1
|
Li S, Liu J, Zhang T, Lu J, Li M, Zhang M, Chen H. Chemical modification, structure elucidation and antifungal mechanism studies of a peptide extracted from garlic (Allium sativum L.). JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2024. [PMID: 38855916 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.13633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Garlic is a promising source of antimicrobial peptide separation, and chemical modification is an effective method for activity improvement. The present study aimed to improve the antifungal activity of a peptide extracted from garlic. Chemical modifications were conducted, and the structure-activity relationship and antifungal mechanism were investigated. RESULTS The results indicated that the cationic charge induced by Lys residue at the N-terminal was important for the antimicrobial activity, and the modified sequence exhibited significant antifungal activity with low mammalian toxicity and a low tendency of drug resistance (p < 0.05). The structure-activity relationship analysis revealed that the modified active peptide had a predominant α-helical structure and an inner cyclic correlation. Transcriptomic analysis showed that peptide KMLKKLFR (Lys-Met-Leu-Lys-Lyse-Leu-Phe-Arg) affected the rRNA processing and carbon metabolism process of Candida albicans. In addition, the membrane potential study indicated a non-membrane destruction mechanism, and molecular docking analysis and a DNA interaction assay suggested promising inner targets. CONCLUSION The results of the present study indicate that chemical modification by amino acid substitution was effective for antimicrobial activity improvement. The present study would benefit future antimicrobial peptide development and suggests that garlic is a great source of antibacterial peptides and peptide template separations for coping with antibiotic resistance. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuqin Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery & High-Efficiency, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Faculty of Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Junyu Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery & High-Efficiency, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Faculty of Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Tingting Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery & High-Efficiency, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Faculty of Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Jingyang Lu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery & High-Efficiency, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Faculty of Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Mingyue Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery & High-Efficiency, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Faculty of Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Min Zhang
- College of Food Science and Bioengineering, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin, China
- State Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Safety, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - Haixia Chen
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery & High-Efficiency, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Faculty of Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Nickerson KW, Gutzmann DJ, Boone CHT, Pathirana RU, Atkin AL. Physiological adventures in Candida albicans: farnesol and ubiquinones. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2024; 88:e0008122. [PMID: 38436263 PMCID: PMC10966945 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00081-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/05/2024] Open
Abstract
SUMMARYFarnesol was first identified as a quorum-sensing molecule, which blocked the yeast to hyphal transition in Candida albicans, 22 years ago. However, its interactions with Candida biology are surprisingly complex. Exogenous (secreted or supplied) farnesol can also act as a virulence factor during pathogenesis and as a fungicidal agent triggering apoptosis in other competing fungi. Farnesol synthesis is turned off both during anaerobic growth and in opaque cells. Distinctly different cellular responses are observed as exogenous farnesol levels are increased from 0.1 to 100 µM. Reported changes include altered morphology, stress response, pathogenicity, antibiotic sensitivity/resistance, and even cell lysis. Throughout, there has been a dearth of mechanisms associated with these observations, in part due to the absence of accurate measurement of intracellular farnesol levels (Fi). This obstacle has recently been overcome, and the above phenomena can now be viewed in terms of changing Fi levels and the percentage of farnesol secreted. Critically, two aspects of isoprenoid metabolism present in higher organisms are absent in C. albicans and likely in other yeasts. These are pathways for farnesol salvage (converting farnesol to farnesyl pyrophosphate) and farnesylcysteine cleavage, a necessary step in the turnover of farnesylated proteins. Together, these developments suggest a unifying model, whereby high, threshold levels of Fi regulate which target proteins are farnesylated or the extent to which they are farnesylated. Thus, we suggest that the diversity of cellular responses to farnesol reflects the diversity of the proteins that are or are not farnesylated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel J. Gutzmann
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
| | - Cory H. T. Boone
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
| | - Ruvini U. Pathirana
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, Texas A&M International University, Laredo, Texas, USA
| | - Audrey L. Atkin
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Alhameed RA, Semreen MH, Hamad M, Giddey AD, Sulaiman A, Al Bataineh MT, Al-Hroub HM, Bustanji Y, Alzoubi KH, Soares NC. Multi-Omics Profiling of Candida albicans Grown on Solid Versus Liquid Media. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2831. [PMID: 38137975 PMCID: PMC10745582 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11122831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans is a common pathogenic fungus that presents a challenge to healthcare facilities. It can switch between a yeast cell form that diffuses through the bloodstream to colonize internal organs and a filamentous form that penetrates host mucosa. Understanding the pathogen's strategies for environmental adaptation and, ultimately, survival, is crucial. As a complementary study, herein, a multi-omics analysis was performed using high-resolution timsTOF MS to compare the proteomes and metabolomes of Wild Type (WT) Candida albicans (strain DK318) grown on agar plates versus liquid media. Proteomic analysis revealed a total of 1793 proteins and 15,013 peptides. Out of the 1403 identified proteins, 313 proteins were significantly differentially abundant with a p-value < 0.05. Of these, 156 and 157 proteins were significantly increased in liquid and solid media, respectively. Metabolomics analysis identified 192 metabolites in total. The majority (42/48) of the significantly altered metabolites (p-value 0.05 FDR, FC 1.5), mainly amino acids, were significantly higher in solid media, while only 2 metabolites were significantly higher in liquid media. The combined multi-omics analysis provides insight into adaptative morphological changes supporting Candida albicans' life cycle and identifies crucial virulence factors during biofilm formation and bloodstream infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rouba Abdulsalam Alhameed
- Research Institute of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah P.O. Box 27227, United Arab Emirates; (R.A.A.); (M.H.); (A.S.); (H.M.A.-H.); (Y.B.); (K.H.A.)
| | - Mohammad H. Semreen
- Research Institute of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah P.O. Box 27227, United Arab Emirates; (R.A.A.); (M.H.); (A.S.); (H.M.A.-H.); (Y.B.); (K.H.A.)
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah, Sharjah P.O. Box 27227, United Arab Emirates
| | - Mohamad Hamad
- Research Institute of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah P.O. Box 27227, United Arab Emirates; (R.A.A.); (M.H.); (A.S.); (H.M.A.-H.); (Y.B.); (K.H.A.)
- College of Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah P.O. Box 27227, United Arab Emirates
| | - Alexander D. Giddey
- Center for Applied and Translational Genomics, Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dubai P.O. Box 505055, United Arab Emirates;
| | - Ashna Sulaiman
- Research Institute of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah P.O. Box 27227, United Arab Emirates; (R.A.A.); (M.H.); (A.S.); (H.M.A.-H.); (Y.B.); (K.H.A.)
| | - Mohammad T. Al Bataineh
- Center for Biotechnology, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 127788, United Arab Emirates;
| | - Hamza M. Al-Hroub
- Research Institute of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah P.O. Box 27227, United Arab Emirates; (R.A.A.); (M.H.); (A.S.); (H.M.A.-H.); (Y.B.); (K.H.A.)
| | - Yasser Bustanji
- Research Institute of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah P.O. Box 27227, United Arab Emirates; (R.A.A.); (M.H.); (A.S.); (H.M.A.-H.); (Y.B.); (K.H.A.)
- College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah P.O. Box 27227, United Arab Emirates
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan
| | - Karem H. Alzoubi
- Research Institute of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah P.O. Box 27227, United Arab Emirates; (R.A.A.); (M.H.); (A.S.); (H.M.A.-H.); (Y.B.); (K.H.A.)
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Pharmacotherapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah, Sharjah P.O. Box 27227, United Arab Emirates
| | - Nelson C. Soares
- Research Institute of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah P.O. Box 27227, United Arab Emirates; (R.A.A.); (M.H.); (A.S.); (H.M.A.-H.); (Y.B.); (K.H.A.)
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah, Sharjah P.O. Box 27227, United Arab Emirates
- Laboratory of Proteomics, Department of Human Genetics, National Institute of Health Doutor Ricardo Jorge (INSA), 1649-016 Lisbon, Portugal
- Centre for Toxicogenomics and Human Health (ToxOmics), Faculdade de Lisboa, NOVA School, 1169-056 Lisbon, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Delaney C, Alapati S, Alshehri M, Kubalova D, Veena CLR, Abusrewil S, Short B, Bradshaw D, Brown JL. Investigating the role of Candida albicans as a universal substrate for oral bacteria using a transcriptomic approach: implications for interkingdom biofilm control? APMIS 2023; 131:601-612. [PMID: 37170476 DOI: 10.1111/apm.13327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Candida albicans is frequently identified as a colonizer of the oral cavity in health and has recently been termed a "keystone" commensal due to its role on the bacterial communities. However, the role that C. albicans plays in such interactions is not fully understood. Therefore, this study aimed to identify the relationship between C. albicans and bacteria associated with oral symbiosis and dysbiosis. To do this, we evaluated the ability of C. albicans to support the growth of the aerobic commensal Streptococcus gordonii and the anaerobic pathogens Fusobacterium nucleatum and Porphyromonas gingivalis in the biofilm environment. RNA-Sequencing with the Illumina platform was then utilized to identify C. albicans gene expression and functional pathways involved during such interactions in dual-species and a 4-species biofilm model. Results indicated that C. albicans was capable of supporting growth of all three bacteria, with a significant increase in colony counts of each bacteria in the dual-species biofilm (p < 0.05). We identified specific functional enrichment of pathways in our 4-species community as well as transcriptional profiles unique to the F. nucleatum and S. gordonii dual-species biofilms, indicating a species-specific effect on C. albicans. Candida-related hemin acquisition and heat shock protein mediated processes were unique to the organism following co-culture with anaerobic and aerobic bacteria, respectively, suggestive that such pathways may be feasible options for therapeutic targeting to interfere with these fungal-bacterial interactions. Targeted antifungal therapy may be considered as an option for biofilm destabilization and treatment of complex communities. Moving forward, we propose that further studies must continue to investigate the role of this fungal organism in the context of the interkingdom nature of oral diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Delaney
- Oral Sciences Research Group, Glasgow Dental School, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Nursing, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
- Glasgow Biofilm Research Network (www.glasgowbiofilms.ac.uk), Glasgow, UK
| | - Susanth Alapati
- Oral Sciences Research Group, Glasgow Dental School, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Nursing, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
- Glasgow Biofilm Research Network (www.glasgowbiofilms.ac.uk), Glasgow, UK
| | - Muhanna Alshehri
- Oral Sciences Research Group, Glasgow Dental School, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Nursing, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
- Glasgow Biofilm Research Network (www.glasgowbiofilms.ac.uk), Glasgow, UK
| | - Dominika Kubalova
- Oral Sciences Research Group, Glasgow Dental School, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Nursing, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
- Glasgow Biofilm Research Network (www.glasgowbiofilms.ac.uk), Glasgow, UK
| | - Chandra Lekha Ramalingham Veena
- Oral Sciences Research Group, Glasgow Dental School, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Nursing, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
- Glasgow Biofilm Research Network (www.glasgowbiofilms.ac.uk), Glasgow, UK
| | - Sumaya Abusrewil
- Oral Sciences Research Group, Glasgow Dental School, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Nursing, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
- Glasgow Biofilm Research Network (www.glasgowbiofilms.ac.uk), Glasgow, UK
| | - Bryn Short
- Oral Sciences Research Group, Glasgow Dental School, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Nursing, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
- Glasgow Biofilm Research Network (www.glasgowbiofilms.ac.uk), Glasgow, UK
| | | | - Jason L Brown
- Oral Sciences Research Group, Glasgow Dental School, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Nursing, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
- Glasgow Biofilm Research Network (www.glasgowbiofilms.ac.uk), Glasgow, UK
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Neves-da-Rocha J, Santos-Saboya MJ, Lopes MER, Rossi A, Martinez-Rossi NM. Insights and Perspectives on the Role of Proteostasis and Heat Shock Proteins in Fungal Infections. Microorganisms 2023; 11:1878. [PMID: 37630438 PMCID: PMC10456932 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11081878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Fungi are a diverse group of eukaryotic organisms that infect humans, animals, and plants. To successfully colonize their hosts, pathogenic fungi must continuously adapt to the host's unique environment, e.g., changes in temperature, pH, and nutrient availability. Appropriate protein folding, assembly, and degradation are essential for maintaining cellular homeostasis and survival under stressful conditions. Therefore, the regulation of proteostasis is crucial for fungal pathogenesis. The heat shock response (HSR) is one of the most important cellular mechanisms for maintaining proteostasis. It is activated by various stresses and regulates the activity of heat shock proteins (HSPs). As molecular chaperones, HSPs participate in the proteostatic network to control cellular protein levels by affecting their conformation, location, and degradation. In recent years, a growing body of evidence has highlighted the crucial yet understudied role of stress response circuits in fungal infections. This review explores the role of protein homeostasis and HSPs in fungal pathogenicity, including their contributions to virulence and host-pathogen interactions, as well as the concerted effects between HSPs and the main proteostasis circuits in the cell. Furthermore, we discuss perspectives in the field and the potential for targeting the components of these circuits to develop novel antifungal therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- João Neves-da-Rocha
- Department of Genetics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14049-900, SP, Brazil; (M.J.S.-S.); (M.E.R.L.); (A.R.)
| | | | | | | | - Nilce M. Martinez-Rossi
- Department of Genetics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14049-900, SP, Brazil; (M.J.S.-S.); (M.E.R.L.); (A.R.)
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Tian S, Bing J, Chu Y, Li H, Wang Q, Cheng S, Chen J, Shang H. Phenotypic and genetic features of a novel clinically isolated rough morphotype Candida auris. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1174878. [PMID: 37350781 PMCID: PMC10282645 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1174878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Candida auris is a newly emerging pathogenic fungus of global concern and has been defined by the World Health Organization (WHO) as a member of the critical group of the most health-threatening fungi. Methods This study reveals and reports for the first time that a rough morphotype C. auris strain causes urinary tract infections in non-intensive care unit (ICU) inpatients. Furthermore, the morphology, the scanning electronmicroscopy (SEM), Whole-genome resequencing and RNA sequencing of C. auris possessing rough morphotype colonies compared to their smooth morphotype counterparts. Results The newly identified phenotypic variation of C. auris appears round, convex, dry, and burr-like with a rough texture. SEM shows that rough type C. auris has a rough and uneven colony surface with radial wrinkles and irregular spore arrangement. Cells of the rough morphotype C. auris naturally aggregate into clusters with tight connections in the liquid, and it seems that the cell division is incomplete. A genome-wide analysis of the rough type C. auris confirmed its genetic association with the smooth type of C. auris prevalent in China (Shenyang) two years ago; however, single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) mutations of five genes (ACE2, IFF6, RER2, UTP20, and CaO19.5847) were identified more recently. RNA-seq revealed IFF2/HYR3, DAL5, PSA31, and SIT1 were notably up-regulated, while multiple cell wall-associated genes (ALS1, MNN1, PUL1, DSE1, SCW11, PGA38, RBE1, FGR41, BGLI, GIT3, CEP3, and SAP2) were consistently down-regulated in rough morphotype C. auris. Discussion The rough phenotypic variation of C. auris is likely to be related to the structural and functional changes in cell wall proteins. This novel rough morphotype C. auris will provide a basis for further studies concerning the evolutionary characteristics of C. auris.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sufei Tian
- National Clinical Research Center for Laboratory Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jian Bing
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yunzhuo Chu
- National Clinical Research Center for Laboratory Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Hailong Li
- National Clinical Research Center for Laboratory Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Qihui Wang
- National Clinical Research Center for Laboratory Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Shitong Cheng
- National Clinical Research Center for Laboratory Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jingjing Chen
- National Clinical Research Center for Laboratory Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Hong Shang
- National Clinical Research Center for Laboratory Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Fan F, Liu Y, Liu Y, Lv R, Sun W, Ding W, Cai Y, Li W, Liu X, Qu W. Candida albicans biofilms: antifungal resistance, immune evasion, and emerging therapeutic strategies. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2022; 60:106673. [PMID: 36103915 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2022.106673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Candida albicans is a fungal pathogen that can form biofilms on medical devices and host tissue, resulting in serious, life-threatening infections. These fungal biofilms are inherently resistant to traditional antifungal therapies and the host immune system; therefore, biofilm-associated infections are a huge clinical challenge. This review summarizes the most important insights into C. albicans biofilm-associated antifungal drug resistance mechanisms and immune evasion strategies. In addtion, this review also discusses the strategies for antifungal drug use to combat these processes, providing further evidence for novel drugs research and clinical therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- FangMei Fan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Guiyang Maternity & Child Health Hospital, Guiyang, 550003, China
| | - Yi Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Guiyang Maternity & Child Health Hospital, Guiyang, 550003, China
| | - YiQing Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Guiyang Maternity & Child Health Hospital, Guiyang, 550003, China
| | - RuiXue Lv
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Guiyang Maternity & Child Health Hospital, Guiyang, 550003, China
| | - Wei Sun
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Guiyang Maternity & Child Health Hospital, Guiyang, 550003, China
| | - WenJing Ding
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Guiyang Maternity & Child Health Hospital, Guiyang, 550003, China
| | - YanXing Cai
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Guiyang Maternity & Child Health Hospital, Guiyang, 550003, China
| | - WeiWei Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Guiyang Maternity & Child Health Hospital, Guiyang, 550003, China
| | - Xing Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Guiyang Maternity & Child Health Hospital, Guiyang, 550003, China
| | - Wei Qu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Guiyang Maternity & Child Health Hospital, Guiyang, 550003, China.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
The Arginine Biosynthesis Pathway of Candida albicans Regulates Its Cross-Kingdom Interaction with Actinomyces viscosus to Promote Root Caries. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0078222. [PMID: 35862976 PMCID: PMC9430244 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00782-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The cross-kingdom interactions between Candida albicans and Actinomyces viscosus play critical roles in root caries. However, the key pathway by which C. albicans regulates its interactions with A. viscosus is unclear. Here, we first employed 39 volunteers with root caries and 37 caries-free volunteers, and found that the abundances of C. albicans and A. viscosus were significantly increased in the individuals with root caries and showed a strong positive correlation. Their dual-species combination synergistically promoted biofilm formation and root caries in rats. The arginine biosynthesis pathway of C. albicans was significantly upregulated in dual-species biofilms and dental plaques from another 10 root caries volunteers compared with the 10 caries-free volunteers. The exogenous addition of arginine increased the cariogenicity of the dual-species biofilm. The C. albicansARG4, a key gene from the arginine biosynthesis pathway, null mutant failed to promote dual-species biofilm formation and root caries in rats; however, the addition of arginine restored its synergistic actions with A. viscosus. Our results identified the critical roles of the C. albicans arginine biosynthesis pathway in its cross-kingdom interactions with A. viscosus for the first time and indicated that targeting this pathway was a practical way to treat root caries caused by multiple species. IMPORTANCE Root caries is a critical problem that threatens the oral health of the elderly population. Our results identified the essential roles of the C. albicans arginine biosynthesis pathway in its cross-kingdom interactions with A. viscosus in root caries for the first time and indicated that targeting this pathway was a practical way to treat root caries caused by multiple species.
Collapse
|
9
|
Differential Roles of Three α-Crystallin Domain-Containing sHsps of Beauveria bassiana in Asexual Development, Multiple Stress Tolerance and Virulence. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23126717. [PMID: 35743166 PMCID: PMC9224193 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23126717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 06/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Small heat shock proteins (sHsps) containing conserved α-crystallin domain play important roles in many cellular processes, but little is known about the functions of sHsps in filamentous entomopathogens. Here, three sHsps of Hsp20, Hsp30a, and Hsp30b were characterized in Beauveria bassiana, a filamentous fungal insect pathogen that serves as the main source of wide-spectrum fungal insecticides. The results demonstrated that these three genes are interrelated at the transcriptional level under normal and heat-shocked conditions. Meanwhile, all the deletion mutants showed significant but differential changes in cell wall integrity, antioxidant activity, hyphal tolerance to carbendazim fungicide, conidial tolerance to 45 °C wet heat and virulence. However, only Δhsp30b showed growth defects on rich and minimal media at 25 °C and Δhsp30a displayed the reduction in conidiophores and conidia. Moreover, the single deletion of hsp30a and hsp30b caused the decreases in hyphal growth at 34 °C and conidial tolerance to UV-B irradiation. Our findings provide a global insight into vital roles of hsp20, hsp30a, and hsp30b in asexual development, environmental adaptation, and fungal virulence of B. bassiana.
Collapse
|
10
|
Heat shock proteins and the calcineurin-crz1 signaling regulate stress responses in fungi. Arch Microbiol 2022; 204:240. [PMID: 35377020 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-022-02833-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2021] [Revised: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The heat shock proteins (Hsps) act as a molecular chaperone to stabilize client proteins involved in various cell functions in fungi. Hsps are classified into different families such as HSP90, HSP70, HSP60, HSP40, and small HSPs (sHsps). Hsp90, a well-studied member of the Hsp family proteins, plays a role in growth, cell survival, and pathogenicity in fungi. Hsp70 and sHsps are involved in the development, tolerance to stress conditions, and drug resistance in fungi. Hsp60 is a mitochondrial chaperone, and Hsp40 regulates fungal ATPase machinery. In this review, we describe the cell functions, regulation, and the molecular link of the Hsps with the calcineurin-crz1 calcium signaling pathway for their role in cell survival, growth, virulence, and drug resistance in fungi and related organisms.
Collapse
|
11
|
Arita GS, Faria DR, Capoci IR, Kioshima ES, Bonfim-Mendonça PS, Svidzinski TI. Cell wall associated proteins involved in filamentation with impact on the virulence of Candida albicans. Microbiol Res 2022; 258:126996. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2022.126996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
|
12
|
Arita GS, Vincenzi Conrado PC, Sakita KM, Vilugron Rodrigues-Vendramini FA, Faria DR, Kioshima ES, de Souza Bonfim-Mendonça P, Estivalet Svidzinski TI. Serial systemic candidiasis alters Candida albicans macromorphology associated with enhancement of virulence attributes. Microb Pathog 2022; 164:105413. [PMID: 35066070 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2022.105413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 12/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Candida albicans is one of the major pathogens found in superficial and invasive infections. This fungus expresses several virulence factors and fitness attributes that are essential to the pathogenesis. In our previous study using a murine model of serial systemic candidiasis, virulence of the recovered C. albicans was enhanced and several virulence factors were also modified after five successive passages through mice (P1-P5). In this study, we aimed to correlate the different fungal morphologies, as well as the filamentation, invasion, and stress resistance abilities, of the cells recovered after passing through this model of infection with our previous findings regarding virulence. We obtained two colony morphology types from the recovered cells, differing in their peripheral filamentation. The morphotype 1, which presented zero to five filaments in the colony edge, was higher in P2, while morphotype 2, which presented more than five filaments in the colony edge, was predominant from P3 to P5. In general, morphotype 1 showed similar levels regarding filamentation in serum, invasion of agar and cells, and resistance to osmotic, oxidative, and thermal stress in all passages analyzed. The morphotype 2, however, exhibited an enhancement in these abilities over the passages. We observed an accordance with the increased virulence over the passages obtained in our previous study and the increased adaptability profile of morphotype 2. Therefore, we suggest that the behavior observed previously in the pathogenesis and virulence could be attributed, at least in part, to the greater presence and ability of morphotype 2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Glaucia Sayuri Arita
- Department of Clinical Analysis and Biomedicine, Laboratory of Medical Mycology, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | | | - Karina Mayumi Sakita
- Department of Clinical Analysis and Biomedicine, Laboratory of Medical Mycology, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | | | - Daniella Renata Faria
- Department of Clinical Analysis and Biomedicine, Laboratory of Medical Mycology, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Erika Seki Kioshima
- Department of Clinical Analysis and Biomedicine, Laboratory of Medical Mycology, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Patrícia de Souza Bonfim-Mendonça
- Department of Clinical Analysis and Biomedicine, Laboratory of Medical Mycology, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Interactions of Both Pathogenic and Nonpathogenic CUG Clade Candida Species with Macrophages Share a Conserved Transcriptional Landscape. mBio 2021; 12:e0331721. [PMID: 34903044 PMCID: PMC8669484 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.03317-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Candida species are a leading cause of opportunistic, hospital-associated bloodstream infections with high mortality rates, typically in immunocompromised patients. Several species, including Candida albicans, the most prevalent cause of infection, belong to the monophyletic CUG clade of yeasts. Innate immune cells such as macrophages are crucial for controlling infection, and C. albicans responds to phagocytosis by a coordinated induction of pathways involved in catabolism of nonglucose carbon sources, termed alternative carbon metabolism, which together are essential for virulence. However, the interactions of other CUG clade species with macrophages have not been characterized. Here, we analyzed transcriptional responses to macrophage phagocytosis by six Candida species across a range of virulence and clinical importance. We define a core induced response common to pathogenic and nonpathogenic species alike, heavily weighted to alternative carbon metabolism. One prominent pathogen, Candida parapsilosis, showed species-specific expansion of phagocytosis-responsive genes, particularly metabolite transporters. C. albicans and Candida tropicalis, the other prominent pathogens, also had species-specific responses, but these were largely comprised of functionally uncharacterized genes. Transcriptional analysis of macrophages also demonstrated highly correlated proinflammatory transcriptional responses to different Candida species that were largely independent of fungal viability, suggesting that this response is driven by recognition of conserved cell wall components. This study significantly broadens our understanding of host interactions in CUG clade species, demonstrating that although metabolic plasticity is crucial for virulence in Candida, it alone is not sufficient to confer pathogenicity. Instead, we identify sets of mostly uncharacterized genes that may explain the evolution of pathogenicity.
Collapse
|
14
|
Unravelling the Initial Triggers of Botrytis cinerea Infection: First Description of Its Surfactome. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:jof7121021. [PMID: 34947003 PMCID: PMC8708654 DOI: 10.3390/jof7121021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Revised: 11/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Botrytis cinerea is a critically important phytopathogenic fungus, causing devastating crop losses; signal transduction cascades mediate the “dialogue” among the fungus, plant, and environment. Surface proteins play important roles as front-line receptors. We report the first description of the surfactome of a filamentous fungus. To obtain a complete view of these cascades during infection of B. cinerea, its surfactome has been described by optimization of the “shaving” process and LC–MS/MS at two different infection stages, and with both rapid and late responses to environmental changes. The best results were obtained using PBS buffer in the “shaving” protocol. The surfactome obtained comprises 1010 identified proteins. These have been categorized by gene ontology and protein–protein interactions to reveal new potential pathogenicity/virulence factors. From these data, the percentage of total proteins predicted for the genome of the fungus represented by proteins identified in this and other proteomics studies is calculated at 54%, a big increase over the previous 12%. The new data may be crucial for understanding better its biological activity and pathogenicity. Given its extensive exposure to plants and environmental conditions, the surfactome presents innumerable opportunities for interactions between the fungus and external elements, which should offer the best targets for fungicide development.
Collapse
|
15
|
Alqahtani FM, Handy ST, Sutton CL, Farone MB. Combining Genome-Wide Gene Expression Analysis (RNA-seq) and a Gene Editing Platform (CRISPR-Cas9) to Uncover the Selectively Pro-oxidant Activity of Aurone Compounds Against Candida albicans. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:708267. [PMID: 34335543 PMCID: PMC8319688 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.708267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans is the major fungal cause of healthcare-associated bloodstream infections worldwide with a 40% mortality rate. The scarcity of antifungal treatments due to the eukaryotic origin of fungal cells has challenged the development of selectively antifungal drugs. In an attempt to identify novel antifungal agents, aurones SH1009 and SH9051, as synthetically bioactive compounds, have been recently documented as anti-Candida agents. Since the molecular mechanisms behind the inhibitory activities of these aurones in C. albicans are unclear, this study aimed to determine the comprehensive cellular processes affected by these aurones and their molecular targets. Genome-wide transcriptional analysis of SH1009- and SH9051-treated C. albicans revealed uniquely repressed expression in different metabolic pathways, particularly trehalose and sulfur amino acid metabolic processes for SH1009 and SH9051, respectively. In contrast, the most commonly enriched process for both aurones was the up-regulation of RNA processing and ribosomal cleavages as an indicator of high oxidative stress, suggesting that a common aspect in the chemical structure of both aurones led to pro-oxidative properties. Additionally, uniquely induced responses (iron ion homeostasis for SH1009 and arginine biosynthesis for SH9051) garnered attention on key roles for the aurone functional groups. Deletion of the transcription factor for the trehalose biosynthesis pathway, Tye7p, resulted in an SH1009-resistant mutant, which also exhibited low trehalose content, validating the primary molecular target of SH1009. Aurone SH9051 uniquely simulated an exogenous supply of methionine or cysteine, leading to sulfur amino acid catabolism as evidenced by quantifying an overproduction of sulfite. Phenyl aurone, the common structure of aurones, contributed proportionally in the pro-oxidative activity through ferric ion reduction effects leading to high ROS levels. Our results determined selective and novel molecular mechanisms for aurone SH1009 and also elucidated the diverse cellular effects of different aurones based on functional groups.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fatmah M Alqahtani
- Department of Biology, Middle Tennessee State University, Murfreesboro, TN, United States
| | - Scott T Handy
- Department of Chemistry, Middle Tennessee State University, Murfreesboro, TN, United States
| | - Caleb L Sutton
- Department of Biology, Middle Tennessee State University, Murfreesboro, TN, United States
| | - Mary B Farone
- Department of Biology, Middle Tennessee State University, Murfreesboro, TN, United States
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Horianopoulos LC, Kronstad JW. Chaperone Networks in Fungal Pathogens of Humans. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:209. [PMID: 33809191 PMCID: PMC7998936 DOI: 10.3390/jof7030209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2021] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The heat shock proteins (HSPs) function as chaperones to facilitate proper folding and modification of proteins and are of particular importance when organisms are subjected to unfavourable conditions. The human fungal pathogens are subjected to such conditions within the context of infection as they are exposed to human body temperature as well as the host immune response. Herein, the roles of the major classes of HSPs are briefly reviewed and their known contributions in human fungal pathogens are described with a focus on Candida albicans, Cryptococcus neoformans, and Aspergillus fumigatus. The Hsp90s and Hsp70s in human fungal pathogens broadly contribute to thermotolerance, morphological changes required for virulence, and tolerance to antifungal drugs. There are also examples of J domain co-chaperones and small HSPs influencing the elaboration of virulence factors in human fungal pathogens. However, there are diverse members in these groups of chaperones and there is still much to be uncovered about their contributions to pathogenesis. These HSPs do not act in isolation, but rather they form a network with one another. Interactions between chaperones define their specific roles and enhance their protein folding capabilities. Recent efforts to characterize these HSP networks in human fungal pathogens have revealed that there are unique interactions relevant to these pathogens, particularly under stress conditions. The chaperone networks in the fungal pathogens are also emerging as key coordinators of pathogenesis and antifungal drug tolerance, suggesting that their disruption is a promising strategy for the development of antifungal therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - James W. Kronstad
- Michael Smith Laboratories, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada;
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Li P, Seneviratne CJ, Luan Q, Jin L. Proteomic Analysis of Caspofungin-Induced Responses in Planktonic Cells and Biofilms of Candida albicans. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:639123. [PMID: 33679674 PMCID: PMC7931687 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.639123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans biofilms display markedly increased antifungal resistance, and the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. This study investigated the signature profiles of C. albicans planktonic cells and biofilms in response to caspofungin (CAS) by mass spectrometry-based shotgun proteomics. We found that C. albicans biofilms were twofold more resistant to CAS with reference to planktonic cells. Notably, 9.6% of C. albicans biofilm cells survived the lethal treatment of CAS (128 μg/ml), confirmed by LIVE/DEAD staining, confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) and scanning electron microscopy analyses. The responses of C. albicans planktonic cells and biofilms to CAS treatment at respective minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) were assessed by high-throughput proteomics and bioinformatics approaches. There were 148 and 224 proteins with >twofold difference identified from the planktonic cells and biofilms, respectively. CAS treatment downregulated several cell wall- and oxidative stress-related proteins. Whereas, CAS-induced action was compensated by markedly increased expression of many other proteins involved in cell wall integrity and stress response (e.g., heat shock proteins). Moreover, considerable expression changes were identified in metabolism-associated proteins like glycolysis, tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle and ATP biosynthesis. Importantly, various key proteins for cell wall integrity, stress response and metabolic regulation (e.g., PIL1, LSP1, HSP90, ICL1, and MLS1) were exclusively enriched and implicated in C. albicans biofilms. This study demonstrates that C. albicans biofilms undergo highly complicated yet complex regulation of multiple cellular pathways in response to CAS. Signature proteins essential for modulating cell wall integrity, stress response and metabolic activities may account for the antifungal resistance of C. albicans biofilms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peng Li
- Department of Periodontology, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China.,Division of Periodontology and Implant Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Chaminda J Seneviratne
- National Dental Research Institute Singapore, National Dental Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Qingxian Luan
- Department of Periodontology, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Lijian Jin
- Division of Periodontology and Implant Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Exploring Small Heat Shock Proteins (sHSPs) for Targeting Drug Resistance in Candida albicans and other Pathogenic Fungi. JOURNAL OF PURE AND APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.22207/jpam.15.1.42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungal infections have predominantly increased worldwide that leads to morbidity and mortality in severe cases. Invasive candidiasis and other pathogenic fungal infections are a major problem in immunocompromised individuals and post-operative patients. Increasing resistance to existing antifungal drugs calls for the identification of novel antifungal drug targets for chemotherapeutic interventions. This demand for identification and characterization of novel drug targets leads to the development of effective antifungal therapy against drug resistant fungi. Heat shock proteins (HSPs) are important for various biological processes like protein folding, posttranslational modifications, transcription, translation, and protein aggregation. HSPs are involved in maintaining homeostasis of the cell. A subgroup of HSPs is small heat shock proteins (sHSPs), which functions as cellular chaperones. They are having a significant role in the many cellular functions like development, cytoskeletal organization, apoptosis, membrane lipid polymorphism, differentiation, autophagy, in infection recognition and are major players in various stresses like osmotic stress, pH stress, etc. Studies have shown that fungal cells express increased levels of sHSPs upon antifungal drug induced stress responses. Here we review the important role of small heat shock proteins (sHSPs) in fungal diseases and their potential as antifungal targets.
Collapse
|
19
|
Park JC, Kim DH, Lee Y, Lee MC, Kim TK, Yim JH, Lee JS. Genome-wide identification and structural analysis of heat shock protein gene families in the marine rotifer Brachionus spp.: Potential application in molecular ecotoxicology. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY D-GENOMICS & PROTEOMICS 2020; 36:100749. [PMID: 33065474 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbd.2020.100749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 09/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Heat shock proteins (Hsp) are class of conserved and ubiquitous stress proteins present in all living organisms from primitive to higher level. Various studies have demonstrated multiple cellular functions of Hsp in living organisms as an important biomarker in response to abiotic and biotic stressors including temperature, salinity, pH, hypoxia, environmental pollutants, and pathogens. However, full understanding on the mechanism and pathway involved in the induction of Hsp still remains challenging, especially in aquatic invertebrates. In this study, the entire Hsp family and subfamily members in the marine rotifers Brachionus spp., one of the cosmopolitan ecotoxicological model organisms, have been genome-widely identified. In Brachionus spp. Hsp family was comprised of Hsp10, small hsp (sHsp), Hsp40, Hsp60, Hsp70/105, and Hsp90, with highest number of genes found within Hsp40 DnaJ homolog subfamily C members. Also, the differences in the orientation of the conserved motifs within Hsp family may have induced differences in transcriptional gene modulation in response to thermal stress in Brachionus koreanus. Overall, Hsp family-specific domains were highly conserved in all three Brachionus spp., relative to Homo sapiens and across other animal taxa and these findings will be helpful for future ecotoxicological studies focusing on Hsps.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Chul Park
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, South Korea
| | - Duck-Hyun Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, South Korea
| | - Yoseop Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, South Korea
| | - Min-Chul Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, South Korea
| | - Tai Kyoung Kim
- Division of Polar Life Science, Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon 21990, South Korea
| | - Joung Han Yim
- Division of Polar Life Science, Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon 21990, South Korea
| | - Jae-Seong Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, South Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Mba IE, Nweze EI. Mechanism of Candida pathogenesis: revisiting the vital drivers. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2020; 39:1797-1819. [PMID: 32372128 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-020-03912-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Candida is the most implicated fungal pathogen in the clinical setting. Several factors play important roles in the pathogenesis of Candida spp. Multiple transcriptional circuits, morphological and phenotypic switching, biofilm formation, tissue damaging extracellular hydrolytic enzymes, metabolic flexibility, genome plasticity, adaptation to environmental pH fluctuation, robust nutrient acquisition system, adherence and invasions (mediated by adhesins and invasins), heat shock proteins (HSPs), cytolytic proteins, escape from phagocytosis, evasion from host immune system, synergistic coaggregation with resident microbiota, resistance to antifungal agents, and the ability to efficiently respond to multiple stresses are some of the major pathogenic determinants of Candida species. The existence of multiple connections, in addition to the interactions and associations among all of these factors, are distinctive features that play important roles in the establishment of Candida infections. This review describes all the underlying factors and mechanisms involved in Candida pathogenesis by evaluating pathogenic determinants of Candida species. It reinforces the already available pool of data on the pathogenesis of Candida species by providing a clear and simplified understanding of the most important factors implicated in the pathogenesis of Candida species. The Candida pathogenesis network, an illustration linking all the major determinants of Candida pathogenesis, is also presented. Taken together, they will further improve our current understanding of how these factors modulate virulence and consequent infection(s). Development of new antifungal drugs and better therapeutic approaches to candidiasis can be achieved in the near future with continuing progress in the understanding of the mechanisms of Candida pathogenesis.
Collapse
|
21
|
Alves R, Barata-Antunes C, Casal M, Brown AJP, Van Dijck P, Paiva S. Adapting to survive: How Candida overcomes host-imposed constraints during human colonization. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008478. [PMID: 32437438 PMCID: PMC7241708 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Successful human colonizers such as Candida pathogens have evolved distinct strategies to survive and proliferate within the human host. These include sophisticated mechanisms to evade immune surveillance and adapt to constantly changing host microenvironments where nutrient limitation, pH fluctuations, oxygen deprivation, changes in temperature, or exposure to oxidative, nitrosative, and cationic stresses may occur. Here, we review the current knowledge and recent findings highlighting the remarkable ability of medically important Candida species to overcome a broad range of host-imposed constraints and how this directly affects their physiology and pathogenicity. We also consider the impact of these adaptation mechanisms on immune recognition, biofilm formation, and antifungal drug resistance, as these pathogens often exploit specific host constraints to establish a successful infection. Recent studies of adaptive responses to physiological niches have improved our understanding of the mechanisms established by fungal pathogens to evade the immune system and colonize the host, which may facilitate the design of innovative diagnostic tests and therapeutic approaches for Candida infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rosana Alves
- Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, Braga, Portugal
- Institute of Science and Innovation for Bio-Sustainability (IB-S) University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, Braga, Portugal
| | - Cláudia Barata-Antunes
- Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, Braga, Portugal
- Institute of Science and Innovation for Bio-Sustainability (IB-S) University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, Braga, Portugal
| | - Margarida Casal
- Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, Braga, Portugal
- Institute of Science and Innovation for Bio-Sustainability (IB-S) University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, Braga, Portugal
| | | | - Patrick Van Dijck
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Microbiology, Flanders, Belgium
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Botany and Microbiology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sandra Paiva
- Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, Braga, Portugal
- Institute of Science and Innovation for Bio-Sustainability (IB-S) University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, Braga, Portugal
- * E-mail: mailto:
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Chen X, Zhang Z, Chen Z, Li Y, Su S, Sun S. Potential Antifungal Targets Based on Glucose Metabolism Pathways of Candida albicans. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:296. [PMID: 32256459 PMCID: PMC7093590 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, fungal infections have become a serious health problem. Candida albicans are considered as the fourth most common isolates associated with approximately 40% mortality in bloodstream infections among hospitalized patients. Due to various limitations of classical antifungals used currently, such as limited kinds of drugs, inevitable toxicities, and high price, there is an urgent need to explore new antifungal agents based on novel targets. Generally, nutrient metabolism is involved with fungal virulence, and glucose is one of the important nutrients in C. albicans. C. albicans can obtain and metabolize glucose through a variety of pathways; in theory, many enzymes in these pathways can be potential targets for developing new antifungal agents, and several studies have confirmed that compounds which interfere with alpha-glucosidase, acid trehalase, trehalose-6-phosphate synthase, class II fructose bisphosphate aldolases, and glucosamine-6-phosphate synthase in these pathways do have antifungal activities. In this review, the glucose metabolism pathways in C. albicans, the potential antifungal targets based on these pathways, and some compounds which have antifungal activities by inhibiting several enzymes in these pathways are summarized. We believe that our review will be helpful to the exploration of new antifungal drugs with novel antifungal targets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xueqi Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Zewen Zhang
- Department of Imaging Medicine and Nuclear Medicine, Qilu Medical College, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Zuozhong Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, Zibo Central Hospital, Zibo, China
| | - Yiman Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Shan Su
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Shujuan Sun
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Heat shock proteins in infection. Clin Chim Acta 2019; 498:90-100. [PMID: 31437446 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2019.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2019] [Revised: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Heat shock proteins (HSPs) are constitutively expressed under physiological conditions in most organisms but their expression can significantly enhance in response to four types of stimuli including physical (e.g., radiation or heat shock), chemical and microbial (e.g., pathogenic bacteria, viruses, parasites and fungi) stimuli, and also dietary. These proteins were identified for their role in protecting cells from high temperature and other forms of stress. HSPs control physiological activities or virulence through interaction with various regulators of cellular signaling pathways. Several roles were determined for HSPs in the immune system including intracellular roles (e.g., antigen presentation and expression of innate receptors) as well as extracellular roles (e.g., tumor immunosurveillance and autoimmunity). It was observed that exogenously administered HSPs induced various immune responses in immunotherapy of cancer, infectious diseases, and autoimmunity. Moreover, virus interaction with HSPs as molecular chaperones showed important roles in regulating viral infections including cell entry and nuclear import, viral replication and gene expression, folding/assembly of viral protein, apoptosis regulation, and host immunity. Viruses could regulate host HSPs at different levels such as transcription, translation, post-translational modification and cellular localization. In this review, we attempt to overview the roles of HSPs in a variety of infectious diseases.
Collapse
|
24
|
Aspergillus flavus NRRL 35739, a Poor Biocontrol Agent, May Have Increased Relative Expression of Stress Response Genes. J Fungi (Basel) 2019; 5:jof5020053. [PMID: 31226781 PMCID: PMC6616650 DOI: 10.3390/jof5020053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2019] [Revised: 06/16/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Biocontrol of the mycotoxin aflatoxin utilizes non-aflatoxigenic strains of Aspergillus flavus, which have variable success rates as biocontrol agents. One non-aflatoxigenic strain, NRRL 35739, is a notably poor biocontrol agent. Its growth in artificial cultures and on peanut kernels was found to be slower than that of two aflatoxigenic strains, and NRRL 35739 exhibited less sporulation when grown on peanuts. The non-aflatoxigenic strain did not greatly prevent aflatoxin accumulation. Comparison of the transcriptomes of aflatoxigenic and non-aflatoxigenic A. flavus strains AF36, AF70, NRRL 3357, NRRL 35739, and WRRL 1519 indicated that strain NRRL 35739 had increased relative expression of six heat shock and stress response proteins, with the genes having relative read counts in NRRL 35739 that were 25 to 410 times more than in the other four strains. These preliminary findings tracked with current thought that aflatoxin biocontrol efficacy is related to the ability of a non-aflatoxigenic strain to out-compete aflatoxigenic ones. The slower growth of NRRL 35739 might be due to lower stress tolerance or overexpression of stress response(s). Further study of NRRL 35739 is needed to refine our understanding of the genetic basis of competitiveness among A. flavus strains.
Collapse
|
25
|
Carra S, Alberti S, Benesch JLP, Boelens W, Buchner J, Carver JA, Cecconi C, Ecroyd H, Gusev N, Hightower LE, Klevit RE, Lee HO, Liberek K, Lockwood B, Poletti A, Timmerman V, Toth ME, Vierling E, Wu T, Tanguay RM. Small heat shock proteins: multifaceted proteins with important implications for life. Cell Stress Chaperones 2019; 24:295-308. [PMID: 30758704 PMCID: PMC6439001 DOI: 10.1007/s12192-019-00979-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Small Heat Shock Proteins (sHSPs) evolved early in the history of life; they are present in archaea, bacteria, and eukaryota. sHSPs belong to the superfamily of molecular chaperones: they are components of the cellular protein quality control machinery and are thought to act as the first line of defense against conditions that endanger the cellular proteome. In plants, sHSPs protect cells against abiotic stresses, providing innovative targets for sustainable agricultural production. In humans, sHSPs (also known as HSPBs) are associated with the development of several neurological diseases. Thus, manipulation of sHSP expression may represent an attractive therapeutic strategy for disease treatment. Experimental evidence demonstrates that enhancing the chaperone function of sHSPs protects against age-related protein conformation diseases, which are characterized by protein aggregation. Moreover, sHSPs can promote longevity and healthy aging in vivo. In addition, sHSPs have been implicated in the prognosis of several types of cancer. Here, sHSP upregulation, by enhancing cellular health, could promote cancer development; on the other hand, their downregulation, by sensitizing cells to external stressors and chemotherapeutics, may have beneficial outcomes. The complexity and diversity of sHSP function and properties and the need to identify their specific clients, as well as their implication in human disease, have been discussed by many of the world's experts in the sHSP field during a dedicated workshop in Québec City, Canada, on 26-29 August 2018.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Serena Carra
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, and Centre for Neuroscience and Nanotechnology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, via G. Campi 287, 41125, Modena, Italy.
| | - Simon Alberti
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, 01307, Dresden, Germany
- Center for Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering (CMCB), Biotechnology Center (BIOTEC), Technische Universität Dresden, Tatzberg 47/49, 01307, Dresden, Germany
| | - Justin L P Benesch
- Department of Chemistry, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Wilbert Boelens
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Institute of Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, NL-6500, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Johannes Buchner
- Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich (CIPSM) and Department Chemie, Technische Universität München, D-85748, Garching, Germany
| | - John A Carver
- Research School of Chemistry, The Australian National University, Acton, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Ciro Cecconi
- Department of Physics, Informatics and Mathematics, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125, Modena, Italy
- Center S3, CNR Institute Nanoscience, Via Campi 213/A, 41125, Modena, Italy
| | - Heath Ecroyd
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Nikolai Gusev
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Biology, Moscow State University, Moscow, Russian Federation, 117234
| | - Lawrence E Hightower
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, 91 North Eagleville Road, Storrs, CT, 06269-3125, USA
| | - Rachel E Klevit
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Hyun O Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Krzysztof Liberek
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology UG-MUG, University of Gdansk, Abrahama 58, 80-307, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Brent Lockwood
- Department of Biology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA
| | - Angelo Poletti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari (DiSFeB), Centro di Eccellenza sulle Malattie Neurodegenerative, Univrsità degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Vincent Timmerman
- Peripheral Neuropathy Research Group, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Melinda E Toth
- Institute of Biochemistry, Biological Research Center, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Elizabeth Vierling
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| | - Tangchun Wu
- MOE Key Lab of Environment and Health, Tongji School of Public Health, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Rd, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Robert M Tanguay
- Laboratory of Cell and Developmental Genetics, IBIS, and Department of Molecular Biology, Medical Biochemistry and Pathology, Medical School, Université Laval, QC, Québec, G1V 0A6, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Zheng YH, Ma YY, Ding Y, Chen XQ, Gao GX. An insight into new strategies to combat antifungal drug resistance. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2018; 12:3807-3816. [PMID: 30464412 PMCID: PMC6225914 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s185833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Invasive fungal infections especially in immunocompromised patients represent a dominating cause of mortality. The most commonly used antifungal agents can be divided into three broad categories, including triazoles, echinocandins and polyenes. Antifungal resistance is on the increase, posing a growing threat to the stewardship of immunocompromised patients with fungal infections. The paucity of currently available antifungals leads to the rapid emergence of drug resistance and thus aggravates the refractoriness of invasive fungal infections. Therefore, deep exploration into mechanisms of drug resistance and search for new antifungal targets are required. This review highlights the therapeutic strategies targeting Hsp90, calcineurin, trehalose biosynthesis and sphingolipids biosynthesis, in an attempt to provide clinical evidence for overcoming drug resistance and to form the rationale for combination therapy of conventional antifungals and agents with novel mechanisms of action. What’s more, this review also gives a concise introduction of three new-fashioned antifungals, including carboxymethyl chitosan, silver nanoparticles and chromogranin A-N46.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Hua Zheng
- Department of Hematology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China, ;
| | - Yue-Yun Ma
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yi Ding
- Department of Pharmacy, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xie-Qun Chen
- Department of Hematology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China, ;
| | - Guang-Xun Gao
- Department of Hematology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China, ;
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Abstract
Persister cells are a small subpopulation within fungal biofilms that are highly resistant to high concentrations of antifungals and therefore most likely contribute to the resistance and recalcitrance of biofilm infections. Moreover, this subpopulation is defined as a nongrowing, phenotypic variant of wild-type cells that can survive high doses of antifungals. There are high degrees of heterogeneity and plasticity associated with biofilm formation, resulting in a strong variation in the amount of persister cells. The fraction of these cells in fungal biofilms also appear to be dependent on the type of substrate. The cells can be observed immediately after their adhesion to that substrate, which makes up the initial step of biofilm formation. Thus far, persister cells have primarily been studied in Candida spp. These fungi are the fourth most common cause of nosocomial systemic infections in the United States, with C. albicans being the most prevalent species. Remarkably, persisters exhibit characteristics of a dormant state similar to what is observed in cells deprived of glucose. This dormant state, together with attachment to a substrate, appears to provide the cells with characteristics that help them overcome the challenges with fungicidal drugs such as amphotericin B (AmB). AmB is known to induce apoptosis, and persister cells are able to cope with the increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) by activating stress response pathways and the accumulation of high amounts of glycogen and trehalose-two known stress-protecting molecules. In this review, we discuss the molecular pathways that are involved in persister cell formation in fungal species and highlight that the eradication of persister cells could lead to a strong reduction of treatment failure in a clinical setting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jurgen Wuyts
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Microbiology, Leuven, Belgium
- KU Leuven Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Botany and Microbiology, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Patrick Van Dijck
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Microbiology, Leuven, Belgium
- KU Leuven Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Botany and Microbiology, Leuven, Belgium
- * E-mail:
| | - Michelle Holtappels
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Microbiology, Leuven, Belgium
- KU Leuven Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Botany and Microbiology, Leuven, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Jacobsen MD, Beynon RJ, Gethings LA, Claydon AJ, Langridge JI, Vissers JPC, Brown AJP, Hammond DE. Specificity of the osmotic stress response in Candida albicans highlighted by quantitative proteomics. Sci Rep 2018; 8:14492. [PMID: 30262823 PMCID: PMC6160413 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-32792-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Stress adaptation is critical for the survival of microbes in dynamic environments, and in particular, for fungal pathogens to survive in and colonise host niches. Proteomic analyses have the potential to significantly enhance our understanding of these adaptive responses by providing insight into post-transcriptional regulatory mechanisms that contribute to the outputs, as well as testing presumptions about the regulation of protein levels based on transcript profiling. Here, we used label-free, quantitative mass spectrometry to re-examine the response of the major fungal pathogen of humans, Candida albicans, to osmotic stress. Of the 1,262 proteins that were identified, 84 were down-regulated in response to 1M NaCl, reflecting the decrease in ribosome biogenesis and translation that often accompanies stress. The 64 up-regulated proteins included central metabolic enzymes required for glycerol synthesis, a key osmolyte for this yeast, as well as proteins with functions during stress. These data reinforce the view that adaptation to salt stress involves a transient reduction in ribosome biogenesis and translation together with the accumulation of the osmolyte, glycerol. The specificity of the response to salt stress is highlighted by the small proportion of quantified C. albicans proteins (5%) whose relative elevated abundances were statistically significant.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mette D Jacobsen
- Medical Research Council Centre for Medical Mycology at the University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen Fungal Group, Institute of Medical Sciences, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, United Kingdom
| | - Robert J Beynon
- Centre for Proteome Research, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool, L697ZB, United Kingdom
| | - Lee A Gethings
- Waters Corporation, Stamford Avenue, Altrincham Road, Wilmslow, SK9 4AX, United Kingdom
| | - Amy J Claydon
- Centre for Proteome Research, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool, L697ZB, United Kingdom
| | - James I Langridge
- Waters Corporation, Stamford Avenue, Altrincham Road, Wilmslow, SK9 4AX, United Kingdom
| | - Johannes P C Vissers
- Waters Corporation, Stamford Avenue, Altrincham Road, Wilmslow, SK9 4AX, United Kingdom
| | - Alistair J P Brown
- Medical Research Council Centre for Medical Mycology at the University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen Fungal Group, Institute of Medical Sciences, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, United Kingdom.
| | - Dean E Hammond
- Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 3BX, United Kingdom.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Pathirana RU, Friedman J, Norris HL, Salvatori O, McCall AD, Kay J, Edgerton M. Fluconazole-Resistant Candida auris Is Susceptible to Salivary Histatin 5 Killing and to Intrinsic Host Defenses. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2018; 62:e01872-17. [PMID: 29158282 PMCID: PMC5786754 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01872-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida auris is a newly identified species causing invasive candidemia and candidiasis. It has broad multidrug resistance (MDR) not observed for other pathogenic Candida species. Histatin 5 (Hst 5) is a well-studied salivary cationic peptide with significant antifungal activity against Candida albicans and is an attractive candidate for treating MDR fungi, since antimicrobial peptides induce minimal drug resistance. We investigated the susceptibility of C. auris to Hst 5 and neutrophils, two first-line innate defenses in the human host. The majority of C. auris clinical isolates, including fluconazole-resistant strains, were highly sensitive to Hst 5: 55 to 90% of cells were killed by use of 7.5 μM Hst 5. Hst 5 was translocated to the cytosol and vacuole in C. auris cells; such translocation is required for the killing of C. albicans by Hst 5. The inverse relationship between fluconazole resistance and Hst 5 killing suggests different cellular targets for Hst 5 than for fluconazole. C. auris showed higher tolerance to oxidative stress than C. albicans, and higher survival within neutrophils, which correlated with resistance to oxidative stress in vitro Thus, resistance to reactive oxygen species (ROS) is likely one, though not the only, important factor in the killing of C. auris by neutrophils. Hst 5 has broad and potent candidacidal activity, enabling it to combat MDR C. auris strains effectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruvini U Pathirana
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Justin Friedman
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Hannah L Norris
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Ornella Salvatori
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Andrew D McCall
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Jason Kay
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Mira Edgerton
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Gong Y, Li T, Yu C, Sun S. Candida albicans Heat Shock Proteins and Hsps-Associated Signaling Pathways as Potential Antifungal Targets. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2017; 7:520. [PMID: 29312897 PMCID: PMC5742142 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2017.00520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent decades, the incidence of invasive fungal infections has increased notably. Candida albicans (C. albicans), a common opportunistic fungal pathogen that dwells on human mucosal surfaces, can cause fungal infections, especially in immunocompromised and high-risk surgical patients. In addition, the wide use of antifungal agents has likely contributed to resistance of C. albicans to traditional antifungal drugs, increasing the difficulty of treatment. Thus, it is urgent to identify novel antifungal drugs to cope with C. albicans infections. Heat shock proteins (Hsps) exist in most organisms and are expressed in response to thermal stress. In C. albicans, Hsps control basic physiological activities or virulence via interaction with a variety of diverse regulators of cellular signaling pathways. Moreover, it has been demonstrated that Hsps confer drug resistance to C. albicans. Many studies have shown that disrupting the normal functions of C. albicans Hsps inhibits fungal growth or reverses the tolerance of C. albicans to traditional antifungal drugs. Here, we review known functions of the diverse Hsp family, Hsp-associated intracellular signaling pathways and potential antifungal targets based on these pathways in C. albicans. We hope this review will aid in revealing potential new roles of C. albicans Hsps in addition to canonical heat stress adaptions and provide more insight into identifying potential novel antifungal targets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Gong
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Tao Li
- Intensive Care Unit, Qianfoshan Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Cuixiang Yu
- Respiration Medicine, Qianfoshan Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Shujuan Sun
- Department of Pharmacy, Qianfoshan Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, China
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Sherrington SL, Kumwenda P, Kousser C, Hall RA. Host Sensing by Pathogenic Fungi. ADVANCES IN APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2017; 102:159-221. [PMID: 29680125 DOI: 10.1016/bs.aambs.2017.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The ability to cause disease extends from the ability to grow within the host environment. The human host provides a dynamic environment to which fungal pathogens must adapt to in order to survive. The ability to grow under a particular condition (i.e., the ability to grow at mammalian body temperature) is considered a fitness attribute and is essential for growth within the human host. On the other hand, some environmental conditions activate signaling mechanisms resulting in the expression of virulence factors, which aid pathogenicity. Therefore, pathogenic fungi have evolved fitness and virulence attributes to enable them to colonize and infect humans. This review highlights how some of the major pathogenic fungi respond and adapt to key environmental signals within the human host.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah L Sherrington
- Institute for Microbiology and Infection, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Pizga Kumwenda
- Institute for Microbiology and Infection, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Courtney Kousser
- Institute for Microbiology and Infection, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Rebecca A Hall
- Institute for Microbiology and Infection, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Azadmanesh J, Gowen AM, Creger PE, Schafer ND, Blankenship JR. Filamentation Involves Two Overlapping, but Distinct, Programs of Filamentation in the Pathogenic Fungus Candida albicans. G3 (BETHESDA, MD.) 2017; 7:3797-3808. [PMID: 28951491 PMCID: PMC5677161 DOI: 10.1534/g3.117.300224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The ability of the human pathogenic fungus Candida albicans to switch between yeast-like and filamentous forms of growth has long been linked to pathogenesis. Numerous environmental conditions, including growth at high temperatures, nutrient limitation, and exposure to serum, can trigger this morphological switch and are frequently used in in vitro models to identify genes with roles in filamentation. Previous work has suggested that differences exist between the various in vitro models both in the genetic requirements for filamentation and transcriptional responses to distinct filamentation-inducing media, but these differences had not been analyzed in detail. We compared 10 in vitro models for filamentation and found broad genetic and transcriptomic differences between model systems. The comparative analysis enabled the discovery of novel media-independent genetic requirements for filamentation as well as a core filamentation transcriptional profile. Our data also suggest that the physical environment drives distinct programs of filamentation in C. albicans, which has significant implications for filamentation in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jahaun Azadmanesh
- Biology Department, University of Nebraska Omaha, Nebraska 68182
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198
| | - Austin M Gowen
- Biology Department, University of Nebraska Omaha, Nebraska 68182
| | - Paul E Creger
- Biology Department, University of Nebraska Omaha, Nebraska 68182
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Xie JL, Bohovych I, Wong EOY, Lambert JP, Gingras AC, Khalimonchuk O, Cowen LE, Leach MD. Ydj1 governs fungal morphogenesis and stress response, and facilitates mitochondrial protein import via Mas1 and Mas2. MICROBIAL CELL 2017; 4:342-361. [PMID: 29082232 PMCID: PMC5657825 DOI: 10.15698/mic2017.10.594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria underpin metabolism, bioenergetics, signalling, development and cell death in eukaryotes. Most of the ~1,000 yeast mitochondrial proteins are encoded in the nucleus and synthesised as precursors in the cytosol, with mitochondrial import facilitated by molecular chaperones. Here, we focus on the Hsp40 chaperone Ydj1 in the fungal pathogen Candida albicans, finding that it is localised to both the cytosol and outer mitochondrial membrane, and is required for cellular stress responses and for filamentation, a key virulence trait. Mapping the Ydj1 protein interaction network highlighted connections with co-chaperones and regulators of filamentation. Furthermore, the mitochondrial processing peptidases Mas1 and Mas2 were highly enriched for interaction with Ydj1. Additional analysis demonstrated that loss of MAS1, MAS2 or YDJ1 perturbs mitochondrial morphology and function. Deletion of YDJ1 impairs import of Su9, a protein that is cleaved to a mature form by Mas1 and Mas2. Thus, we highlight a novel role for Ydj1 in cellular morphogenesis, stress responses, and mitochondrial import in the fungal kingdom.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinglin L Xie
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Iryna Bohovych
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA
| | - Erin O Y Wong
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Jean-Philippe Lambert
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System, 600 University Avenue, Toronto, ON, M5G 1X5, Canada
| | - Anne-Claude Gingras
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 1A8, Canada.,Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System, 600 University Avenue, Toronto, ON, M5G 1X5, Canada
| | - Oleh Khalimonchuk
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA.,Nebraska Redox Biology Center, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA.,Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Leah E Cowen
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Michelle D Leach
- Aberdeen Fungal Group, University of Aberdeen, Institute of Medical Sciences, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, UK.,Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 1A8, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Amuge T, Berger DK, Katari MS, Myburg AA, Goldman SL, Ferguson ME. A time series transcriptome analysis of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) varieties challenged with Ugandan cassava brown streak virus. Sci Rep 2017; 7:9747. [PMID: 28852026 PMCID: PMC5575035 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-09617-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A time-course transcriptome analysis of two cassava varieties that are either resistant or susceptible to cassava brown streak disease (CBSD) was conducted using RNASeq, after graft inoculation with Ugandan cassava brown streak virus (UCBSV). From approximately 1.92 billion short reads, the largest number of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) was obtained in the resistant (Namikonga) variety at 2 days after grafting (dag) (3887 DEGs) and 5 dag (4911 DEGs). At the same time points, several defense response genes (encoding LRR-containing, NBARC-containing, pathogenesis-related, late embryogenesis abundant, selected transcription factors, chaperones, and heat shock proteins) were highly expressed in Namikonga. Also, defense-related GO terms of 'translational elongation', 'translation factor activity', 'ribosomal subunit' and 'phosphorelay signal transduction', were overrepresented in Namikonga at these time points. More reads corresponding to UCBSV sequences were recovered from the susceptible variety (Albert) (733 and 1660 read counts per million (cpm)) at 45 dag and 54 dag compared to Namikonga (10 and 117 cpm respectively). These findings suggest that Namikonga's resistance involves restriction of multiplication of UCBSV within the host. These findings can be used with other sources of evidence to identify candidate genes and biomarkers that would contribute substantially to knowledge-based resistance breeding.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T Amuge
- National Crops Resources Research Institute (NaCRRI), Namulonge, Uganda
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - D K Berger
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - M S Katari
- Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, New York University, New York, USA
| | - A A Myburg
- Genetics Department, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - S L Goldman
- Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, New York University, New York, USA
| | - M E Ferguson
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Nairobi, Kenya.
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
|
36
|
Adaptation to macrophage killing by Talaromyces marneffei. Future Sci OA 2017; 3:FSO215. [PMID: 28884011 PMCID: PMC5583664 DOI: 10.4155/fsoa-2017-0032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Talaromyces (Penicillium) marneffei is an important opportunistic fungal pathogen. It causes disseminated infection in immunocompromised patients especially in Southeast Asian countries. The pathogenicity of T. marneffei depends on the ability of the fungus to survive the killing process and replicate inside the macrophage. Major stresses inside the phagosome of macrophages are heat, oxidative substances and nutrient deprivation. The coping strategies of this pathogen with these stresses are under investigation. This paper summarizes factors relating to the stress responses that contribute to the intracellular survival of T. marneffei. These include molecules in the MAP signal transduction cascade, heat shock proteins, antioxidant enzymes and enzymes responsible in nutrient retrieval. There is speculation that the ability of T. marneffei to withstand these defenses plays an important role in its pathogenicity. Talaromyces marneffei is an important dimorphic fungus that causes disease in immunocompromised patients. The pathogenicity of T. marneffei depends on the ability of the fungus to survive the killing process and replicate inside the host macrophage cells. This paper summarizes factors relating to the stress responses that contribute to the intracellular survival of T. marneffei. There is speculation that the ability of T. marneffei to withstand these defenses plays an important role in its pathogenicity.
Collapse
|
37
|
O'Meara TR, Robbins N, Cowen LE. The Hsp90 Chaperone Network Modulates Candida Virulence Traits. Trends Microbiol 2017; 25:809-819. [PMID: 28549824 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2017.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Revised: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Hsp90 is a conserved molecular chaperone that facilitates the folding and function of client proteins. Hsp90 function is dynamically regulated by interactions with co-chaperones and by post-translational modifications. In the fungal pathogen Candida albicans, Hsp90 enables drug resistance and virulence by stabilizing diverse signal transducers. Here, we review studies that have unveiled regulators of Hsp90 function, as well as downstream effectors that govern the key virulence traits of morphogenesis and drug resistance. We highlight recent work mapping the Hsp90 genetic network in C. albicans under diverse environmental conditions, and how these interactions provide insight into circuitry important for drug resistance, morphogenesis, and virulence. Ultimately, elucidating the Hsp90 chaperone network will aid in the development of therapeutics to treat fungal disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Teresa R O'Meara
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1M1, Canada
| | - Nicole Robbins
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1M1, Canada
| | - Leah E Cowen
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1M1, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
The Temperature-Dependent Selectivity of Potential Interaction Partners for the Small Heat Shock Protein IbpA from Acholeplasma laidlawii. BIONANOSCIENCE 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s12668-016-0259-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
39
|
Martinez-Rossi NM, Jacob TR, Sanches PR, Peres NTA, Lang EAS, Martins MP, Rossi A. Heat Shock Proteins in Dermatophytes: Current Advances and Perspectives. Curr Genomics 2016; 17:99-111. [PMID: 27226766 PMCID: PMC4864838 DOI: 10.2174/1389202917666151116212437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2015] [Revised: 07/02/2015] [Accepted: 07/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Heat shock proteins (HSPs) are proteins whose transcription responds rapidly to temperature shifts. They constitute a family of molecular chaperones, involved in the proper folding and stabilisation of proteins under physiological and adverse conditions. HSPs also assist in the protection and recovery of cells exposed to a variety of stressful conditions, including heat. The role of HSPs extends beyond chaperoning proteins, as they also participate in diverse cellular functions, such as the assembly of macromolecular complexes, protein transport and sorting, dissociation of denatured protein aggregates, cell cycle control, and programmed cell death. They are also important antigens from a variety of pathogens, are able to stimulate innate immune cells, and are implicated in acquired immunity. In fungi, HSPs have been implicated in virulence, dimorphic transition, and drug resistance. Some HSPs are potential targets for therapeutic strategies. In this review, we discuss the current understanding of HSPs in dermatophytes, which are a group of keratinophilic fungi responsible for superficial mycoses in humans and animals. Computational analyses were performed to characterise the group of proteins in these dermatophytes, as well as to assess their conservation and to identify DNA-binding domains (5′-nGAAn-3′) in the promoter regions of the hsp genes. In addition, the quantification of the transcript levels of few genes in a pacC background helped in the development of an extended model for the regulation of the expression of the hsp genes, which supports the participation of the pH-responsive transcriptional regulator PacC in this process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nilce M Martinez-Rossi
- Department of Genetics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Tiago R Jacob
- Department of Genetics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Pablo R Sanches
- Department of Genetics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Nalu T A Peres
- Present address: Department of Morphology, Federal University of Sergipe, SE, Brazil
| | - Elza A S Lang
- Department of Genetics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Maíra P Martins
- Department of Genetics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Antonio Rossi
- Department of Genetics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Li ZY, Long RC, Zhang TJ, Yang QC, Kang JM. Molecular cloning and characterization of the MsHSP17.7 gene from Medicago sativa L. Mol Biol Rep 2016; 43:815-26. [PMID: 27193169 PMCID: PMC4947596 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-016-4008-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Heat shock proteins (HSPs) are ubiquitous protective proteins that play crucial roles in plant development and adaptation to stress, and the aim of this study is to characterize the HSP gene in alfalfa. Here we isolated a small heat shock protein gene (MsHSP17.7) from alfalfa by homology-based cloning. MsHSP17.7 contains a 477-bp open reading frame and encodes a protein of 17.70-kDa. The amino acid sequence shares high identity with MtHSP (93.98 %), PsHSP17.1 (83.13 %), GmHSP17.9 (74.10 %) and SlHSP17.6 (79.25 %). Phylogenetic analysis revealed that MsHSP17.7 belongs to the group of cytosolic class II small heat shock proteins (sHSP), and likely localizes to the cytoplasm. Quantitative RT-PCR indicated that MsHSP17.7 was induced by heat shock, high salinity, peroxide and drought stress. Prokaryotic expression indicated that the salt and peroxide tolerance of Escherichia coli was remarkably enhanced. Transgenic Arabidopsis plants overexpressing MsHSP17.7 exhibited increased root length of transgenic Arabidopsis lines under salt stress compared to the wild-type line. The malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in the transgenic lines were significantly lower than in wild-type, although proline levels were similar between transgenic and wild-type lines. MsHSP17.7 was induced by heat shock, high salinity, oxidative stress and drought stress. Overexpression analysis suggests that MsHSP17.7 might play a key role in response to high salinity stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhen-Yi Li
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui-Cai Long
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Tie-Jun Zhang
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing-Chuan Yang
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun-Mei Kang
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Saraswat D, Kumar R, Pande T, Edgerton M, Cullen PJ. Signalling mucin Msb2 Regulates adaptation to thermal stress in Candida albicans. Mol Microbiol 2016; 100:425-41. [PMID: 26749104 PMCID: PMC4955288 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.13326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Temperature is a potent inducer of fungal dimorphism. Multiple signalling pathways control the response to growth at high temperature, but the sensors that regulate these pathways are poorly defined. We show here that the signalling mucin Msb2 is a global regulator of temperature stress in the fungal pathogen Candida albicans. Msb2 was required for survival and hyphae formation at 42°C. The cytoplasmic signalling domain of Msb2 regulated temperature-dependent activation of the CEK mitogen activated proteins kinase (MAPK) pathway. The extracellular glycosylated domain of Msb2 (100-900 amino acid residues) had a new and unexpected role in regulating the protein kinase C (PKC) pathway. Msb2 also regulated temperature-dependent induction of genes encoding regulators and targets of the unfolded protein response (UPR), which is a protein quality control (QC) pathway in the endoplasmic reticulum that controls protein folding/degradation in response to high temperature and other stresses. The heat shock protein and cell wall component Ssa1 was also required for hyphae formation and survival at 42°C and regulated the CEK and PKC pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Darpan Saraswat
- Department of Oral Biology, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, 14260-1300, USA
| | - Rohitashw Kumar
- Department of Oral Biology, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, 14260-1300, USA
| | - Tanaya Pande
- Department of Biological Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, 14260-1300, USA
| | - Mira Edgerton
- Department of Oral Biology, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, 14260-1300, USA
| | - Paul J. Cullen
- Department of Biological Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, 14260-1300, USA
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Cervantes-Chávez JA, Valdés-Santiago L, Bakkeren G, Hurtado-Santiago E, León-Ramírez CG, Esquivel-Naranjo EU, Landeros-Jaime F, Rodríguez-Aza Y, Ruiz-Herrera J. Trehalose is required for stress resistance and virulence of the Basidiomycota plant pathogen Ustilago maydis. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2016; 162:1009-1022. [PMID: 27027300 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.000287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Trehalose is an important disaccharide that can be found in bacteria, fungi, invertebrates and plants. In some Ascomycota fungal plant pathogens, the role of trehalose was recently studied and shown to be important for conferring protection against several environmental stresses and for virulence. In most of the fungi studied, two enzymes are involved in the synthesis of trehalose: trehalose-6-phosphate synthase (Tps1) and trehalose-6-phosphate phosphatase (Tps2). To study the role of trehalose in virulence and stress response in the Basidiomycota maize pathogen Ustilago maydis, Δtps2 deletion mutants were constructed. These mutants did not produce trehalose as confirmed by HPLC analysis, showing that the single gene disruption impaired its biosynthesis. The mutants displayed increased sensitivity to oxidative, heat, acid, ionic and osmotic stresses as compared to the wild-type strains. Virulence of Δtps2 mutants to maize plants was extremely reduced compared to wild-type strains, possibly due to reduced capability to deal with the hostile host environment. The phenotypic traits displayed by Δtps2 strains were fully restored to wild-type levels when complemented with the endogenous UmTPS2 gene, or a chimeric construct having the Saccharomyces cerevisiae TPS2 ORF. This report demonstrates the presence of a single biosynthetic pathway for trehalose, and its importance for virulence in this model Basidiomycota plant pathogen.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- José Antonio Cervantes-Chávez
- Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Unidad de Microbiología Básica y Aplicada, Santiago de Querétaro, Qro, Mexico
| | - Laura Valdés-Santiago
- Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Unidad Irapuato, Irapuato, Gto, Mexico
| | - Guus Bakkeren
- Agriculture & Agri-Food Canada, Summerland Research & Development, BC, Canada
| | - Edda Hurtado-Santiago
- Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Unidad de Microbiología Básica y Aplicada, Santiago de Querétaro, Qro, Mexico
| | | | - Edgardo Ulises Esquivel-Naranjo
- Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Unidad de Microbiología Básica y Aplicada, Santiago de Querétaro, Qro, Mexico
| | - Fidel Landeros-Jaime
- Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Unidad de Microbiología Básica y Aplicada, Santiago de Querétaro, Qro, Mexico
| | - Yolanda Rodríguez-Aza
- Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Unidad Irapuato, Irapuato, Gto, Mexico
| | - José Ruiz-Herrera
- Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Unidad Irapuato, Irapuato, Gto, Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Cui J, Ren B, Tong Y, Dai H, Zhang L. Synergistic combinations of antifungals and anti-virulence agents to fight against Candida albicans. Virulence 2016; 6:362-71. [PMID: 26048362 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2015.1039885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans, one of the pathogenic Candida species, causes high mortality rate in immunocompromised and high-risk surgical patients. In the last decade, only one new class of antifungal drug echinocandin was applied. The increased therapy failures, such as the one caused by multi-drug resistance, demand innovative strategies for new effective antifungal drugs. Synergistic combinations of antifungals and anti-virulence agents highlight the pragmatic strategy to reduce the development of drug resistant and potentially repurpose known antifungals, which bypass the costly and time-consuming pipeline of new drug development. Anti-virulence and synergistic combination provide new options for antifungal drug discovery by counteracting the difficulty or failure of traditional therapy for fungal infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinhui Cui
- a CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology; Institute of Microbiology; Chinese Academy of Sciences ; Beijing , China
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Wang J, Ying SH, Hu Y, Feng MG. Mas5, a homologue of bacterial DnaJ, is indispensable for the host infection and environmental adaptation of a filamentous fungal insect pathogen. Environ Microbiol 2016; 18:1037-47. [DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.13197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Revised: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 12/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Wang
- Institute of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou Zhejiang 310058 China
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology; RNAM Center for Marine Microbiology; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Material Medical; South China Sea Institute of Oceanology; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Guangzhou Guangdong 510301 China
| | - Sheng-Hua Ying
- Institute of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou Zhejiang 310058 China
| | - Yue Hu
- Institute of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou Zhejiang 310058 China
| | - Ming-Guang Feng
- Institute of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou Zhejiang 310058 China
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Role of Heat-Shock Proteins in Cellular Function and in the Biology of Fungi. BIOTECHNOLOGY RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:132635. [PMID: 26881084 PMCID: PMC4736001 DOI: 10.1155/2015/132635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Revised: 11/20/2015] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Stress (biotic or abiotic) is an unfavourable condition for an organism including fungus. To overcome stress, organism expresses heat-shock proteins (Hsps) or chaperons to perform biological function. Hsps are involved in various routine biological processes such as transcription, translation and posttranslational modifications, protein folding, and aggregation and disaggregation of proteins. Thus, it is important to understand holistic role of Hsps in response to stress and other biological conditions in fungi. Hsp104, Hsp70, and Hsp40 are found predominant in replication and Hsp90 is found in transcriptional and posttranscriptional process. Hsp90 and Hsp70 in combination or alone play a major role in morphogenesis and dimorphism. Heat stress in fungi expresses Hsp60, Hsp90, Hsp104, Hsp30, and Hsp10 proteins, whereas expression of Hsp12 protein was observed in response to cold stress. Hsp30, Hsp70, and Hsp90 proteins showed expression in response to pH stress. Osmotic stress is controlled by small heat-shock proteins and Hsp60. Expression of Hsp104 is observed under high pressure conditions. Out of these heat-shock proteins, Hsp90 has been predicted as a potential antifungal target due to its role in morphogenesis. Thus, current review focuses on role of Hsps in fungi during morphogenesis and various stress conditions (temperature, pH, and osmotic pressure) and in antifungal drug tolerance.
Collapse
|
46
|
Delicate Metabolic Control and Coordinated Stress Response Critically Determine Antifungal Tolerance of Candida albicans Biofilm Persisters. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2015. [PMID: 26195524 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00543-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida infection has emerged as a critical health care burden worldwide, owing to the formation of robust biofilms against common antifungals. Recent evidence shows that multidrug-tolerant persisters critically account for biofilm recalcitrance, but their underlying biological mechanisms are poorly understood. Here, we first investigated the phenotypic characteristics of Candida biofilm persisters under consecutive harsh treatments of amphotericin B. The prolonged treatments effectively killed the majority of the cells of biofilms derived from representative strains of Candida albicans, Candida glabrata, and Candida tropicalis but failed to eradicate a small fraction of persisters. Next, we explored the tolerance mechanisms of the persisters through an investigation of the proteomic profiles of C. albicans biofilm persister fractions by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The C. albicans biofilm persisters displayed a specific proteomic signature, with an array of 205 differentially expressed proteins. The crucial enzymes involved in glycolysis, the tricarboxylic acid cycle, and protein synthesis were markedly downregulated, indicating that major metabolic activities are subdued in the persisters. It is noteworthy that certain metabolic pathways, such as the glyoxylate cycle, were able to be activated with significantly increased levels of isocitrate lyase and malate synthase. Moreover, a number of important proteins responsible for Candida growth, virulence, and the stress response were greatly upregulated. Interestingly, the persisters were tolerant to oxidative stress, despite highly induced intracellular superoxide. The current findings suggest that delicate metabolic control and a coordinated stress response may play a crucial role in mediating the survival and antifungal tolerance of Candida biofilm persisters.
Collapse
|
47
|
Dutton LC, Paszkiewicz KH, Silverman RJ, Splatt PR, Shaw S, Nobbs AH, Lamont RJ, Jenkinson HF, Ramsdale M. Transcriptional landscape of trans-kingdom communication between Candida albicans and Streptococcus gordonii. Mol Oral Microbiol 2015; 31:136-61. [PMID: 26042999 DOI: 10.1111/omi.12111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have shown that the transcriptional landscape of the pleiomorphic fungus Candida albicans is highly dependent upon growth conditions. Here using a dual RNA-seq approach we identified 299 C. albicans and 72 Streptococcus gordonii genes that were either upregulated or downregulated specifically as a result of co-culturing these human oral cavity microorganisms. Seventy-five C. albicans genes involved in responses to chemical stimuli, regulation, homeostasis, protein modification and cell cycle were significantly (P ≤ 0.05) upregulated, whereas 36 genes mainly involved in transport and translation were downregulated. Upregulation of filamentation-associated TEC1 and FGR42 genes, and of ALS1 adhesin gene, concurred with previous evidence that the C. albicans yeast to hypha transition is promoted by S. gordonii. Increased expression of genes required for arginine biosynthesis in C. albicans was potentially indicative of a novel oxidative stress response. The transcriptional response of S. gordonii to C. albicans was less dramatic, with only eight S. gordonii genes significantly (P ≤ 0.05) upregulated at least two-fold (glpK, rplO, celB, rplN, rplB, rpsE, ciaR and gat). The expression patterns suggest that signals from S. gordonii cause a positive filamentation response in C. albicans, whereas S. gordonii appears to be transcriptionally less influenced by C. albicans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L C Dutton
- School of Oral and Dental Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - K H Paszkiewicz
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - R J Silverman
- School of Oral and Dental Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - P R Splatt
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - S Shaw
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - A H Nobbs
- School of Oral and Dental Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - R J Lamont
- University of Louisville School of Dentistry, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - H F Jenkinson
- School of Oral and Dental Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - M Ramsdale
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Abstract
Only few Candida species, e.g., Candida albicans, Candida glabrata, Candida dubliniensis, and Candida parapsilosis, are successful colonizers of a human host. Under certain circumstances these species can cause infections ranging from superficial to life-threatening disseminated candidiasis. The success of C. albicans, the most prevalent and best studied Candida species, as both commensal and human pathogen depends on its genetic, biochemical, and morphological flexibility which facilitates adaptation to a wide range of host niches. In addition, formation of biofilms provides additional protection from adverse environmental conditions. Furthermore, in many host niches Candida cells coexist with members of the human microbiome. The resulting fungal-bacterial interactions have a major influence on the success of C. albicans as commensal and also influence disease development and outcome. In this chapter, we review the current knowledge of important survival strategies of Candida spp., focusing on fundamental fitness and virulence traits of C. albicans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Polke
- Research Group Microbial Immunology, Hans-Knoell-Institute, Jena, Germany; Department Microbial Pathogenicity Mechanisms, Hans-Knoell-Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Bernhard Hube
- Department Microbial Pathogenicity Mechanisms, Hans-Knoell-Institute, Jena, Germany; Friedrich-Schiller-University, Jena, Germany; Center for Sepsis Control and Care, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Ilse D Jacobsen
- Research Group Microbial Immunology, Hans-Knoell-Institute, Jena, Germany; Friedrich-Schiller-University, Jena, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Hube B, Hay R, Brasch J, Veraldi S, Schaller M. Dermatomycoses and inflammation: The adaptive balance between growth, damage, and survival. J Mycol Med 2015; 25:e44-58. [PMID: 25662199 DOI: 10.1016/j.mycmed.2014.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2013] [Revised: 11/14/2014] [Accepted: 11/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Dermatomycosis is characterized by both superficial and subcutaneous infections of keratinous tissues and mucous membranes caused by a variety of fungal agents, the two most common classes being dermatophytes and yeasts. Overall, the stepwise process of host infection is similar among the main dermatomycotic species; however, the species-specific ability to elicit a host reaction upon infection is distinct. Yeasts such as Candida albicans elicit a relatively low level of host tissue damage and inflammation during pathogenic infection, while dermatophytes may induce a higher level of tissue damage and inflammatory reaction. Both pathogens can, however, manipulate the host's immune response, ensuring survival and prolonging chronic infection. One common element of most dermatomycotic infections is the disease burden caused by inflammation and associated signs and symptoms, such as erythema, burning and pruritus. There is a strong clinical rationale for the addition of a topical corticosteroid agent to an effective antimycotic therapy, especially in patients who present with inflammatory dermatomycoses (e.g., tinea inguinalis). In this review, we aim to compare the pathogenesis of common dermatomycotic species, including Candida yeasts (Candida albicans), dermatophytes (Trichophyton, Epidermophyton or Microsporum species), and other pathogenic yeasts (Malassezia), with a special focus on unique species-specific aspects of the respective infection processes, the interaction between essential aspects of pathogenic infection, the different roles of the host inflammatory response, and the clinical consequences of the infection-related tissue damage and inflammation. We hope that a broader understanding of the various mechanisms of dermatomycoses may contribute to more effective management of affected patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B Hube
- Department of Microbial Pathogenicity Mechanisms, Hans-Knöll-Institute (HKI), Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Jena, Germany; Center for Sepsis Control and Care (CSCC), Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany; Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - R Hay
- Skin Infection Clinic, Kings College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - J Brasch
- Klinik für Dermatologie, Venerologie und Allergologie, Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Germany
| | - S Veraldi
- Department of Medical and Surgical Physiopathology and Transplantations, University of Milan, I.R.C.C.S. Foundation, Cà Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - M Schaller
- Department of Dermatology, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Lo HJ, Chu WL, Liou CH, Huang SH, Khoo KH, Yang YL. Ndt80p is involved in L-sorbose utilization through regulating SOU1 in Candida albicans. Int J Med Microbiol 2014; 305:170-3. [PMID: 25497969 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2014.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2013] [Revised: 10/30/2014] [Accepted: 11/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Ndt80p, a known transcriptional factor, regulates various targets involved in stress responses, filamentous growth, and virulence in Candida albicans. Potential targets of Ndt80p have been identified at the transcriptional level. The present study was conducted to identify genes regulated by Ndt80p from the protein level. We found that the levels of Ahp1p, Fma1p, Hsp21p, Rfa2p, Snz1p, Sod1p, Sou1p, Trp99p, orf19.251, orf19.1862, and orf19.5620, were affected by the null mutation of NDT80 by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel-electrophoresis analysis. Among the 11 proteins, all but Sou1p and Rfa2p are suggested to be involved in known functions of Ndt80p. Here, we demonstrate that Ndt80p plays a role in l-sorbose utilization through regulating SOU1 in C. albicans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hsiu-Jung Lo
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan; School of Dentistry, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Li Chu
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Ci-Hong Liou
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Szu-Hsuan Huang
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Kay-Hooi Khoo
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yun-Liang Yang
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan; Institute of Molecular Medicine and Bioengineering, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|