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Deng X, Chu W, Zhang H, Peng Y. Nrf2 and Ferroptosis: A New Research Direction for Ischemic Stroke. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2023; 43:3885-3896. [PMID: 37728817 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-023-01411-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023]
Abstract
Ischemic stroke (IS) is one of the leading causes of death and morbidity worldwide. As a novel form of cell death, ferroptosis is an important mechanism of ischemic stroke. Nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) is the primary regulator of cellular antioxidant response. In addition to alleviating ischemic stroke nerve damage by reducing oxidative stress, Nrf2 regulates genes associated with ferroptosis, suggesting that Nrf2 may inhibit ferroptosis after ischemic stroke. However, the specific pathway of Nrf2 on ferroptosis in the field of ischemic stroke remains unclear. Therefore, this paper provides a concise overview of the mechanisms underlying ferroptosis, with a particular focus on the regulatory role of Nrf2. The discussion highlights the potential connections between Nrf2 and the mitigation of oxidative stress, regulation of iron metabolism, modulation of the interplay between ferroptosis and inflammation, as well as apoptosis. This paper focuses on the specific pathway of Nrf2 regulation of ferroptosis after ischemic stroke, providing scientific research ideas for further research on the treatment of ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoman Deng
- Department of Acupuncture and Rehabilitation, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Wenming Chu
- Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, 450000, Henan Province, China
| | - Hanrui Zhang
- Department of Acupuncture and Rehabilitation, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yongjun Peng
- Department of Acupuncture and Rehabilitation, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu Province, China.
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Hagemann TL, Coyne S, Levin A, Wang L, Feany MB, Messing A. STAT3 Drives GFAP Accumulation and Astrocyte Pathology in a Mouse Model of Alexander Disease. Cells 2023; 12:cells12070978. [PMID: 37048051 PMCID: PMC10093589 DOI: 10.3390/cells12070978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 03/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Alexander disease (AxD) is caused by mutations in the gene for glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), an intermediate filament expressed by astrocytes in the central nervous system. AxD-associated mutations cause GFAP aggregation and astrogliosis, and GFAP is elevated with the astrocyte stress response, exacerbating mutant protein toxicity. Studies in mouse models suggest disease severity is tied to Gfap expression levels, and signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT)-3 regulates Gfap during astrocyte development and in response to injury and is activated in astrocytes in rodent models of AxD. In this report, we show that STAT3 is also activated in the human disease. To determine whether STAT3 contributes to GFAP elevation, we used a combination of genetic approaches to knockout or reduce STAT3 activation in AxD mouse models. Conditional knockout of Stat3 in cells expressing Gfap reduced Gfap transactivation and prevented protein accumulation. Astrocyte-specific Stat3 knockout in adult mice with existing pathology reversed GFAP accumulation and aggregation. Preventing STAT3 activation reduced markers of reactive astrocytes, stress-related transcripts, and microglial activation, regardless of disease stage or genetic knockout approach. These results suggest that pharmacological inhibition of STAT3 could potentially reduce GFAP toxicity and provide a therapeutic benefit in patients with AxD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracy L Hagemann
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Sierra Coyne
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Alder Levin
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Liqun Wang
- Wyss Institute, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Mel B Feany
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Albee Messing
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
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Viedma-Poyatos Á, González-Jiménez P, Pajares MA, Pérez-Sala D. Alexander disease GFAP R239C mutant shows increased susceptibility to lipoxidation and elicits mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress. Redox Biol 2022; 55:102415. [PMID: 35933901 PMCID: PMC9364016 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2022.102415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Alexander disease is a fatal neurological disorder caused by mutations in the intermediate filament protein Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein (GFAP), which is key for astrocyte homeostasis. These mutations cause GFAP aggregation, astrocyte dysfunction and neurodegeneration. Remarkably, most of the known GFAP mutations imply a change by more nucleophilic amino acids, mainly cysteine or histidine, which are more susceptible to oxidation and lipoxidation. Therefore, we hypothesized that a higher susceptibility of Alexander disease GFAP mutants to oxidative or electrophilic damage, which frequently occurs during neurodegeneration, could contribute to disease pathogenesis. To address this point, we have expressed GFP-GFAP wild type or the harmful Alexander disease GFP-GFAP R239C mutant in astrocytic cells. Interestingly, GFAP R239C appears more oxidized than the wild type under control conditions, as indicated both by its lower cysteine residue accessibility and increased presence of disulfide-bonded oligomers. Moreover, GFP-GFAP R239C undergoes lipoxidation to a higher extent than GFAP wild type upon treatment with the electrophilic mediator 15-deoxy-Δ12,14-prostaglandin J2 (15d-PGJ2). Importantly, GFAP R239C filament organization is altered in untreated cells and is earlier and more severely disrupted than GFAP wild type upon exposure to oxidants (diamide, H2O2) or electrophiles (4-hydroxynonenal, 15d-PGJ2), which exacerbate GFAP R239C aggregation. Furthermore, H2O2 causes reversible alterations in GFAP wild type, but irreversible damage in GFAP R239C expressing cells. Finally, we show that GFAP R239C expression induces a more oxidized cellular status, with decreased free thiol content and increased mitochondrial superoxide generation. In addition, mitochondria show decreased mass, increased colocalization with GFAP and altered morphology. Notably, a GFP-GFAP R239H mutant recapitulates R239C-elicited alterations whereas an R239G mutant induces a milder phenotype. Together, our results outline a deleterious cycle involving altered GFAP R239C organization, mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, and further GFAP R239C protein damage and network disruption, which could contribute to astrocyte derangement in Alexander disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Álvaro Viedma-Poyatos
- Department of Structural and Chemical Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, C.S.I.C., 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Patricia González-Jiménez
- Department of Structural and Chemical Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, C.S.I.C., 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - María A Pajares
- Department of Structural and Chemical Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, C.S.I.C., 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Dolores Pérez-Sala
- Department of Structural and Chemical Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, C.S.I.C., 28040, Madrid, Spain.
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Jyothidasan A, Sunny S, Murugesan S, Quiles JM, Challa AK, Dalley B, Cinghu SK, Nanda V, Rajasekaran NS. Transgenic Expression of Nrf2 Induces a Pro-Reductive Stress and Adaptive Cardiac Remodeling in the Mouse. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:1514. [PMID: 36140682 PMCID: PMC9498410 DOI: 10.3390/genes13091514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Nuclear factor, erythroid 2 like 2 (Nfe2l2 or Nrf2), is a transcription factor that protects cells by maintaining a homeostatic redox state during stress. The constitutive expression of Nrf2 (CaNrf2-TG) was previously shown to be pathological to the heart over time. We tested a hypothesis that the cardiac-specific expression of full length Nrf2 (mNrf2-TG) would moderately increase the basal antioxidant defense, triggering a pro-reductive environment leading to adaptive cardiac remodeling. Transgenic and non-transgenic (NTG) mice at 7−8 months of age were used to analyze the myocardial transcriptome, structure, and function. Next generation sequencing (NGS) for RNA profiling and qPCR-based validation of the NGS data, myocardial redox levels, and imaging (echocardiography) were performed. Transcriptomic analysis revealed that out of 14,665 identified mRNAs, 680 were differently expressed (DEG) in TG hearts. Of 680 DEGs, 429 were upregulated and 251 were downregulated significantly (FC > 2.0, p < 0.05). Gene set enrichment analysis revealed that the top altered pathways were (a) Nrf2 signaling, (b) glutathione metabolism and (c) ROS scavenging. A comparative analysis of the glutathione redox state in the hearts demonstrated significant differences between pro-reductive vs. hyper-reductive conditions (233 ± 36.7 and 380 ± 68.7 vs. 139 ± 8.6 µM/mg protein in mNrf2-TG and CaNrf2-TG vs. NTG). Genes involved in fetal development, hypertrophy, cytoskeletal rearrangement, histone deacetylases (HDACs), and GATA transcription factors were moderately increased in mNrf2-TG compared to CaNrf2-TG. Non-invasive echocardiography analysis revealed an increase in systolic function (ejection fraction) in mNrf2-TG, suggesting an adaptation, as opposed to pathological remodeling in CaNrf2-TG mice experiencing a hyper-reductive stress, leading to reduced survival (40% at 60 weeks). The effects of excess Nrf2-driven antioxidant transcriptome revealed a pro-reductive condition in the myocardium leading to an adaptive cardiac remodeling. While pre-conditioning the myocardial redox with excess antioxidants (i.e., pro-reductive state) could be beneficial against oxidative stress, a chronic pro-reductive environment in the myocardium might transition the adaptation to pathological remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun Jyothidasan
- Molecular and Cellular Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Sini Sunny
- Molecular and Cellular Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Saravanakumar Murugesan
- Division of Molecular and Translational Biomedicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Justin M. Quiles
- Department of Pharmacology, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Anil Kumar Challa
- Department of Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Brian Dalley
- Huntsman Cancer Center-Genomic Core Facility, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Senthil Kumar Cinghu
- Epigenetics & Stem Cell Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Vivek Nanda
- Molecular and Cellular Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Namakkal-Soorappan Rajasekaran
- Molecular and Cellular Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
- Center for Free Radical Biology (CFRB), University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
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Ma K, Wu HY, Wang SY, Li BX. The Keap1/Nrf2-ARE signaling pathway is involved in atrazine induced dopaminergic neurons degeneration via microglia activation. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 226:112862. [PMID: 34624533 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the mechanisms of ATR-induced dopaminergic toxicity by microglia activation and the response of the Keap1/ Nrf2- ARE signaling pathway. METHODS Wistar rats were treated with 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg ATR and BV-2 microglia cells were treated with 50, 100 μM ATR or 100 ng/mL LPS, respectively. Rats behavioral responses and histopathological changes were monitored. Immunohistochemical and immunofluorescence analysis detected Iba-1 and TH+ cells in rats. Keap1/Nrf2-ARE signaling-related proteins and inflammatory factors from BV-2 cells and rats were detected using ELISA, Western blot and Real-time PCR. RESULTS After ATR treatment, the grip strength of Wistar rats was significantly decreased, and anxiety were clearly observed. TH+ neurons were reduced, however, the number of microglia cells and Iba-1 levels were increased clearly in SN. The release of ROS, TNF-α and IL-Iβ were increased, and levels of SOD and GSH-Px were significantly decreased. Keap1 mRNA expression and protein levels were decreased, while nuclear Nrf2 mRNA expression and protein levels were both increased in vivo and in vitro. CONCLUSION ATR could significantly activate microglia and exacerbate neurotoxicity and neuroinflammation, leading to accelerate dopaminergic neuron cell death by inhibiting Keap1/Nrf2-ARE signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Ma
- Department of Hygienic Toxicology, Public Health College, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province 150081, PR China.
| | - Hao-Yu Wu
- Department of Environmental Health, Public Health College, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province 150081, PR China.
| | - Sheng-Yuan Wang
- Department of Occupational Health, Public Health College, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province 150081, PR China.
| | - Bai-Xiang Li
- Department of Hygienic Toxicology, Public Health College, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province 150081, PR China.
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Boyd MM, Litscher SJ, Seitz LL, Messing A, Hagemann TL, Collier LS. Pexidartinib treatment in Alexander disease model mice reduces macrophage numbers and increases glial fibrillary acidic protein levels, yet has minimal impact on other disease phenotypes. J Neuroinflammation 2021; 18:67. [PMID: 33685480 PMCID: PMC7941726 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-021-02118-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alexander disease (AxD) is a rare neurodegenerative disorder that is caused by dominant mutations in the gene encoding glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), an intermediate filament that is primarily expressed by astrocytes. In AxD, mutant GFAP in combination with increased GFAP expression result in astrocyte dysfunction and the accumulation of Rosenthal fibers. A neuroinflammatory environment consisting primarily of macrophage lineage cells has been observed in AxD patients and mouse models. METHODS To examine if macrophage lineage cells could serve as a therapeutic target in AxD, GFAP knock-in mutant AxD model mice were treated with a colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF1R) inhibitor, pexidartinib. The effects of pexidartinib treatment on disease phenotypes were assessed. RESULTS In AxD model mice, pexidartinib administration depleted macrophages in the CNS and caused elevation of GFAP transcript and protein levels with minimal impacts on other phenotypes including body weight, stress response activation, chemokine/cytokine expression, and T cell infiltration. CONCLUSIONS Together, these results highlight the complicated role that macrophages can play in neurological diseases and do not support the use of pexidartinib as a therapy for AxD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle M Boyd
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, USA
| | - Suzanne J Litscher
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, USA
| | - Laura L Seitz
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, USA
| | - Albee Messing
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, USA
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, USA
| | | | - Lara S Collier
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, USA.
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Hillen AEJ, Heine VM. Glutamate Carrier Involvement in Mitochondrial Dysfunctioning in the Brain White Matter. Front Mol Biosci 2020; 7:151. [PMID: 32793632 PMCID: PMC7385250 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2020.00151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Glutamate homeostasis is an important determinant of health of the central nervous system (CNS). Mitochondria play crucial roles in glutamate metabolism, especially in processes with a high energy demand such as action potential generation. Mitochondrial glutamate carriers (GCs) and aspartate-GCs (AGCs) regulate the transport of glutamate from the cytoplasm across the mitochondrial membrane, which is needed to control energy demand, lipid metabolism, and metabolic activity including oxidative phosphorylation and glycolysis. Dysfunction in these carriers are associated with seizures, spasticity, and/or myelin deficits, all of which are associated with inherited metabolic disorders. Since solute carrier functioning and associated processes are cell type- and context-specific, selective vulnerability to glutamate excitotoxicity and mitochondrial dysfunctioning is expected. Understanding this could offer important insights into the pathomechanisms of associated disorders. This perspective aims to explore the link between functions of both AGCs and GCs and their role in metabolic disorders, with a focus on a subclass of lysosomal storage disorders called leukodystrophies (LDs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne E J Hillen
- Pediatric Neurology, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Vivi M Heine
- Child and Youth Psychiatry, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Department of Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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Tian Y, Wang W, Xu L, Li H, Wei Y, Wu Q, Jia J. Activation of Nrf2/ARE pathway alleviates the cognitive deficits in PS1V97L-Tg mouse model of Alzheimer's disease through modulation of oxidative stress. J Neurosci Res 2018; 97:492-505. [PMID: 30461032 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Revised: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress refers to an imbalance between oxidative and antioxidative systems due to environmental factors. Although oxidative stress is implicated in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD), its precise role is not yet understood. We aimed to investigate the pathogenic mechanisms of the oxidative stress by using in vitro cultured neurons and in vivo AD models of PS1V97L-transgenic (Tg) mice. Our results showed that when oxidative stress became increasingly evident, the endogenous protective pathway of nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)/antioxidant response element (ARE) decreased in 10-month-old PS1V97L-Tg mice. Activating the Nrf2/ARE pathway suppressed oxidative stress, decreased amyloid-β (Aβ), and improved the cognitive function of the PS1V97L-Tg mice. In contrast, blocking the Nrf2/ARE pathway augmented oxidative injury and decreased the cell viability of PS1V97L-Tg neurons. Our results highlight the role of the Nrf2/ARE pathway in regulating oxidative stress of the PS1V97L-Tg mice and may indicate a potential therapeutic avenue for AD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanruhua Tian
- Innovation Center for Neurological Disorders, Department of Neurology, Xuan Wu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Innovation Center for Neurological Disorders, Department of Neurology, Xuan Wu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Lingzhi Xu
- Innovation Center for Neurological Disorders, Department of Neurology, Xuan Wu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Haitao Li
- Innovation Center for Neurological Disorders, Department of Neurology, Xuan Wu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yiping Wei
- Innovation Center for Neurological Disorders, Department of Neurology, Xuan Wu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Qiaoqi Wu
- Innovation Center for Neurological Disorders, Department of Neurology, Xuan Wu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jianping Jia
- Innovation Center for Neurological Disorders, Department of Neurology, Xuan Wu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Geriatric Cognitive Disorders, Beijing, China.,Clinical Center for Neurodegenerative Disease and Memory Impairment, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Center of Alzheimer's Disease, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Beijing, China
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Gómez-Pinedo U, Duran-Moreno M, Sirerol-Piquer S, Matias-Guiu J. Myelin changes in Alexander disease. NEUROLOGÍA (ENGLISH EDITION) 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nrleng.2017.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
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10
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Kambli L, Bhatt LK, Oza M, Prabhavalkar K. Novel therapeutic targets for epilepsy intervention. Seizure 2017; 51:27-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seizure.2017.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Revised: 07/23/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
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Gómez-Pinedo U, Sirerol-Piquer MS, Durán-Moreno M, García-Verdugo JM, Matias-Guiu J. Alexander Disease Mutations Produce Cells with Coexpression of Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein and NG2 in Neurosphere Cultures and Inhibit Differentiation into Mature Oligodendrocytes. Front Neurol 2017; 8:255. [PMID: 28634469 PMCID: PMC5459916 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2017.00255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alexander disease (AxD) is a rare disease caused by mutations in the gene encoding glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). The disease is characterized by presence of GFAP aggregates in the cytoplasm of astrocytes and loss of myelin. OBJECTIVES Determine the effect of AxD-related mutations on adult neurogenesis. METHODS We transfected different types of mutant GFAP into neurospheres using the nucleofection technique. RESULTS We find that mutations may cause coexpression of GFAP and NG2 in neurosphere cultures, which would inhibit the differentiation of precursors into oligodendrocytes and thus explain the myelin loss occurring in the disease. Transfection produces cells that differentiate into new cells marked simultaneously by GFAP and NG2 and whose percentage increased over days of differentiation. Increased expression of GFAP is due to a protein with an anomalous structure that forms aggregates throughout the cytoplasm of new cells. These cells display down-expression of vimentin and nestin. Up-expression of cathepsin D and caspase-3 in the first days of differentiation suggest that apoptosis as a lysosomal response may be at work. HSP27, a protein found in Rosenthal bodies, is expressed less at the beginning of the process although its presence increases in later stages. CONCLUSION Our findings seem to suggest that the mechanism of development of AxD may not be due to a function gain due to increase of GFAP, but to failure in the differentiation process may occur at the stage in which precursor cells transform into oligodendrocytes, and that possibility may provide the best explanation for the clinical and radiological images described in AxD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulises Gómez-Pinedo
- Neurobiology Laboratory, Neuroscience Institute, IdISSC, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria Salomé Sirerol-Piquer
- Laboratory of Comparative Neurobiology, Instituto Cavanilles de Biodiversidad y Biologia Evolutiva, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - María Durán-Moreno
- Laboratory of Comparative Neurobiology, Instituto Cavanilles de Biodiversidad y Biologia Evolutiva, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - José Manuel García-Verdugo
- Laboratory of Comparative Neurobiology, Instituto Cavanilles de Biodiversidad y Biologia Evolutiva, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Jorge Matias-Guiu
- Neurobiology Laboratory, Neuroscience Institute, IdISSC, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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Gómez-Pinedo U, Duran-Moreno M, Sirerol-Piquer S, Matias-Guiu J. Myelin changes in Alexander disease. Neurologia 2017; 33:526-533. [PMID: 28342553 DOI: 10.1016/j.nrl.2017.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Alexander disease (AxD) is a type of leukodystrophy. Its pathological basis, along with myelin loss, is the appearance of Rosenthal bodies, which are cytoplasmic inclusions in astrocytes. Mutations in the gene coding for GFAP have been identified as a genetic basis for AxD. However, the mechanism by which these variants produce the disease is not understood. DEVELOPMENT The most widespread hypothesis is that AxD develops when a gain of function mutation causes an increase in GFAP. However, this mechanism does not explain myelin loss, given that experimental models in which GFAP expression is normal or mutated do not exhibit myelin disorders. This review analyses other possibilities that may explain this alteration, such as epigenetic or inflammatory alterations, presence of NG2 (+) - GFAP (+) cells, or post-translational modifications in GFAP that are unrelated to increased expression. CONCLUSIONS The different hypotheses analysed here may explain the myelin alteration affecting these patients, and multiple mechanisms may coexist. These theories raise the possibility of designing therapies based on these mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Gómez-Pinedo
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología, Servicio de Neurología, Instituto de Neurociencias, IdISSC, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, España.
| | - M Duran-Moreno
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología Comparada, Instituto Cavanilles de Biodiversidad y Biología Evolutiva, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, España
| | - S Sirerol-Piquer
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología Comparada, Instituto Cavanilles de Biodiversidad y Biología Evolutiva, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, España
| | - J Matias-Guiu
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología, Servicio de Neurología, Instituto de Neurociencias, IdISSC, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, España
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Orr AG, Hsiao EC, Wang MM, Ho K, Kim DH, Wang X, Guo W, Kang J, Yu GQ, Adame A, Devidze N, Dubal DB, Masliah E, Conklin BR, Mucke L. Astrocytic adenosine receptor A2A and Gs-coupled signaling regulate memory. Nat Neurosci 2015; 18:423-34. [PMID: 25622143 PMCID: PMC4340760 DOI: 10.1038/nn.3930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2014] [Accepted: 12/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Astrocytes express a variety of G protein-coupled receptors and might influence cognitive functions, such as learning and memory. However, the roles of astrocytic Gs-coupled receptors in cognitive function are not known. We found that humans with Alzheimer's disease (AD) had increased levels of the Gs-coupled adenosine receptor A2A in astrocytes. Conditional genetic removal of these receptors enhanced long-term memory in young and aging mice and increased the levels of Arc (also known as Arg3.1), an immediate-early gene that is required for long-term memory. Chemogenetic activation of astrocytic Gs-coupled signaling reduced long-term memory in mice without affecting learning. Like humans with AD, aging mice expressing human amyloid precursor protein (hAPP) showed increased levels of astrocytic A2A receptors. Conditional genetic removal of these receptors enhanced memory in aging hAPP mice. Together, these findings establish a regulatory role for astrocytic Gs-coupled receptors in memory and suggest that AD-linked increases in astrocytic A2A receptor levels contribute to memory loss.
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MESH Headings
- Alzheimer Disease/pathology
- Animals
- Animals, Newborn
- Astrocytes/metabolism
- Cytoskeletal Proteins/genetics
- Cytoskeletal Proteins/metabolism
- Exploratory Behavior/drug effects
- Exploratory Behavior/physiology
- Gene Expression Regulation/physiology
- Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein/genetics
- Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein/metabolism
- Humans
- Indoles/pharmacology
- Maze Learning/physiology
- Memory, Long-Term/physiology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Transgenic
- Nerve Tissue Proteins/genetics
- Nerve Tissue Proteins/metabolism
- Receptor, Adenosine A2A/genetics
- Receptor, Adenosine A2A/metabolism
- Receptors, Serotonin, 5-HT4/genetics
- Receptors, Serotonin, 5-HT4/metabolism
- Recognition, Psychology/drug effects
- Recognition, Psychology/physiology
- Serotonin Antagonists/pharmacology
- Signal Transduction/physiology
- Sulfonamides/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna G. Orr
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, San Francisco, CA 94158
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158
| | - Edward C. Hsiao
- Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, San Francisco, CA 94158
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, and the Institute for Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158
| | - Max M. Wang
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, San Francisco, CA 94158
| | - Kaitlyn Ho
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, San Francisco, CA 94158
| | - Daniel H. Kim
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, San Francisco, CA 94158
| | - Xin Wang
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, San Francisco, CA 94158
| | - Weikun Guo
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, San Francisco, CA 94158
| | - Jing Kang
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, San Francisco, CA 94158
| | - Gui-Qiu Yu
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, San Francisco, CA 94158
| | - Anthony Adame
- Departments of Neuroscience and Pathology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Nino Devidze
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, San Francisco, CA 94158
| | - Dena B. Dubal
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, San Francisco, CA 94158
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158
| | - Eliezer Masliah
- Departments of Neuroscience and Pathology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Bruce R. Conklin
- Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, San Francisco, CA 94158
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158
| | - Lennart Mucke
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, San Francisco, CA 94158
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158
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14
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Petzold A. Glial fibrillary acidic protein is a body fluid biomarker for glial pathology in human disease. Brain Res 2015; 1600:17-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2014.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2014] [Accepted: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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15
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Joshi G, Gan KA, Johnson DA, Johnson JA. Increased Alzheimer's disease-like pathology in the APP/ PS1ΔE9 mouse model lacking Nrf2 through modulation of autophagy. Neurobiol Aging 2014; 36:664-79. [PMID: 25316599 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2014.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2014] [Revised: 07/01/2014] [Accepted: 09/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The presence of senile plaques is one of the major pathologic hallmarks of the brain with Alzheimer's disease (AD). The plaques predominantly contain insoluble amyloid β-peptide, a cleavage product of the larger amyloid precursor protein (APP). Two enzymes, named β and γ secretase, generate the neurotoxic amyloid-β peptide from APP. Mature APP is also turned over endogenously by autophagy, more specifically by the endosomal-lysosomal pathway. A defective lysosomal system is known to be pathogenic in AD. Modulation of NF-E2 related factor 2 (Nrf2) has been shown in several neurodegenerative disorders, and Nrf2 has become a potential therapeutic target for various neurodegenerative disorders, including AD, Parkinson's disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. In the current study, we explored the effect of genetic ablation of Nrf2 on APP/Aβ processing and/or aggregation as well as changes in autophagic dysfunction in APP/PS1 mice. There was a significant increase in inflammatory response in APP/PS1 mice lacking Nrf2. This was accompanied by increased intracellular levels of APP, Aβ (1-42), and Aβ (1-40), without a change total full-length APP. There was a shift of APP and Aβ into the insoluble fraction, as well as increased poly-ubiquitin conjugated proteins in mice lacking Nrf2. APP/PS1-mediated autophagic dysfunction is also enhanced in Nrf2-deficient mice. Finally, neurons in the APP/PS1/Nrf2-/- mice had increased accumulation of multivesicular bodies, endosomes, and lysosomes. These outcomes provide a better understanding of the role of Nrf2 in modulating autophagy in an AD mouse model and may help design better Nrf2 targeted therapeutics that could be efficacious in the treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gururaj Joshi
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, WI, USA
| | - Kok Ann Gan
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, WI, USA
| | - Delinda A Johnson
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, WI, USA; Center of Neuroscience, University of Wisconsin-Madison, WI, USA; Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, WI, USA
| | - Jeffrey A Johnson
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, WI, USA; Molecular and Environmental Toxicology Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, WI, USA; Center of Neuroscience, University of Wisconsin-Madison, WI, USA; Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, WI, USA.
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16
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Deficits in adult neurogenesis, contextual fear conditioning, and spatial learning in a Gfap mutant mouse model of Alexander disease. J Neurosci 2014; 33:18698-706. [PMID: 24259590 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3693-13.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) is the major intermediate filament of mature astrocytes in the mammalian CNS. Dominant gain of function mutations in GFAP lead to the fatal neurodegenerative disorder, Alexander disease (AxD), which is characterized by cytoplasmic protein aggregates known as Rosenthal fibers along with variable degrees of leukodystrophy and intellectual disability. The mechanisms by which mutant GFAP leads to these pleiotropic effects are unknown. In addition to astrocytes, GFAP is also expressed in other cell types, particularly neural stem cells that form the reservoir supporting adult neurogenesis in the hippocampal dentate gyrus and subventricular zone of the lateral ventricles. Here, we show that mouse models of AxD exhibit significant pathology in GFAP-positive radial glia-like cells in the dentate gyrus, and suffer from deficits in adult neurogenesis. In addition, they display impairments in contextual learning and spatial memory. This is the first demonstration of cognitive phenotypes in a model of primary astrocyte disease.
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17
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Caspase cleavage of GFAP produces an assembly-compromised proteolytic fragment that promotes filament aggregation. ASN Neuro 2013; 5:e00125. [PMID: 24102621 PMCID: PMC3833455 DOI: 10.1042/an20130032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
IF (intermediate filament) proteins can be cleaved by caspases to generate proapoptotic fragments as shown for desmin. These fragments can also cause filament aggregation. The hypothesis is that disease-causing mutations in IF proteins and their subsequent characteristic histopathological aggregates could involve caspases. GFAP (glial fibrillary acidic protein), a closely related IF protein expressed mainly in astrocytes, is also a putative caspase substrate. Mutations in GFAP cause AxD (Alexander disease). The overexpression of wild-type or mutant GFAP promotes cytoplasmic aggregate formation, with caspase activation and GFAP proteolysis. In this study, we report that GFAP is cleaved specifically by caspase 6 at VELD²²⁵ in its L12 linker domain in vitro. Caspase cleavage of GFAP at Asp²²⁵ produces two major cleavage products. While the C-GFAP (C-terminal GFAP) is unable to assemble into filaments, the N-GFAP (N-terminal GFAP) forms filamentous structures that are variable in width and prone to aggregation. The effect of N-GFAP is dominant, thus affecting normal filament assembly in a way that promotes filament aggregation. Transient transfection of N-GFAP into a human astrocytoma cell line induces the formation of cytoplasmic aggregates, which also disrupt the endogenous GFAP networks. In addition, we generated a neo-epitope antibody that recognizes caspase-cleaved but not the intact GFAP. Using this antibody, we demonstrate the presence of the caspase-generated GFAP fragment in transfected cells expressing a disease-causing mutant GFAP and in two mouse models of AxD. These findings suggest that caspase-mediated GFAP proteolysis may be a common event in the context of both the GFAP mutation and excess.
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18
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Abstract
Alexander Disease (AxD) is a primary disorder of astrocytes, caused by heterozygous mutations in GFAP, which encodes the major astrocyte intermediate filament protein, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). Astrocytes in AxD display hypertrophy, massive increases in GFAP, and the accumulation of Rosenthal fibers, cytoplasmic protein inclusions containing GFAP, and small heat shock proteins. To study the effects of GFAP mutations on astrocyte morphology and physiology, we have examined hippocampal astrocytes in three mouse models of AxD, a transgenic line (GFAP(Tg)) in which the normal human GFAP is expressed in several copies, a knock-in line (Gfap(+/R236H)) in which one of the Gfap genes bears an R236H mutation, and a mouse derived from the mating of these two lines (GFAP(Tg); Gfap(+/R236H)). We report changes in astrocyte phenotype in all lines, with the most severe in the GFAP(Tg);Gfap(+/R236H), resulting in the conversion of protoplasmic astrocytes to cells that have lost their bushy-like morphology because of a reduction of distal fine processes, and become multinucleated and hypertrophic. Astrocytes activate the mTOR cascade, acquire CD44, and lose GLT-1. The altered astrocytes display a microheterogeneity in phenotypes, even neighboring cells. Astrocytes also show diminished glutamate transporter current, are significantly depolarized, and not coupled to adjacent astrocytes. Thus, the accumulation of GFAP in the AxD mouse astrocytes initiates a conversion of normal, protoplasmic astrocytes to astrocytes that display severely "reactive" characteristics, many of which may be detrimental to neighboring neurons and oligodendrocytes.
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