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Yuan YX, Liu Y, Zhang J, Bing YH, Chen CY, Li GG, Chu CP, Yin MJ, Qiu DL. Gestational valproic acid exposure enhances facial stimulation-evoked cerebellar mossy fiber-granule cell transmission via GluN2A subunit-containing NMDA receptor in offspring mice. Transl Psychiatry 2024; 14:272. [PMID: 38961057 PMCID: PMC11222518 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-024-02990-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Valproic acid (VPA) is one of the most effective antiepileptic drugs, and exposing animals to VPA during gestation has been used as a model for autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Numerous studies have shown that impaired synaptic transmission in the cerebellar cortical circuits is one of the reasons for the social deficits and repetitive behavior seen in ASD. In this study, we investigated the effect of VPA exposure during pregnancy on tactile stimulation-evoked cerebellar mossy fiber-granule cell (MF-GC) synaptic transmission in mice anesthetized with urethane. Three-chamber testing showed that mice exposed to VPA mice exhibited a significant reduction in social interaction compared with the control group. In vivo electrophysiological recordings revealed that a pair of air-puff stimulation on ipsilateral whisker pad evoked MF-GC synaptic transmission, N1, and N2. The evoked MF-GC synaptic responses in VPA-exposed mice exhibited a significant increase in the area under the curve (AUC) of N1 and the amplitude and AUC of N2 compared with untreated mice. Cerebellar surface application of the selective N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor blocker D-APV significantly inhibited facial stimulation-evoked MF-GC synaptic transmission. In the presence of D-APV, there were no significant differences between the AUC of N1 and the amplitude and AUC of N2 in the VPA-exposed mice and those of the untreated mice. Notably, blockade of the GluN2A subunit-containing, but not the GluN2B subunit-containing, NMDA receptor, significantly inhibited MF-GC synaptic transmission and decreased the AUC of N1 and the amplitude and AUC of N2 in VPA-exposed mice to levels similar to those seen in untreated mice. In addition, the GluN2A subunit-containing NMDA receptor was expressed at higher levels in the GC layer of VPA-treated mice than in control mice. These results indicate that gestational VPA exposure in mice produces ASD-like behaviors, accompanied by increased cerebellar MF-GC synaptic transmission and an increase in GluN2A subunit-containing NMDA receptor expression in the offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Xue Yuan
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, College of Medicine, Yanbian University, Yanji City, 133002, Jilin, China
- Department of Orthopedics, Affiliated Hospital of Yanbian University, Yanji City, 133000, Jilin, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Institute of Brain Science, Jilin Medical University, Jilin City, 132013, Jilin, China
- Department of Physiology, College of Basic Medicine, Jilin Medical University, Jilin City, 132013, Jilin, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, College of Medicine, Yanbian University, Yanji City, 133002, Jilin, China
- Institute of Brain Science, Jilin Medical University, Jilin City, 132013, Jilin, China
| | - Yan-Hua Bing
- Functional Experiment Center, College of Medicine, Yanbian University, Yanji City, 133000, Jilin, China
| | - Chao-Yue Chen
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, College of Medicine, Yanbian University, Yanji City, 133002, Jilin, China
- Institute of Brain Science, Jilin Medical University, Jilin City, 132013, Jilin, China
| | - Guang-Gao Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Affiliated Hospital of Yanbian University, Yanji City, 133000, Jilin, China
| | - Chun-Ping Chu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, College of Medicine, Yanbian University, Yanji City, 133002, Jilin, China
- Institute of Brain Science, Jilin Medical University, Jilin City, 132013, Jilin, China
- Department of Physiology, College of Basic Medicine, Jilin Medical University, Jilin City, 132013, Jilin, China
| | - Ming-Ji Yin
- Department of Pediatrics, Affiliated Hospital of Yanbian University, Yanji City, 133000, Jilin, China.
| | - De-Lai Qiu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, College of Medicine, Yanbian University, Yanji City, 133002, Jilin, China.
- Institute of Brain Science, Jilin Medical University, Jilin City, 132013, Jilin, China.
- Department of Physiology, College of Basic Medicine, Jilin Medical University, Jilin City, 132013, Jilin, China.
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Wang JY, Weng WC, Wang TQ, Liu Y, Qiu DL, Wu MC, Chu CP. Noradrenaline depresses facial stimulation-evoked cerebellar MLI-PC synaptic transmission via α2-AR/PKA signaling cascade in vivo in mice. Sci Rep 2023; 13:15908. [PMID: 37741947 PMCID: PMC10517918 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-42975-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The noradrenergic fibers of the locus coeruleus, together with mossy fibers and climbing fibers, comprise the three types of cerebellar afferents that modulate the cerebellar neuronal circuit. We previously demonstrated that noradrenaline (NA) modulated synaptic transmission in the mouse cerebellar cortex via adrenergic receptors (ARs). In the present study, we investigated the effect of NA on facial stimulation-evoked cerebellar molecular layer interneuron (MLI)-Purkinje cell (PC) synaptic transmission in urethane-anesthetized mice using an in vivo cell-attached recording technique and a pharmacological method. MLI-PC synaptic transmission was induced by air-puff stimulation (duration: 60 ms) of the ipsilateral whisker pad, which exhibited positive components (P1 and P2) accompanied by a pause in simple spike activity. Cerebellar molecular layer application of NA (15 µM) decreased the amplitude and area under the curve of P1, and the pause in simple spike activity, but increased the P2/P1 ratio. The NA-induced decrease in P1 amplitude was concentration-dependent, and the half-inhibitory concentration was 10.94 µM. The NA-induced depression of facial stimulation-evoked MLI-PC GABAergic synaptic transmission was completely abolished by blockade of α-ARs or α2-ARs, but not by antagonism of α1-ARs or β-ARs. Bath application of an α2-AR agonist inhibited MLI-PC synaptic transmission and attenuated the effect of NA on the synaptic response. NA-induced depression of MLI-PC synaptic transmission was completely blocked by a mixture of α2A- and 2B-AR antagonists, and was abolished by inhibition of protein kinase A. In addition, electrical stimulation of the molecular layer evoked MLI-PC GABAergic synaptic transmission in the presence of an AMPA receptor antagonist, which was inhibited by NA through α2-ARs. Our results indicate that NA inhibits MLI-PC GABAergic synaptic transmission by reducing GABA release via an α2-AR/PKA signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Ya Wang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, College of Medicine, Yanbian University, Yanji, China
- Department of Physiology, College of Basic Medicine, Jilin Medical University, Jilin, 132013, Jilin, China
| | - Wen-Cai Weng
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, College of Medicine, Yanbian University, Yanji, China
- Department Radiology, Dalian Xinhua Hospital, Dalian University, Dalian, China
| | - Ting-Qi Wang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, College of Medicine, Yanbian University, Yanji, China
| | - Yue Liu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, College of Medicine, Yanbian University, Yanji, China
- Department of Physiology, College of Basic Medicine, Jilin Medical University, Jilin, 132013, Jilin, China
| | - De-Lai Qiu
- Department of Physiology, College of Basic Medicine, Jilin Medical University, Jilin, 132013, Jilin, China
| | - Mao-Cheng Wu
- Department of Osteology, Affiliated Hospital of Yanbian University, Yanji, 133002, Jilin, China.
| | - Chun-Ping Chu
- Department of Physiology, College of Basic Medicine, Jilin Medical University, Jilin, 132013, Jilin, China.
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Masoli S, Rizza MF, Tognolina M, Prestori F, D’Angelo E. Computational models of neurotransmission at cerebellar synapses unveil the impact on network computation. Front Comput Neurosci 2022; 16:1006989. [PMID: 36387305 PMCID: PMC9649760 DOI: 10.3389/fncom.2022.1006989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The neuroscientific field benefits from the conjoint evolution of experimental and computational techniques, allowing for the reconstruction and simulation of complex models of neurons and synapses. Chemical synapses are characterized by presynaptic vesicle cycling, neurotransmitter diffusion, and postsynaptic receptor activation, which eventually lead to postsynaptic currents and subsequent membrane potential changes. These mechanisms have been accurately modeled for different synapses and receptor types (AMPA, NMDA, and GABA) of the cerebellar cortical network, allowing simulation of their impact on computation. Of special relevance is short-term synaptic plasticity, which generates spatiotemporal filtering in local microcircuits and controls burst transmission and information flow through the network. Here, we present how data-driven computational models recapitulate the properties of neurotransmission at cerebellar synapses. The simulation of microcircuit models is starting to reveal how diverse synaptic mechanisms shape the spatiotemporal profiles of circuit activity and computation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Masoli
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | | | | | - Francesca Prestori
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
- *Correspondence: Francesca Prestori,
| | - Egidio D’Angelo
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
- IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Brain Connectivity Center, Pavia, Italy
- Egidio D’Angelo,
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4
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Li GG, Piao CJ, Wan P, Li SY, Wei YX, Zhao GJ, Wu WY, Hong L, Chu CP, Qiu DL. Opposing actions of CRF-R1 and CB1 receptor on facial stimulation-induced MLI-PC plasticity in mouse cerebellar cortex. BMC Neurosci 2022; 23:39. [PMID: 35754033 PMCID: PMC9235104 DOI: 10.1186/s12868-022-00726-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) is the major neuromodulator orchestrating the stress response, and is secreted by neurons in various regions of the brain. Cerebellar CRF is released by afferents from inferior olivary neurons and other brainstem nuclei in response to stressful challenges, and contributes to modulation of synaptic plasticity and motor learning behavior via its receptors. We recently found that CRF modulates facial stimulation-evoked molecular layer interneuron-Purkinje cell (MLI-PC) synaptic transmission via CRF type 1 receptor (CRF-R1) in vivo in mice, suggesting that CRF modulates sensory stimulation-evoked MLI-PC synaptic plasticity. However, the mechanism of how CRF modulates MLI-PC synaptic plasticity is unclear. We investigated the effect of CRF on facial stimulation-evoked MLI-PC long-term depression (LTD) in urethane-anesthetized mice by cell-attached recording technique and pharmacological methods. RESULTS Facial stimulation at 1 Hz induced LTD of MLI-PC synaptic transmission under control conditions, but not in the presence of CRF (100 nM). The CRF-abolished MLI-PC LTD was restored by application of a selective CRF-R1 antagonist, BMS-763,534 (200 nM), but it was not restored by application of a selective CRF-R2 antagonist, antisauvagine-30 (200 nM). Blocking cannabinoid type 1 (CB1) receptor abolished the facial stimulation-induced MLI-PC LTD, and revealed a CRF-triggered MLI-PC long-term potentiation (LTP) via CRF-R1. Notably, either inhibition of protein kinase C (PKC) with chelerythrine (5 µM) or depletion of intracellular Ca2+ with cyclopiazonic acid (100 µM), completely prevented CRF-triggered MLI-PC LTP in mouse cerebellar cortex in vivo. CONCLUSIONS The present results indicated that CRF blocked sensory stimulation-induced opioid-dependent MLI-PC LTD by triggering MLI-PC LTP through CRF-R1/PKC and intracellular Ca2+ signaling pathway in mouse cerebellar cortex. These results suggest that activation of CRF-R1 opposes opioid-mediated cerebellar MLI-PC plasticity in vivo in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang-Gao Li
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, College of Medicine, Yanbian University, Yanji, 133002, Jilin, China.,Department of Osteology, Affiliated Hospital of Yanbian University, Yanji, 133000, Jilin, China
| | - Chun-Jian Piao
- Grade 2019 College Students Major in Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Yanbian University, Yanji, 133002, Jilin, China
| | - Peng Wan
- Department of Physiology, College of Basic Medicine, Jilin Medical University, Jilin City, Jilin, China
| | - Shu-Yu Li
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, College of Medicine, Yanbian University, Yanji, 133002, Jilin, China
| | - Yu-Xuan Wei
- Grade 2019 College Students Major in Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Yanbian University, Yanji, 133002, Jilin, China
| | - Guo-Jun Zhao
- Grade 2019 College Students Major in Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Yanbian University, Yanji, 133002, Jilin, China
| | - Wen-Yuan Wu
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Hospital of Yanbian University, Yanji, 133000, Jilin, China
| | - Lan Hong
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, College of Medicine, Yanbian University, Yanji, 133002, Jilin, China.
| | - Chun-Ping Chu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, College of Medicine, Yanbian University, Yanji, 133002, Jilin, China.,Department of Physiology, College of Basic Medicine, Jilin Medical University, Jilin City, Jilin, China
| | - De-Lai Qiu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, College of Medicine, Yanbian University, Yanji, 133002, Jilin, China. .,Department of Physiology, College of Basic Medicine, Jilin Medical University, Jilin City, Jilin, China.
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5
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Arlt C, Häusser M. Microcircuit Rules Governing Impact of Single Interneurons on Purkinje Cell Output In Vivo. Cell Rep 2021; 30:3020-3035.e3. [PMID: 32130904 PMCID: PMC7059114 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2017] [Revised: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The functional impact of single interneurons on neuronal output in vivo and how interneurons are recruited by physiological activity patterns remain poorly understood. In the cerebellar cortex, molecular layer interneurons and their targets, Purkinje cells, receive excitatory inputs from granule cells and climbing fibers. Using dual patch-clamp recordings from interneurons and Purkinje cells in vivo, we probe the spatiotemporal interactions between these circuit elements. We show that single interneuron spikes can potently inhibit Purkinje cell output, depending on interneuron location. Climbing fiber input activates many interneurons via glutamate spillover but results in inhibition of those interneurons that inhibit the same Purkinje cell receiving the climbing fiber input, forming a disinhibitory motif. These interneuron circuits are engaged during sensory processing, creating diverse pathway-specific response functions. These findings demonstrate how the powerful effect of single interneurons on Purkinje cell output can be sculpted by various interneuron circuit motifs to diversify cerebellar computations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Arlt
- Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research and Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Michael Häusser
- Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research and Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK.
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6
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Roome CJ, Kuhn B. Dendritic coincidence detection in Purkinje neurons of awake mice. eLife 2020; 9:59619. [PMID: 33345779 PMCID: PMC7771959 DOI: 10.7554/elife.59619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic coincidence detection is fundamental to neuronal processing yet remains largely unexplored in awake animals. Specifically, the underlying dendritic voltage–calcium relationship has not been directly addressed. Here, using simultaneous voltage and calcium two-photon imaging of Purkinje neuron spiny dendrites, we show how coincident synaptic inputs and resulting dendritic spikes modulate dendritic calcium signaling during sensory stimulation in awake mice. Sensory stimulation increased the rate of postsynaptic potentials and dendritic calcium spikes evoked by climbing fiber and parallel fiber synaptic input. These inputs are integrated in a time-dependent and nonlinear fashion to enhance the sensory-evoked dendritic calcium signal. Intrinsic supralinear dendritic mechanisms, including voltage-gated calcium channels and metabotropic glutamate receptors, are recruited cooperatively to expand the dynamic range of sensory-evoked dendritic calcium signals. This establishes how dendrites can use multiple interplaying mechanisms to perform coincidence detection, as a fundamental and ongoing feature of dendritic integration in behaving animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Roome
- Optical Neuroimaging Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University (OIST), Okinawa, Japan
| | - Bernd Kuhn
- Optical Neuroimaging Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University (OIST), Okinawa, Japan
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7
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Wu WY, Liu Y, Wu MC, Wang HW, Chu CP, Jin H, Li YZ, Qiu DL. Corticotrophin-Releasing Factor Modulates the Facial Stimulation-Evoked Molecular Layer Interneuron-Purkinje Cell Synaptic Transmission in vivo in Mice. Front Cell Neurosci 2020; 14:563428. [PMID: 33324165 PMCID: PMC7726213 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.563428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) is an important neuromodulator in central nervous system that modulates neuronal activity via its receptors during stress responses. In cerebellar cortex, CRF modulates the simple spike (SS) firing activity of Purkinje cells (PCs) has been previously demonstrated, whereas the effect of CRF on the molecular layer interneuron (MLI)–PC synaptic transmission is still unknown. In this study, we examined the effect of CRF on the facial stimulation–evoked cerebellar cortical MLI-PC synaptic transmission in urethane-anesthetized mice by in vivo cell-attached recording, neurobiotin juxtacellular labeling, immunohistochemistry techniques, and pharmacological method. Cell-attached recordings from cerebellar PCs showed that air-puff stimulation of ipsilateral whisker pad evoked a sequence of tiny parallel fiber volley (N1) followed by MLI-PC synaptic transmission (P1). Microapplication of CRF in cerebellar cortical molecular layer induced increases in amplitude of P1 and pause of SS firing. The CRF decreases in amplitude of P1 waveform were in a dose-dependent manner with the EC50 of 241 nM. The effects of CRF on amplitude of P1 and pause of SS firing were abolished by either a non-selective CRF receptor antagonist, α-helical CRF-(9-14), or a selective CRF-R1 antagonist, BMS-763534 (BMS, 200 nM), but were not prevented by a selective CRF-R2 antagonist, antisauvagine-30 (200 nM). Notably, application CRF not only induced a significant increase in spontaneous spike firing rate, but also produced a significant increase in the number of the facial stimulation–evoked action potential in MLIs. The effect of CRF on the activity of MLIs was blocked by the selective CRF-R1 antagonist, and the MLIs expressed the CRF-R1 imunoreactivity. These results indicate that CRF increases excitability of MLIs via CRF-R1, resulting in an enhancement of the facial stimulation–evoked MLI-PC synaptic transmission in vivo in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Yuan Wu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, College of Medicine, Yanbian University, Yanji, China.,Brain Science Research Center, Yanbian University, Yanji, China.,Department of Urology, Affiliated Hospital of Yanbian University, Yanji, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, College of Medicine, Yanbian University, Yanji, China.,Brain Science Research Center, Yanbian University, Yanji, China
| | - Mao-Cheng Wu
- Department of Osteology, Affiliated Hospital of Yanbian University, Yanji, China
| | - Hong-Wei Wang
- Brain Science Research Center, Yanbian University, Yanji, China.,Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University, Dalian, China
| | - Chun-Ping Chu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, College of Medicine, Yanbian University, Yanji, China.,Brain Science Research Center, Yanbian University, Yanji, China
| | - Hua Jin
- Brain Science Research Center, Yanbian University, Yanji, China.,Department of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Yanbian University, Yanji, China
| | - Yu-Zi Li
- Brain Science Research Center, Yanbian University, Yanji, China.,Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Yanbian University, Yanji, China
| | - De-Lai Qiu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, College of Medicine, Yanbian University, Yanji, China.,Brain Science Research Center, Yanbian University, Yanji, China
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Hoehne A, McFadden MH, DiGregorio DA. Feed-forward recruitment of electrical synapses enhances synchronous spiking in the mouse cerebellar cortex. eLife 2020; 9:57344. [PMID: 32990593 PMCID: PMC7524550 DOI: 10.7554/elife.57344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
In the cerebellar cortex, molecular layer interneurons use chemical and electrical synapses to form subnetworks that fine-tune the spiking output of the cerebellum. Although electrical synapses can entrain activity within neuronal assemblies, their role in feed-forward circuits is less well explored. By combining whole-cell patch-clamp and 2-photon laser scanning microscopy of basket cells (BCs), we found that classical excitatory postsynaptic currents (EPSCs) are followed by GABAA receptor-independent outward currents, reflecting the hyperpolarization component of spikelets (a synapse-evoked action potential passively propagating from electrically coupled neighbors). FF recruitment of the spikelet-mediated inhibition curtails the integration time window of concomitant excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) and dampens their temporal integration. In contrast with GABAergic-mediated feed-forward inhibition, the depolarizing component of spikelets transiently increases the peak amplitude of EPSPs, and thus postsynaptic spiking probability. Therefore, spikelet transmission can propagate within the BC network to generate synchronous inhibition of Purkinje cells, which can entrain cerebellar output for driving temporally precise behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Hoehne
- Laboratory of Synapse and Circuit Dynamics, Institut Pasteur, Paris Cedex, France.,Sorbonne University, ED3C, Paris, France
| | - Maureen H McFadden
- Laboratory of Synapse and Circuit Dynamics, Institut Pasteur, Paris Cedex, France
| | - David A DiGregorio
- Laboratory of Synapse and Circuit Dynamics, Institut Pasteur, Paris Cedex, France
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9
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Nietz A, Krook-Magnuson C, Gutierrez H, Klein J, Sauve C, Hoff I, Christenson Wick Z, Krook-Magnuson E. Selective loss of the GABA Aα1 subunit from Purkinje cells is sufficient to induce a tremor phenotype. J Neurophysiol 2020; 124:1183-1197. [PMID: 32902350 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00100.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Previously, an essential tremor-like phenotype has been noted in animals with a global knockout of the GABAAα1 subunit. Given the hypothesized role of the cerebellum in tremor, including essential tremor, we used transgenic mice to selectively knock out the GABAAα1 subunit from cerebellar Purkinje cells. We examined the resulting phenotype regarding impacts on inhibitory postsynaptic currents, survival rates, gross motor abilities, and expression of tremor. Purkinje cell specific knockout of the GABAAα1 subunit abolished all GABAA-mediated inhibition in Purkinje cells, while leaving GABAA-mediated inhibition to cerebellar molecular layer interneurons intact. Selective loss of GABAAα1 from Purkinje cells did not produce deficits on the accelerating rotarod, nor did it result in decreased survival rates. However, a tremor phenotype was apparent, regardless of sex or background strain. This tremor mimicked the tremor seen in animals with a global knockout of the GABAAα1 subunit, and, like essential tremor in patients, was responsive to ethanol. These findings indicate that reduced inhibition to Purkinje cells is sufficient to induce a tremor phenotype, highlighting the importance of the cerebellum, inhibition, and Purkinje cells in tremor.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Animals with a global knockout of the GABAAα1 subunit show a tremor phenotype reminiscent of essential tremor. Here we show that selective knockout of GABAAα1 from Purkinje cells is sufficient to produce a tremor phenotype, although this tremor is less severe than seen in animals with a global knockout. These findings illustrate that the cerebellum can play a key role in the genesis of the observed tremor phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Nietz
- University of Minnesota, Department of Neuroscience, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | | | - Haruna Gutierrez
- University of Minnesota, Department of Neuroscience, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Julia Klein
- University of Minnesota, Department of Neuroscience, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Clarke Sauve
- University of Minnesota, Department of Neuroscience, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Isaac Hoff
- University of Minnesota, Department of Neuroscience, Minneapolis, Minnesota
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10
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Ma M, Futia GL, de Souza FMS, Ozbay BN, Llano I, Gibson EA, Restrepo D. Molecular layer interneurons in the cerebellum encode for valence in associative learning. Nat Commun 2020; 11:4217. [PMID: 32868778 PMCID: PMC7459332 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-18034-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The cerebellum plays a crucial role in sensorimotor and associative learning. However, the contribution of molecular layer interneurons (MLIs) to these processes is not well understood. We used two-photon microscopy to study the role of ensembles of cerebellar MLIs in a go-no go task where mice obtain a sugar water reward if they lick a spout in the presence of the rewarded odorant and avoid a timeout when they refrain from licking for the unrewarded odorant. In naive animals the MLI responses did not differ between the odorants. With learning, the rewarded odorant elicited a large increase in MLI calcium responses, and the identity of the odorant could be decoded from the differential response. Importantly, MLIs switched odorant responses when the valence of the stimuli was reversed. Finally, mice took a longer time to refrain from licking in the presence of the unrewarded odorant and had difficulty becoming proficient when MLIs were inhibited by chemogenetic intervention. Our findings support a role for MLIs in learning valence in the cerebellum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Ma
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Gregory L Futia
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Fabio M Simoes de Souza
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
- Center for Mathematics, Computation and Cognition, Federal University of ABC, Sao Bernardo do Campo, SP, Brazil
| | - Baris N Ozbay
- Intelligent Imaging Innovations, Denver, CO, 80216, USA
| | - Isabel Llano
- Saints Pères Paris Institute for Neurosciences, Université Paris Descartes, 75006, Paris, France
| | - Emily A Gibson
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Diego Restrepo
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA.
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA.
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11
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Yang HM, Zhan LJ, Lin XQ, Chu CP, Qiu DL, Lan Y. Fentanyl Inhibits Air Puff-Evoked Sensory Information Processing in Mouse Cerebellar Neurons Recorded in vivo. Front Syst Neurosci 2020; 14:51. [PMID: 32848643 PMCID: PMC7417629 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2020.00051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: To examine the effects of fentanyl, a potent mu-opioid receptor (MOR) agonist, on-air puff-evoked responses in Purkinje cells (PCs), and molecular layer interneurons (MLIs) using in vivo patch-clamp recordings in anesthetized mice. Methods: Male mice 6–8 weeks-old were anesthetized and fixed on a custom-made stereotaxic frame. The cerebellar surface was exposed and perfused with oxygenated artificial cerebrospinal fluid (ACSF). Patch-clamp recordings in the cell-attached mode were obtained from PCs and MLIs. Facial stimulation by air-puff of the ipsilateral whisker pad was performed through a pressurized injection system. Fentanyl citrate, CTOP, and H-89 dissolved in ACSF were perfused onto the cerebellar surface. Results: Fentanyl significantly inhibited the amplitude and area under the curve (AUC) of sensory stimulation-evoked inhibitory responses in PCs. Although fentanyl did not influence the frequency of simple spikes (SSs), it decreased the pause of SS. The IC50 of the fentanyl-induced suppression of the P1 response amplitude was 5.53 μM. The selective MOR antagonist CTOP abolished fentanyl-induced inhibitory responses in PCs. However, the application of CTOP alone increased the amplitude, AUC of P1, and the pause of SS. Notably, fentanyl significantly inhibited the tactile-evoked response of MLIs but did not affect their spontaneous firing. The fentanyl-induced decrease of inhibitory responses in PCs was partially prevented by a PKA inhibitor, H-89. Conclusions: These results suggest that fentanyl binds to MORs in MLIs to reduce GABAergic neurotransmission in MLI-PC projections and one potential mechanism is via modulation of the cAMP-PKA pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- He-Min Yang
- Brain Science Research Center, Yanbian University, Yanji City, China.,Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, College of Medicine, Yanbian University, Yanji City, China
| | - Li-Jie Zhan
- Brain Science Research Center, Yanbian University, Yanji City, China.,Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, College of Medicine, Yanbian University, Yanji City, China
| | - Xue-Qin Lin
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, College of Medicine, Yanbian University, Yanji City, China
| | - Chun-Ping Chu
- Brain Science Research Center, Yanbian University, Yanji City, China.,Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, College of Medicine, Yanbian University, Yanji City, China
| | - De-Lai Qiu
- Brain Science Research Center, Yanbian University, Yanji City, China.,Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, College of Medicine, Yanbian University, Yanji City, China
| | - Yan Lan
- Brain Science Research Center, Yanbian University, Yanji City, China.,Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, College of Medicine, Yanbian University, Yanji City, China
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12
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Bao J, Graupner M, Astorga G, Collin T, Jalil A, Indriati DW, Bradley J, Shigemoto R, Llano I. Synergism of type 1 metabotropic and ionotropic glutamate receptors in cerebellar molecular layer interneurons in vivo. eLife 2020; 9:56839. [PMID: 32401196 PMCID: PMC7220378 DOI: 10.7554/elife.56839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 1 metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluR1s) are key elements in neuronal signaling. While their function is well documented in slices, requirements for their activation in vivo are poorly understood. We examine this question in adult mice in vivo using 2-photon imaging of cerebellar molecular layer interneurons (MLIs) expressing GCaMP. In anesthetized mice, parallel fiber activation evokes beam-like Cai rises in postsynaptic MLIs which depend on co-activation of mGluR1s and ionotropic glutamate receptors (iGluRs). In awake mice, blocking mGluR1 decreases Cai rises associated with locomotion. In vitro studies and freeze-fracture electron microscopy show that the iGluR-mGluR1 interaction is synergistic and favored by close association of the two classes of receptors. Altogether our results suggest that mGluR1s, acting in synergy with iGluRs, potently contribute to processing cerebellar neuronal signaling under physiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Bao
- Université de Paris, CNRS, SPPIN - Saints-Pères Paris Institute for the Neurosciences, Paris, France.,The Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute (BCBDI), Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science-Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions, Shenzhen, China
| | - Michael Graupner
- Université de Paris, CNRS, SPPIN - Saints-Pères Paris Institute for the Neurosciences, Paris, France
| | - Guadalupe Astorga
- Université de Paris, CNRS, SPPIN - Saints-Pères Paris Institute for the Neurosciences, Paris, France
| | - Thibault Collin
- Université de Paris, CNRS, SPPIN - Saints-Pères Paris Institute for the Neurosciences, Paris, France
| | - Abdelali Jalil
- Université de Paris, CNRS, SPPIN - Saints-Pères Paris Institute for the Neurosciences, Paris, France
| | - Dwi Wahyu Indriati
- Division of Cerebral Structure, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (Sokendai), Okazaki, Japan
| | - Jonathan Bradley
- Université de Paris, CNRS, SPPIN - Saints-Pères Paris Institute for the Neurosciences, Paris, France.,Institut de Biologie de l'Ecole Normale Superieure (IBENS), Ecole Normale Superieure, CNRS, INSERM, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Ryuichi Shigemoto
- Division of Cerebral Structure, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (Sokendai), Okazaki, Japan.,IST Austria, Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Isabel Llano
- Université de Paris, CNRS, SPPIN - Saints-Pères Paris Institute for the Neurosciences, Paris, France
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13
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Sun N, Li BX, Dong GH, Li DY, Cui BR, Qiu DL, Cui SB, Chu CP. Chronic ethanol exposure facilitates facial-evoked MLI-PC synaptic transmission via nitric oxide signaling pathway in vivo in mice. Neurosci Lett 2020; 715:134628. [PMID: 31738951 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2019.134628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Revised: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Ethanol (EtOH) exposure causes alterations of motor coordination, balance, behavior, speech, and certain cognitive functions are considered to be caused partly by impairment of cerebellar circuits function and modulation of synaptic transmission. The cerebellar cortical molecular layer interneuron-Purkinje cell (MLI-PC) synapses are critical for various information integration and transmission, which are sensitive to acute and chronic EtOH exposure. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of chronic ethanol exposure on the facial stimulation-evoked MLI-PC synaptic transmission in urethane-anesthetized mice, by electrophysiological recording and pharmacological methods. Under current-clamp recording conditions, air-puff stimulation of ipsilateral whisker pad evoked MLI-PC synaptic transmission, which expressed an inhibitory component (P1) followed by a pause of simple spike (SS) firing in cerebellar PCs. Chronic ethanol exposure did not change the latency of the facial stimulation-evoked responses in cerebellar PCs, but induced significant enhancement of the stimulation-evoked MLI-PC synaptic transmission, which expressed increases in amplitude of P1 and pause of SS firing. The amplitude of P1 and pause of SS in ethanol exposure group were significant higher than that in control group. Cerebellar surface application of nitric oxide synthesis (NOS) inhibitor, L-NNA (5 mM) significantly decreased the amplitude of P1 and the pause of SS firing in EtOH exposure group, but did no effect on control group. In contrast, cerebellar surface application of NO donor, SNAP (100 μM) significantly increased the amplitude of P1 and the pause of SS firing in control group, but not in EtOH exposure group. These results indicated that chronic EtOH exposure significantly facilitated the sensory-evoked MLI-PC synaptic transmission via NO signaling pathway in mouse cerebellar cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Sun
- Key Laboratory of Cellular Function and Pharmacology of Jilin Province, Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin Province, 133002, China; Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, College of Medicine, Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin Province, China
| | - Bing-Xue Li
- Key Laboratory of Cellular Function and Pharmacology of Jilin Province, Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin Province, 133002, China; Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, College of Medicine, Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin Province, China
| | - Guang-Hui Dong
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin Province, China
| | - Da-Yong Li
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, College of Medicine, Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin Province, China
| | - Bai-Ri Cui
- Department of Osteology, Affiliated Hospital of Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin Province, China
| | - De-Lai Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Cellular Function and Pharmacology of Jilin Province, Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin Province, 133002, China; Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, College of Medicine, Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin Province, China
| | - Song-Biao Cui
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin Province, China
| | - Chun-Ping Chu
- Key Laboratory of Cellular Function and Pharmacology of Jilin Province, Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin Province, 133002, China.
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14
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Ma C, Lu D, Cao LX, Bing YH, Chu CP, Qiu DL. Temporal-spacial relationships between facial stimulation-evoked filed potential responses in mouse cerebellar granular layer and molecular layer. Neurosci Lett 2019; 705:106-111. [PMID: 31029677 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2019.04.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2019] [Revised: 04/21/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The cerebellum receives sensory inputs from mossy fiber-granule cell or climbing fiber pathways, and generates motor-related outputs. However, the temporal and special mechanism of the sensory information processing in cerebellar cortex is still unclear. Therefore, we here investigated the temporal-spacial mechanism between the facial stimulation-evoked field potential responses in granular layer (GL) and molecular layer (ML), by duo-electrophysiological recording technique and pharmacological methods in urethane-anesthetized mice. Our results showed that air-puff stimulation of ipsilateral whisker pad evoked successively field potential responses in GL and ML. The field potential response in GL exhibited a strong excitatory component (N1) followed by an inhibitory component (P1), while the field potential response in ML exhibited a tiny excitatory component (N1) followed by strong inhibitory component (P1). The latency of N1 was decreased with the increase of recording depth in ML, and it was the shortest in GL. Notably, the latencies of P1 in GL and ML were similar regardless the relative recording sites. Furthermore, blocking α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptor-mediated parallel fiber excitatory inputs by application of AMPA receptor antagonist, NBQX prevented P1 in both ML and GL. Moreover, application of GABAA receptors antagonist, gabazine simultaneously abolished P1 in both ML and GL. These results indicate that the facial stimulation evoked a simultaneous GABAergic inhibition in both ML and GL via mossy fiber-GC-parallel fiber pathway, suggesting that the sensory stimulation simultaneously evoked excitation of molecular layer interneurons (MLIs) and GL Golgi cells in cerebellar cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Ma
- Key Laboratory of Cellular Function and Pharmacology of Jilin Province, Yanbian University, Yanji City, Jilin Province, 133002, China; Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, College of Medicine, Yanbian University, Yanji City, Jilin Province, 133002, China
| | - Di Lu
- Key Laboratory of Cellular Function and Pharmacology of Jilin Province, Yanbian University, Yanji City, Jilin Province, 133002, China; Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, College of Medicine, Yanbian University, Yanji City, Jilin Province, 133002, China; Department of Ophthalmology, Affiliated Hospital of Yanbian University, Yanji City, Jilin Province, 133000, China
| | - Li-Xin Cao
- Key Laboratory of Cellular Function and Pharmacology of Jilin Province, Yanbian University, Yanji City, Jilin Province, 133002, China; Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, College of Medicine, Yanbian University, Yanji City, Jilin Province, 133002, China
| | - Yan-Hua Bing
- Key Laboratory of Cellular Function and Pharmacology of Jilin Province, Yanbian University, Yanji City, Jilin Province, 133002, China
| | - Chun-Ping Chu
- Key Laboratory of Cellular Function and Pharmacology of Jilin Province, Yanbian University, Yanji City, Jilin Province, 133002, China; Cellular Function Research Center, Yanbian University, 977 GongYuan Road, Yanji City, Jilin Province, 133002, China
| | - De-Lai Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Cellular Function and Pharmacology of Jilin Province, Yanbian University, Yanji City, Jilin Province, 133002, China; Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, College of Medicine, Yanbian University, Yanji City, Jilin Province, 133002, China; Cellular Function Research Center, Yanbian University, 977 GongYuan Road, Yanji City, Jilin Province, 133002, China.
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15
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Joshi M, Krishnakumar A. Hypoglycemia causes dysregulation of Neuregulin 1, ErbB receptors, Ki67 in cerebellum and brainstem during diabetes: Implications in motor function. Behav Brain Res 2019; 372:112029. [PMID: 31195035 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2019.112029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2019] [Revised: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 06/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
Hypoglycemia induced brain injury poses a major setback to optimal blood glucose regulation during diabetes. It causes irreversible injury in several brain regions culminating in improper function. Neuregulin 1 and ErbB receptors are involved in regeneration during adulthood as well as in glucose homeostasis. We intended to understand the influence of extreme discrepancies in glycemic levels on Neuregulin 1, ErbB receptor subtypes and Ki67 expression in relation to motor deficits as a consequence of cellular dysfunction/degeneration in the cerebellum and brainstem during diabetes. Elevated oxidative stress and compromised antioxidant system havocs cerebellum and brainstem related function. Cellular alteration of Purkinje neurons in the cerebellum and presence of axonal spheroids in the brainstem are suggestive of impairment to neural circuits involved in motor function. Down regulation of Neuregulin 1, ErbB 2, ErbB 3, ErbB 4 and Ki67 expression observed during diabetes and hypoglycemia may critically cause regenerative deficiency in cerebellum. The coincident up regulation of Neuregulin 1, ErbB 2, ErbB 3 and ErbB 4 in brainstem during diabetes is an attempt to maintain regenerative homeostasis to ensure its function. However, hypoglycemic insults results in down regulation of Neuregulin 1, ErbB 4 expression that severely compromises their role in brainstem. Grid walking test confirmed motor impairment during diabetes that showed further deterioration due to hypoglycemic stress. Thus altered expression of Neuregulin 1, ErbB receptor subtypes and Ki67 during diabetes and hypoglycemia contributes to reduced cellular proliferation and deficits in motor function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhavi Joshi
- Institute of Science, Nirma University, Sarkhej- Gandhinagar Highway Ahmedabad 382481, Gujarat, India.
| | - Amee Krishnakumar
- Institute of Science, Nirma University, Sarkhej- Gandhinagar Highway Ahmedabad 382481, Gujarat, India.
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16
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Casali S, Marenzi E, Medini C, Casellato C, D'Angelo E. Reconstruction and Simulation of a Scaffold Model of the Cerebellar Network. Front Neuroinform 2019; 13:37. [PMID: 31156416 PMCID: PMC6530631 DOI: 10.3389/fninf.2019.00037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Reconstructing neuronal microcircuits through computational models is fundamental to simulate local neuronal dynamics. Here a scaffold model of the cerebellum has been developed in order to flexibly place neurons in space, connect them synaptically, and endow neurons and synapses with biologically-grounded mechanisms. The scaffold model can keep neuronal morphology separated from network connectivity, which can in turn be obtained from convergence/divergence ratios and axonal/dendritic field 3D geometries. We first tested the scaffold on the cerebellar microcircuit, which presents a challenging 3D organization, at the same time providing appropriate datasets to validate emerging network behaviors. The scaffold was designed to integrate the cerebellar cortex with deep cerebellar nuclei (DCN), including different neuronal types: Golgi cells, granule cells, Purkinje cells, stellate cells, basket cells, and DCN principal cells. Mossy fiber inputs were conveyed through the glomeruli. An anisotropic volume (0.077 mm3) of mouse cerebellum was reconstructed, in which point-neuron models were tuned toward the specific discharge properties of neurons and were connected by exponentially decaying excitatory and inhibitory synapses. Simulations using both pyNEST and pyNEURON showed the emergence of organized spatio-temporal patterns of neuronal activity similar to those revealed experimentally in response to background noise and burst stimulation of mossy fiber bundles. Different configurations of granular and molecular layer connectivity consistently modified neuronal activation patterns, revealing the importance of structural constraints for cerebellar network functioning. The scaffold provided thus an effective workflow accounting for the complex architecture of the cerebellar network. In principle, the scaffold can incorporate cellular mechanisms at multiple levels of detail and be tuned to test different structural and functional hypotheses. A future implementation using detailed 3D multi-compartment neuron models and dynamic synapses will be needed to investigate the impact of single neuron properties on network computation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Casali
- Neurophysiology Unit, Neurocomputational Laboratory, Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Elisa Marenzi
- Neurophysiology Unit, Neurocomputational Laboratory, Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Chaitanya Medini
- Neurophysiology Unit, Neurocomputational Laboratory, Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Claudia Casellato
- Neurophysiology Unit, Neurocomputational Laboratory, Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Egidio D'Angelo
- Neurophysiology Unit, Neurocomputational Laboratory, Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
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17
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Li DY, Bing YH, Chu CP, Cui X, Cui SB, Qiu DL, Su LD. Chronic Ethanol Consumption Impairs the Tactile-Evoked Long-Term Depression at Cerebellar Molecular Layer Interneuron-Purkinje Cell Synapses in vivo in Mice. Front Cell Neurosci 2019; 12:521. [PMID: 30692916 PMCID: PMC6339896 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2018.00521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The cerebellum is sensitive to ethanol (EtOH) consumption. Chronic EtOH consumption impairs motor learning by modulating the cerebellar circuitry synaptic transmission and long-term plasticity. Under in vitro conditions, acute EtOH inhibits both parallel fiber (PF) and climbing fiber (CF) long-term depression (LTD). However, thus far it has not been investigated how chronic EtOH consumption affects sensory stimulation-evoked LTD at the molecular layer interneurons (MLIs) to the Purkinje cell (PC) synapses (MLI-PC LTD) in the cerebellar cortex of living animals. In this study, we investigated the effect of chronic EtOH consumption on facial stimulation-evoked MLI-PC LTD, using an electrophysiological technique as well as pharmacological methods, in urethane-anesthetized mice. Our results showed that facial stimulation induced MLI–PC LTD in the control mice, but it could not be induced in mice with chronic EtOH consumption (0.8 g/kg; 28 days). Blocking the cannabinoid type 1 (CB1) receptor activity with AM-251, prevented MLI-PC LTD in the control mice, but revealed a nitric oxide (NO)-dependent long-term potentiation (LTP) of MLI–PC synaptic transmission (MLI-PC LTP) in the EtOH consumption mice. Notably, with the application of a NO donor, S-nitroso-N-Acetyl-D, L-penicillamine (SNAP) alone prevented the induction of MLI–PC LTD, but a mixture of SNAP and AM-251 revealed an MLI-PC LTP in control mice. In contrast, inhibiting NO synthase (NOS) revealed the facial stimulation-induced MLI-PC LTD in EtOH consumption mice. These results indicate that long-term EtOH consumption can impair the sensory stimulation-induced MLI–PC LTD via the activation of a NO signaling pathway in the cerebellar cortex in vivo in mice. Our results suggest that the chronic EtOH exposure causes a deficit in the cerebellar motor learning function and may be involved in the impaired MLI–PC GABAergic synaptic plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da-Yong Li
- Key Laboratory of Cellular Function and Pharmacology of Jilin Province, Yanbian University, Yanji, China.,Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, College of Medicine, Yanbian University, Yanji, China.,College of Basic Courses, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yan-Hua Bing
- Key Laboratory of Cellular Function and Pharmacology of Jilin Province, Yanbian University, Yanji, China.,Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Yanbian University, Yanji, China
| | - Chun-Ping Chu
- Key Laboratory of Cellular Function and Pharmacology of Jilin Province, Yanbian University, Yanji, China
| | - Xun Cui
- Key Laboratory of Cellular Function and Pharmacology of Jilin Province, Yanbian University, Yanji, China
| | - Song-Biao Cui
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Yanbian University, Yanji, China
| | - De-Lai Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Cellular Function and Pharmacology of Jilin Province, Yanbian University, Yanji, China.,Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, College of Medicine, Yanbian University, Yanji, China
| | - Li-Da Su
- Neuroscience Care Unit, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhe-Jiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
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18
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Alcami P. Electrical Synapses Enhance and Accelerate Interneuron Recruitment in Response to Coincident and Sequential Excitation. Front Cell Neurosci 2018; 12:156. [PMID: 29973871 PMCID: PMC6020792 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2018.00156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Electrical synapses are ubiquitous in interneuron networks. They form intercellular pathways, allowing electrical currents to leak between coupled interneurons. I explored the impact of electrical coupling on the integration of excitatory signals and on the coincidence detection abilities of electrically-coupled cerebellar basket cells (BCs). In order to do so, I quantified the influence of electrical coupling on the rate, the probability and the latency at which BCs generate action potentials when stimulated. The long-lasting simultaneous suprathreshold depolarization of a coupled cell evoked an increase in firing rate and a shortening of action potential latency in a reference basket cell, compared to its depolarization alone. Likewise, the action potential probability of coupled cells was strongly increased when they were simultaneously stimulated with trains of short-duration near-threshold current pulses (mimicking the activation of presynaptic granule cells) at 10 Hz, and to a lesser extent at 50 Hz, an effect that was absent in non-coupled cells. Moreover, action potential probability was increased and action potential latency was shortened in response to synaptic stimulations in mice lacking the protein that forms gap junctions between BCs, connexin36, relative to wild-type (WT) controls. These results suggest that electrical synapses between BCs decrease the probability and increase the latency of stimulus-triggered action potentials, both effects being reverted upon simultaneous excitation of coupled cells. Interestingly, varying the delay at which coupled cells are stimulated revealed that the probability and the speed of action potential generation are facilitated maximally when a basket cell is stimulated shortly after a coupled cell. These findings suggest that electrically-coupled interneurons behave as coincidence and sequence detectors that dynamically regulate the latency and the strength of inhibition onto postsynaptic targets depending on the degree of input synchrony in the coupled interneuron network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pepe Alcami
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cérébrale, Unité Mixte de Recherche UMR8118, Université Paris Descartes and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Paris, France.,Laboratory of Cellular and Systemic Neurophysiology, Institute for Physiology I, Albert-Ludwigs University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Grass Laboratory, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA, United States.,Department of Behavioural Neurobiology, Max Planck Institute for Ornithology, Seewiesen, Germany
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19
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Jin XH, Wang HW, Zhang XY, Chu CP, Jin YZ, Cui SB, Qiu DL. Mechanisms of Spontaneous Climbing Fiber Discharge-Evoked Pauses and Output Modulation of Cerebellar Purkinje Cell in Mice. Front Cell Neurosci 2017; 11:247. [PMID: 28878623 PMCID: PMC5572406 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2017.00247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Climbing fiber (CF) afferents modulate the frequency and patterns of cerebellar Purkinje cell (PC) simple spike (SS) activity, but its mechanism is unclear. In the present study, we investigated the mechanisms of spontaneous CF discharge-evoked pauses and the output modulation of cerebellar PCs in urethane-anesthetized mice using in vivo whole-cell recording techniques and pharmacological methods. Under voltage-clamp recording conditions, spontaneous CF discharge evoked strong inward currents followed by small conductance calcium-activated potassium (SK) channels that mediated outward currents. The application of a GABAA receptor antagonist did not significantly alter the spontaneous SS firing rate, although an AMPA receptor blocker abolished complex spike (CS) activity and induced significantly increased SS firing rates and a decreased coefficient of variation (CV) SS value. Either removal of extracellular calcium or chelated intracellular calcium induced a decrease in amplitude of CS-evoked after-hyperpolarization (AHP) potential accompanied by an increase in SS firing rate. In addition, blocking SK channels activity with a selective antagonist, dequalinium decreased the amplitude of AHP and increased SS firing rate. Moreover, we found repeated CF stimulation at 1 Hz induced a significant decrease in the spontaneous firing rate of SS, and accompanied with an increase in CV of SS in cerebellar slices, which was also abolished by dequalinium. These results indicated that the spontaneous CF discharge contributed to decreasing SS firing rate via activation of SK channels in the cerebellar PCs in vivo in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian-Hua Jin
- Key Laboratory of Cellular Function and Pharmacology of Jilin Province, Yanbian UniversityYanji, China.,Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Yanbian UniversityYanji, China
| | - Hong-Wei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Cellular Function and Pharmacology of Jilin Province, Yanbian UniversityYanji, China.,Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian UniversityDalian, China
| | - Xin-Yuan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Cellular Function and Pharmacology of Jilin Province, Yanbian UniversityYanji, China.,Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, College of Medicine, Yanbian UniversityYanji, China
| | - Chun-Ping Chu
- Key Laboratory of Cellular Function and Pharmacology of Jilin Province, Yanbian UniversityYanji, China
| | - Yuan-Zhe Jin
- Key Laboratory of Cellular Function and Pharmacology of Jilin Province, Yanbian UniversityYanji, China.,Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, College of Medicine, Yanbian UniversityYanji, China
| | - Song-Biao Cui
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Yanbian UniversityYanji, China
| | - De-Lai Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Cellular Function and Pharmacology of Jilin Province, Yanbian UniversityYanji, China.,Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, College of Medicine, Yanbian UniversityYanji, China
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20
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Ethanol modulates facial stimulation-evoked outward currents in cerebellar Purkinje cells in vivo in mice. Sci Rep 2016; 6:30857. [PMID: 27489024 PMCID: PMC4973232 DOI: 10.1038/srep30857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute ethanol overdose can induce dysfunction of cerebellar motor regulation and cerebellar ataxia. In this study, we investigated the effect of ethanol on facial stimulation-evoked inhibitory synaptic responses in cerebellar Purkinje cells (PCs) in urethane-anesthetized mice, using in vivo patch-clamp recordings. Under voltage-clamp conditions, ethanol (300 mM) decreased the amplitude, half-width, rise time and decay time of facial stimulation-evoked outward currents in PCs. The ethanol-induced inhibition of facial stimulation-evoked outward currents was dose-dependent, with an IC50 of 148.5 mM. Notably, the ethanol-induced inhibition of facial stimulation-evoked outward currents were significantly abrogated by cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1) antagonists, AM251 and O-2050, as well as by the CB1 agonist WIN55212-2. Moreover, the ethanol-induced inhibition of facial stimulation-evoked outward currents was prevented by cerebellar surface perfusion of the PKA inhibitors H-89 and Rp-cAMP, but not by intracellular administration of the PKA inhibitor PKI. Our present results indicate that ethanol inhibits the facial stimulation-evoked outward currents by activating presynaptic CB1 receptors via the PKA signaling pathway. These findings suggest that ethanol overdose impairs sensory information processing, at least in part, by inhibiting GABA release from molecular layer interneurons onto PCs.
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21
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Witter L, De Zeeuw CI. In vivo differences in inputs and spiking between neurons in lobules VI/VII of neocerebellum and lobule X of archaeocerebellum. THE CEREBELLUM 2016; 14:506-15. [PMID: 25735968 PMCID: PMC4612334 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-015-0654-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The cerebellum plays an important role in the coordination and refinement of movements and cognitive processes. Recently, it has been shown that the main output neuron of the cerebellar cortex, i.e., the Purkinje cell, can show a different firing behavior dependent on its intrinsic electrophysiological properties. Yet, to what extent a different nature of mossy fiber inputs can influence the firing behavior of cerebellar cortical neurons remains to be elucidated. Here, we compared the firing rate and regularity of mossy fibers and neurons in two different regions of cerebellar cortex. One region intimately connected with the cerebral cortex, i.e., lobules VI/VII of the neocerebellum, and another one strongly connected with the vestibular apparatus, i.e., lobule X of the archaeocerebellum. Given their connections, we hypothesized that activity in neurons in lobules VI/VII and lobule X may be expected to be more phasic and tonic, respectively. Using whole-cell and cell-attached recordings in vivo in anesthetized mice, we show that the mossy fiber inputs to these functionally distinct areas of the cerebellum differ in that the irregularity and bursty character of their firing is significantly greater in lobules VI/VII than in lobule X. Importantly, this difference in mossy fiber regularity is propagated through the granule cells at the input stage to the Purkinje cells and molecular layer interneurons, ultimately resulting in different regularity of simple spikes. These data show that the firing behavior of cerebellar cortical neurons does not only reflect particular intrinsic properties but also an interesting interplay with the innate activity at the input stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurens Witter
- Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Academy for Arts and Sciences (KNAW), Meibergdreef 47, 1105 BA, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Chris I De Zeeuw
- Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Academy for Arts and Sciences (KNAW), Meibergdreef 47, 1105 BA, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. .,Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Dr. Molewaterplein 50, 3015 GE, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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22
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Guo A, Feng JY, Li J, Ding N, Li YJ, Qiu DL, Piao RL, Chu CP. Effects of norepinephrine on spontaneous firing activity of cerebellar Purkinje cells in vivo in mice. Neurosci Lett 2016; 629:262-266. [PMID: 27369323 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2016.06.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Revised: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Norepinephrine (NE), from the locus coeruleus (LC), has been supported to affect GABAergic system and parallel fiber (PF)-Purkinje cell (PC) synaptic transmission via adrenoceptor in cerebellum cortex. However, the effects of NE on the spontaneous spike activity of cerebellar PCs in living mouse have not yet been fully understood. We here examined the effects of NE on the spontaneous activity of PC in urethane-anesthetized mice by electrophysiological and pharmacological methods. Cerebellar surface application of NE (2.5-25μM) reduced the PC simple spike (SS) firing rate in a dose-dependent manner. The half-inhibitory concentration (IC50) was 5.97μM. In contrast, NE significantly increased the spontaneous firing rate of molecular layer interneuron (MLI). Application of GABAA receptor antagonist, gabazine (SR95531, 20μM) not only blocked the NE-induced inhibition of PC SS firing but also revealed NE-induced excitation of cerebellar PC. Blocking AMPA receptors activity enhanced NE-induced inhibition of PC spontaneous activity. Moreover, the effects of NE on PC spontaneous activity were abolished by simultaneously blocking GABAA and AMPA receptors activity. These results indicated that NE bidirectional modulated the spontaneous activity of PCs via enhancing both inhibitory inputs from MLIs and excitatory inputs of parallel fibers, but NE-induced enhance of inhibitory inputs overwhelmed the excitatory inputs under in vivo conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ao Guo
- Cellular Function Research Center, Yanbian University, 977 GongYuan Road, Yanji City, Jilin Province, 133002, China; College of Medicine, Yanbian University, 977 GongYuan Road, Yanji City, Jilin Province, 133002, China
| | - Jun-Yang Feng
- Cellular Function Research Center, Yanbian University, 977 GongYuan Road, Yanji City, Jilin Province, 133002, China; College of Medicine, Yanbian University, 977 GongYuan Road, Yanji City, Jilin Province, 133002, China
| | - Jia Li
- Cellular Function Research Center, Yanbian University, 977 GongYuan Road, Yanji City, Jilin Province, 133002, China; College of Medicine, Yanbian University, 977 GongYuan Road, Yanji City, Jilin Province, 133002, China
| | - Nan Ding
- Cellular Function Research Center, Yanbian University, 977 GongYuan Road, Yanji City, Jilin Province, 133002, China; College of Medicine, Yanbian University, 977 GongYuan Road, Yanji City, Jilin Province, 133002, China
| | - Ying-Jun Li
- Cellular Function Research Center, Yanbian University, 977 GongYuan Road, Yanji City, Jilin Province, 133002, China; College of Medicine, Yanbian University, 977 GongYuan Road, Yanji City, Jilin Province, 133002, China
| | - De-Lai Qiu
- Cellular Function Research Center, Yanbian University, 977 GongYuan Road, Yanji City, Jilin Province, 133002, China; College of Medicine, Yanbian University, 977 GongYuan Road, Yanji City, Jilin Province, 133002, China
| | - Ri-Long Piao
- College of Medicine, Yanbian University, 977 GongYuan Road, Yanji City, Jilin Province, 133002, China.
| | - Chun-Ping Chu
- Cellular Function Research Center, Yanbian University, 977 GongYuan Road, Yanji City, Jilin Province, 133002, China; College of Medicine, Yanbian University, 977 GongYuan Road, Yanji City, Jilin Province, 133002, China.
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23
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Blot A, de Solages C, Ostojic S, Szapiro G, Hakim V, Léna C. Time-invariant feed-forward inhibition of Purkinje cells in the cerebellar cortex in vivo. J Physiol 2016; 594:2729-49. [PMID: 26918702 DOI: 10.1113/jp271518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS We performed extracellular recording of pairs of interneuron-Purkinje cells in vivo. A single interneuron produces a substantial, short-lasting, inhibition of Purkinje cells. Feed-forward inhibition is associated with characteristic asymmetric cross-correlograms. In vivo, Purkinje cell spikes only depend on the most recent synaptic activity. ABSTRACT Cerebellar molecular layer interneurons are considered to control the firing rate and spike timing of Purkinje cells. However, interactions between these cell types are largely unexplored in vivo. Using tetrodes, we performed simultaneous extracellular recordings of neighbouring Purkinje cells and molecular layer interneurons, presumably basket cells, in adult rats in vivo. The high levels of afferent synaptic activity encountered in vivo yield irregular spiking and reveal discharge patterns characteristic of feed-forward inhibition, thus suggesting an overlap of the afferent excitatory inputs between Purkinje cells and basket cells. Under conditions of intense background synaptic inputs, interneuron spikes exert a short-lasting inhibitory effect, delaying the following Purkinje cell spike by an amount remarkably independent of the Purkinje cell firing cycle. This effect can be explained by the short memory time of the Purkinje cell potential as a result of the intense incoming synaptic activity. Finally, we found little evidence for any involvement of the interneurons that we recorded with the cerebellar high-frequency oscillations promoting Purkinje cell synchrony. The rapid interactions between interneurons and Purkinje cells might be of particular importance in fine motor control because the inhibitory action of interneurons on Purkinje cells leads to deep cerebellar nuclear disinhibition and hence increased cerebellar output.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonin Blot
- IBENS, École Normale Supérieure, PSL Research University, CNRS, INSERM, Paris, France
| | - Camille de Solages
- IBENS, École Normale Supérieure, PSL Research University, CNRS, INSERM, Paris, France
| | - Srdjan Ostojic
- Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives, École Normale Supérieure, PSL Research University, CNRS, INSERM, Paris, France
| | - German Szapiro
- IBENS, École Normale Supérieure, PSL Research University, CNRS, INSERM, Paris, France
| | - Vincent Hakim
- Laboratoire de Physique Statistique, École Normale Supérieure, PSL Research University, CNRS, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Clément Léna
- IBENS, École Normale Supérieure, PSL Research University, CNRS, INSERM, Paris, France
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Propofol facilitates excitatory inputs of cerebellar Purkinje cells by depressing molecular layer interneuron activity during sensory information processing in vivo in mice. Neuroreport 2015; 26:921-7. [DOI: 10.1097/wnr.0000000000000449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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25
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Jin R, Liu H, Jin WZ, Shi JD, Jin QH, Chu CP, Qiu DL. Propofol depresses cerebellar Purkinje cell activity via activation of GABA(A) and glycine receptors in vivo in mice. Eur J Pharmacol 2015; 764:87-93. [PMID: 26142083 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2015.06.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Revised: 06/25/2015] [Accepted: 06/26/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Propofol is an intravenous sedative-hypnotic agen, which causes rapid and reliable loss of consciousness. Under in vitro conditions, propofol activates GABAA and glycine receptors in spinal cord, hippocampus and hypothalamus neurons. However, the effects of propofol on the cerebellar neuronal activity under in vivo conditions are currently unclear. In the present study, we examined the effects of propofol on the spontaneous activity of Purkinje cells (PCs) in urethane-anesthetized mice by cell-attached recording and pharmacological methods. Our results showed that cerebellar surface perfusion of propofol (10-1000 μM) induced depression of the PC simple spike (SS) firing rate in a dose-dependent manner, but without significantly changing the properties of complex spikes (CS). The IC50 of propofol for inhibiting SS firing of PCs was 144.5 μM. Application of GABAA receptor antagonist, SR95531 (40 μM) or GABAB receptor antagonist, saclofen (20 μM), as well as glycine receptor antagonist, strychnine (10 μM) alone failed to prevent the propofol-induced inhibition of PCs spontaneous activity. However, application the mixture of SR95531 (40 μM) and strychnine (10 μM) completely blocked the propofol-induced inhibition of PC SS firing. These data indicated that cerebellar surface application of propofol depressed PC SS firing rate via facilitation of GABAA and functional glycine receptors activity in adult cerebellar PCs under in vivo conditions. Our present results provide a new insight of the anesthetic action of propofol in cerebellar cortex, suggesting that propofol depresses the SS outputs of cerebellar PCs which is involved in both GABAA and glycine receptors activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ri Jin
- Cellular Function Research Center, Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin Province, China; Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, College of Medicine, Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin Province, China; Department of Osteology, Affiliated Hospital of Yanbian University, Yanji City, Jilin Province, China
| | - Heng Liu
- Cellular Function Research Center, Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin Province, China; Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, College of Medicine, Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin Province, China
| | - Wen-Zhe Jin
- Cellular Function Research Center, Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin Province, China; Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, College of Medicine, Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin Province, China; Department of Pain, Affiliated Hospital of Yanbian University, Yanji City, Jilin Province, China
| | - Jin-Di Shi
- Cellular Function Research Center, Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin Province, China; Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, College of Medicine, Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin Province, China
| | - Qing-Hua Jin
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, College of Medicine, Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin Province, China
| | - Chun-Ping Chu
- Cellular Function Research Center, Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin Province, China.
| | - De-Lai Qiu
- Cellular Function Research Center, Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin Province, China; Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, College of Medicine, Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin Province, China.
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26
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Bing YH, Wu MC, Chu CP, Qiu DL. Facial stimulation induces long-term depression at cerebellar molecular layer interneuron-Purkinje cell synapses in vivo in mice. Front Cell Neurosci 2015; 9:214. [PMID: 26106296 PMCID: PMC4460530 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2015.00214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebellar long-term synaptic plasticity has been proposed to provide a cellular mechanism for motor learning. Numerous studies have demonstrated the induction and mechanisms of synaptic plasticity at parallel fiber–Purkinje cell (PF–PC), parallel fiber–molecular layer interneurons (PF–MLI) and mossy fiber–granule cell (MF–GC) synapses, but no study has investigated sensory stimulation-evoked synaptic plasticity at MLI–PC synapses in the cerebellar cortex of living animals. We studied the expression and mechanism of MLI–PC GABAergic synaptic plasticity induced by a train of facial stimulation in urethane-anesthetized mice by cell-attached recordings and pharmacological methods. We found that 1 Hz, but not a 2 Hz or 4 Hz, facial stimulation induced a long-term depression (LTD) of GABAergic transmission at MLI–PC synapses, which was accompanied with a decrease in the stimulation-evoked pause of spike firing in PCs, but did not induce a significant change in the properties of the sensory-evoked spike events of MLIs. The MLI–PC GABAergic LTD could be prevented by blocking cannabinoid type 1 (CB1) receptors, and could be pharmacologically induced by a CB1 receptor agonist. Additionally, 1 Hz facial stimulation delivered in the presence of a metabotropic glutamate receptor 1 (mGluR1) antagonist, JNJ16259685, still induced the MLI–PC GABAergic LTD, whereas blocking N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors during 1 Hz facial stimulation abolished the expression of MLI–PC GABAergic LTD. These results indicate that sensory stimulation can induce an endocannabinoid (eCB)-dependent LTD of GABAergic transmission at MLI–PC synapses via activation of NMDA receptors in cerebellar cortical Crus II in vivo in mice. Our results suggest that the sensory stimulation-evoked MLI–PC GABAergic synaptic plasticity may play a critical role in motor learning in animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Hua Bing
- Cellular Function Research Center, Yanbian University Yanji, Jilin Province, China ; Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, College of Medicine, Yanbian University Yanji, Jilin Province, China
| | - Mao-Cheng Wu
- Cellular Function Research Center, Yanbian University Yanji, Jilin Province, China ; Department of Osteology, Affiliated Hospital of Yanbian University Yanji, Jilin Province, China
| | - Chun-Ping Chu
- Cellular Function Research Center, Yanbian University Yanji, Jilin Province, China
| | - De-Lai Qiu
- Cellular Function Research Center, Yanbian University Yanji, Jilin Province, China ; Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, College of Medicine, Yanbian University Yanji, Jilin Province, China
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27
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Modeling possible effects of atypical cerebellar processing on eyeblink conditioning in autism. COGNITIVE AFFECTIVE & BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE 2015; 14:1142-64. [PMID: 24590391 DOI: 10.3758/s13415-014-0263-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Autism is unique among other disorders in that acquisition of conditioned eyeblink responses is enhanced in children, occurring in a fraction of the trials required for control participants. The timing of learned responses is, however, atypical. Two animal models of autism display a similar phenotype. Researchers have hypothesized that these differences in conditioning reflect cerebellar abnormalities. The present study used computer simulations of the cerebellar cortex, including inhibition by the molecular layer interneurons, to more closely examine whether atypical cerebellar processing can account for faster conditioning in individuals with autism. In particular, the effects of inhibitory levels on delay eyeblink conditioning were simulated, as were the effects of learning-related synaptic changes at either parallel fibers or ascending branch synapses from granule cells to Purkinje cells. Results from these simulations predict that whether molecular layer inhibition results in an enhancement or an impairment of acquisition, or changes in timing, may depend on (1) the sources of inhibition, (2) the levels of inhibition, and (3) the locations of learning-related changes (parallel vs. ascending branch synapses). Overall, the simulations predict that a disruption in the balance or an overall increase of inhibition within the cerebellar cortex may contribute to atypical eyeblink conditioning in children with autism and in animal models of autism.
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28
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Bing YH, Zhang GJ, Sun L, Chu CP, Qiu DL. Dynamic properties of sensory stimulation evoked responses in mouse cerebellar granule cell layer and molecular layer. Neurosci Lett 2015; 585:114-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2014.11.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2014] [Revised: 11/10/2014] [Accepted: 11/25/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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29
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Lennon W, Hecht-Nielsen R, Yamazaki T. A spiking network model of cerebellar Purkinje cells and molecular layer interneurons exhibiting irregular firing. Front Comput Neurosci 2014; 8:157. [PMID: 25520646 PMCID: PMC4249458 DOI: 10.3389/fncom.2014.00157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2014] [Accepted: 11/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
While the anatomy of the cerebellar microcircuit is well-studied, how it implements cerebellar function is not understood. A number of models have been proposed to describe this mechanism but few emphasize the role of the vast network Purkinje cells (PKJs) form with the molecular layer interneurons (MLIs)—the stellate and basket cells. We propose a model of the MLI-PKJ network composed of simple spiking neurons incorporating the major anatomical and physiological features. In computer simulations, the model reproduces the irregular firing patterns observed in PKJs and MLIs in vitro and a shift toward faster, more regular firing patterns when inhibitory synaptic currents are blocked. In the model, the time between PKJ spikes is shown to be proportional to the amount of feedforward inhibition from an MLI on average. The two key elements of the model are: (1) spontaneously active PKJs and MLIs due to an endogenous depolarizing current, and (2) adherence to known anatomical connectivity along a parasagittal strip of cerebellar cortex. We propose this model to extend previous spiking network models of the cerebellum and for further computational investigation into the role of irregular firing and MLIs in cerebellar learning and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Lennon
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Robert Hecht-Nielsen
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Tadashi Yamazaki
- Graduate School of Informatics and Engineering, The University of Electro-Communications Chofu, Japan
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30
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Cui SB, Cui BR, Liu H, Wu MC, Xu YH, Bian JH, Chu CP, Qiu DL. Effects of ethanol on sensory stimulus-evoked responses in the cerebellar molecular layer in vivo in mice. Neurosci Lett 2014; 577:112-6. [PMID: 24861511 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2014.05.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2014] [Revised: 05/06/2014] [Accepted: 05/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Overdose intake of ethanol can impair cerebellar cortical neurons to integrate and transfer external information, resulting in a dysfunction of cerebellar motor regulation or cerebellar ataxia. However, the mechanisms underlying ethanol-impaired transfer of sensory information from cerebellar cortical molecular layer neurons remain unclear. In the present study, we investigated the effects of ethanol on sensory stimulation-evoked responses in the cerebellar molecular layer of urethane-anesthetized mice, by electrophysiological and pharmacological methods. Our results demonstrated that air-puff stimulation (30 ms, 50-60 psi) of the ipsilateral whisker-pad evoked field potential responses in the molecular layer of the cerebellar cortex folium Crus II, which expressed a negative component (N1) followed by a gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor A (GABAA)-mediated positive component (P1). Cerebellar surface perfusion of ethanol between 2 and 5mM did not change the latency of the evoked responses and the amplitude of N1, but enhanced the amplitude and the area under the curve of P1. Interestingly, high concentrations (>20mM) of ethanol induced a significantly decrease in the amplitude and area under the curve of P1. Furthermore, high concentration ethanol (300 mM) significantly decreased the rise in tau and tau decay value of P1, whereas low concentration ethanol (2-5mM) significantly increased these values of P1. Inhibition of GABAA receptor activity reversed P1 and also abolished the effects of ethanol on sensory stimulation-evoked responses. These results indicated that ethanol induced a bidirectional effect on the sensory stimulation-evoked GABAergic responses in the cerebellar cortical molecular layer, suggesting that acute alcohol intake impacted the sensory information processing of cerebellar cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song-Biao Cui
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Yanbian University, Yanji City 133002, Jilin Province, China
| | - Bai-Ri Cui
- Cellular Function Research Center, Yanbian University, Yanji City 133002, Jilin Province, China
| | - Heng Liu
- Cellular Function Research Center, Yanbian University, Yanji City 133002, Jilin Province, China
| | - Mao-Cheng Wu
- Cellular Function Research Center, Yanbian University, Yanji City 133002, Jilin Province, China
| | - Yin-Hua Xu
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Yanbian University, Yanji City 133002, Jilin Province, China
| | - Jin-Hua Bian
- Cellular Function Research Center, Yanbian University, Yanji City 133002, Jilin Province, China
| | - Chun-Ping Chu
- Cellular Function Research Center, Yanbian University, Yanji City 133002, Jilin Province, China.
| | - De-Lai Qiu
- Cellular Function Research Center, Yanbian University, Yanji City 133002, Jilin Province, China.
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31
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Chu CP, Zhao GY, Jin R, Zhao SN, Sun L, Qiu DL. Properties of 4 Hz stimulation-induced parallel fiber-Purkinje cell presynaptic long-term plasticity in mouse cerebellar cortex in vivo. Eur J Neurosci 2014; 39:1624-31. [PMID: 24666426 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.12559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2013] [Revised: 02/12/2014] [Accepted: 02/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Cerebellar parallel fiber-Purkinje cell (PF-PC) long-term synaptic plasticity is important for the formation and stability of cerebellar neuronal circuits, and provides substrates for motor learning and memory. We previously reported both presynaptic long-term potentiation (LTP) and long-term depression (LTD) in cerebellar PF-PC synapses in vitro. However, the expression and mechanisms of cerebellar PF-PC synaptic plasticity in the cerebellar cortex in vivo are poorly understood. In the present study, we studied the properties of 4 Hz stimulation-induced PF-PC presynaptic long-term plasticity using in vivo the whole-cell patch-clamp recording technique and pharmacological methods in urethane-anesthetised mice. Our results demonstrated that 4 Hz PF stimulation induced presynaptic LTD of PF-PC synaptic transmission in the intact cerebellar cortex in living mice. The PF-PC presynaptic LTD was attenuated by either the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist, D-aminophosphonovaleric acid, or the group 1 metabotropic glutamate receptor antagonist, JNJ16259685, and was abolished by combined D-aminophosphonovaleric acid and JNJ16259685, but enhanced by inhibition of nitric oxide synthase. Blockade of cannabinoid type 1 receptor activity abolished the PF-PC LTD and revealed a presynaptic PF-PC LTP. These data indicate that both endocannabinoids and nitric oxide synthase are involved in the 4 Hz stimulation-induced PF-PC presynaptic plasticity, but the endocannabinoid-dependent PF-PC presynaptic LTD masked the nitric oxide-mediated PF-PC presynaptic LTP in the cerebellar cortex in urethane-anesthetised mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Ping Chu
- Cellular Function Research Center, College of Medicine, Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin Province, China
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N-methyl-d-aspartate inhibits cerebellar Purkinje cell activity via the excitation of molecular layer interneurons under in vivo conditions in mice. Brain Res 2014; 1560:1-9. [PMID: 24642274 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2014.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2013] [Revised: 03/06/2014] [Accepted: 03/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptors play a key role in synaptic transmission, and are widely expressed on the membrane of granule cells, parallel fibers, and molecular layer interneurons (MLIs) in the cerebellar cortex of mammals. In cerebellar slices, activation of NMDA receptors increases inhibitory postsynaptic currents (IPSCs) of Purkinje cells (PCs). However, the effects of NMDA on the cerebellar network under in vivo conditions are currently unclear. In the present study, we examined the effects of NMDA on the spontaneous activity of PCs and MLIs in urethane-anesthetized mice by electrophysiological, pharmacological, and juxtacellular labeling methods. Our results revealed that cerebellar surface application of NMDA (5-200μM) reduced the PC simple spike (SS) firing rate in a dose-dependent manner. Application of GABAA receptor antagonist, SR95531 (20μM) abolished NMDA-induced inhibition of PCs spontaneous activity, and revealed NMDA-induced excitation of cerebellar PCs. NMDA receptor antagonist, DAP-V (250µM) did not affect the mean frequency of SS firing, but the SS firing rate of PCs became more regular than the control. In addition, NMDA increased the spike firing of both basket-type and stellate-type MLIs. Overall, these results indicated that NMDA-induced excitation of MLIs at the cerebellar surface may inhibit PC activity. Thus, NMDA receptors of MLIs may play a key role in regulating the spontaneous activity of PCs, and in information transmission and integration in cerebellar cortex.
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Wu G, Liu H, Jin J, Hong L, Lan Y, Chu CP, Qiu DL. Ethanol attenuates sensory stimulus-evoked responses in cerebellar granule cells via activation of GABA(A) receptors in vivo in mice. Neurosci Lett 2014; 561:107-11. [PMID: 24388841 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2013.12.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2013] [Revised: 12/19/2013] [Accepted: 12/21/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Acute alcohol intoxication affects cerebellar motor regulation possibly by altering the transfer and integration of external information in cerebellar cortical neurons, resulting in a dysfunction of cerebellar motor regulation or a cerebellar atexia. However, the synaptic mechanisms of ethanol induced impairments of sensory information processing in cerebellar cortical neurons are not fully understand. In the present study, we used electrophysiological and pharmacological methods to study the effects of ethanol on the sensory stimulation-evoked responses in cerebellar granule cells (GCs) in vivo in urethane anesthetized mice. Air-puff stimulation of the ipsilateral whisker-pad evoked stimulus-on (P1) and stimulus-off responses (P2) in GCs of cerebellar Crus II. Cerebellar surface perfusion of ethanol did not alter the onset latency of the sensory stimulation-evoked responses, but reversible reduced the amplitude of P1 and P2. The ethanol-induced reduction of the GCs sensory responses was concentration-dependent. In the presence of ethanol, the mean half-width, area under curve, rise Tau and decay Tau of P1 were significantly decreased. Blockade of gamma-aminobutyric acid type A (GABA(A)) receptors activity induced an increase in amplitude of P1, and abolished the ethanol induced inhibition of the GCs sensory responses. These results indicate that ethanol inhibits the tactile evoked responses in cerebellar GCs through enhancement of GABA(A) receptors activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang Wu
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Yanbian University, Yanji City, Jilin Province, China
| | - Heng Liu
- Cellular Function Research Center, Yanbian University, Yanji City, Jilin Province, China; Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, College of Medicine, Yanbian University, Yanji City, Jilin Province, China
| | - Juan Jin
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Yanbian University, Yanji City, Jilin Province, China
| | - Lan Hong
- Cellular Function Research Center, Yanbian University, Yanji City, Jilin Province, China; Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, College of Medicine, Yanbian University, Yanji City, Jilin Province, China
| | - Yan Lan
- Cellular Function Research Center, Yanbian University, Yanji City, Jilin Province, China; Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, College of Medicine, Yanbian University, Yanji City, Jilin Province, China
| | - Chun-Ping Chu
- Cellular Function Research Center, Yanbian University, Yanji City, Jilin Province, China; Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, College of Medicine, Yanbian University, Yanji City, Jilin Province, China.
| | - De-Lai Qiu
- Cellular Function Research Center, Yanbian University, Yanji City, Jilin Province, China; Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, College of Medicine, Yanbian University, Yanji City, Jilin Province, China.
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Estimating functional connectivity in an electrically coupled interneuron network. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:E4798-807. [PMID: 24248377 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1310983110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Even though it has been known for some time that in many mammalian brain areas interneurons are electrically coupled, a quantitative description of the network electrical connectivity and its impact on cellular passive properties is still lacking. Approaches used so far to solve this problem are limited because they do not readily distinguish junctions among direct neighbors from indirect junctions involving intermediary, multiply connected cells. In the cerebellar cortex, anatomical and functional evidence indicates electrical coupling between molecular layer interneurons (basket and stellate cells). An analysis of the capacitive currents obtained under voltage clamp in molecular layer interneurons of juvenile rats or mice reveals an exponential component with a time constant of ~20 ms, which represents capacitive loading of neighboring cells through gap junctions. These results, taken together with dual cell recording of electrical synapses, have led us to estimate the number of direct neighbors to be ~4 for rat basket cells and ~1 for rat stellate cells. The weighted number of neighbors (number of neighbors, both direct and indirect, weighted with the percentage of voltage deflection at steady state) was 1.69 in basket cells and 0.23 in stellate cells. The last numbers indicate the spread of potential changes in the network and serve to estimate the contribution of gap junctions to cellular input conductance. In conclusion the present work offers effective tools to analyze the connectivity of electrically connected interneuron networks, and it indicates that in juvenile rodents, electrical communication is stronger among basket cells than among stellate cells.
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Jirenhed DA, Bengtsson F, Jörntell H. Parallel fiber and climbing fiber responses in rat cerebellar cortical neurons in vivo. Front Syst Neurosci 2013; 7:16. [PMID: 23730272 PMCID: PMC3656339 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2013.00016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2013] [Accepted: 05/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the last few years we have seen a rapidly increasing interest in the functions of the inhibitory interneurons of the cerebellar cortex. However, we still have very limited knowledge about their physiological properties in vivo. The present study provides the first description of their spontaneous firing properties and their responses to synaptic inputs under non-anesthetized conditions in the decerebrated rat in vivo. We describe the spike responses of molecular layer interneurons (MLI) in the hemispheric crus1/crus2 region and compare them with those of Purkinje cells (PCs) and Golgi cells (GCs), both with respect to spontaneous activity and responses evoked by direct electrical stimulation of parallel fibers (PFs) and climbing fibers (CFs). In agreement with previous findings in the cat, we found that the CF responses in the interneurons consisted of relatively long lasting excitatory modulations of the spike firing. In contrast, activation of PFs induced rapid but short-lasting excitatory spike responses in all types of neurons. We also explored PF input plasticity in the short-term (10 min) using combinations of PF and CF stimulation. With regard to in vivo recordings from cerebellar cortical neurons in the rat, the data presented here provide the first demonstration that PF input to PC can be potentiated using PF burst stimulation and they suggest that PF burst stimulation combined with CF input may lead to potentiation of PF inputs in MLIs. We conclude that the basic responsive properties of the cerebellar cortical neurons in the rat in vivo are similar to those observed in the cat and also that it is likely that similar mechanisms of PF input plasticity apply.
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Byron CD, Vanvalkinburgh D, Northcutt K, Young V. Plasticity in the Cerebellum and Primary Somatosensory Cortex Relating to Habitual and Continuous Slender Branch Climbing in Laboratory Mice (Mus musculus). Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2013; 296:822-33. [DOI: 10.1002/ar.22685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2012] [Accepted: 02/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Craig D. Byron
- Department of Biology; Mercer University; 1400 Coleman Avenue Macon Georgia
| | | | | | - Virginia Young
- Department of Biology; Mercer University; 1400 Coleman Avenue Macon Georgia
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