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TLR3 stimulation improves the migratory potency of adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells through the stress response pathway in the melanoma mouse model. Mol Biol Rep 2023; 50:2293-2304. [PMID: 36575321 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-022-08111-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are utilized as a carrier of anti-tumor agents in targeted anti-cancer therapy. Despite the improvements in this area, there are still some unsolved issues in determining the appropriate dose, method of administration and biodistribution of MSCs. The current study aimed to determine the influence of toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) stimulation on the potential of MSCs migration to the neoplasm environment in the mouse melanoma model. METHODS AND RESULTS Adipose-derived MSCs (ADMSCs) were isolated from the GFP+ transgenic C57BL/6 mouse and treated with different doses (1 µg/ml and 10 µg/ml) of polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid, the related TLR3 agonist, at various time points (1 and 4 h). Following the treatment, the expression of targeted genes such as α4, α5, and β1 integrins and TGF-β and IL-10 anti-inflammatory cytokines was determined using real-time PCR. In vivo live imaging evaluated the migration index of the intraperitoneally (IP) injected treated ADMSCs in a lung tumor-bearing mouse (C57BL/6) melanoma model (n = 5). The presented findings demonstrated that TLR3 stimulation enhanced both migration of ADMSCs to the tumor area compared with control group (n = 5) and expression of α4, α5, and β1 integrins. It was also detected that the engagement of TLR3 resulted in the anti-inflammatory behavior of the cells, which might influence the directed movement of ADMSCs. CONCLUSION This research identified that TLR3 activation might improve the migration via the stimulation of stress response in the cells and depending on the agonist concentration and time exposure, this activated pathway drives the migratory behavior of MSCs.
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Rivera-Cruz CM, Figueiredo ML. Evaluation of human adipose-derived mesenchymal stromal cell Toll-like receptor priming and effects on interaction with prostate cancer cells. Cytotherapy 2023; 25:33-45. [PMID: 36257875 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2022.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AIMS Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) are a multipotent cell population of clinical interest because of their ability to migrate to injury and tumor sites, where they may participate in tissue repair and modulation of immune response. Although the processes regulating MSC function are incompletely understood, it has been shown that stimulation of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) can alter MSC activity. More specifically, it has been reported that human bone marrow-derived MSCs can be "polarized" by TLR priming into contrasting immunomodulatory functions, with opposite (supportive or suppressive) roles in tumor progression and inflammation. Adipose-derived MSCs (ASCs) represent a promising alternative MSC subpopulation for therapeutic development because of their relative ease of isolation and higher abundance compared with their bone marrow-derived counterparts; however, the polarization of ASCs remains unreported. METHODS In this study, we evaluated the phenotypic and functional consequences of short-term, low-level stimulation of ASCs with TLR3 and TLR4 agonists. RESULTS In these assays, we identified transient gene expression changes resembling the reported pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory MSC phenotypes. Furthermore, these priming strategies led to changes in the functional properties of ASCs, affecting their ability to migrate and modulate immune-mediated responses to prostate cancer cells in vitro. CONCLUSIONS TLR3 stimulation significantly decreased ASC migration, and TLR4 stimulation increased ASC immune-mediated killing potential against prostate cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cosette M Rivera-Cruz
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Marxa L Figueiredo
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA.
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Trézéguet V, Fatrouni H, Merched AJ. Immuno-Metabolic Modulation of Liver Oncogenesis by the Tryptophan Metabolism. Cells 2021; 10:cells10123469. [PMID: 34943977 PMCID: PMC8700200 DOI: 10.3390/cells10123469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolic rewiring in tumor cells is a major hallmark of oncogenesis. Some of the oncometabolites drive suppressive and tolerogenic signals from the immune system, which becomes complicit to the advent and the survival of neoplasia. Tryptophan (TRP) catabolism through the kynurenine (KYN) pathway was reported to play immunosuppressive actions across many types of cancer. Extensive debate of whether the culprit of immunosuppression was the depletion of TRP or rather KYN accumulation in the tumor microenvironment has been ongoing for years. Results from clinical trials assessing the benefit of inhibiting key limiting enzymes of this pathway such as indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO1) or tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase (TDO2) failed to meet the expectations. Bearing in mind the complexity of the tumoral terrain and the existence of different cancers with IDO1/TDO2 expressing and non-expressing tumoral cells, here we present a comprehensive analysis of the TRP global metabolic hub and the driving potential of the process of oncogenesis with the main focus on liver cancers.
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Luo Y, Yang X, Basourakos SP, Zuo X, Wei D, Zhao J, Li M, Li Q, Feng T, Guo P, Jiang Y. Enzalutamide-Resistant Progression of Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer Is Driven via the JAK2/STAT1-Dependent Pathway. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:652443. [PMID: 34746227 PMCID: PMC8570343 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.652443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies showed that CXCR7 expression was upregulated after enzalutamide (ENZ) treatment, and an increased level of CXCR7 could increase the invasion, migration, and angiogenesis of castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) cells. This study demonstrated that the levels of p-JAK2, p-STAT1, C-Myc, and VEGFR2 were significantly reduced after CCX771, a specific CXCR7 inhibitor, treatment. This effect further increased after the combination treatment of ENZ and CCX771. Then, we verified that targeting the inhibition of JAK2 or STAT1 could remarkably increase apoptosis and DNA damage and decrease the migration of CRPC cells. More importantly, the combination treatment of ENZ + JAK2/STAT1 led to much greater suppression than the single-agent treatment of JAK2 or STAT1. Subcutaneous CRPC xenograft tumor growth was also reduced by single-agent ENZ treatment and single-agent FLUD, a specific STAT1 antagonist, treatment; but much superior effect was elicited by the combination treatment of ENZ + FLUD. The proliferative indices significantly decreased following combination treatment in tumor tissues compared with control-treatment tissues and single-agent-treatment tissues. Our results demonstrated that CXCR7, which signifies an androgen receptor (AR)-independent signaling pathway, caused CRPC progression via the downstream JAK2/STAT1 signal transduction cascade. Combined inhibition targeting both the AR and JAK2/STAT1 resulted in substantial tumor suppression due to the reduction in DNA damage repair ability and increment in apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Luo
- Department of Urology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaobing Yang
- Department of Urology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Spyridon P Basourakos
- Department of Genitourinary, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Xuemei Zuo
- Department of Genitourinary, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Dechao Wei
- Department of Urology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jiahui Zhao
- Department of Urology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Mingchuan Li
- Department of Urology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Qiankun Li
- Department of Urology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Tao Feng
- Department of Urology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Pengju Guo
- Department of Urology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yongguang Jiang
- Department of Urology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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Johnson V, Webb T, Norman A, Coy J, Kurihara J, Regan D, Dow S. Activated Mesenchymal Stem Cells Interact with Antibiotics and Host Innate Immune Responses to Control Chronic Bacterial Infections. Sci Rep 2017; 7:9575. [PMID: 28851894 PMCID: PMC5575141 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-08311-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic bacterial infections associated with biofilm formation are often difficult to resolve without extended courses of antibiotic therapy. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) exert antibacterial activity in vitro and in acute bacterial infection models, but their activity in chronic infection with biofilm models has not been previously investigated. Therefore, we studied the effects of MSC administration in mouse and dog models of chronic infections associated with biofilms. Mice with chronic Staphylococcus aureus implant infections were treated by i.v. administration of activated or non-activated MSC, with or without antibiotic therapy. The most effective treatment protocol was identified as activated MSC co-administered with antibiotic therapy. Activated MSC were found to accumulate in the wound margins several days after i.v. administration. Macrophages in infected tissues assumed an M2 phenotype, compared to untreated infections which contained predominately M1 macrophages. Bacterial killing by MSC was found to be mediated in part by secretion of cathelicidin and was significantly increased by antibiotics. Studies in pet dogs with spontaneous chronic multi drug-resistant wound infections demonstrated clearance of bacteria and wound healing following repeated i.v. administration of activated allogeneic canine MSC. Thus, systemic therapy with activated MSC may be an effective new, non-antimicrobial approach to treatment of chronic, drug-resistant infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie Johnson
- Center for Immune and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Ft. Collins, CO, USA
| | - Tracy Webb
- Center for Immune and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Ft. Collins, CO, USA
| | - Annalis Norman
- Center for Immune and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Ft. Collins, CO, USA
| | - Jonathan Coy
- Center for Immune and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Ft. Collins, CO, USA
| | - Jade Kurihara
- Center for Immune and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Ft. Collins, CO, USA
| | - Daniel Regan
- Center for Immune and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Ft. Collins, CO, USA
| | - Steven Dow
- Center for Immune and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Ft. Collins, CO, USA.
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Najar M, Krayem M, Meuleman N, Bron D, Lagneaux L. Mesenchymal Stromal Cells and Toll-Like Receptor Priming: A Critical Review. Immune Netw 2017; 17:89-102. [PMID: 28458620 PMCID: PMC5407987 DOI: 10.4110/in.2017.17.2.89] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Revised: 02/24/2017] [Accepted: 02/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal Stromal Cells (MSCs) are potential cellular candidates for several immunotherapy purposes. Their multilineage potential and immunomodulatory properties make them interesting tools for the treatment of various immunological diseases. However, depending on the local microenvironment, diverse biological functions of MSCs can be modulated. Indeed, during infections such as obtained following TLR-agonist engagement (called as TLR priming), the phenotype, multilineage potential, hematopoietic support and immunomodulatory capacity of MSCs can present critical changes, which could further affect their therapeutic potential. Thus, for appropriate clinical application of MSCs, it is important to well know and understand these effects in particular during infectious episodes and to find the suitable experimental settings to study that. Pre-stimulation of MSCs with a specific TLR ligand may serve as an effective priming step to modulate one of its function to achieve a desired therapeutic issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Najar
- Laboratory of Clinical Cell Therapy, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Campus Erasme, Belgium
| | - Mohammad Krayem
- Laboratory of Oncology and Experimental Surgery, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels 1000, Belgium
| | - Nathalie Meuleman
- Laboratory of Clinical Cell Therapy, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Campus Erasme, Belgium
| | - Dominique Bron
- Laboratory of Clinical Cell Therapy, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Campus Erasme, Belgium
| | - Laurence Lagneaux
- Laboratory of Clinical Cell Therapy, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Campus Erasme, Belgium
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Primed Mesenchymal Stem Cells Alter and Improve Rat Medial Collateral Ligament Healing. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2016; 12:42-53. [PMID: 26530282 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-015-9633-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Cell therapy with mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) can improve tissue healing. It is possible, however, that priming MSCs prior to implantation can further enhance their therapeutic benefit. This study was then performed to test whether priming MSCs to be more anti-inflammatory would enhance healing in a rat ligament model, i.e. a medial collateral ligament (MCL). MSCs were primed for 48 h using polyinosinic acid and polycytidylic acid (Poly (I:C)) at a concentration of 1 μg/ml. Rat MCLs were surgically transected and administered 1 × 10(6) cells in a carrier solution at the time of injury. A series of healing metrics were analyzed at days 4 and 14 post-injury in the ligaments that received primed MSCs, unprimed MSCs, or no cells (controls). Applying primed MSCs beneficially altered healing by affecting endothelialization, type 2 macrophage presence, apoptosis, procollagen 1α, and IL-1Ra levels. When analyzing MSC localization, both primed and unprimed MSCs co-localized with endothelial cells and pericytes suggesting a supportive role in angiogenesis. Priming MSCs prior to implantation altered key ligament healing events, resulted in a more anti-inflammatory environment, and improved healing.
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Moen SH, Westhrin M, Zahoor M, Nørgaard NN, Hella H, Størdal B, Sundan A, Nilsen NJ, Sponaas AM, Standal T. Caspase-8 regulates the expression of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells. IMMUNITY INFLAMMATION AND DISEASE 2016; 4:327-37. [PMID: 27621815 PMCID: PMC5004287 DOI: 10.1002/iid3.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Revised: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 07/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Mesenchymal stem cells, also called mesenchymal stromal cells, MSCs, have great potential in stem cell therapy partly due to their immunosuppressive properties. How these cells respond to chronic inflammatory stimuli is therefore of importance. Toll‐like receptors (TLR)s are innate immune receptors that mediate inflammatory signals in response to infection, stress, and damage. Caspase‐8 is involved in activation of NF‐kB downstream of TLRs in immune cells. Here we investigated the role of caspase‐8 in regulating TLR‐induced cytokine production from human bone marrow‐derived mesenchymal stromal cells (hBMSCs). Methods Cytokine expression in hBMCs in response to poly(I:C) and LPS was evaluated by PCR, multiplex cytokine assay, and ELISA. TLR3, TRIF, and caspase‐8 were silenced using siRNA. Caspase‐8 was also inhibited using a caspase‐8 inhibitor, z‐IEDT. Results We found that TLR3 agonist poly(I:C) and TLR4 agonist LPS induced secretion of several pro‐inflammatory cytokines in a TLR‐dependent manner which required the TLR signaling adaptor molecule TRIF. Further, poly(I:C) reduced the expression of anti‐inflammatory cytokines HGF and TGFβ whereas LPS reduced HGF expression only. Notably, caspase‐8 was involved in the induction of IL‐ IL‐1β, IL‐6, CXCL10, and in the inhibition of HGF and TGFβ. Conclusion Caspase‐8 appears to modulate hBMSCs into gaining a pro‐inflammatory phenotype. Therefore, inhibiting caspase‐8 in hBMSCs might promote an immunosuppressive phenotype which could be useful in clinical applications to treat inflammatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siv H Moen
- The KG Jebsen Center for Myeloma Research and Faculty of Medicine, Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) Trondheim Norway
| | - Marita Westhrin
- The KG Jebsen Center for Myeloma Research and Faculty of Medicine, Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) Trondheim Norway
| | - Muhammad Zahoor
- Centre of Molecular Inflammation Rearch (CEMIR) NTNU Trondheim Norway
| | - Nikolai N Nørgaard
- The KG Jebsen Center for Myeloma Research and Faculty of Medicine, Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) Trondheim Norway
| | - Hanne Hella
- The KG Jebsen Center for Myeloma Research and Faculty of Medicine, Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) Trondheim Norway
| | - Berit Størdal
- The KG Jebsen Center for Myeloma Research and Faculty of Medicine, Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) Trondheim Norway
| | - Anders Sundan
- The KG Jebsen Center for Myeloma Research and Faculty of Medicine, Department of Cancer Research and Molecular MedicineNorwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU)TrondheimNorway; Centre of Molecular Inflammation Rearch (CEMIR)NTNUTrondheimNorway
| | - Nadra J Nilsen
- The KG Jebsen Center for Myeloma Research and Faculty of Medicine, Department of Cancer Research and Molecular MedicineNorwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU)TrondheimNorway; Centre of Molecular Inflammation Rearch (CEMIR)NTNUTrondheimNorway
| | - Anne-Marit Sponaas
- The KG Jebsen Center for Myeloma Research and Faculty of Medicine, Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) Trondheim Norway
| | - Therese Standal
- The KG Jebsen Center for Myeloma Research and Faculty of Medicine, Department of Cancer Research and Molecular MedicineNorwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU)TrondheimNorway; Centre of Molecular Inflammation Rearch (CEMIR)NTNUTrondheimNorway
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Pérez-Núñez I, Pérez-Castrillón JL, Zarrabeitia MT, García-Ibarbia C, Martínez-Calvo L, Olmos JM, Briongos LS, Riancho J, Camarero V, Muñoz Vives JM, Cruz R, Riancho JA. Exon array analysis reveals genetic heterogeneity in atypical femoral fractures. A pilot study. Mol Cell Biochem 2015; 409:45-50. [DOI: 10.1007/s11010-015-2510-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2015] [Accepted: 07/04/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Liu X, Croker BA, Campbell IK, Gauci SJ, Alexander WS, Tonkin BA, Walsh NC, Linossi EM, Nicholson SE, Lawlor KE, Wicks IP. Key role of suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 in regulating gp130 cytokine-induced signaling and limiting chondrocyte responses during murine inflammatory arthritis. Arthritis Rheumatol 2014; 66:2391-402. [PMID: 24839265 DOI: 10.1002/art.38701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2013] [Accepted: 05/06/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the impact of the gp130 cytokine family on murine articular cartilage and to explore a potential regulatory role of suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 (SOCS-3) in murine chondrocytes. METHODS In wild-type (WT) mouse chondrocytes, baseline receptor expression levels and gp130 cytokine-induced JAK/STAT signaling were determined by flow cytometry, and expression of SOCS-3 was assessed by quantitative polymerase chain reaction. The role of endogenous SOCS-3 was examined in cartilage explants and chondrocytes from mice with conditional deletion of Socs3 driven by the Col2a1 promoter in vitro (Socs3(Δ/Δcol2) ) and from mice during CD4+ T cell-dependent inflammatory monarthritis. Bone erosions in the murine joints were analyzed by micro-computed tomography. RESULTS On chondrocytes from WT mice, gp130 and the oncostatin M (OSM) receptor were strongly expressed, whereas the transmembrane interleukin-6 (IL-6) receptor was expressed at much lower levels. Compared to other gp130 cytokines, OSM was the most potent activator of the JAK/STAT pathway and of SOCS-3 induction. Treatment of Socs3(Δ/Δcol2) mouse cartilage explants and chondrocytes with gp130 cytokines prolonged JAK/STAT signaling, enhanced cartilage degradation, increased the expression of Adamts4, Adamts5, and RANKL, and elevated the production of IL-6, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, CXCL1, and CCL2. Socs3(Δ/Δcol2) mice developed exacerbated inflammation and joint damage in response to gp130 cytokine injections, and these histopathologic features were also observed in mice with inflammatory monarthritis. CONCLUSION The results of this study highlight a key role for SOCS-3 in regulating chondrocyte responses during inflammatory arthritis. Within the gp130 cytokine family, OSM is a potent stimulus of chondrocyte responses, while IL-6 probably signals via trans-signaling. The gp130 cytokine-driven production of RANKL in chondrocytes may link chondrocyte activation and bone remodeling during inflammatory arthritis. Thus, these findings suggest that the inhibition of OSM might reduce the development and severity of structural joint damage during inflammatory arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Liu
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia and University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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Aslam B, Ahmad J, Ali A, Zafar Paracha R, Tareen SHK, Niazi U, Saeed T. On the modelling and analysis of the regulatory network of dengue virus pathogenesis and clearance. Comput Biol Chem 2014; 53PB:277-291. [PMID: 25462335 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiolchem.2014.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2014] [Revised: 09/01/2014] [Accepted: 10/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Dengue virus can ignite both protective and pathogenic responses in human. The pathogenesis is related with modified functioning of our immune system during infection. Pattern recognition receptors like Toll like receptor 3 is vital for the induction of innate immunity in case of Dengue infection. Toll like receptor 3 induces TRIF mediated activation of Type 1 interferons and Fc receptor mediated induction of cytokines. Interferons have been related with clearance of Dengue virus but it has adopted modified regulatory mechanisms to counter this effect. SOCS protein is also induced due to the interferon and cytokine mediated signalling which can subsequently play its part in the regulation of interferon and cytokine production. Our hypothesis in this study relates the pathogenesis of Dengue virus with the SOCS mediated inhibition of our innate immunity. We used the qualitative formalism of René Thomas to model the biological regulatory network of Toll like receptor 3 mediated signalling pathway in an association with pathogenesis of dengue. Logical parameters for the qualitative modelling were inferred using a model checking approach implemented in SMBioNet. A linear hybrid model, parametric linear hybrid automaton, was constructed to incorporate the activation and inhibition time delays in the qualitative model. The qualitative model captured all the possible expression dynamics of the proteins in the form of paths, some of which were observed as abstract cycles (representing homoeostasis) and diverging paths towards stable states. The analysis of the qualitative model highlighted the importance of SOCS protein in elevating propagation of dengue virus through inhibition of type 1 interferons. Detailed qualitative analysis of regulatory network endorses our hypothesis that elevated levels of cytokine subsequently induce SOCS expression which in turn results into the continuous down-regulation of Toll like receptor 3 and interferon. This may result into the Dengue pathogenesis during the stage of immunosuppression. Further analysis with HyTech (HYbrid TECHnology) tool provided us with the real-time constraints (delay constraints) of the proteins involved in the cyclic paths of the regulatory network backing the evidence provided by the qualitative analysis. The HyTech results also suggest that the role of SOCS is vital in homoeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Babar Aslam
- Atta-Ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences (ASAB), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
| | - Jamil Ahmad
- Research Center for Modeling and Simulation (RCMS), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad 44000, Pakistan.
| | - Amjad Ali
- Atta-Ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences (ASAB), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
| | - Rehan Zafar Paracha
- Atta-Ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences (ASAB), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
| | - Samar Hayat Khan Tareen
- Research Center for Modeling and Simulation (RCMS), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
| | - Umar Niazi
- IBERS, Aberystwyth University, Edward Llwyd Building, Penglais Campus, Aberystwyth, Ceredigion, Wales SY23 3FG, UK
| | - Tariq Saeed
- Research Center for Modeling and Simulation (RCMS), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
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Dumitru CA, Hemeda H, Jakob M, Lang S, Brandau S. Stimulation of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) via TLR3 reveals a novel mechanism of autocrine priming. FASEB J 2014; 28:3856-66. [PMID: 24830384 DOI: 10.1096/fj.14-250159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2014] [Accepted: 05/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) are emerging as important regulators of innate and adaptive immunity. In this context, both proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory effects have been described for MSCs. The mechanisms mediating this functional plasticity are poorly characterized at present. Here, we investigated the inflammatory responses of MSCs isolated from human nasal mucosa (nmMSCs) upon challenge with different Toll-like receptor (TLR) ligands. We found that TLR3 ligands induced the strongest release of both proinflammatory cytokines [interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-8] and type I interferon by nmMSCs compared with other TLR ligands. Notably, TLR3 ligands triggered a biphasic cytokine response, with an early peak of type I interferon at 4 h poststimulation and a late release of proinflammatory cytokines at 24 h poststimulation. While the early interferon response was subject to direct stimulation, the proinflammatory response was regulated by factors released during the early cytokine response, which subsequently enhanced sensitivity to TLR3 ligation and amplified the production of IL-6 and IL-8 but not that of interferon. Taken together, our findings indicate that TLR3 ligands polarize the inflammatory phenotype of MSCs in a time-dependent manner. Thus, our study proposes a novel model that helps to explain the strikingly dichotomous functionality of MSCs in inflammation and immunoregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia A Dumitru
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Hatim Hemeda
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Mark Jakob
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Stephan Lang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Sven Brandau
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
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Kiene M, Rethi B, Jansson M, Dillon S, Lee E, Lantto R, Wilson C, Pöhlmann S, Chiodi F. Toll-like receptor 3 signalling up-regulates expression of the HIV co-receptor G-protein coupled receptor 15 on human CD4+ T cells. PLoS One 2014; 9:e88195. [PMID: 24558379 PMCID: PMC3928197 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0088195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2013] [Accepted: 01/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Many HIV-2 and SIV isolates, as well as some HIV-1 strains, can use the orphan 7-transmembrane receptor GPR15 as co-receptor for efficient entry into host cells. GPR15 is expressed on central memory and effector memory CD4+ T cells in healthy individuals and a subset of these cells is susceptible to HIV-1 and SIV infection. However, it has not been determined whether GPR15 expression is altered in the context of HIV-1 infection. Results Here, we show that GPR15 expression in CD4+ T cells is markedly up-regulated in some HIV-1 infected individuals compared to the rest of the infected patients and to healthy controls. Infection of the PM1 T cell line with primary HIV-1 isolates was found to up-regulate GPR15 expression on the infected cells, indicating that viral components can induce GPR15 expression. Up-regulation of GPR15 expression on CD4+ T cells was induced by activation of Toll-like receptor 3 signalling via TIR-domain-containing adapter-inducing interferon-β (TRIF) and was more prominent on gut-homing compared to lymph node-homing CD4+ T cells. Conclusion These results suggest that infection-induced up-regulation of GPR15 expression could increase susceptibility of CD4+ T cells to HIV infection and target cell availability in the gut in some infected individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Kiene
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Bence Rethi
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Marianne Jansson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Stephanie Dillon
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Eric Lee
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Rebecka Lantto
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Cara Wilson
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Stefan Pöhlmann
- Infection Biology Unit, German Primate Center, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Francesca Chiodi
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- * E-mail:
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14
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Betancourt AM. New Cell-Based Therapy Paradigm: Induction of Bone Marrow-Derived Multipotent Mesenchymal Stromal Cells into Pro-Inflammatory MSC1 and Anti-inflammatory MSC2 Phenotypes. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2012; 130:163-97. [PMID: 22869086 DOI: 10.1007/10_2012_141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cell-based therapies (CBTs) are quickly taking hold as a revolutionary new approach to treat many human diseases. Among the cells used in these treatments, multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells, also often and imprecisely termed mesenchymal stem cells (MSC), are widely used because they are considered clinically safe, unique in their immune-modulating capabilities, easily obtained from adult tissues, and quickly expanded as well as stored. However, despite these established advantages, there are limiting factors to employing MSCs in these therapeutic strategies. Foremost is the lack of a general consensus on a definition of these cells, marring efforts to prepare homogeneous lots and more importantly complicating their in vitro and in vivo investigation. Furthermore, although one of the most profound clinical effects of MSC intravenous administration is the modulation of host immune responses, no adequate ex vivo assays exist to consistently predict the therapeutic effect of each MSC lot in the treated patient. Until these issues are addressed, this very promising and safe new therapeutic approach cannot be used to its full advantage. However, these confounding issues do present exciting opportunities. The first is an opportunity to discover unknown aspects of host immune responses because the unique effect driven by MSC infusion on a patient's immunity has not yet been identified. In addition, there is an opportunity to develop methods, tests, and tools to better define MSCs and MSC-based therapy and provide consistency in preparation and effect. To this end, my laboratory recently developed a new approach to induce uniform pro-inflammatory MSC1 and anti-inflammatory MSC2 phenotypes from bone marrow-derived MSC preparations. I anticipate that MSC1 and MSC2 provide convenient tools with which to address some of these limitations and will help advance safe and effective CBTs for human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline M Betancourt
- Center for Stem Cell Research and Regenerative Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA,
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