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Puttilli MR, Danzi D, Correia C, Brandi J, Cecconi D, Manfredi M, Marengo E, Santos C, Spinelli F, Polverari A, Vandelle E. Plant Signals Anticipate the Induction of the Type III Secretion System in Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae, Facilitating Efficient Temperature-Dependent Effector Translocation. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0207322. [PMID: 36287008 PMCID: PMC9770001 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02073-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Disease resistance in plants depends on a molecular dialogue with microbes that involves many known chemical effectors, but the time course of the interaction and the influence of the environment are largely unknown. The outcome of host-pathogen interactions is thought to reflect the offensive and defensive capabilities of both players. When plants interact with Pseudomonas syringae, several well-characterized virulence factors contribute to early bacterial pathogenicity, including the type III secretion system (T3SS), which must be activated by signals from the plant and environment to allow the secretion of virulence effectors. The manner in which these signals regulate T3SS activity is still unclear. Here, we strengthen the paradigm of the plant-pathogen molecular dialogue by addressing overlooked details concerning the timing of interactions, specifically the role of plant signals and temperature on the regulation of bacterial virulence during the first few hours of the interaction. Whole-genome expression profiling after 1 h revealed that the perception of plant signals from kiwifruit or tomato extracts anticipated T3SS expression in P. syringae pv. actinidiae compared to apoplast-like conditions, facilitating more efficient effector transport in planta, as revealed by the induction of a temperature-dependent hypersensitive response in the nonhost plant Arabidopsis thaliana Columbia-0 (Col-0). Our results show that in the arms race between plants and bacteria, the temperature-dependent timing of bacterial virulence versus the induction of plant defenses is probably one of the fundamental parameters governing the outcome of the interaction. IMPORTANCE Plant diseases-their occurrence and severity-result from the impact of three factors: the host, the pathogen, and the environmental conditions, interconnected in the disease triangle. Time was further included as a fourth factor accounting for plant disease, leading to a more realistic three-dimensional disease pyramid to represent the evolution of disease over time. However, this representation still considers time only as a parameter determining when and to what extent a disease will occur, at a scale from days to months. Here, we show that time is a factor regulating the arms race between plants and pathogens, at a scale from minutes to hours, and strictly depends on environmental factors. Thus, besides the arms possessed by pathogens and plants per se, the opportunity and the timing of arms mobilization make the difference in determining the outcome of an interaction and thus the occurrence of plant disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Davide Danzi
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Cristiana Correia
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
- Department of Biology, LAQV-REQUIMTE, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Jessica Brandi
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Daniela Cecconi
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Marcello Manfredi
- Department of Translational Medicine, Center for Translational Research on Autoimmune & Allergic Diseases (CAAD), University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Emilio Marengo
- Department of Science and Technological Innovation, University of Piemonte Orientale, Alessandria, Italy
| | - Conceição Santos
- Department of Biology, LAQV-REQUIMTE, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Francesco Spinelli
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | | | - Elodie Vandelle
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
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Mariz-Ponte N, Gimranov E, Rego R, Moura L, Santos C, Tavares F. Distinct phenotypic behaviours within a clonal population of Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0269343. [PMID: 35679321 PMCID: PMC9182710 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0269343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial canker of the kiwifruit caused by the etiological agent Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae is the most severe disease in kiwifruit production. Since 2008 a hypervirulent Psa biovar 3 has spread rapidly worldwide. Different genomic and phenotypic approaches have been used to understand the origin of the dissemination and geographical evolution of populations associated with this pandemic. This study aimed to characterize the genetic and phenotypic diversity of 22 Psa isolates collected in different regions of Portugal between 2013 and 2017. Genotypic and phenotypic characterization was based on Multi-Locus Sequence Analysis (MLSA), motility, IAA production, Biolog GEN III, and copper sensitivity. No polymorphisms were detected for the concatenated sequence (1950 bp) of the housekeeping genes gltA, gapA, gyrB, and rpoD. Results support the analysed Portuguese Psa isolates (2013–2017) belonging to Psa3, and MLSA indicates high genetic clonality and stability of these populations. The phenotypic analysis through Biolog revealed a heterogeneous pattern in the Psa collection and its position in the Pseudomonas complex. This heterogeneity reflects a genomic diversity that may reflect distinct adaptive trends associated with the environmental conditions and widespread. The Portuguese Psa collection showed no resistance to copper. This information is relevant to kiwi producers that predominantly use Cu-treatments to control kiwifruit bacterial canker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuno Mariz-Ponte
- Biology Department, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto (FCUP), Porto, Portugal
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Biology Department, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto (FCUP), Porto, Portugal
- CIBIO-Research Centre in Biodiversity and Genetic Resources, In-BIO-Associate Laboratory, Campus de Vairão, University of Porto, Vairão, Portugal
- BIOPOLIS Program in Genomics, Biodiversity and Land Planning, CIBIO, Campus de Vairão, Vairão, Portugal
- * E-mail:
| | - Emil Gimranov
- Biology Department, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto (FCUP), Porto, Portugal
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Biology Department, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto (FCUP), Porto, Portugal
| | - Rute Rego
- CISAS—Centre for Research and Development in Agrifood Systems and Sustainability, Instituto Politécnico de Viana do Castelo, Viana do Castelo, Portugal
| | - Luísa Moura
- CISAS—Centre for Research and Development in Agrifood Systems and Sustainability, Instituto Politécnico de Viana do Castelo, Viana do Castelo, Portugal
| | - Conceição Santos
- Biology Department, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto (FCUP), Porto, Portugal
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Biology Department, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto (FCUP), Porto, Portugal
| | - Fernando Tavares
- Biology Department, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto (FCUP), Porto, Portugal
- CIBIO-Research Centre in Biodiversity and Genetic Resources, In-BIO-Associate Laboratory, Campus de Vairão, University of Porto, Vairão, Portugal
- BIOPOLIS Program in Genomics, Biodiversity and Land Planning, CIBIO, Campus de Vairão, Vairão, Portugal
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3
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Lee C, Wu Y, Hsueh C, Huang Y, Hsu Y, Meng M. Mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatase 1 reduces the replication efficiency of Bamboo mosaic virus in Nicotiana benthamiana. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2018; 19:2319-2332. [PMID: 29806182 PMCID: PMC6638022 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Revised: 04/22/2018] [Accepted: 05/20/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In plants, the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades are the central signaling pathways of the complicated defense network triggered by the perception of pathogen-associated molecular patterns to repel pathogens. The Arabidopsis thaliana MAPK phosphatase 1 (AtMKP1) negatively regulates the activation of MAPKs. Recently, the AtMKP1 homolog of Nicotiana benthamiana (NbMKP1) was found in association with the Bamboo mosaic virus (BaMV) replication complex. This study aimed to investigate the role of NbMKP1 in BaMV multiplication in N. benthamiana. Silencing of NbMKP1 increased accumulations of the BaMV-encoded proteins and the viral genomic RNA, although the same condition reduced the infectivity of Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 in N. benthamiana. On the other hand, overexpression of NbMKP1 decreased the BaMV coat protein accumulation in a phosphatase activity-dependent manner in protoplasts. NbMKP1 also negatively affected the in vitro RNA polymerase activity of the BaMV replication complex. Collectively, the activity of NbMKP1 seems to reduce BaMV multiplication, inconsistent with the negatively regulatory role of MKP1 in MAPK cascades in terms of warding off fungal and bacterial invasion. In addition, silencing of NbMKP1 increased the accumulation of Foxtail mosaic virus but decreased Potato virus X. The discrepant effects exerted by NbMKP1 on different pathogens foresee the difficulty to develop plants with broad-spectrum resistance through genetically manipulating a single player in MAPK cascades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng‐Cheng Lee
- Graduate Institute of BiotechnologyNational Chung Hsing UniversityTaichungTaiwan, ROC40227
| | - Yi‐Jhen Wu
- Graduate Institute of BiotechnologyNational Chung Hsing UniversityTaichungTaiwan, ROC40227
| | - Chia‐Hsin Hsueh
- Graduate Institute of BiotechnologyNational Chung Hsing UniversityTaichungTaiwan, ROC40227
| | - Yu‐Ting Huang
- Graduate Institute of BiotechnologyNational Chung Hsing UniversityTaichungTaiwan, ROC40227
| | - Yau‐Heiu Hsu
- Graduate Institute of BiotechnologyNational Chung Hsing UniversityTaichungTaiwan, ROC40227
| | - Menghsiao Meng
- Graduate Institute of BiotechnologyNational Chung Hsing UniversityTaichungTaiwan, ROC40227
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Huang YC, Lin YC, Wei CF, Deng WL, Huang HC. The pathogenicity factor HrpF interacts with HrpA and HrpG to modulate type III secretion system (T3SS) function and t3ss expression in Pseudomonas syringae pv. averrhoi. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2016; 17:1080-94. [PMID: 26638129 PMCID: PMC6638529 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2015] [Revised: 11/05/2015] [Accepted: 11/29/2015] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
To ensure the optimal infectivity on contact with host cells, pathogenic Pseudomonas syringae has evolved a complex mechanism to control the expression and construction of the functional type III secretion system (T3SS) that serves as a dominant pathogenicity factor. In this study, we showed that the hrpF gene of P. syringae pv. averrhoi, which is located upstream of hrpG, encodes a T3SS-dependent secreted/translocated protein. Mutation of hrpF leads to the loss of bacterial ability on elicitation of disease symptoms in the host and a hypersensitive response in non-host plants, and the secretion or translocation of the tested T3SS substrates into the bacterial milieu or plant cells. Moreover, overexpression of hrpF in the wild-type results in delayed HR and reduced t3ss expression. The results of protein-protein interactions demonstrate that HrpF interacts directly with HrpG and HrpA in vitro and in vivo, and protein stability assays reveal that HrpF assists HrpA stability in the bacterial cytoplasm, which is reduced by a single amino acid substitution at the 67th lysine residue of HrpF with alanine. Taken together, the data presented here suggest that HrpF has two roles in the assembly of a functional T3SS: one by acting as a negative regulator, possibly involved in the HrpSVG regulation circuit via binding to HrpG, and the other by stabilizing HrpA in the bacterial cytoplasm via HrpF-HrpA interaction prior to the secretion and formation of Hrp pilus on the bacterial surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Chiao Huang
- Department of Plant Pathology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, 40227, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, 40227, Taiwan
| | - Yuan-Chuen Lin
- Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, 40227, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Fong Wei
- Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, 40227, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Ling Deng
- Department of Plant Pathology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, 40227, Taiwan
- Agricultural Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, 40227, Taiwan
| | - Hsiou-Chen Huang
- Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, 40227, Taiwan
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Mhlongo MI, Piater LA, Madala NE, Steenkamp PA, Dubery IA. Phenylpropanoid Defences in Nicotiana tabacum Cells: Overlapping Metabolomes Indicate Common Aspects to Priming Responses Induced by Lipopolysaccharides, Chitosan and Flagellin-22. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0151350. [PMID: 26978774 PMCID: PMC4792386 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0151350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2015] [Accepted: 02/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Plants have evolved both constitutive and inducible defence strategies to cope with different biotic stimuli and stresses. Exposure of a plant to a challenging stress can lead to a primed state that allows it to launch a more rapid and stronger defence. Here we applied a metabolomic approach to study and compare the responses induced in Nicotiana tabacum cells by microbe-associated molecular pattern (MAMP) molecules, namely lipopolysaccharides (LPS), chitosan (CHT) and flagellin-22 (FLG22). Early response metabolites, extracted with methanol, were analysed by UHPLC-MS/MS. Using multivariate statistical tools the metabolic profiles induced by these elicitors were analysed. In the metabolic fingerprint of these agents a total of 19 cinnamic acid derivatives conjugated to quinic acids (chlorogenic acids), shikimic acid, tyramine, polyamines or glucose were found as discriminant biomarkers. In addition, treatment with the phytohormones salicylic acid (SA), methyljasmonic acid (MJ) and abscisic acid (ABA) resulted in differentially-induced phenylpropanoid pathway metabolites. The results indicate that the phenylpropanoid pathway is activated by these elicitors while hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives are commonly associated with the metabolic response to the MAMPs, and that the activated responses are modulated by both SA and MJ, with ABA not playing a role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Msizi I. Mhlongo
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Lizelle A. Piater
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Ntakadzeni E. Madala
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Paul A. Steenkamp
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park, Johannesburg, South Africa
- CSIR Biosciences, Natural Products and Agroprocessing Group, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Ian A. Dubery
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park, Johannesburg, South Africa
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Engl C, Waite CJ, McKenna JF, Bennett MH, Hamann T, Buck M. Chp8, a diguanylate cyclase from Pseudomonas syringae pv. Tomato DC3000, suppresses the pathogen-associated molecular pattern flagellin, increases extracellular polysaccharides, and promotes plant immune evasion. mBio 2014; 5:e01168-14. [PMID: 24846383 PMCID: PMC4030453 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01168-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2014] [Accepted: 04/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED The bacterial plant pathogen Pseudomonas syringae causes disease in a wide range of plants. The associated decrease in crop yields results in economic losses and threatens global food security. Competition exists between the plant immune system and the pathogen, the basic principles of which can be applied to animal infection pathways. P. syringae uses a type III secretion system (T3SS) to deliver virulence factors into the plant that promote survival of the bacterium. The P. syringae T3SS is a product of the hypersensitive response and pathogenicity (hrp) and hypersensitive response and conserved (hrc) gene cluster, which is strictly controlled by the codependent enhancer-binding proteins HrpR and HrpS. Through a combination of bacterial gene regulation and phenotypic studies, plant infection assays, and plant hormone quantifications, we now report that Chp8 (i) is embedded in the Hrp regulon and expressed in response to plant signals and HrpRS, (ii) is a functional diguanylate cyclase, (iii) decreases the expression of the major pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP) flagellin and increases extracellular polysaccharides (EPS), and (iv) impacts the salicylic acid/jasmonic acid hormonal immune response and disease progression. We propose that Chp8 expression dampens PAMP-triggered immunity during early plant infection. IMPORTANCE The global demand for food is projected to rise by 50% by 2030 and, as such, represents one of the major challenges of the 21st century, requiring improved crop management. Diseases caused by plant pathogens decrease crop yields, result in significant economic losses, and threaten global food security. Gaining mechanistic insights into the events at the plant-pathogen interface and employing this knowledge to make crops more resilient is one important strategy for improving crop management. Plant-pathogen interactions are characterized by the sophisticated interplay between plant immunity elicited upon pathogen recognition and immune evasion by the pathogen. Here, we identify Chp8 as a contributor to the major effort of the plant pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 to evade immune responses of the plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Engl
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom;
| | - Christopher J Waite
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Joseph F McKenna
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Mark H Bennett
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Thorsten Hamann
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Martin Buck
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom;
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Hanuszkiewicz A, Pittock P, Humphries F, Moll H, Rosales AR, Molinaro A, Moynagh PN, Lajoie GA, Valvano MA. Identification of the flagellin glycosylation system in Burkholderia cenocepacia and the contribution of glycosylated flagellin to evasion of human innate immune responses. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:19231-44. [PMID: 24841205 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.562603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Burkholderia cenocepacia is an opportunistic pathogen threatening patients with cystic fibrosis. Flagella are required for biofilm formation, as well as adhesion to and invasion of epithelial cells. Recognition of flagellin via the Toll-like receptor 5 (TLR5) contributes to exacerbate B. cenocepacia-induced lung epithelial inflammatory responses. In this study, we report that B. cenocepacia flagellin is glycosylated on at least 10 different sites with a single sugar, 4,6-dideoxy-4-(3-hydroxybutanoylamino)-D-glucose. We have identified key genes that are required for flagellin glycosylation, including a predicted glycosyltransferase gene that is linked to the flagellin biosynthesis cluster and a putative acetyltransferase gene located within the O-antigen lipopolysaccharide cluster. Another O-antigen cluster gene, rmlB, which is required for flagellin glycan and O-antigen biosynthesis, was essential for bacterial viability, uncovering a novel target against Burkholderia infections. Using glycosylated and nonglycosylated purified flagellin and a cell reporter system to assess TLR5-mediated responses, we also show that the presence of glycan in flagellin significantly impairs the inflammatory response of epithelial cells. We therefore suggest that flagellin glycosylation reduces recognition of flagellin by host TLR5, providing an evasive strategy to infecting bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Hanuszkiewicz
- From the Centre for Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University, Belfast BT9 7AE, Ireland, United Kingdom
| | - Paula Pittock
- the Don Rix Protein Identification Facility, Department of Biochemistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - Fiachra Humphries
- the Institute of Immunology, Department of Biology, National University of Ireland at Maynooth, Maynooth, County Kildare, Ireland
| | - Hermann Moll
- the Bioanalytical Chemistry, Research Centre Borstel, 23845 Borstel, Germany
| | - Amanda Roa Rosales
- the Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5C1, Canada, and
| | - Antonio Molinaro
- the Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Napoli, Federico II, 80134 Naples, Italy
| | - Paul N Moynagh
- From the Centre for Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University, Belfast BT9 7AE, Ireland, United Kingdom, the Institute of Immunology, Department of Biology, National University of Ireland at Maynooth, Maynooth, County Kildare, Ireland
| | - Gilles A Lajoie
- the Don Rix Protein Identification Facility, Department of Biochemistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - Miguel A Valvano
- From the Centre for Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University, Belfast BT9 7AE, Ireland, United Kingdom, the Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5C1, Canada, and
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Clarke CR, Chinchilla D, Hind SR, Taguchi F, Miki R, Ichinose Y, Martin GB, Leman S, Felix G, Vinatzer BA. Allelic variation in two distinct Pseudomonas syringae flagellin epitopes modulates the strength of plant immune responses but not bacterial motility. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2013; 200:847-860. [PMID: 23865782 PMCID: PMC3797164 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2013] [Accepted: 06/07/2013] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The bacterial flagellin (FliC) epitopes flg22 and flgII-28 are microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs). Although flg22 is recognized by many plant species via the pattern recognition receptor FLS2, neither the flgII-28 receptor nor the extent of flgII-28 recognition by different plant families is known. Here, we tested the significance of flgII-28 as a MAMP and the importance of allelic diversity in flg22 and flgII-28 in plant-pathogen interactions using purified peptides and a Pseudomonas syringae ∆fliC mutant complemented with different fliC alleles. The plant genotype and allelic diversity in flg22 and flgII-28 were found to significantly affect the plant immune response, but not bacterial motility. The recognition of flgII-28 is restricted to a number of solanaceous species. Although the flgII-28 peptide does not trigger any immune response in Arabidopsis, mutations in both flg22 and flgII-28 have FLS2-dependent effects on virulence. However, the expression of a tomato allele of FLS2 does not confer to Nicotiana benthamiana the ability to detect flgII-28, and tomato plants silenced for FLS2 are not altered in flgII-28 recognition. Therefore, MAMP diversification is an effective pathogen virulence strategy, and flgII-28 appears to be perceived by an as yet unidentified receptor in the Solanaceae, although it has an FLS2-dependent virulence effect in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher R. Clarke
- Department of Plant Pathology, Physiology and Weed Sciences Latham Hall, Ag Quad Lane, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Delphine Chinchilla
- Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center, Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Basel, Hebelstrasse 1, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sarah R. Hind
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Fumiko Taguchi
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Tsushima-naka 1-1-1, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Ryuji Miki
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Tsushima-naka 1-1-1, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Yuki Ichinose
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Tsushima-naka 1-1-1, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Gregory B. Martin
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Department of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA; and Genomics and Biotechnology Section, Department of Biological Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Scotland Leman
- Department of Statistics, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Georg Felix
- Zentrum für Molekularbiologie der Pflanzen, University Tübingen, 72076, Germany
| | - Boris A. Vinatzer
- Department of Plant Pathology, Physiology and Weed Sciences Latham Hall, Ag Quad Lane, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
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Afroz A, Zahur M, Zeeshan N, Komatsu S. Plant-bacterium interactions analyzed by proteomics. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2013; 4:21. [PMID: 23424014 PMCID: PMC3573209 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2013.00021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2012] [Accepted: 01/29/2013] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The evolution of the plant immune response has resulted in a highly effective defense system that is able to resist potential attack by microbial pathogens. The primary immune response is referred to as pathogen associated molecular pattern (PAMP) triggered immunity and has evolved to recognize common features of microbial pathogens. In response to the delivery of pathogen effector proteins, plants acquired R proteins to fight against pathogen attack. R-dependent defense response is important in understanding the biochemical and cellular mechanisms and underlying these interactions will enable molecular and transgenic approaches for crops with increased biotic resistance. Proteomic analyses are particularly useful for understanding the mechanisms of host plant against the pathogen attack. Recent advances in the field of proteome analyses have initiated a new research area, i.e., the analysis of more complex microbial communities and their interaction with plant. Such areas hold great potential to elucidate, not only the interactions between bacteria and their host plants, but also of bacteria-bacteria interactions between different bacterial taxa, symbiotic, pathogenic bacteria, and commensal bacteria. During biotic stress, plant hormonal signaling pathways prioritizes defense over other cellular functions. Some plant pathogens take advantage of hormone dependent regulatory system by mimicking hormones that interfere with host immune responses to promote virulence (vir). In this review, it is discussed the cross talk that plays important role in response to pathogens attack with different infection strategies using proteomic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber Afroz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nawaz Sharif Medical College, University of Gujrat, Hafiz Hayat Campus GujratGujrat, Pakistan
- *Correspondence: Amber Afroz, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nawaz Sharif Medical College, University of Gujrat, Hafiz Hayat Campus Gujrat, Gujrat, Pakistan. e-mail:
| | - Muzna Zahur
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nawaz Sharif Medical College, University of Gujrat, Hafiz Hayat Campus GujratGujrat, Pakistan
| | - Nadia Zeeshan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nawaz Sharif Medical College, University of Gujrat, Hafiz Hayat Campus GujratGujrat, Pakistan
| | - Setsuko Komatsu
- National Institute of Crop Science, National Agriculture and Food Research OrganizationTsukuba, Japan
- Setsuko Komatsu, National Institute of Crop Science, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 2-1-18 Kannondai, Tsukuba 305-8518, Japan. e-mail:
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