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Liu Y, Meng Y, Zhang T, Alachkar H. Deregulation of apolipoprotein C2 gene in cancer: A potential metabolic vulnerability. Clin Transl Med 2021; 11:e406. [PMID: 34185418 PMCID: PMC8161511 DOI: 10.1002/ctm2.406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yuqiao Liu
- Titus Family Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Yiting Meng
- Titus Family Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Tian Zhang
- Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Houda Alachkar
- Titus Family Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA.,USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
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2
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Wolska A, Dunbar RL, Freeman LA, Ueda M, Amar MJ, Sviridov DO, Remaley AT. Apolipoprotein C-II: New findings related to genetics, biochemistry, and role in triglyceride metabolism. Atherosclerosis 2017; 267:49-60. [PMID: 29100061 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2017.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Revised: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Apolipoprotein C-II (apoC-II) is a small exchangeable apolipoprotein found on triglyceride-rich lipoproteins (TRL), such as chylomicrons (CM) and very low-density lipoproteins (VLDL), and on high-density lipoproteins (HDL), particularly during fasting. ApoC-II plays a critical role in TRL metabolism by acting as a cofactor of lipoprotein lipase (LPL), the main enzyme that hydrolyses plasma triglycerides (TG) on TRL. Here, we present an overview of the role of apoC-II in TG metabolism, emphasizing recent novel findings regarding its transcriptional regulation and biochemistry. We also review the 24 genetic mutations in the APOC2 gene reported to date that cause hypertriglyceridemia (HTG). Finally, we describe the clinical presentation of apoC-II deficiency and assess the current therapeutic approaches, as well as potential novel emerging therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Wolska
- Lipoprotein Metabolism Section, Cardio-Pulmonary Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Richard L Dunbar
- Division of Translational Medicine and Human Genetics, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; ICON plc, North Wales, PA, USA; Cardiometabolic and Lipid Clinic, Corporal Michael J. Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Lita A Freeman
- Lipoprotein Metabolism Section, Cardio-Pulmonary Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Masako Ueda
- Division of Translational Medicine and Human Genetics, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Marcelo J Amar
- Lipoprotein Metabolism Section, Cardio-Pulmonary Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Denis O Sviridov
- Lipoprotein Metabolism Section, Cardio-Pulmonary Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Alan T Remaley
- Lipoprotein Metabolism Section, Cardio-Pulmonary Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Tudorache IF, Trusca VG, Gafencu AV. Apolipoprotein E - A Multifunctional Protein with Implications in Various Pathologies as a Result of Its Structural Features. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2017; 15:359-365. [PMID: 28660014 PMCID: PMC5476973 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2017.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Revised: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Apolipoprotein E (apoE), a 34 kDa glycoprotein, mediates hepatic and extrahepatic uptake of plasma lipoproteins and cholesterol efflux from lipid-laden macrophages. In humans, three structural different apoE isoforms occur, with subsequent functional changes and pathological consequences. Here, we review data supporting the involvement of apoE structural domains and isoforms in normal and altered lipid metabolism, cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases, as well as stress-related pathological states. Studies using truncated apoE forms provided valuable information regarding the regions and residues responsible for its properties. ApoE3 renders protection against cardiovascular diseases by maintaining lipid homeostasis, while apoE2 is associated with dysbetalipoproteinemia. ApoE4 is a recognized risk factor for Alzheimer's disease, although the exact mechanism of the disease initiation and progression is not entirely elucidated. ApoE is also implicated in infections with herpes simplex type-1, hepatitis C and human immunodeficiency viruses. Interacting with both viral and host molecules, apoE isoforms differently interfere with the viral life cycle. ApoE exerts anti-inflammatory effects, switching macrophage phenotype from the proinflammatory M1 to the anti-inflammatory M2, suppressing CD4+ and CD8+ lymphocytes, and reducing IL-2 production. The anti-oxidative properties of apoE are isoform-dependent, modulating the levels of various molecules (Nrf2 target genes, metallothioneins, paraoxonase). Mimetic peptides were designed to exploit apoE beneficial properties. The "structure correctors" which convert apoE4 into apoE3-like molecules have pharmacological potential. Despite no successful strategy is yet available for apoE-related disorders, several promising candidates deserve further improvement and exploitation.
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Key Words
- AD, Alzheimer's disease
- ApoE
- ApoE, Apolipoprotein E
- CVD, cardiovascular disease
- HCV, hepatitis C virus
- HDL, high-density lipoprotein
- HIV, human immunodeficiency virus
- HLP, phospholipid transfer protein
- HSPGs, heparan sulfate proteoglycans
- HSV-1, herpes simplex virus type-1
- Isoform
- LDL, low density lipoprotein
- LPG, lipoprotein glomerulopathy
- LPL, lipoprotein lipase
- Mimetic peptide
- NS5A, nonstructural protein 5A
- PLTP, type III hyperlipoproteinemia
- Structural domain
- TG, triglyceride
- Truncated molecule
- VLDL, very-low-density lipoprotein
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Anca Violeta Gafencu
- Institute of Cellular Biology and Pathology “Nicolae Simionescu” of the Romanian Academy, 8 B. P. Hasdeu Street, Sector 5, 050568 Bucharest, Romania
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Kim SY, Lim EJ, Yoon YS, Ahn YH, Park EM, Kim HS, Kang JL. Liver X receptor and STAT1 cooperate downstream of Gas6/Mer to induce anti-inflammatory arginase 2 expression in macrophages. Sci Rep 2016; 6:29673. [PMID: 27406916 PMCID: PMC4942780 DOI: 10.1038/srep29673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Mer signaling increases the transcriptional activity of liver X receptor (LXR) to promote the resolution of acute sterile inflammation. Here, we aimed to understand the pathway downstream of Mer signaling after growth arrest-specific protein 6 (Gas6) treatment that leads to LXR expression and transcriptional activity in mouse bone-marrow derived macrophages (BMDM). Gas6-induced increases in LXRα and LXRβ and expression of their target genes were inhibited in BMDM from STAT1−/− mice or by the STAT1-specific inhibitor fludarabine. Gas6-induced STAT1 phosphorylation, LXR activation, and LXR target gene expression were inhibited in BMDM from Mer−/− mice or by inhibition of PI3K or Akt. Gas6-induced Akt phosphorylation was inhibited in BMDM from STAT1−/− mice or in the presence of fludarabine. Gas6-induced LXR activity was enhanced through an interaction between LXRα and STAT1 on the DNA promoter of Arg2. Additionally, we found that Gas6 inhibited lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced nitrite production in a STAT1 and LXR pathway-dependent manner in BMDM. Additionally, Mer-neutralizing antibody reduced LXR and Arg2 expression in lung tissue and enhanced NO production in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid in LPS-induced acute lung injury. Our data suggest the possibility that the Gas6-Mer-PI3K/Akt-STAT1-LXR-Arg2 pathway plays an essential role for resolving inflammatory response in acute lung injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si-Yoon Kim
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 158-710, Korea.,Tissue Injury Defense Research Center, School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 158-710, Korea
| | - Eun-Jin Lim
- Tissue Injury Defense Research Center, School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 158-710, Korea
| | - Young-So Yoon
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 158-710, Korea.,Tissue Injury Defense Research Center, School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 158-710, Korea
| | - Young-Ho Ahn
- Tissue Injury Defense Research Center, School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 158-710, Korea.,Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 158-710, Korea
| | - Eun-Mi Park
- Tissue Injury Defense Research Center, School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 158-710, Korea.,Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 158-710, Korea
| | - Hee-Sun Kim
- Tissue Injury Defense Research Center, School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 158-710, Korea.,Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 158-710, Korea
| | - Jihee Lee Kang
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 158-710, Korea.,Tissue Injury Defense Research Center, School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 158-710, Korea
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Kardassis D, Gafencu A, Zannis VI, Davalos A. Regulation of HDL genes: transcriptional, posttranscriptional, and posttranslational. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2015; 224:113-179. [PMID: 25522987 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-09665-0_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
HDL regulation is exerted at multiple levels including regulation at the level of transcription initiation by transcription factors and signal transduction cascades; regulation at the posttranscriptional level by microRNAs and other noncoding RNAs which bind to the coding or noncoding regions of HDL genes regulating mRNA stability and translation; as well as regulation at the posttranslational level by protein modifications, intracellular trafficking, and degradation. The above mechanisms have drastic effects on several HDL-mediated processes including HDL biogenesis, remodeling, cholesterol efflux and uptake, as well as atheroprotective functions on the cells of the arterial wall. The emphasis is on mechanisms that operate in physiologically relevant tissues such as the liver (which accounts for 80% of the total HDL-C levels in the plasma), the macrophages, the adrenals, and the endothelium. Transcription factors that have a significant impact on HDL regulation such as hormone nuclear receptors and hepatocyte nuclear factors are extensively discussed both in terms of gene promoter recognition and regulation but also in terms of their impact on plasma HDL levels as was revealed by knockout studies. Understanding the different modes of regulation of this complex lipoprotein may provide useful insights for the development of novel HDL-raising therapies that could be used to fight against atherosclerosis which is the underlying cause of coronary heart disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitris Kardassis
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Crete Medical School and Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation of Research and Technology of Hellas, Heraklion, Crete, 71110, Greece,
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Rőszer T, Menéndez-Gutiérrez MP, Cedenilla M, Ricote M. Retinoid X receptors in macrophage biology. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2013; 24:460-8. [PMID: 23701753 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2013.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2013] [Revised: 04/19/2013] [Accepted: 04/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Retinoid X receptors (RXRs) form a distinct and unique subclass within the nuclear receptor (NR) superfamily of ligand-dependent transcription factors. RXRs regulate a plethora of genetic programs, including cell differentiation, the immune response, and lipid and glucose metabolism. Recent advances reveal that RXRs are important regulators of macrophages, key players in inflammatory and metabolic disorders. This review outlines the versatility of RXR action in the control of macrophage gene transcription through its heterodimerization with other NRs or through RXR homodimerization. We also highlight the potential of RXR-controlled transcriptional programs as targets for the treatment of pathologies associated with altered macrophage function, such as atherosclerosis, insulin resistance, autoimmunity, and neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamás Rőszer
- Cardiovascular Development and Repair Department, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Melchor Fernández Almagro 3, 28029 Madrid, Spain
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Liu Q, Bai X, Li H, Zhang Y, Zhao Y, Zhang X, Ye L. The oncoprotein HBXIP upregulates Lin28Bviaactivating TF II D to promote proliferation of breast cancer cells. Int J Cancer 2013; 133:1310-22. [DOI: 10.1002/ijc.28154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2012] [Accepted: 02/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qian Liu
- Department of Biochemistry; College of Life Sciences; Nankai University; Tianjin; 300071; People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao Bai
- Department of Biochemistry; College of Life Sciences; Nankai University; Tianjin; 300071; People's Republic of China
| | - Hang Li
- Department of Biochemistry; College of Life Sciences; Nankai University; Tianjin; 300071; People's Republic of China
| | - Yingyi Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry; College of Life Sciences; Nankai University; Tianjin; 300071; People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Zhao
- Department of Biochemistry; College of Life Sciences; Nankai University; Tianjin; 300071; People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaodong Zhang
- Department of Cancer Research; Institute for Molecular Biology; College of Life Sciences; Nankai University; Tianjin; 300071; People's Republic of China
| | - Lihong Ye
- Department of Biochemistry; College of Life Sciences; Nankai University; Tianjin; 300071; People's Republic of China
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