Glutamate excitotoxicity is one of the proposed hypotheses causing progressive death of motor neurons. We aimed to develop an experimental animal model of this disease to enhance the knowledge of pathophysiological mechanism of ALS. Male Wistar rats were infused with Kainic acid (KA) intra-cisternally for 5 days at the dosage of 50 fmol/day and 150 fmol/day. Locomotor activity, sensory function and histological changes in cervical and lumbar sections of spinal cord were evaluated. Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein (GFAP) and Neurofilament Protein (NFP) were used as immunohistochemical marker for reactive astrogliosis and neuronal damage respectively. Specific Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) activity of spinal cord was estimated. The locomotor activity in the parameter of observed mean action time remained reduced on 14(th) day after administration of KA. Spinal motor neurons under Nissl stain showed pyknosis of nucleus and vacuolation of neuropil. GFAP expression increased significantly in the lumbar section of the spinal cord with high dose of KA treatment (p<0.05). NFP was expressed in axonal fibres around the neurons in KA-treated rats. A significant increase in specific SOD activity in both cervical and lumbar sections of the spinal cord was found with low dose of KA treatment (p<0.05). This study concludes that spinal cord damage with some features similar to ALS can be produced by low dose intra-cisternal administration of KA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nilesh K Mitra
- School of Medicine, Taylor's University, Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia.
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Nasehi M, Amin Yavari S, Zarrindast MR. Synergistic effects between CA1 mu opioid and dopamine D1-like receptors in impaired passive avoidance performance induced by hepatic encephalopathy in mice. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2013; 227:553-66. [PMID: 23404062 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-013-2987-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2012] [Accepted: 01/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Numerous investigations have indicated that hepatic encephalopathy (HE) alters the levels of various neurotransmitters. However, comprehensive data regarding the effects of CA1 opioidergic and dopaminergic (DAergic) systems on HE-induced amnesia are still lacking. METHODS Following intra-dorsal hippocampal (CA1) injection of mu opioid and dopamine D1- and D2-like receptors antagonists in male mice, one-trial step-down and hole-board paradigms were used to assess memory and exploratory behaviors, respectively. RESULTS Our data demonstrated that HE impairs memory 24 days after bile duct ligation (BDL). Furthermore, while the higher dose of DA D1-like receptor antagonist (SCH23390, 0.5 μg/mouse) induced amnesia and anxiogenic-like behaviors, mu receptor antagonist (naloxone: 0.0125, 0.025 and 0.05 μg/mouse) and DA D2-like receptor antagonist (sulpiride: 0.0625, 0.125 and 0.25 μg/mouse) by themselves, could not exert an effect on memory performance in passive avoidance task. On the other hand, pre-test injection of all drugs reversed the HE-induced amnesia 24 days after BDL, while having no effect on exploratory behaviors. Pre-test co-administration of the subthreshold dose SCH23390 (0.25 μg/mouse) and sulpiride (0.0625 μg/mouse) or naloxone (0.0125 μg/mouse) could likewise reverse the BDL-induced amnesia. However, when the subthreshold sulpiride plus naloxone were co-administered, BDL-induced amnesia was not blocked. CONCLUSIONS Memory performance is impaired 24 days post BDL and CA1 mu opioid and DA D1-like receptors antagonist synergistic effects are likely involved in this phenomenon.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Avoidance Learning/drug effects
- Avoidance Learning/physiology
- CA1 Region, Hippocampal/drug effects
- CA1 Region, Hippocampal/metabolism
- CA1 Region, Hippocampal/physiopathology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Dopamine Antagonists/administration & dosage
- Dopamine Antagonists/pharmacology
- Drug Synergism
- Exploratory Behavior/drug effects
- Exploratory Behavior/physiology
- Hepatic Encephalopathy/metabolism
- Hepatic Encephalopathy/physiopathology
- Hepatic Encephalopathy/psychology
- Male
- Memory/drug effects
- Memory/physiology
- Memory Disorders/metabolism
- Memory Disorders/physiopathology
- Memory Disorders/psychology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred Strains
- Narcotic Antagonists/administration & dosage
- Narcotic Antagonists/pharmacology
- Receptors, Dopamine D1/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Dopamine D1/metabolism
- Receptors, Opioid, mu/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Opioid, mu/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Nasehi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Garmsar branch, Semnan, Iran
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28
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Leke R, Oliveira DL, Forgiarini LF, Escobar TDC, Hammes TO, Meyer FS, Keiding S, Silveira TR, Schousboe A. Impairment of short term memory in rats with hepatic encephalopathy due to bile duct ligation. Metab Brain Dis 2013; 28:187-92. [PMID: 23111918 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-012-9347-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2012] [Accepted: 10/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) arises from acute or chronic liver diseases and leads to cognitive deficits. Different animal models for the study of HE have demonstrated learning and memory impairment and a number of neurotransmitter systems have been proposed to be involved in this. Recently, it was described that bile duct-ligated (BDL) rats exhibited altered spatio-temporal locomotor and exploratory activities and biosynthesis of neurotransmitter GABA in brain cortices. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate cognition in the same animal model. Male adult Wistar rats underwent common bile duct ligation (BDL rats) or manipulation of common bile duct without ligation (control rats). Six weeks after surgery, control and BDL rats underwent object recognition behavioral task. The BDL rats developed chronic liver failure and exhibited a decreased discrimination index for short term memory (STM) when compared to the control group. There was no difference in long term memory (LTM) as well as in total time of exploration in the training, STM and LTM sessions between the BDL and control rats. Therefore, the BDL rats demonstrated impaired STM for recognition memory, which was not due to decreased exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Leke
- Experimental Hepatology and Gastroenterology Laboratory, Research Center of Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Avenida Ramiro Barcelos, 2350, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul 90035-903, Brazil.
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Interorgan metabolism of ornithine phenylacetate (OP)—A novel strategy for treatment of hyperammonemia. Biochem Pharmacol 2013; 85:115-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2012.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2012] [Revised: 10/15/2012] [Accepted: 10/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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