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Stanislawek WL, Tana T, Rawdon TG, Cork SC, Chen K, Fatoyinbo H, Cogger N, Webby RJ, Webster RG, Joyce M, Tuboltsev MA, Orr D, Ohneiser S, Watts J, Riegen AC, McDougall M, Klee D, O’Keefe JS. Avian influenza viruses in New Zealand wild birds, with an emphasis on subtypes H5 and H7: Their distinctive epidemiology and genomic properties. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0303756. [PMID: 38829903 PMCID: PMC11146706 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0303756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024] Open
Abstract
The rapid spread of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) A (H5N1) viruses in Southeast Asia in 2004 prompted the New Zealand Ministry for Primary Industries to expand its avian influenza surveillance in wild birds. A total of 18,693 birds were sampled between 2004 and 2020, including migratory shorebirds (in 2004-2009), other coastal species (in 2009-2010), and resident waterfowl (in 2004-2020). No avian influenza viruses (AIVs) were isolated from cloacal or oropharyngeal samples from migratory shorebirds or resident coastal species. Two samples from red knots (Calidris canutus) tested positive by influenza A RT-qPCR, but virus could not be isolated and no further characterization could be undertaken. In contrast, 6179 samples from 15,740 mallards (Anas platyrhynchos) tested positive by influenza A RT-qPCR. Of these, 344 were positive for H5 and 51 for H7. All H5 and H7 viruses detected were of low pathogenicity confirmed by a lack of multiple basic amino acids at the hemagglutinin (HA) cleavage site. Twenty H5 viruses (six different neuraminidase [NA] subtypes) and 10 H7 viruses (two different NA subtypes) were propagated and characterized genetically. From H5- or H7-negative samples that tested positive by influenza A RT-qPCR, 326 AIVs were isolated, representing 41 HA/NA combinations. The most frequently isolated subtypes were H4N6, H3N8, H3N2, and H10N3. Multivariable logistic regression analysis of the relations between the location and year of sampling, and presence of AIV in individual waterfowl showed that the AIV risk at a given location varied from year to year. The H5 and H7 isolates both formed monophyletic HA groups. The H5 viruses were most closely related to North American lineages, whereas the H7 viruses formed a sister cluster relationship with wild bird viruses of the Eurasian and Australian lineages. Bayesian analysis indicates that the H5 and H7 viruses have circulated in resident mallards in New Zealand for some time. Correspondingly, we found limited evidence of influenza viruses in the major migratory bird populations visiting New Zealand. Findings suggest a low probability of introduction of HPAI viruses via long-distance bird migration and a unique epidemiology of AIV in New Zealand.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Toni Tana
- Ministry for Primary Industries, Upper Hutt, New Zealand
| | | | - Susan C. Cork
- Department of Ecosystem & Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Kylie Chen
- Department of Computational Biology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Hammed Fatoyinbo
- EpiCentre, School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Naomi Cogger
- EpiCentre, School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Richard J. Webby
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Robert G. Webster
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Maree Joyce
- Ministry for Primary Industries, Upper Hutt, New Zealand
| | | | - Della Orr
- Ministry for Primary Industries, Upper Hutt, New Zealand
| | | | - Jonathan Watts
- Ministry for Primary Industries, Upper Hutt, New Zealand
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Barkhasbaatar A, Gilbert M, Fine AE, Shiilegdamba E, Damdinjav B, Buuveibaatar B, Khishgee B, Johnson CK, Leung CYH, Ankhanbaatar U, Purevtseren D, Tuttle JM, Mazet JAK, Peiris JSM, Jambal L, Shatar M, Sukhbaatar T, Olson SH. Ecological characterization of 175 low-pathogenicity avian influenza viruses isolated from wild birds in Mongolia, 2009-2013 and 2016-2018. Vet Med Sci 2023; 9:2676-2685. [PMID: 37771165 PMCID: PMC10650234 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.1281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Since 2005, highly pathogenic avian influenza A H5N1 viruses have spread from Asia worldwide, infecting poultry, humans and wild birds. Subsequently, global interest in avian influenza (AI) surveillance increased. OBJECTIVES Mongolia presents an opportunity to study viruses in wild birds because the country has very low densities of domestic poultry and supports large concentrations of migratory water birds. METHODS We conducted AI surveillance in Mongolia over two time periods, 2009-2013 and 2016-2018, utilizing environmental fecal sampling. Fresh fecal samples were collected from water bird congregation sites. Hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) subtypes of positive samples were identified through viral isolation or molecular assays, with pathogenicity determined by HA subtype or sequencing the HA cleavage site. RESULTS A total of 10,222 samples were collected. Of these, 7,025 fecal samples were collected from 2009 to 2013, and 3,197 fecal samples were collected from 2016 to 2018. Testing revealed 175 (1.7%) positive samples for low-pathogenicity influenza A, including 118 samples from 2009 to 2013 (1.7%) and 57 samples from 2016 to 2018 (1.8%). HA and NA subtyping of all positives identified 11 subtypes of HA and nine subtypes of NA in 29 different combinations. Within periods, viruses were detected more frequently during the fall season than in the early summer. CONCLUSION Mongolia's critical wild bird habitat is positioned as a crossroad of multiple migratory flyways. Our work demonstrates the feasibility of using an affordable environmental fecal sampling approach for AI surveillance and contributes to understanding the prevalence and ecology of low-pathogenicity avian influenza viruses in this important location, where birds from multiple flyways mix.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Martin Gilbert
- Cornell Wildlife Health CenterCollege of Veterinary MedicineCornell University, New YorkIthacaUSA
| | - Amanda E. Fine
- Wildlife Conservation SocietyHealth ProgramBronxNew YorkUSA
| | | | - Batchuluun Damdinjav
- Division of Transboundary Animal Viral Diseases Diagnosis and SurveillanceState Central Veterinary LaboratoryUlaanbaatarMongolia
| | | | | | - Christine K. Johnson
- EpiCenter for Disease Dynamics, One Health Institute, School of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of CaliforniaDavisCaliforniaUSA
| | - Connie Y. H. Leung
- Centre for Comparative Medicine Research, Li Ka Shing Faculty of MedicineThe University of Hong KongHong KongPeople's Republic of China
| | - Ulaankhuu Ankhanbaatar
- Division of Transboundary Animal Viral Diseases Diagnosis and SurveillanceState Central Veterinary LaboratoryUlaanbaatarMongolia
| | - Dulam Purevtseren
- Division of Transboundary Animal Viral Diseases Diagnosis and SurveillanceState Central Veterinary LaboratoryUlaanbaatarMongolia
| | - James M. Tuttle
- Southern Arizona Veterinary Specialty & Emergency CenterTucsonArizonaUSA
| | - Jonna A. K. Mazet
- Karen C. Drayer Wildlife Health Center, One Health InstituteUniversity of CaliforniaDavisCaliforniaUSA
| | - Joseph S. Malik Peiris
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of MedicineThe University of Hong KongHong KongPeople's Republic of China
| | - Losolmaa Jambal
- Wildlife Conservation SocietyMongolia ProgramUlaanbaatarMongolia
| | - Munkhduuren Shatar
- Division of Transboundary Animal Viral Diseases Diagnosis and SurveillanceState Central Veterinary LaboratoryUlaanbaatarMongolia
| | | | - Sarah H. Olson
- Wildlife Conservation SocietyHealth ProgramBronxNew YorkUSA
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Duong BT, Than DD, Ankhanbaatar U, Gombo-Ochir D, Shura G, Tsolmon A, Pun Mok CK, Basan G, Yeo SJ, Park H. Assessing potential pathogenicity of novel highly pathogenic avian influenza (H5N6) viruses isolated from Mongolian wild duck feces using a mouse model. Emerg Microbes Infect 2022; 11:1425-1434. [PMID: 35451353 PMCID: PMC9154755 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2022.2069515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Several novel highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAIVs) A(H5N6) viruses were reported in Mongolia in 2020, some of which included host-specific markers associated with mammalian infection. However, their pathogenicity has not yet been investigated. Here, we isolated and evaluate two novel genotypes of A(H5N6) subtype in Mongolia during 2018–2019 (A/wildDuck/MN/H5N6/2018-19). Their evolution pattern and molecular characteristics were evaluated using gene sequencing and their pathogenicity was determined using a mouse model. We also compared their antigenicity with previous H5 Clade 2.3.4.4 human isolates by cross-hemagglutination inhibition (HI). Our data suggests that A/wildDuck/MN/H5N6/2018-19 belongs to clade 2.3.4.4h, and maintains several residues associated with mammal adaptation. In addition, our evaluations revealed that their isolates are less virulent in mice than the previously identified H5 human isolates. However, their antigenicity is distinct from other HPAIVs H5 clade 2.3.4.4, thus supporting their continued evaluation as potential infection risks and the preparation of novel candidate vaccines for their neutralization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bao Tuan Duong
- Zoonosis Research Center, Department of Infection Biology, School of Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Korea
| | - Duc Duong Than
- Zoonosis Research Center, Department of Infection Biology, School of Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Korea
| | | | | | - Gansukh Shura
- State Central Veterinary Laboratory, Zaisan, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | | | - Chris Ka Pun Mok
- HKU-Pasteur Research Pole, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Ganzorig Basan
- State Central Veterinary Laboratory, Zaisan, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - Seon Ju Yeo
- Department of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyun Park
- Zoonosis Research Center, Department of Infection Biology, School of Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Korea
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Islam A, Islam S, Amin E, Shano S, Samad MA, Shirin T, Hassan MM, Flora MS. Assessment of poultry rearing practices and risk factors of H5N1 and H9N2 virus circulating among backyard chickens and ducks in rural communities. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0275852. [PMID: 36219598 PMCID: PMC9553037 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0275852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The avian influenza virus (AIV) causes significant economic losses by infecting poultry and occasional spillover to humans. Backyard farms are vulnerable to AIV epidemics due to poor health management and biosecurity practices, threatening rural households’ economic stability and nutrition. We have limited information about the risk factors associated with AIV infection in backyard poultry in Bangladesh. Hence, we conducted a cross-sectional survey comprising epidemiological and anthropological investigations to understand the poultry rearing practices and risk factors of AIV circulation among backyard poultry in selected rural communities. Methods We sampled 120 poultry from backyard farms (n = 30) of the three selected communities between February 2017 and January 2018. We tested swab samples for the matrix gene (M gene) followed by H5, H7, and H9 subtypes using real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR). We applied multivariable logistic regression for risk factor analysis. Furthermore, we conducted an observational study (42 hours) and informal interviews (n = 30) with backyard farmers to record poultry-raising activities in rural communities. Results We detected that 25.2% of the backyard poultry tested positive for AIV, whereas 5% tested positive for H5N1 and 10.8% tested positive for H9N2. Results showed that scavenging in both household garden and other crop fields has higher odds of AIV than scavenging in the household garden (AOR: 24.811; 95% CI: 2.11–292.28), and keeping a cage inside the house has higher odds (AOR:14.5; 95% CI: 1.06–198.51) than keeping it in the veranda, cleaning the cage twice a week or weekly has a higher risk than cleaning daily (AOR: 34.45; 95% CI: 1.04–1139.65), dumping litter or droppings (AOR: 82.80; 95% CI: 3.91–1754.59) and dead birds or wastage (AOR: 109.92, 95% CI: 4.34–2785.29) near water bodies and bushes have a higher risk than burring in the ground, slaughtering and consuming sick birds also had a higher odd of AIV (AOR: 73.45, 95% CI: 1.56–3457.73) than treating the birds. The anthropological investigation revealed that household members had direct contact with the poultry in different ways, including touching, feeding, slaughtering, and contacting poultry feces. Poultry is usually kept inside the house, sick poultry are traditionally slaughtered and eaten, and most poultry raisers do not know that diseases can transmit from backyard poultry to humans. Conclusions This study showed the circulation of H5N1 and H9N2 virus in backyard poultry in rural communities; associated with species, scavenging area of the poultry, location of the poultry cage, the practice of litter, wastage, droppings, and dead bird disposal, and practice of handling sick poultry. We suggest improving biosecurity practices in backyard poultry and mass awareness campaigns to reduce incidences of AIV in household-level poultry farms in rural communities in Bangladesh.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariful Islam
- Centre for Integrative Ecology, School of Life and Environmental Science, Deakin University, Australia
- EcoHealth Alliance, New York, New York, United States of America
- Institute of Epidemiology, Disease Control and Research (IEDCR), Mohakhali, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- * E-mail:
| | - Shariful Islam
- EcoHealth Alliance, New York, New York, United States of America
- Institute of Epidemiology, Disease Control and Research (IEDCR), Mohakhali, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Emama Amin
- EcoHealth Alliance, New York, New York, United States of America
- Institute of Epidemiology, Disease Control and Research (IEDCR), Mohakhali, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Shahanaj Shano
- EcoHealth Alliance, New York, New York, United States of America
- Institute of Epidemiology, Disease Control and Research (IEDCR), Mohakhali, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammed Abdus Samad
- National Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza, Bangladesh Livestock Research Institute (BLRI), Savar, Bangladesh
| | - Tahmina Shirin
- Institute of Epidemiology, Disease Control and Research (IEDCR), Mohakhali, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Mahmudul Hassan
- Queensland Alliance for One Health Sciences, School of Veterinary Science, University of Queensland, Queensland, Australia
| | - Meerjady Sabrina Flora
- Institute of Epidemiology, Disease Control and Research (IEDCR), Mohakhali, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Directorate General of Health Services, Mohakhali, Dhaka, Bangladesh
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Jeong S, Otgontogtokh N, Lee DH, Davganyam B, Lee SH, Cho AY, Tseren-Ochir EO, Song CS. Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Clade 2.3.4.4 Subtype H5N6 Viruses Isolated from Wild Whooper Swans, Mongolia, 2020. Emerg Infect Dis 2021; 27:1181-1183. [PMID: 33754986 PMCID: PMC8007304 DOI: 10.3201/eid2704.203859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
We identified clade 2.3.4.4 highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N6) viruses from whooper swans (Cygnus cygnus) found dead in Mongolia. The identification of these infections in wild birds in this area is of concern because of the potential for virus dissemination during fall migration.
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A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW AND NARRATIVE SYNTHESIS OF THE USE OF ENVIRONMENTAL SAMPLES FOR THE SURVEILLANCE OF AVIAN INFLUENZA VIRUSES IN WILD WATERBIRDS. J Wildl Dis 2021; 57:1-18. [PMID: 33635994 DOI: 10.7589/jwd-d-20-00082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Wild waterbirds are reservoir hosts for avian influenza viruses (AIV), which can cause devastating outbreaks in multiple species, making them a focus for surveillance efforts. Traditional AIV surveillance involves direct sampling of live or dead birds, but environmental substrates present an alternative sample for surveillance. Environmental sampling analyzes AIV excreted by waterbirds into the environment and complements direct bird sampling by minimizing financial, logistic, permitting, and spatial-temporal constraints associated with traditional surveillance. Our objectives were to synthesize the literature on environmental AIV surveillance, to compare and contrast the different sample types, and to identify key themes and recommendations to aid in the implementation of AIV surveillance using environmental samples. The four main environmental substrates for AIV surveillance are feces, feathers, water, and sediment or soil. Feces were the most common environmental substrate collected. The laboratory analysis of water and sediment provided challenges, such as low AIV concentration, heterogenous AIV distribution, or presence of PCR inhibitors. There are a number of abiotic and biotic environmental factors, including temperature, pH, salinity, or presence of filter feeders, that can influence the presence and persistence of AIV in environmental substrates; however, the nature of this influence is poorly understood in field settings, and field data from southern, coastal, and tropical ecosystems are underrepresented. Similarly, there are few studies comparing the performance of environmental samples to each other and to samples collected in wild waterbirds, and environmental surveillance workflows have yet to be validated or optimized. Environmental samples, particularly when used in combination with new technology such as environmental DNA and next generation sequencing, provided information on trends in AIV detection rates and circulating subtypes that complemented traditional, direct waterbird sampling. The use of environmental samples for AIV surveillance also shows significant promise for programs whose goal is early warning of high-risk subtypes.
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Yin S, Xu Y, Batbayar N, Takekawa JY, Si Y, Prosser DJ, Newman SH, Prins HHT, De Boer WF. Do contrasting patterns of migration movements and disease outbreaks between congeneric waterfowl species reflect differing immunity? GEOSPATIAL HEALTH 2021; 16. [PMID: 34000793 DOI: 10.4081/gh.2021.909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Long-distance migrations influence the dynamics of hostpathogen interactions and understanding the role of migratory waterfowl in the spread of the highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAIV) is important. While wild geese have been associated with outbreak events, disease ecology of closely related species has not been studied to the same extent. The swan goose (Anser cygnoides) and the bar-headed goose (Anser indicus) are congeneric species with distinctly different HPAIV infection records; the former with few and the latter with numerous records. We compared movements of these species, as well as the more distantly related whooper swan (Cygnus cygnus) through their annual migratory cycle to better understand exposure to HPAIV events and how this compares within and between congeneric and noncongeneric species. In spite of their record of fewer infections, swan geese were more likely to come in contact with disease outbreaks than bar-headed geese. We propose two possible explanations: i) frequent prolonged contact with domestic ducks increases innate immunity in swan geese, and/or ii) the stress of high-elevation migration reduces immunity of bar-headed geese. Continued efforts to improve our understanding of species-level pathogen response is critical to assessing disease transmission risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shenglai Yin
- College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China; Wildlife Ecology and Conservation Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen.
| | - Yanjie Xu
- Wildlife Ecology and Conservation Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands; The Finnish Museum of Natural History, University of Helsinki, Helsinki.
| | | | | | - Yali Si
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modelling and Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China; Institute of Environmental Sciences, Leiden University, Leiden.
| | - Diann J Prosser
- U.S. Geological Survey, Patuxent Wildlife Research Centre, Laurel, MD.
| | - Scott H Newman
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Regional Office for Africa, Accra.
| | - Herbert H T Prins
- Wildlife Ecology and Conservation Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands; Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, Wageningen.
| | - Willem F De Boer
- Wildlife Ecology and Conservation Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen.
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8
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Hood G, Roche X, Brioudes A, von Dobschuetz S, Fasina FO, Kalpravidh W, Makonnen Y, Lubroth J, Sims L. A literature review of the use of environmental sampling in the surveillance of avian influenza viruses. Transbound Emerg Dis 2021; 68:110-126. [PMID: 32652790 PMCID: PMC8048529 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
This literature review provides an overview of use of environmental samples (ES) such as faeces, water, air, mud and swabs of surfaces in avian influenza (AI) surveillance programs, focussing on effectiveness, advantages and gaps in knowledge. ES have been used effectively for AI surveillance since the 1970s. Results from ES have enhanced understanding of the biology of AI viruses in wild birds and in markets, of links between human and avian influenza, provided early warning of viral incursions, allowed assessment of effectiveness of control and preventive measures, and assisted epidemiological studies in outbreaks, both avian and human. Variation exists in the methods and protocols used, and no internationally recognized guidelines exist on the use of ES and data management. Few studies have performed direct comparisons of ES versus live bird samples (LBS). Results reported so far demonstrate reliance on ES will not be sufficient to detect virus in all cases when it is present, especially when the prevalence of infection/contamination is low. Multiple sample types should be collected. In live bird markets, ES from processing/selling areas are more likely to test positive than samples from bird holding areas. When compared to LBS, ES is considered a cost-effective, simple, rapid, flexible, convenient and acceptable way of achieving surveillance objectives. As a non-invasive technique, it can minimize effects on animal welfare and trade in markets and reduce impacts on wild bird communities. Some limitations of environmental sampling methods have been identified, such as the loss of species-specific or information on the source of virus, and taxonomic-level analyses, unless additional methods are applied. Some studies employing ES have not provided detailed methods. In others, where ES and LBS are collected from the same site, positive results have not been assigned to specific sample types. These gaps should be remedied in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace Hood
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United NationsRomeItaly
| | - Xavier Roche
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United NationsRomeItaly
| | - Aurélie Brioudes
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United NationsRegional Office for Asia and the PacificBangkokThailand
| | | | | | | | - Yilma Makonnen
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Sub-Regional Office for Eastern AfricaAddis AbabaEthiopia
| | - Juan Lubroth
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United NationsRomeItaly
| | - Leslie Sims
- Asia Pacific Veterinary Information ServicesMelbourneAustralia
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Barroso P, Acevedo P, Vicente J. The importance of long-term studies on wildlife diseases and their interfaces with humans and domestic animals: A review. Transbound Emerg Dis 2020; 68:1895-1909. [PMID: 33179417 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Long-term wildlife disease research (LTWDR) and its interfaces with humans and domestic animals provide perspective to understand the diseases' main drivers and how they operate. In a systematic review, we analysed the temporal trend of the studies on LTWDR, their aims, and the hosts, pathogens and geographic areas studied. We also evaluated the added value that such studies provide. For analysis, we selected a total of 538 articles from 1993 to 2017 with a study period greater than or equal to 4 consecutive years. A marked increase in the number of studies published during the last 20 years was observed that reflects a growing awareness of the outstanding role of wildlife as a reservoir of diseases. The most studied pathogen agents were viruses (39.2%), bacteria (38.5%) and protozoans (15.8%). Concerning the hosts, mammals (84.9%), particularly ungulates (40%) and carnivores (30.9%), and birds (12.5%) were the most represented in these long-term studies. Most articles reached conclusions concerning the effect of the disease on the infection/host dynamics (98.7%) and over 40% considered the economic consequences or proposed management and control measures. The research was mainly located in the Northern Hemisphere. While the definition of LTWDR is not only determined by the duration of the monitoring, the study must be long enough to: (a) address ecological and epidemiological questions that cannot be resolved with short-term observations or experiments, and (b) clarify the effects of different drivers. This review demonstrates that LTWDR has provided information about the causes and consequences of disease change that otherwise could not have been obtained. It may be used to inform decisions related to the emergence of disease and might help to design early warning systems of disease based on retrospective investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Barroso
- Grupo Sanidad y Biotecnología (SaBio), Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos (IREC, CSIC-UCLM-JCCM), Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Pelayo Acevedo
- Grupo Sanidad y Biotecnología (SaBio), Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos (IREC, CSIC-UCLM-JCCM), Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Joaquin Vicente
- Grupo Sanidad y Biotecnología (SaBio), Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos (IREC, CSIC-UCLM-JCCM), Ciudad Real, Spain.,E.T.S. de Ingenieros Agrónomos de Ciudad Real, Ronda de Calatrava, Ciudad Real, Spain
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10
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King J, Harder T, Conraths FJ, Beer M, Pohlmann A. The genetics of highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses of subtype H5 in Germany, 2006-2020. Transbound Emerg Dis 2020; 68:1136-1150. [PMID: 32964686 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The H5 A/Goose/Guangdong/1/1996 (gs/GD) lineage emerged in China in 1996. Rooted in the respective gs/GD lineage, the hemagglutinin (HA) gene of highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAIV) has genetically diversified into a plethora of clades and subclades and evolved into an assortment of sub- and genotypes. Some caused substantial losses in the poultry industry and had a major impact on wild bird populations alongside public health implications due to a zoonotic potential of certain clades. After the primary introduction of the HPAI H5N1 gs/GD lineage into Europe in autumn 2005 and winter 2005/2006, Germany has seen recurring incursions of four varying H5Nx subtypes (H5N1, H5N8, H5N5, H5N6) carrying multiple distinct reassortants, all descendants of the gs/GD virus. The first HPAIV H5 epidemic in Germany during 2006/2007 was caused by a clade 2.2 subtype H5N1 virus. Phylogenetic analysis confirmed three distinct clusters belonging to clades 2.2.1, 2.2.2 and 2.2, concurring with geographic and temporal structures. From 2014 onwards, HPAIV clade 2.3.4.4 has dominated the epidemiological situation in Germany. The initial clade 2.3.4.4a HPAIV H5N8, reaching Germany in November 2014, caused a limited epidemic affecting five poultry holdings, one zoo in Northern Germany and few wild birds. After November 2016, HPAIV of clade 2.3.4.4b have dominated the situation to date. The most extensive HPAIV H5 epidemic on record reached Germany in winter 2016/2017, encompassing multiple incursion events with two subtypes (H5N8, H5N5) and entailing five reassortants. A novel H5N6 clade 2.3.4.4b strain affected Germany from December 2017 onwards, instigating low-level infection in smallholdings and wild birds. Recently, in spring 2020, a novel incursion of a genetically distinct HPAI clade 2.3.4.4b H5N8 virus caused another epidemic in Europe, which affected a small number of poultry holdings, one zoo and two wild birds throughout Germany.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline King
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Timm Harder
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Franz J Conraths
- Institute of Epidemiology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Martin Beer
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Anne Pohlmann
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Insel Riems, Germany
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Nolting JM, Lauterbach SE, Bowman AS. Using Environmental Sampling Techniques to Conduct Influenza A Virus Surveillance in Poultry and Waterfowl at Ohio Agricultural Exhibitions. Avian Dis 2020; 64:96-98. [PMID: 32267131 DOI: 10.1637/0005-2086-64.1.96] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The outbreak of highly pathogenic H5Nx influenza A viruses (IAVs) in the United States during 2014-2015 caused devastating economic losses; therefore, several measures were established to control and eliminate highly pathogenic H5Nx from U.S. poultry flocks. One such measure was a temporary ban on poultry exhibitions during 2015, and this decision dramatically affected youth raising poultry as part of agricultural education programs. During the summer of 2016, surveillance of the environment was conducted at 20 Ohio agricultural fairs to estimate the prevalence of IAV in exhibition poultry to determine the baseline during nonoutbreak exhibition seasons. Of the 400 total samples collected, two were positive by real-time reverse transcription-PCR; however, virus isolation attempts with both embryonating chicken eggs and cell culture were unsuccessful. The detection of nucleic acid highlights the risk exhibition poultry could play in the transmission and spread of IAVs between humans, swine, wild birds, and domestic poultry during low or highly pathogenic IAV outbreaks. Additional surveillance at agricultural fairs and biosecurity education for youth exhibitors in this setting are warranted to reduce risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline M Nolting
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Sarah E Lauterbach
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Andrew S Bowman
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210,
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12
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LIMITED DETECTION OF ANTIBODIES TO CLADE 2.3.4.4 A/GOOSE/GUANGDONG/1/1996 LINEAGE HIGHLY PATHOGENIC H5 AVIAN INFLUENZA VIRUS IN NORTH AMERICAN WATERFOWL. J Wildl Dis 2019. [PMID: 31556839 DOI: 10.7589/2019-01-003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
During 2014, highly pathogenic (HP) influenza A viruses (IAVs) of the A/Goose/Guangdong/1/1996 lineage (GsGD-HP-H5), originating from Asia, were detected in domestic poultry and wild birds in Canada and the US. These clade 2.3.4.4 GsGD-HP-H5 viruses included reassortants possessing North American lineage gene segments; were detected in wild birds in the Pacific, Central, and Mississippi flyways; and caused the largest HP IAV outbreak in poultry in US history. To determine if an antibody response indicative of previous infection with clade 2.3.4.4 GsGD-HP-H5 IAV could be detected in North American wild waterfowl sampled before, during, and after the 2014-15 outbreak, sera from 2,793 geese and 3,715 ducks were tested by blocking enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and hemagglutination inhibition (HI) tests using both clade 2.3.4.4 GsGD-HPH5 and North American lineage low pathogenic (LP) H5 IAV antigens. We detected an antibody response meeting a comparative titer-based criteria (HI titer observed with 2.3.4.4 GsGD-HP-H5 antigens exceeded the titer observed for LP H5 antigen by two or more dilutions) for previous infection with clade 2.3.4.4 GsGD-HP-H5 IAV in only five birds, one Blue-winged Teal (Spatula discors) sampled during the outbreak and three Mallards (Anas platyrhynchos) and one Canada Goose (Branta canadensis) sampled during the post-outbreak period. These serologic results are consistent with the spatiotemporal extent of the outbreak in wild birds in North America during 2014 and 2015 and limited exposure of waterfowl to GsGD-HP-H5 IAV, particularly in the central and eastern US.
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Zhu H, Damdinjav B, Gonzalez G, Patrono LV, Ramirez-Mendoza H, Amat JAR, Crispell J, Parr YA, Hammond TA, Shiilegdamba E, Leung YHC, Peiris M, Marshall JF, Hughes J, Gilbert M, Murcia PR. Absence of adaptive evolution is the main barrier against influenza emergence in horses in Asia despite frequent virus interspecies transmission from wild birds. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1007531. [PMID: 30731004 PMCID: PMC6366691 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Virus ecology and evolution play a central role in disease emergence. However, their relative roles will vary depending on the viruses and ecosystems involved. We combined field studies, phylogenetics and experimental infections to document with unprecedented detail the stages that precede initial outbreaks during viral emergence in nature. Using serological surveys we showed that in the absence of large-scale outbreaks, horses in Mongolia are routinely exposed to and infected by avian influenza viruses (AIVs) circulating among wild birds. Some of those AIVs are genetically related to an avian-origin virus that caused an epizootic in horses in 1989. Experimental infections showed that most AIVs replicate in the equine respiratory tract without causing lesions, explaining the absence of outbreaks of disease. Our results show that AIVs infect horses but do not spread, or they infect and spread but do not cause disease. Thus, the failure of AIVs to evolve greater transmissibility and to cause disease in horses is in this case the main barrier preventing disease emergence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henan Zhu
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Batchuluun Damdinjav
- State Central Veterinary Laboratory, Transboundary Animal Disease Laboratory, Avian Influenza Section, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - Gaelle Gonzalez
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Livia Victoria Patrono
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, United Kingdom
- Project Group Epidemiology of Highly Pathogenic Microorganisms, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Humberto Ramirez-Mendoza
- Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de Mexico, México
| | - Julien A. R. Amat
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Joanna Crispell
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Yasmin Amy Parr
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Toni-ann Hammond
- Animal Health Trust, Lanwades Park, Kentford, Newmarket, Suffolk, United Kingdom
| | | | - Y. H. Connie Leung
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
- Laboratory Animal Unit, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Malik Peiris
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - John F. Marshall
- Weipers Centre Equine Hospital, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Joseph Hughes
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Martin Gilbert
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Bronx, NY, United States of America
- Boyd Orr Centre for Population and Ecosystem Health, Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States of America
| | - Pablo R. Murcia
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, United Kingdom
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14
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Nguyen DT, Jang Y, Nguyen TD, Jones J, Shepard SS, Yang H, Gerloff N, Fabrizio T, Nguyen LV, Inui K, Yang G, Creanga A, Wang L, Mai DT, Thor S, Stevens J, To TL, Wentworth DE, Nguyen T, Pham DV, Bryant JE, Davis CT. Shifting Clade Distribution, Reassortment, and Emergence of New Subtypes of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A(H5) Viruses Collected from Vietnamese Poultry from 2012 to 2015. J Virol 2017; 91:e01708-16. [PMID: 28003481 PMCID: PMC5309939 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01708-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Whole-genome sequences of representative highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5) viruses from Vietnam were generated, comprising samples from poultry outbreaks and active market surveillance collected from January 2012 to August 2015. Six hemagglutinin gene clades were characterized. Clade 1.1.2 was predominant in southern Mekong provinces throughout 2012 and 2013 but gradually disappeared and was not detected after April 2014. Clade 2.3.2.1c viruses spread rapidly during 2012 and were detected in the south and center of the country. A number of clade 1.1.2 and 2.3.2.1c interclade reassortant viruses were detected with different combinations of internal genes derived from 2.3.2.1a and 2.3.2.1b viruses, indicating extensive cocirculation. Although reassortment generated genetic diversity at the genotype level, there was relatively little genetic drift within the individual gene segments, suggesting genetic stasis over recent years. Antigenically, clade 1.1.2, 2.3.2.1a, 2.3.2.1b, and 2.3.2.1c viruses remained related to earlier viruses and WHO-recommended prepandemic vaccine strains representing these clades. Clade 7.2 viruses, although detected in only low numbers, were the exception, as indicated by introduction of a genetically and antigenically diverse strain in 2013. Clade 2.3.4.4 viruses (H5N1 and H5N6) were likely introduced in April 2014 and appeared to gain dominance across northern and central regions. Antigenic analyses of clade 2.3.4.4 viruses compared to existing clade 2.3.4 candidate vaccine viruses (CVV) indicated the need for an updated vaccine virus. A/Sichuan/26221/2014 (H5N6) virus was developed, and ferret antisera generated against this virus were demonstrated to inhibit some but not all clade 2.3.4.4 viruses, suggesting consideration of alternative clade 2.3.4.4 CVVs.IMPORTANCE Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) A(H5) viruses have circulated continuously in Vietnam since 2003, resulting in hundreds of poultry outbreaks and sporadic human infections. Despite a significant reduction in the number of human infections in recent years, poultry outbreaks continue to occur and the virus continues to diversify. Vaccination of poultry has been used as a means to control the spread and impact of the virus, but due to the diversity and changing distribution of antigenically distinct viruses, the utility of vaccines in the face of mismatched circulating strains remains questionable. This study assessed the putative amino acid changes in viruses leading to antigenic variability, underscoring the complexity of vaccine selection for both veterinary and public health purposes. Given the overlapping geographic distributions of multiple, antigenically distinct clades of HPAI A(H5) viruses in Vietnam, the vaccine efficacy of bivalent poultry vaccine formulations should be tested in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diep T Nguyen
- National Center for Veterinary Diagnostics, Department of Animal Health, Hanoi, Vietnam
- Department of Animal Health, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development of Vietnam, Hanoi, Vietnam
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit and Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Hanoi, Vietnam
- Center for Tropical Medicine, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Yunho Jang
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Tho D Nguyen
- National Center for Veterinary Diagnostics, Department of Animal Health, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Joyce Jones
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Samuel S Shepard
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Hua Yang
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Nancy Gerloff
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Thomas Fabrizio
- St. Jude's Center for Excellence in Influenza Research and Surveillance, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Long V Nguyen
- Department of Animal Health, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development of Vietnam, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Ken Inui
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Genyan Yang
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Adrian Creanga
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Li Wang
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Duong T Mai
- National Center for Veterinary Diagnostics, Department of Animal Health, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Sharmi Thor
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - James Stevens
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Thanh L To
- National Center for Veterinary Diagnostics, Department of Animal Health, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - David E Wentworth
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Tung Nguyen
- Department of Animal Health, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development of Vietnam, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Dong V Pham
- Department of Animal Health, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development of Vietnam, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Juliet E Bryant
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit and Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Hanoi, Vietnam
- Center for Tropical Medicine, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - C Todd Davis
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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15
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Pantin-Jackwood MJ, Costa-Hurtado M, Shepherd E, DeJesus E, Smith D, Spackman E, Kapczynski DR, Suarez DL, Stallknecht DE, Swayne DE. Pathogenicity and Transmission of H5 and H7 Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Viruses in Mallards. J Virol 2016; 90:9967-9982. [PMID: 27558429 PMCID: PMC5068544 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01165-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2016] [Accepted: 08/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Wild aquatic birds have been associated with the intercontinental spread of H5 subtype highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) viruses of the A/goose/Guangdong/1/96 (Gs/GD) lineage during 2005, 2010, and 2014, but dispersion by wild waterfowl has not been implicated with spread of other HPAI viruses. To better understand why Gs/GD H5 HPAI viruses infect and transmit more efficiently in waterfowl than other HPAI viruses, groups of mallard ducks were challenged with one of 14 different H5 and H7 HPAI viruses, including a Gs/GD lineage H5N1 (clade 2.2) virus from Mongolia, part of the 2005 dispersion, and the H5N8 and H5N2 index HPAI viruses (clade 2.3.4.4) from the United States, part of the 2014 dispersion. All virus-inoculated ducks and contact exposed ducks became infected and shed moderate to high titers of the viruses, with the exception that mallards were resistant to Ck/Pennsylvania/83 and Ck/Queretaro/95 H5N2 HPAI virus infection. Clinical signs were only observed in ducks challenged with the H5N1 2005 virus, which all died, and with the H5N8 and H5N2 2014 viruses, which had decreased weight gain and fever. These three viruses were also shed in higher titers by the ducks, which could facilitate virus transmission and spread. This study highlights the possible role of wild waterfowl in the spread of HPAI viruses. IMPORTANCE The spread of H5 subtype highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) viruses of the Gs/GD lineage by migratory waterfowl is a serious concern for animal and public health. H5 and H7 HPAI viruses are considered to be adapted to gallinaceous species (chickens, turkeys, quail, etc.) and less likely to infect and transmit in wild ducks. In order to understand why this is different with certain Gs/GD lineage H5 HPAI viruses, we compared the pathogenicity and transmission of several H5 and H7 HPAI viruses from previous poultry outbreaks to Gs/GD lineage H5 viruses, including H5N1 (clade 2.2), H5N8 and H5N2 (clade 2.3.4.4) viruses, in mallards as a representative wild duck species. Surprisingly, most HPAI viruses examined in this study replicated well and transmitted among mallards; however, the three Gs/GD lineage H5 HPAI viruses replicated to higher titers, which could explain the transmission of these viruses in susceptible wild duck populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary J Pantin-Jackwood
- Exotic and Emerging Avian Viral Diseases Unit, Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Mar Costa-Hurtado
- Exotic and Emerging Avian Viral Diseases Unit, Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Eric Shepherd
- Exotic and Emerging Avian Viral Diseases Unit, Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Eric DeJesus
- Exotic and Emerging Avian Viral Diseases Unit, Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Diane Smith
- Exotic and Emerging Avian Viral Diseases Unit, Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Erica Spackman
- Exotic and Emerging Avian Viral Diseases Unit, Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Darrell R Kapczynski
- Exotic and Emerging Avian Viral Diseases Unit, Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - David L Suarez
- Exotic and Emerging Avian Viral Diseases Unit, Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - David E Stallknecht
- Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, The University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - David E Swayne
- Exotic and Emerging Avian Viral Diseases Unit, Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Athens, Georgia, USA
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16
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Changes in adaptation of H5N2 highly pathogenic avian influenza H5 clade 2.3.4.4 viruses in chickens and mallards. Virology 2016; 499:52-64. [PMID: 27632565 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2016.08.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Revised: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
H5N2 highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) viruses caused a severe poultry outbreak in the United States (U.S.) during 2015. In order to examine changes in adaptation of this viral lineage, the infectivity, pathogenicity and transmission of poultry H5N2 viruses were investigated in chickens and mallards in comparison to the wild duck 2014 U.S. index H5N2 virus. The four poultry isolates examined had a lower mean bird infectious dose than the index virus but still transmitted poorly to direct contacts. In mallards, two of the H5N2 poultry isolates had similar high infectivity and transmissibility as the index H5N2 virus, the H5N8 U.S. index virus, and a 2005 H5N1 clade 2.2 virus. Mortality occurred with the H5N1 virus and, interestingly, with one of two poultry H5N2 isolates. Increased virus adaptation to chickens was observed with the poultry H5N2 viruses; however these viruses retained high adaptation to mallards but pathogenicity was differently affected.
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17
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Avian Hemosporidian Parasite Lineages in Four Species of Free-ranging Migratory Waterbirds from Mongolia, 2008. J Wildl Dis 2016; 52:682-7. [PMID: 27243330 DOI: 10.7589/2015-11-311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Avian hemosporidian parasites have been detected in Asia, but little information is known about the hemosporidian parasite lineages that circulate in waterbirds that migrate along the East Asian and Central Asian migratory flyways to breed in Mongolia. To gather baseline data on hemosporidian parasite presence in Mongolian waterbirds, 151 blood-spot samples (81 hatch year [HY] and 70 after hatch year [AHY]) from Bar-headed Goose (Anser indicus), Ruddy Shelduck (Tadorna ferruginea), Great Cormorant ( Phalacrocorax carbo ), and Mongolian Gull (Larus mongolicus) were screened for three genera of apicomplexan parasites, Plasmodium, Haemoproteus, and Leucocytozoon, using nested PCR. Of these, 17 samples (11%, 95% confidence interval: 7.1-17.4%), representing all four species, were positive. We identified 10 species (six Plasmodium, one Haemoproteus, and three Leucocytozoon) through mitochondrial DNA sequencing of the cytochrome b gene and BLAST analysis. One lineage shared 100% nucleotide identity to a hemosporidian parasite lineage that has been previously identified as Plasmodium relictum (SGS1). Six lineages were found in AHY birds and five in HY birds, the latter confirming that infection with some of the identified hemosporidian parasites occurred on the breeding grounds. Our data provide important baseline information on hemosporidian parasite lineages found in AHY waterbirds that breed and migrate through Mongolia as well as in HY offspring.
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18
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Bui C, Rahman B, Heywood AE, MacIntyre CR. A Meta-Analysis of the Prevalence of Influenza A H5N1 and H7N9 Infection in Birds. Transbound Emerg Dis 2016; 64:967-977. [DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C. Bui
- School of Public Health and Community Medicine; University of New South Wales; Sydney NSW Australia
| | - B. Rahman
- School of Public Health and Community Medicine; University of New South Wales; Sydney NSW Australia
| | - A. E. Heywood
- School of Public Health and Community Medicine; University of New South Wales; Sydney NSW Australia
| | - C. R. MacIntyre
- School of Public Health and Community Medicine; University of New South Wales; Sydney NSW Australia
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19
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Arnal A, Vittecoq M, Pearce-Duvet J, Gauthier-Clerc M, Boulinier T, Jourdain E. Laridae: A neglected reservoir that could play a major role in avian influenza virus epidemiological dynamics. Crit Rev Microbiol 2015; 41:508-19. [DOI: 10.3109/1040841x.2013.870967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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20
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Trovão NS, Suchard MA, Baele G, Gilbert M, Lemey P. Bayesian Inference Reveals Host-Specific Contributions to the Epidemic Expansion of Influenza A H5N1. Mol Biol Evol 2015; 32:3264-75. [PMID: 26341298 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msv185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Since its first isolation in 1996 in Guangdong, China, the highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) H5N1 has circulated in avian hosts for almost two decades and spread to more than 60 countries worldwide. The role of different avian hosts and the domestic-wild bird interface has been critical in shaping the complex HPAIV H5N1 disease ecology, but remains difficult to ascertain. To shed light on the large-scale H5N1 transmission patterns and disentangle the contributions of different avian hosts on the tempo and mode of HPAIV H5N1 dispersal, we apply Bayesian evolutionary inference techniques to comprehensive sets of hemagglutinin and neuraminidase gene sequences sampled between 1996 and 2011 throughout Asia and Russia. Our analyses demonstrate that the large-scale H5N1 transmission dynamics are structured according to different avian flyways, and that the incursion of the Central Asian flyway specifically was driven by Anatidae hosts coinciding with rapid rate of spread and an epidemic wavefront acceleration. This also resulted in long-distance dispersal that is likely to be explained by wild bird migration. We identify a significant degree of asymmetry in the large-scale transmission dynamics between Anatidae and Phasianidae, with the latter largely representing poultry as an evolutionary sink. A joint analysis of host dynamics and continuous spatial diffusion demonstrates that the rate of viral dispersal and host diffusivity is significantly higher for Anatidae compared with Phasianidae. These findings complement risk modeling studies and satellite tracking of wild birds in demonstrating a continental-scale structuring into areas of H5N1 persistence that are connected through migratory waterfowl.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nídia Sequeira Trovão
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute, KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Marc A Suchard
- Departments of Biomathematics and Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles Department of Biostatistics, UCLA Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles
| | - Guy Baele
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute, KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Marius Gilbert
- Biological Control and Spatial Ecology, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium Fonds National de la Recherche Scientifique, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Philippe Lemey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute, KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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21
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Thor SW, Nguyen H, Balish A, Hoang AN, Gustin KM, Nhung PT, Jones J, Thu NN, Davis W, Ngoc TNT, Jang Y, Sleeman K, Villanueva J, Kile J, Gubareva LV, Lindstrom S, Tumpey TM, Davis CT, Long NT. Detection and Characterization of Clade 1 Reassortant H5N1 Viruses Isolated from Human Cases in Vietnam during 2013. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0133867. [PMID: 26244768 PMCID: PMC4526568 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0133867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Accepted: 07/03/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 is endemic in Vietnamese poultry and has caused sporadic human infection in Vietnam since 2003. Human infections with HPAI H5N1 are of concern due to a high mortality rate and the potential for the emergence of pandemic viruses with sustained human-to-human transmission. Viruses isolated from humans in southern Vietnam have been classified as clade 1 with a single genome constellation (VN3) since their earliest detection in 2003. This is consistent with detection of this clade/genotype in poultry viruses endemic to the Mekong River Delta and surrounding regions. Comparison of H5N1 viruses detected in humans from southern Vietnamese provinces during 2012 and 2013 revealed the emergence of a 2013 reassortant virus with clade 1.1.2 hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) surface protein genes but internal genes derived from clade 2.3.2.1a viruses (A/Hubei/1/2010-like; VN12). Closer analysis revealed mutations in multiple genes of this novel genotype (referred to as VN49) previously associated with increased virulence in animal models and other markers of adaptation to mammalian hosts. Despite the changes identified between the 2012 and 2013 genotypes analyzed, their virulence in a ferret model was similar. Antigenically, the 2013 viruses were less cross-reactive with ferret antiserum produced to the clade 1 progenitor virus, A/Vietnam/1203/2004, but reacted with antiserum produced against a new clade 1.1.2 WHO candidate vaccine virus (A/Cambodia/W0526301/2012) with comparable hemagglutination inhibition titers as the homologous antigen. Together, these results indicate changes to both surface and internal protein genes of H5N1 viruses circulating in southern Vietnam compared to 2012 and earlier viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharmi W. Thor
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Hieu Nguyen
- Institute Pasteur-Ho Chi Minh City, National Influenza Center-2, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Amanda Balish
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Anh Nguyen Hoang
- Institute Pasteur-Ho Chi Minh City, National Influenza Center-2, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Kortney M. Gustin
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Pham Thi Nhung
- Institute Pasteur-Ho Chi Minh City, National Influenza Center-2, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Joyce Jones
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Ngoc Nguyen Thu
- Institute Pasteur-Ho Chi Minh City, National Influenza Center-2, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - William Davis
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Thao Nguyen Thi Ngoc
- Institute Pasteur-Ho Chi Minh City, National Influenza Center-2, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Yunho Jang
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Katrina Sleeman
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Julie Villanueva
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - James Kile
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Influenza Program, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention- Vietnam, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Larisa V. Gubareva
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Stephen Lindstrom
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Terrence M. Tumpey
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - C. Todd Davis
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- * E-mail: (NTL); (CTD)
| | - Nguyen Thanh Long
- Institute Pasteur-Ho Chi Minh City, National Influenza Center-2, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- * E-mail: (NTL); (CTD)
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Prevalence of avian influenza virus in wild birds before and after the HPAI H5N8 outbreak in 2014 in South Korea. J Microbiol 2015; 53:475-80. [PMID: 26115997 DOI: 10.1007/s12275-015-5224-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Revised: 05/27/2015] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Since 2003, highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) virus outbreaks have occurred five times in Korea, with four HPAI H5N1 outbreaks and one HPAI H5N8 outbreak. Migratory birds have been suggested to be the first source of HPAI in Korea. Here, we surveyed migratory wild birds for the presence of AI and compared regional AI prevalence in wild birds from September 2012 to April 2014 for birds having migratory pathways in South Korea. Finally, we investigated the prevalence of AI in migratory birds before and after HPAI H5N8 outbreaks. Overall, we captured 1617 migratory wild birds, while 18,817 feces samples and 74 dead birds were collected from major wild bird habitats. A total of 21 HPAI viruses were isolated from dead birds, and 86 low pathogenic AI (LPAI) viruses were isolated from captured birds and from feces samples. Spatiotemporal distribution analysis revealed that AI viruses were spread southward until December, but tended to shift north after January, consistent with the movement of migratory birds in South Korea. Furthermore, we found that LPAI virus prevalences within wild birds were notably higher in 2013-2014 than the previous prevalence during the northward migration season. The data from our study demonstrate the importance of the surveillance of AI in wild birds. Future studies including in-depth genetic analysis in combination with evaluation of the movement and ecology of migratory birds might help us to bridge the gaps in our knowledge and better explain, predict, and ultimately prevent future HPAI outbreaks.
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Bui C, Bethmont A, Chughtai AA, Gardner L, Sarkar S, Hassan S, Seale H, MacIntyre CR. A Systematic Review of the Comparative Epidemiology of Avian and Human Influenza A H5N1 and H7N9 - Lessons and Unanswered Questions. Transbound Emerg Dis 2015; 63:602-620. [DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C. Bui
- School of Public Health and Community Medicine; University of New South Wales; Sydney NSW Australia
| | - A. Bethmont
- School of Public Health and Community Medicine; University of New South Wales; Sydney NSW Australia
| | - A. A. Chughtai
- School of Public Health and Community Medicine; University of New South Wales; Sydney NSW Australia
| | - L. Gardner
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering; University of New South Wales; Sydney NSW Australia
| | - S. Sarkar
- Section of Integrative Biology; University of Texas at Austin; Austin TX USA
| | - S. Hassan
- School of Public Health and Community Medicine; University of New South Wales; Sydney NSW Australia
| | - H. Seale
- School of Public Health and Community Medicine; University of New South Wales; Sydney NSW Australia
| | - C. R. MacIntyre
- School of Public Health and Community Medicine; University of New South Wales; Sydney NSW Australia
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Gilbert M, Koel BF, Bestebroer TM, Lewis NS, Smith DJ, Fouchier RAM. Serological evidence for non-lethal exposures of Mongolian wild birds to highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 virus. PLoS One 2014; 9:e113569. [PMID: 25502318 PMCID: PMC4266605 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0113569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2014] [Accepted: 10/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Surveillance for highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAIV) in wild birds is logistically demanding due to the very low rates of virus detection. Serological approaches may be more cost effective as they require smaller sample sizes to identify exposed populations. We hypothesized that antigenic differences between classical Eurasian H5 subtype viruses (which have low pathogenicity in chickens) and H5N1 viruses of the Goose/Guangdong/96 H5 lineage (which are HPAIV) may be used to differentiate populations where HPAIVs have been circulating, from those where they have not. To test this we performed hemagglutination inhibition assays to compare the reactivity of serum samples from wild birds in Mongolia (where HPAIV has been circulating, n = 1,832) and Europe (where HPAIV has been rare or absent, n = 497) to a panel of reference viruses including classical Eurasian H5 (of low pathogenicity), and five HPAIV H5N1 antigens of the Asian lineage A/Goose/Guangdong/1/96. Antibody titres were detected against at least one of the test antigens for 182 Mongolian serum samples (total seroprevalence of 0.10, n = 1,832, 95% adjusted Wald confidence limits of 0.09-0.11) and 25 of the European sera tested (total seroprevalence of 0.05, n = 497, 95% adjusted Wald confidence limits of 0.03-0.07). A bias in antibody titres to HPAIV antigens was found in the Mongolian sample set (22/182) that was absent in the European sera (0/25). Although the interpretation of serological data from wild birds is complicated by the possibility of exposure to multiple strains, and variability in the timing of exposure, these findings suggest that a proportion of the Mongolian population had survived exposure to HPAIV, and that serological assays may enhance the targeting of traditional HPAIV surveillance toward populations where isolation of HPAIV is more likely.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Gilbert
- Wildlife Conservation Society, 2300 Southern Blvd, Bronx, NY, 10460, United States of America
- Boyd Orr Centre for Population and Ecosystem Health, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Björn F. Koel
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, 3015GE, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Theo M. Bestebroer
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, 3015GE, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nicola S. Lewis
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EJ, United Kingdom
| | - Derek J. Smith
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EJ, United Kingdom
| | - Ron A. M. Fouchier
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, 3015GE, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Slusher MJ, Wilcox BR, Lutrell MP, Poulson RL, Brown JD, Yabsley MJ, Stallknecht DE. Are passerine birds reservoirs for influenza A viruses? J Wildl Dis 2014; 50:792-809. [PMID: 25121402 PMCID: PMC11312393 DOI: 10.7589/2014-02-043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Abstract Although peridomestic passerine species have been involved in influenza A virus (IAV) outbreaks in poultry, there is little evidence to indicate they serve as reservoirs for these viruses under natural conditions. Recent molecular-based detections of IAV in terrestrial wild birds have challenged this paradigm, and it has been suggested that additional research is warranted to better define the role of these birds as IAV hosts. To address this need, we reviewed the published literature reporting results from IAV surveillance of passerines. We also conducted prospective virologic and serologic surveillance of North American passerines for IAVs. The literature review included 60 publications from 1975-2013 that reported results from 829 species of passerines and other terrestrial birds. In our prospective study during 2010 and 2011, 3,868 serum samples and 900 swab samples were collected and tested from 102 terrestrial wild bird species from Georgia, New Jersey, Delaware, and Minnesota, USA. Antibodies to the nucleoprotein of IAV were detected with a commercial blocking enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in 4/3,868 serum samples (0.1%); all positive samples were from Minnesota. No virus was detected in 900 swab samples by virus isolation in embryonated chicken eggs or matrix real-time reverse transcriptase PCR. Our results are consistent with historic literature; although passerines and terrestrial wild birds may have a limited role in the epidemiology of IAV when associated with infected domestic poultry or other aberrant hosts, there is no evidence supporting their involvement as natural reservoirs for IAV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan J. Slusher
- Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, Department of Population Health, Wildlife Health Building, College of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Georgia, 589 D. W. Brooks Drive, Athens, Georgia 30602-4393, USA
- Daniel B. Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, The University of Georgia, 180 E Green Street, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA
| | - Benjamin R. Wilcox
- Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, Department of Population Health, Wildlife Health Building, College of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Georgia, 589 D. W. Brooks Drive, Athens, Georgia 30602-4393, USA
| | - M. Page Lutrell
- Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, Department of Population Health, Wildlife Health Building, College of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Georgia, 589 D. W. Brooks Drive, Athens, Georgia 30602-4393, USA
| | - Rebecca L. Poulson
- Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, Department of Population Health, Wildlife Health Building, College of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Georgia, 589 D. W. Brooks Drive, Athens, Georgia 30602-4393, USA
| | - Justin D. Brown
- Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, Department of Population Health, Wildlife Health Building, College of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Georgia, 589 D. W. Brooks Drive, Athens, Georgia 30602-4393, USA
- Current address: Pennsylvania Game Commission, Animal Diagnostic Laboratory, Orchard Rd., University Park, Pennsylvania, 16802, USA
| | - Michael J. Yabsley
- Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, Department of Population Health, Wildlife Health Building, College of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Georgia, 589 D. W. Brooks Drive, Athens, Georgia 30602-4393, USA
- Daniel B. Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, The University of Georgia, 180 E Green Street, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA
| | - David E. Stallknecht
- Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, Department of Population Health, Wildlife Health Building, College of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Georgia, 589 D. W. Brooks Drive, Athens, Georgia 30602-4393, USA
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De Marco MA, Delogu M, Sivay M, Sharshov K, Yurlov A, Cotti C, Shestopalov A. Virological evaluation of avian influenza virus persistence in natural and anthropic ecosystems of Western Siberia (Novosibirsk Region, summer 2012). PLoS One 2014; 9:e100859. [PMID: 24972026 PMCID: PMC4074073 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0100859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2014] [Accepted: 05/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Wild aquatic birds, reservoir of low-pathogenicity (LP) avian influenza viruses (AIVs), congregate in huge numbers in Western Siberia wetlands, where major intra- and inter-continental bird flyways overlap. In 2005 and 2006, highly pathogenic (HP) AIV H5N1 epizootics affected wild and domestic birds in the Novosibirsk Region. In 2012, we evaluated AIV persistence in Siberian natural and anthropic ecosystems. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS In Novosibirsk Region, 166 wild birds ecologically linked to aquatic environments and 152 domestic waterfowl were examined for AIV isolation in embryonating chicken eggs. Biological samples were obtained by integrating the conventional cloacal swab collection with the harvesting of samples from birds' plumage. Haemagglutinating allantoic fluids were further characterized by serological and molecular methods. In August-September 2012, 17 AIVs, including three H3N8, eight H4N6, two H4N?, one H2N?, one H?N2, and two unsubtyped LPAIVs, were isolated from 15 wild ducks. Whereas comparable proportions of wild Anseriformes (n.118) tested virus isolation (VI)-positive from cloaca and feathers (5.9% vs 8.5%) were detected, the overall prevalence of virus isolation, obtained from both sampling methods, was 2.4 times higher than that calculated on results from cloacal swab examination only (14.4% vs 5.9%). Unlike previously described in this area, the H4N6 antigenic subtype was found to be the prevalent one in 2012. Both cloacal and feather samples collected from domestic waterfowl tested VI-negative. CONCLUSION/SIGNIFICANCE We found lack of evidence for the H5N1 HPAIV circulation, explainable by the poor environmental fitness of HPAIVs in natural ecosystems. Our LPAIV isolation data emphasise the importance of Siberia wetlands in influenza A virus ecology, providing evidence of changes in circulation dynamics of HN antigenic subtypes harboured in wild bird reservoirs. Further studies of isolates, based on bioinformatic approaches to virus molecular evolution and phylogenesis, will be needed to better elucidate mechanisms involved in AIV perpetuation in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria A. De Marco
- Laboratorio di Genetica, Istituto Superiore per la Protezione e la Ricerca Ambientale (ISPRA), Ozzano Emilia (BO), Italy
- * E-mail:
| | - Mauro Delogu
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano Emilia (BO), Italy
| | - Mariya Sivay
- Research Center of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Siberian Division of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Kirill Sharshov
- Research Center of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Siberian Division of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Alexander Yurlov
- Institute of Systematics and Ecology of Animals of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS), Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Claudia Cotti
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano Emilia (BO), Italy
| | - Alexander Shestopalov
- Research Center of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Siberian Division of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
- Research Division, Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
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Le TH, Nguyen NTB. Evolutionary dynamics of highly pathogenic avian influenza A/H5N1 HA clades and vaccine implementation in Vietnam. Clin Exp Vaccine Res 2014; 3:117-27. [PMID: 25003084 PMCID: PMC4083063 DOI: 10.7774/cevr.2014.3.2.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2014] [Revised: 05/02/2014] [Accepted: 05/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Based on hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA), influenza A virus is divided into 18 different HA (H1 to H18) and 11 NA types (N1 to N11), opening the possibility for reassortment between the HA and NA genes to generate new HxNy subtypes (where x could be any HA and y is any NA, possibly). In recent four years, since 2010, highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) viruses of H5N1 subtype (HPAI A/H5N1) have become highly enzootic and dynamically evolved to form multiple H5 HA clades, particularly in China, Vietnam, Indonesia, Egypt, Cambodia, and Bangladesh. So far, after more than 10 years emerged in Vietnam (since late 2003), HPAI A/H5N1 is still posing a potential risk of causing outbreaks in poultry, with high frequency of annual endemics. Intragenic variation (referred to as antigenic drift) in HA (e.g., H5) has given rise to form numerous clades, typically marking the major timelines of the evolutionary status and vaccine application in each period. The dominance of genetically and antigenically diversified clade 2.3.2.1 (of subgroups a, b, c), clade 1.1 (1.1.1/1.1.2) and re-emergence of clade 7.1/7.2 at present, has urged Vietnam to the need for dynamically applied antigenicity-matching vaccines, i.e., the plan of importing Re-6 vaccine for use in 2014, in parallel use of Re-1/Re-5 since 2006. In this review, we summarize evolutionary features of HPAI A/H5N1 viruses and clade formation during recent 10 years (2004-2014). Dynamic of vaccine implementation in Vienam is also remarked.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanh Hoa Le
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biotechnology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Nga Thi Bich Nguyen
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biotechnology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Hanoi, Vietnam
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Simms L, Jeggo M. Avian influenza from an ecohealth perspective. ECOHEALTH 2014; 11:4-14. [PMID: 24763945 DOI: 10.1007/s10393-014-0927-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2014] [Accepted: 02/18/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
To understand and better control AI outbreaks, not only is it necessary to understand the biology of influenza viruses but also the natural history of the hosts in which these viruses multiply and the different environments in which the hosts and viruses interact. This includes the anthropogenic factors that have influenced where, whether and how avian influenza (AI) viruses can replicate and transmit between wild birds and poultry, and between poultry and mammals, including factors influencing uptake and application of appropriate control and preventive measures for AI. This disease represents one of the best examples of the need for a 'One Health' approach to understand and tackle disease with an increasing need to comprehend and unravel the environmental and ecology drivers that affect the virus host interactions. This forum piece seeks to bring together these aspects through a review of recent outbreaks and how a deeper understanding of all three aspects, the virus, the host and the environment, can help us better manage future outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Les Simms
- , PMB 24, Geelong, VIC, 3220, Australia
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Olson SH, Parmley J, Soos C, Gilbert M, Latorre-Margalef N, Hall JS, Hansbro PM, Leighton F, Munster V, Joly D. Sampling strategies and biodiversity of influenza A subtypes in wild birds. PLoS One 2014; 9:e90826. [PMID: 24599502 PMCID: PMC3944928 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0090826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2013] [Accepted: 02/04/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Wild aquatic birds are recognized as the natural reservoir of avian influenza A viruses (AIV), but across high and low pathogenic AIV strains, scientists have yet to rigorously identify most competent hosts for the various subtypes. We examined 11,870 GenBank records to provide a baseline inventory and insight into patterns of global AIV subtype diversity and richness. Further, we conducted an extensive literature review and communicated directly with scientists to accumulate data from 50 non-overlapping studies and over 250,000 birds to assess the status of historic sampling effort. We then built virus subtype sample-based accumulation curves to better estimate sample size targets that capture a specific percentage of virus subtype richness at seven sampling locations. Our study identifies a sampling methodology that will detect an estimated 75% of circulating virus subtypes from a targeted bird population and outlines future surveillance and research priorities that are needed to explore the influence of host and virus biodiversity on emergence and transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah H. Olson
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - Jane Parmley
- Canadian Cooperative Wildlife Health Centre – Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Catherine Soos
- Environment Canada, Science & Technology Branch, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Martin Gilbert
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - Neus Latorre-Margalef
- Centre for Ecology and Evolution in Microbial Model Systems (EEMiS), Linnaeus University, Kalmar, Sweden
- Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey S. Hall
- United States Geological Survey (USGS) National Wildlife Health Center, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Phillip M. Hansbro
- Priority Research Centre for Asthma and Respiratory Disease, University of Newcastle and Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Frederick Leighton
- Canadian Cooperative Wildlife Health Centre, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Vincent Munster
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana, United States of America
| | - Damien Joly
- Metabiota, Nanaimo, British Columbia, Canada
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Little evidence of avian or equine influenza virus infection among a cohort of Mongolian adults with animal exposures, 2010-2011. PLoS One 2014; 9:e85616. [PMID: 24465622 PMCID: PMC3897462 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0085616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2013] [Accepted: 12/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Avian (AIV) and equine influenza virus (EIV) have been repeatedly shown to circulate among Mongolia’s migrating birds or domestic horses. In 2009, 439 Mongolian adults, many with occupational exposure to animals, were enrolled in a prospective cohort study of zoonotic influenza transmission. Sera were drawn upon enrollment and again at 12 and 24 months. Participants were contacted monthly for 24 months and queried regarding episodes of acute influenza-like illnesses (ILI). Cohort members confirmed to have acute influenza A infections, permitted respiratory swab collections which were studied with rRT-PCR for influenza A. Serologic assays were performed against equine, avian, and human influenza viruses. Over the 2 yrs of follow-up, 100 ILI investigations in the cohort were conducted. Thirty-six ILI cases (36%) were identified as influenza A infections by rRT-PCR; none yielded evidence for AIV or EIV. Serological examination of 12 mo and 24 mo annual sera revealed 37 participants had detectable antibody titers (≥1∶10) against studied viruses during the course of study follow-up: 21 against A/Equine/Mongolia/01/2008(H3N8); 4 against an avian A/Teal/Hong Kong/w3129(H6N1), 11 against an avian-like A/Hong Kong/1073/1999(H9N2), and 1 against an avian A/Migrating duck/Hong Kong/MPD268/2007(H10N4) virus. However, all such titers were <1∶80 and none were statistically associated with avian or horse exposures. A number of subjects had evidence of seroconversion to zoonotic viruses, but the 4-fold titer changes were again not associated with avian or horse exposures. As elevated antibodies against seasonal influenza viruses were high during the study period, it seems likely that cross-reacting antibodies against seasonal human influenza viruses were a cause of the low-level seroreactivity against AIV or EIV. Despite the presence of AIV and EIV circulating among wild birds and horses in Mongolia, there was little evidence of AIV or EIV infection in this prospective study of Mongolians with animal exposures.
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Wallerström S, Lagerqvist N, Temperton NJ, Cassmer M, Moreno A, Karlsson M, Leijon M, Lundkvist A, Falk KI. Detection of antibodies against H5 and H7 strains in birds: evaluation of influenza pseudovirus particle neutralization tests. Infect Ecol Epidemiol 2014; 4:23011. [PMID: 24455106 PMCID: PMC3895261 DOI: 10.3402/iee.v4.23011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2013] [Revised: 12/02/2013] [Accepted: 12/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Avian influenza viruses circulate in bird populations, and it is important to maintain and uphold our knowledge of the viral strains that are currently of interest in this context. Here, we describe the use of hemagglutinin-pseudotype retroviruses based on highly pathogenic influenza viruses for the screening of avian sera for influenza A antibodies. Our aim was also to determine whether the pseudovirus neutralization tests that we assessed were sensitive and simple to use compared to the traditional methods, including hemagglutination inhibition assays and microneutralization tests. Material and methods H5 and H7 pseudovirus neutralization tests were evaluated by using serum from infected rabbits. Subsequently, the assays were further investigated using a panel of serum samples from avian species. The panel contained samples that were seropositive for five different hemagglutinin subtypes as well as influenza A seronegative samples. Results and discussion The results suggest that the pseudovirus neutralization test is an alternative to hemagglutination inhibition assays, as we observed comparable titers to those of both standard microneutralizations assays as well as hemagglutinin inhibition assays. When evaluated by a panel of avian sera, the method also showed its capability to recognize antibodies directed toward low-pathogenic H5 and H7. Hence, we conclude that it is possible to use pseudoviruses based on highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses to screen avian sera for antibodies directed against influenza A subtypes H5 and H7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofie Wallerström
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Stockholm, Sweden ; Swedish Institute for Communicable Disease Control, Department of Diagnostics and Vaccinology, Solna, Sweden
| | - Nina Lagerqvist
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Stockholm, Sweden ; Swedish Institute for Communicable Disease Control, Department of Diagnostics and Vaccinology, Solna, Sweden
| | | | - Michaela Cassmer
- Swedish Institute for Communicable Disease Control, Department of Diagnostics and Vaccinology, Solna, Sweden
| | - Ana Moreno
- Reparto di Virologia, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia ed Emilia Romagna, Brescia, Italy
| | - Malin Karlsson
- Swedish Institute for Communicable Disease Control, Department of Diagnostics and Vaccinology, Solna, Sweden
| | - Mikael Leijon
- National Veterinary Institute, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ake Lundkvist
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Stockholm, Sweden ; Swedish Institute for Communicable Disease Control, Department of Diagnostics and Vaccinology, Solna, Sweden ; Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Kerstin I Falk
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Stockholm, Sweden ; Swedish Institute for Communicable Disease Control, Department of Diagnostics and Vaccinology, Solna, Sweden
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Olson SH, Gilbert M, Cheng MC, Mazet JAK, Joly DO. Historical prevalence and distribution of avian influenza virus A(H7N9) among wild birds. Emerg Infect Dis 2013; 19:2031-3. [PMID: 24274638 PMCID: PMC3840878 DOI: 10.3201/eid1912.130649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We examined 48 published studies for which sample sizes could be ascertained to determine the historic prevalence of influenza A(H7N9) virus in wild bird populations and reviewed GenBank data to further establish its distribution. Low prevalence (0.0093%) in Asia suggests > 30,000 samples would be required to detect the H7N9 subtype in wild birds.
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Key Words
- expedited, population surveillance
- influenza, influenza A virus, H7N9 subtype, wild animals, wild birds, avian, Asia, viruses, zoonoses, viruses
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Nemeth NM, Brown JD, Stallknecht DE, Howerth EW, Newman SH, Swayne DE. Experimental infection of bar-headed geese (Anser indicus) and ruddy shelducks (Tadorna ferruginea) with a clade 2.3.2 H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus. Vet Pathol 2013; 50:961-70. [PMID: 23735616 PMCID: PMC11354424 DOI: 10.1177/0300985813490758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Since 2005, clade 2.2 H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) viruses have caused infections and morbidity among numerous species of wild waterfowl in Eurasia and Africa. However, outbreaks associated with clade 2.3.2 viruses have increased since 2009, and viruses within this clade have become the dominant strain of the H5N1 HPAI virus detected in wild birds, reaching endemic status in domestic birds in select regions of Asia. To address questions regarding the emergence and expansion of clade 2.3.2 viruses, 2 waterfowl species repeatedly involved in outbreaks of H5N1 HPAI viruses, bar-headed geese (Anser indicus) and ruddy shelducks (Tadorna ferruginea), were inoculated with a representative virus. All of 3 infected ruddy shelducks exhibited neurologic signs and died within 4 to 5 days. Two of 3 infected bar-headed geese had transient weakness but all survived. Viral shedding was predominately via the oropharynx and was detected from 1 to 7 days after inoculation. The severity and distribution of microscopic lesions corresponded with clinical disease and influenza-specific immunohistochemical staining of neurons. The predominant lesions were in the brain and were more severe in ruddy shelducks. Increased caspase-3 reactivity in the brains of all infected birds suggests a role for apoptosis in H5N1 HPAI virus pathogenesis in these species. These results demonstrate that similar to clade 2.2 viruses, a clade 2.3.2 H5N1 HPAI virus is neurotropic in some waterfowl species and can lead to neurologic disease with varying clinical outcomes. This has implications for the role that wild waterfowl may play in transmission of this virus in endemic regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- N M Nemeth
- Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, University of Georgia, 538 D. W. Brooks Dr, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
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Emergence of multiple clade 2.3.2.1 influenza A (H5N1) virus subgroups in Vietnam and detection of novel reassortants. Virology 2013; 444:12-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2013.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2013] [Accepted: 06/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Khurelbaatar N, Krueger WS, Heil GL, Darmaa B, Ulziimaa D, Tserennorov D, Baterdene A, Anderson BD, Gray GC. Sparse evidence for equine or avian influenza virus infections among Mongolian adults with animal exposures. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2013; 7:1246-50. [PMID: 23941547 PMCID: PMC4634246 DOI: 10.1111/irv.12148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, Mongolia has experienced recurrent epizootics of equine influenza virus (EIV) among its 2·1 million horses and multiple incursions of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) virus via migrating birds. No human EIV or HPAI infections have been reported. In 2009, 439 adults in Mongolia were enrolled in a population‐based study of zoonotic influenza transmission. Enrollment sera were examined for serological evidence of infection with nine avian, three human, and one equine influenza virus strains. Seroreactivity was sparse among participants suggesting little human risk of zoonotic influenza infection.
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Okamatsu M, Nishi T, Nomura N, Yamamoto N, Sakoda Y, Sakurai K, Chu HD, Thanh LP, Van Nguyen L, Van Hoang N, Tien TN, Yoshida R, Takada A, Kida H. The genetic and antigenic diversity of avian influenza viruses isolated from domestic ducks, muscovy ducks, and chickens in northern and southern Vietnam, 2010–2012. Virus Genes 2013; 47:317-29. [DOI: 10.1007/s11262-013-0954-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2013] [Accepted: 07/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Krejcova L, Hynek D, Kopel P, Merlos Rodrigo MA, Adam V, Hubalek J, Babula P, Trnkova L, Kizek R. Development of a magnetic electrochemical bar code array for point mutation detection in the H5N1 neuraminidase gene. Viruses 2013; 5:1719-39. [PMID: 23860384 PMCID: PMC3738958 DOI: 10.3390/v5071719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2013] [Revised: 06/10/2013] [Accepted: 07/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Since its first official detection in the Guangdong province of China in 1996, the highly pathogenic avian influenza virus of H5N1 subtype (HPAI H5N1) has reportedly been the cause of outbreaks in birds in more than 60 countries, 24 of which were European. The main issue is still to develop effective antiviral drugs. In this case, single point mutation in the neuraminidase gene, which causes resistance to antiviral drug and is, therefore, subjected to many studies including ours, was observed. In this study, we developed magnetic electrochemical bar code array for detection of single point mutations (mismatches in up to four nucleotides) in H5N1 neuraminidase gene. Paramagnetic particles Dynabeads® with covalently bound oligo (dT)25 were used as a tool for isolation of complementary H5N1 chains (H5N1 Zhejin, China and Aichi). For detection of H5N1 chains, oligonucleotide chains of lengths of 12 (+5 adenine) or 28 (+5 adenine) bp labeled with quantum dots (CdS, ZnS and/or PbS) were used. Individual probes hybridized to target molecules specifically with efficiency higher than 60%. The obtained signals identified mutations present in the sequence. Suggested experimental procedure allows obtaining further information from the redox signals of nucleic acids. Moreover, the used biosensor exhibits sequence specificity and low limits of detection of subnanogram quantities of target nucleic acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludmila Krejcova
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Agronomy, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, Brno CZ-613 00, Czech Republic; E-Mails: (L.K.); (D.H.); (P.K.); (M.A.M.R.); (V.A.); (L.T.)
| | - David Hynek
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Agronomy, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, Brno CZ-613 00, Czech Republic; E-Mails: (L.K.); (D.H.); (P.K.); (M.A.M.R.); (V.A.); (L.T.)
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Technicka 3058/10, Brno CZ-616 00, Czech Republic; E-Mails: (J.H.); (P.B.)
| | - Pavel Kopel
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Agronomy, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, Brno CZ-613 00, Czech Republic; E-Mails: (L.K.); (D.H.); (P.K.); (M.A.M.R.); (V.A.); (L.T.)
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Technicka 3058/10, Brno CZ-616 00, Czech Republic; E-Mails: (J.H.); (P.B.)
| | - Miguel Angel Merlos Rodrigo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Agronomy, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, Brno CZ-613 00, Czech Republic; E-Mails: (L.K.); (D.H.); (P.K.); (M.A.M.R.); (V.A.); (L.T.)
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Technicka 3058/10, Brno CZ-616 00, Czech Republic; E-Mails: (J.H.); (P.B.)
| | - Vojtech Adam
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Agronomy, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, Brno CZ-613 00, Czech Republic; E-Mails: (L.K.); (D.H.); (P.K.); (M.A.M.R.); (V.A.); (L.T.)
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Technicka 3058/10, Brno CZ-616 00, Czech Republic; E-Mails: (J.H.); (P.B.)
| | - Jaromir Hubalek
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Technicka 3058/10, Brno CZ-616 00, Czech Republic; E-Mails: (J.H.); (P.B.)
- Department of Microelectronics, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Communication, Brno University of Technology, Technicka 10, Brno CZ-616 00, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Babula
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Technicka 3058/10, Brno CZ-616 00, Czech Republic; E-Mails: (J.H.); (P.B.)
- Department of Natural Drugs, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Palackeho 1-3, Brno CZ-612 42, Czech Republic
| | - Libuse Trnkova
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Agronomy, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, Brno CZ-613 00, Czech Republic; E-Mails: (L.K.); (D.H.); (P.K.); (M.A.M.R.); (V.A.); (L.T.)
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Technicka 3058/10, Brno CZ-616 00, Czech Republic; E-Mails: (J.H.); (P.B.)
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlarska 2, Brno CZ-611 37, Czech Republic
| | - Rene Kizek
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Agronomy, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, Brno CZ-613 00, Czech Republic; E-Mails: (L.K.); (D.H.); (P.K.); (M.A.M.R.); (V.A.); (L.T.)
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Technicka 3058/10, Brno CZ-616 00, Czech Republic; E-Mails: (J.H.); (P.B.)
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +420-545-133-350; Fax: +420-545-212-044
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