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Wu Q, Li J, Zhu J, Sun X, He D, Li J, Cheng Z, Zhang X, Xu Y, Chen Q, Zhu Y, Lai M. Gamma-glutamyl-leucine levels are causally associated with elevated cardio-metabolic risks. Front Nutr 2022; 9:936220. [PMID: 36505257 PMCID: PMC9729530 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.936220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Gamma-glutamyl dipeptides are bioactive peptides involved in inflammation, oxidative stress, and glucose regulation. Gamma-glutamyl-leucine (Gamma-Glu-Leu) has been extensively reported to be associated with the risk of cardio-metabolic diseases, such as obesity, metabolic syndrome, and type 2 diabetes. However, the causality remains to be uncovered. The aim of this study was to explore the causal-effect relationships between Gamma-Glu-Leu and metabolic risk. Materials and methods In this study, 1,289 subjects were included from a cross-sectional survey on metabolic syndrome (MetS) in eastern China. Serum Gamma-Glu-Leu levels were measured by untargeted metabolomics. Using linear regressions, a two-stage genome-wide association study (GWAS) for Gamma-Glu-Leu was conducted to seek its instrumental single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). One-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) analyses were performed to evaluate the causality between Gamma-Glu-Leu and the metabolic risk. Results Four SNPs are associated with serum Gamma-Glu-Leu levels, including rs12476238, rs56146133, rs2479714, and rs12229654. Out of them, rs12476238 exhibits the strongest association (Beta = -0.38, S.E. = 0.07 in discovery stage, Beta = -0.29, S.E. = 0.14 in validation stage, combined P-value = 1.04 × 10-8). Each of the four SNPs has a nominal association with at least one metabolic risk factor. Both rs12229654 and rs56146133 are associated with body mass index, waist circumference (WC), the ratio of WC to hip circumference, blood pressure, and triglyceride (5 × 10-5 < P < 0.05). rs56146133 also has nominal associations with fasting insulin, glucose, and insulin resistance index (5 × 10-5 < P < 0.05). Using the four SNPs serving as the instrumental SNPs of Gamma-Glu-Leu, the MR analyses revealed that higher Gamma-Glu-Leu levels are causally associated with elevated risks of multiple cardio-metabolic factors except for high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (P > 0.05). Conclusion Four SNPs (rs12476238, rs56146133, rs2479714, and rs12229654) may regulate the levels of serum Gamma-Glu-Leu. Higher Gamma-Glu-Leu levels are causally linked to cardio-metabolic risks. Future prospective studies on Gamma-Glu-Leu are required to explain its role in metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Wu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China,Department of Respiratory Diseases, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China,Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiankang Li
- Institute of Medical Research, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Jinghan Zhu
- The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaohui Sun
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Di He
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China,Department of Respiratory Diseases, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China,Department of Respiratory Diseases, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zongxue Cheng
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China,Department of Respiratory Diseases, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xuhui Zhang
- Hangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, China,Affiliated Hangzhou Center of Disease Control and Prevention, School of Public Health, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuying Xu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China,Department of Respiratory Diseases, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qing Chen
- Zhejiang Provincial Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, China,*Correspondence: Qing Chen,
| | - Yimin Zhu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China,Department of Respiratory Diseases, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China,Cancer Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China,Yimin Zhu,
| | - Maode Lai
- Key Laboratory of Disease Proteomics of Zhejiang Province, Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China,State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Basic Medical Sciences and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China,Maode Lai,
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2
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Genetic Factors Associated with Response to Vitamin E Treatment in NAFLD. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11071284. [PMID: 35883775 PMCID: PMC9311784 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11071284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is becoming the predominant liver disease worldwide, and vitamin E has been clinically shown to improve histological parameters in a subset of patients. In this narrative review, we investigate whether genetic factors may help to explain why some patients show histological improvements upon high-dose alpha-tocopherol (αT) treatment while others do not. In summary, we identified two factors that are associated with treatment response, including genetic variations in haptoglobin as well as fatty acid desaturase 1/2 (FADS1/FADS2). Other genetic variants such as in alpha-tocopherol transfer protein (αTTP), tocopherol associated protein (TAP), transmembrane 6 superfamily 2 (TM6SF2), cluster of differentiation 36 (CD36), and proteins involved in lipoprotein metabolism may also play a role, but have not yet been investigated in a clinical context. We propose to further validate these associations in larger populations, to then use them as a clinical tool to identify the subset of patients that will benefit the most from vitamin E supplementation.
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Masoodi M, Gastaldelli A, Hyötyläinen T, Arretxe E, Alonso C, Gaggini M, Brosnan J, Anstee QM, Millet O, Ortiz P, Mato JM, Dufour JF, Orešič M. Metabolomics and lipidomics in NAFLD: biomarkers and non-invasive diagnostic tests. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2021; 18:835-856. [PMID: 34508238 DOI: 10.1038/s41575-021-00502-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 64.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is one of the most common liver diseases worldwide and is often associated with aspects of metabolic syndrome. Despite its prevalence and the importance of early diagnosis, there is a lack of robustly validated biomarkers for diagnosis, prognosis and monitoring of disease progression in response to a given treatment. In this Review, we provide an overview of the contribution of metabolomics and lipidomics in clinical studies to identify biomarkers associated with NAFLD and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). In addition, we highlight the key metabolic pathways in NAFLD and NASH that have been identified by metabolomics and lipidomics approaches and could potentially be used as biomarkers for non-invasive diagnostic tests. Overall, the studies demonstrated alterations in amino acid metabolism and several aspects of lipid metabolism including circulating fatty acids, triglycerides, phospholipids and bile acids. Although we report several studies that identified potential biomarkers, few have been validated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mojgan Masoodi
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry, Bern University Hospital, Bern, Switzerland.
| | | | - Tuulia Hyötyläinen
- School of Natural Sciences and Technology, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Enara Arretxe
- OWL Metabolomics, Bizkaia Technology Park, Derio, Spain
| | | | | | | | - Quentin M Anstee
- Clinical & Translational Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Oscar Millet
- Precision Medicine & Metabolism, CIC bioGUNE, CIBERehd, BRTA, Bizkaia Technology Park, Derio, Spain
| | - Pablo Ortiz
- OWL Metabolomics, Bizkaia Technology Park, Derio, Spain
| | - Jose M Mato
- Precision Medicine & Metabolism, CIC bioGUNE, CIBERehd, BRTA, Bizkaia Technology Park, Derio, Spain
| | - Jean-Francois Dufour
- University Clinic of Visceral Surgery and Medicine, Inselspital Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Hepatology, Department of BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Matej Orešič
- School of Medical Sciences, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden. .,Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland.
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4
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Abstract
Introduction: Oxidative stress underlies the pathophysiology of various etiologies of chronic liver disease and contributes to the development of hepatocarcinogenesis.Areas covered: This review focuses on the impact of oxidative stress in various etiologies of chronic liver disease such as alcoholic liver disease (ALD), nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), hepatitis B virus (HBV), and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. The efficacy of antioxidants in laboratory, animal, and clinical studies in chronic liver disease is also reviewed.Expert opinion: Currently, there are limited targeted pharmacotherapeutics for NASH and no pharmacotherapeutics for ALD and antioxidant supplementation may be useful in these conditions to improve liver function and reverse fibrosis. Antioxidants may also be used in patients with HBV or HCV infection to supplement antiviral therapies. Specific genotypes of antioxidant and prooxidant genes render patients more susceptible to liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma while other individual characteristics like age, genotype, and metabolomic profiling can influence the efficacy of antioxidants on CLD. More research needs to be done to establish the safety, efficacy, and dosage of antioxidants and to establish the ideal patient profile that will benefit the most from antioxidant treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia Seen
- Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
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5
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Guardiola JJ, Hardesty JE, Beier JI, Prough RA, McClain CJ, Cave MC. Plasma Metabolomics Analysis of Polyvinyl Chloride Workers Identifies Altered Processes and Candidate Biomarkers for Hepatic Hemangiosarcoma and Its Development. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:5093. [PMID: 34065028 PMCID: PMC8150673 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22105093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND High-level occupational vinyl chloride (VC) exposures have been associated with hepatic hemangiosarcoma, which typically develops following a long latency period. Although VC is genotoxic, a more comprehensive mode of action has not been determined and diagnostic biomarkers have not been established. The purpose of this study is to address these knowledge gaps through plasma metabolomics. METHODS Plasma samples from polyvinyl chloride polymerization workers who developed hemangiosarcoma (cases, n = 15) and VC exposure-matched controls (n = 17) underwent metabolomic analysis. Random forest and bioinformatic analyses were performed. RESULTS Cases and controls had similar demographics and routine liver biochemistries. Mass spectroscopy identified 606 known metabolites. Random forest analysis had an 82% predictive accuracy for group classification. 60 metabolites were significantly increased and 44 were decreased vs. controls. Taurocholate, bradykinin and fibrin degradation product 2 were up-regulated by greater than 80-fold. The naturally occurring anti-angiogenic phenol, 4-hydroxybenzyl alcohol, was down-regulated 5-fold. Top affected ontologies involved: (i) metabolism of bile acids, taurine, cholesterol, fatty acids and amino acids; (ii) inflammation and oxidative stress; and (iii) nicotinic cholinergic signaling. CONCLUSIONS The plasma metabolome was differentially regulated in polyvinyl chloride workers who developed hepatic hemangiosarcoma. Ontologies potentially involved in hemangiosarcoma pathogenesis and candidate biomarkers were identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- John J. Guardiola
- Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA; (J.J.G.); (J.E.H.); (C.J.M.)
| | - Josiah E. Hardesty
- Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA; (J.J.G.); (J.E.H.); (C.J.M.)
- Hepatology and Nutrition, University of Louisville Division of Gastroenterology, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Juliane I. Beier
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA;
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
- University of Pittsburgh Liver Research Center (PLRC), Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Russell A. Prough
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA;
| | - Craig J. McClain
- Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA; (J.J.G.); (J.E.H.); (C.J.M.)
- Hepatology and Nutrition, University of Louisville Division of Gastroenterology, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
- The Robley Rex Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Louisville, KY 40206, USA
- The UofL Health—Jewish Hospital Trager Transplant Center, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
- The University of Louisville Superfund Research Center, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Matthew C. Cave
- Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA; (J.J.G.); (J.E.H.); (C.J.M.)
- Hepatology and Nutrition, University of Louisville Division of Gastroenterology, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
- University of Pittsburgh Liver Research Center (PLRC), Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA;
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
- The Robley Rex Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Louisville, KY 40206, USA
- The UofL Health—Jewish Hospital Trager Transplant Center, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
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6
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Lin X, Wang W, Ma J, Sun Z, Hou H, Zhao L. Study on molecular level toxicity of Sb(V) to soil springtails: using a combination of transcriptomics and metabolomics. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 761:144097. [PMID: 33360133 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
To date, numerous studies have focused on the toxicity of antimony (Sb) to soil-dwelling organisms at the individual level. However, little is known about Sb-caused molecular level toxicity. Here, an integrated transcriptomics and metabolomics approach was used to better reveal toxicity of Sb(V) to springtails Folsomia candida considering environmentally relevant speciation of Sb. No significant effects of Sb(V) on survival, reproduction and growth of springtails were observed using the ISO standard test. Transcriptomics analysis identified 1015 and 3367 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) after 2 and 7 d of exposure, indicating an increasing transcriptomal changes with time. Significantly enriched top GO (Gene Ontology) terms (chitin metabolic process, chitin binding and extracellular region) were shared between the two time exposure groups. However, no enriched KEGG (Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes) pathway was shared, with fatty acid metabolism and apoptosis-fly being the most significant pathway, respectively. Metabolomics analysis identified 155 differential changed metabolites (DCMs) in springtails after 7 d of exposure. Antifolate resistance was the most significantly enriched pathway, in which dihydrofolic acid was up-regulated and three purine nucleotides (adenosine 5'-monophosphate, inosine 5'-monophosphate, guanosine 5'-monophosphate) were down-regulated. This indicated obvious repression of DNA replication, which was also observed by transcriptomics. Additionally, metabolites level related to chitin, oxidative stress, and protein metabolism significantly changed, and these metabolites could also support and confirm main transcriptomic results. Thus, the combination of multiomics facilitated better understanding of the molecular level of toxicity of Sb(V) in Collembola.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianglong Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100000, China; College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Weiran Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100000, China
| | - Jin Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100000, China
| | - Zaijin Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100000, China
| | - Hong Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100000, China.
| | - Long Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100000, China.
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7
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Sharma M, Premkumar M, Kulkarni AV, Kumar P, Reddy DN, Rao NP. Drugs for Non-alcoholic Steatohepatitis (NASH): Quest for the Holy Grail. J Clin Transl Hepatol 2021; 9:40-50. [PMID: 33604254 PMCID: PMC7868704 DOI: 10.14218/jcth.2020.00055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a global epidemic that is likely to become the most common cause of chronic liver disease in the next decade, worldwide. Though numerous drugs have been evaluated in clinical trials, most of them have returned inconclusive results and shown poorly-tolerated adverse effects. None of the drugs have been approved by the Food and Drug Administration for treating biopsy-proven non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Vitamin E and pioglitazone have been extensively used in treatment of biopsy-proven nondiabetic NASH patients. Although some amelioration of inflammation has been seen, these drugs did not improve the fibrosis component of NASH. Therefore, dietary modification and weight reduction have remained the cornerstone of treatment of NASH; moreover, they have shown to improve histological activity as well as fibrosis. The search for an ideal drug or 'Holy Grail' within this landscape of possible agents continues, as weight reduction is achieved only in less than 10% of patients. In this current review, we summarize the drugs for NASH which are under investigation, and we provide a critical analysis of their up-to-date results and outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mithun Sharma
- Department of Hepatology, Asian Institute of Gastroenterology, Hyderabad, India
| | | | - Anand V Kulkarni
- Department of Hepatology, Asian Institute of Gastroenterology, Hyderabad, India
- Correspondence to: Dr. Anand V Kulkarni, Department of Hepatology and Liver Transplantation, Asian Institute of Gastroenterology, Hyderabad, India. Tel: +91-40-42444222, E-mail:
| | - Pramod Kumar
- Department of Hepatology, Asian Institute of Gastroenterology, Hyderabad, India
| | - D Nageshwar Reddy
- Department of Gastroenterology, Asian Institute of Gastroenterology, Hyderabad, India
| | - Nagaraja Padaki Rao
- Department of Hepatology, Asian Institute of Gastroenterology, Hyderabad, India
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8
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Du Y, Wei J, Yang X, Dou Y, Zhao L, Qi X, Yu X, Guo W, Wang Q, Deng W, Li M, Lin D, Li T, Ma X. Plasma metabolites were associated with spatial working memory in major depressive disorder. Medicine (Baltimore) 2021; 100:e24581. [PMID: 33663067 PMCID: PMC7909221 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000024581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a common disease with both affective and cognitive disorders. Alterations in metabolic systems of MDD patients have been reported, but the underlying mechanisms still remains unclear. We sought to identify abnormal metabolites in MDD by metabolomics and to explore the association between differential metabolites and neurocognitive dysfunction.Plasma samples from 53 MDD patients and 83 sex-, gender-, BMI-matched healthy controls (HCs) were collected. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) system was then used to detect metabolites in those samples. Two different algorithms were applied to identify differential metabolites in 2 groups. Of the 136 participants, 35 MDD patients and 48 HCs had completed spatial working memory test. Spearman rank correlation coefficient was applied to explore the relationship between differential metabolites and working memory in these 2 groups.The top 5 metabolites which were found in sparse partial least squares-discriminant analysis (sPLS-DA) model and random forest (RF) model were the same, and significant difference was found in 3 metabolites between MDD and HCs, namely, gamma-glutamyl leucine, leucine-enkephalin, and valeric acid. In addition, MDD patients had higher scores in spatial working memory (SWM) between errors and total errors than HCs. Valeric acid was positively correlated with working memory in MDD group.Gamma-glutamyl leucine, leucine-enkephalin, and valeric acid were preliminarily proven to be decreased in MDD patients. In addition, MDD patients performed worse in working memory than HCs. Dysfunction in working memory of MDD individuals was associated with valeric acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Du
- Psychiatric Laboratory and Mental Health Center
| | - Jinxue Wei
- Psychiatric Laboratory and Mental Health Center
- West China Brain Research Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu
| | - Xiao Yang
- Psychiatric Laboratory and Mental Health Center
| | - Yikai Dou
- Psychiatric Laboratory and Mental Health Center
| | - Liansheng Zhao
- Psychiatric Laboratory and Mental Health Center
- West China Brain Research Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu
| | - Xueyu Qi
- Psychiatric Laboratory and Mental Health Center
| | - Xueli Yu
- Psychiatric Laboratory and Mental Health Center
| | - Wanjun Guo
- Psychiatric Laboratory and Mental Health Center
- West China Brain Research Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu
| | - Qiang Wang
- Psychiatric Laboratory and Mental Health Center
- West China Brain Research Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu
| | - Wei Deng
- Psychiatric Laboratory and Mental Health Center
- West China Brain Research Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu
| | - Minli Li
- Psychiatric Laboratory and Mental Health Center
- West China Brain Research Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu
| | - Dongtao Lin
- College of Foreign Languages and Cultures, Sichuan University, PR China
| | - Tao Li
- Psychiatric Laboratory and Mental Health Center
- West China Brain Research Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu
| | - Xiaohong Ma
- Psychiatric Laboratory and Mental Health Center
- West China Brain Research Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu
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9
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David D, Eapen CE. What Are the Current Pharmacological Therapies for Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease? J Clin Exp Hepatol 2021; 11:232-238. [PMID: 33746449 PMCID: PMC7953000 DOI: 10.1016/j.jceh.2020.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Of the currently available drugs tested to treat nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), the most efficacious drugs are pioglitazone (an insulin sensitizer) and vitamin E (an antioxidant). By targeting insulin resistance, the key pathogenic mechanism underlying metabolic syndrome and NAFLD, pioglitazone maybe the preferred drug to treat NAFLD. As we await the results of research trials into multiple new drugs to treat NAFLD, when should we use the currently available patients to treat NAFLD at the present time? To date, no drug has been approved by regulatory agency specifically to treat NAFLD. However, many drugs have been approved to treat other components of metabolic syndrome such as diabetes mellitus and dyslipidemia. Are we underutilizing the currently available drugs to treat NAFLD? Herein, we review the benefits and concerns of the use of these currently available drugs to treat NAFLD and suggest clinical scenarios, wherein the clinician should consider using these drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepu David
- Gastroenterology Department, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Chundamannil E. Eapen
- Hepatology Department, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India,Address for correspondence: C E Eapen, Professor and Head, Department of Hepatology, Christian Medical College Hospital, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India.
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10
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Tang J, Xiong K, Zhang T, Han Han. Application of Metabolomics in Diagnosis and Treatment of Chronic Liver Diseases. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2020; 52:906-916. [PMID: 33146026 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2020.1842172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Chronic liver disease represents stepwise destruction of the liver parenchyma after chronic liver injury, which is often difficult to be diagnosed accurately. Thus, the development of specific biomarkers of chronic liver disease is important. Metabolomics is a powerful tool for biomarker exploration, which enables the exploration of disease pathogenesis or drug action mechanisms at the global metabolic level. The metabolomics workflow generally includes collection, preparation, and analysis of samples, and data processing and bioinformatics. A metabolomics study can simultaneously detect the dysfunctions in the glucose, lipid, amino-acid, and nucleotide metabolisms. Hence, it facilitates the obtaining of a better understanding of the pathogenesis of chronic liver disease and its diagnosis. Many effective drugs could reverse the change of comprehensive biochemical phenotypes induced by chronic liver disease. They can even potentially restore the normal metabolic signatures of patients. Increasingly more researchers have begun to apply metabolomics technologies to diagnose chronic liver disease and investigate the mechanism of action of effective drugs or the variations in drug responses. We are convinced that deepening the understanding of the metabolic alterations could extend their use as powerful biomarkers, promoting the more effective clinical diagnosis and treatment of chronic liver disease in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Tang
- Experiment Center for Teaching and Learning, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.,School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Kai Xiong
- Experiment Center for Teaching and Learning, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.,School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Tong Zhang
- Experiment Center for Teaching and Learning, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.,School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Han Han
- Experiment Center for Teaching and Learning, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.,School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
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11
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Balasubramanian R, Demler O, Guasch-Ferré M, Paynter NP, Sheehan R, Liu S, Manson JE, Salas-Salvadó J, Martínez-Gonzalez MÁ, Hu FB, Clish C, Rexrode KM. Metabolomic Effects of Hormone Therapy and Associations With Coronary Heart Disease Among Postmenopausal Women. CIRCULATION-GENOMIC AND PRECISION MEDICINE 2020; 13:e002977. [PMID: 33141616 DOI: 10.1161/circgen.119.002977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the WHI-HT trials (Women's Health Initiative Hormone Therapy), treatment with oral conjugated equine estrogens and medroxyprogesterone acetate (CEE+MPA) resulted in increased risk of coronary heart disease (CHD), whereas oral conjugated equine estrogens (CEE) did not. METHODS Four hundred eighty-one metabolites were measured at baseline and at 1-year in 503 and 431 participants in the WHI CEE and CEE+MPA trials, respectively. The effects of randomized HT on the metabolite profiles at 1-year was evaluated in linear models adjusting for baseline metabolite levels, age, body mass index, race, incident CHD, prevalent hypertension, and diabetes. Metabolites with discordant effects by HT type were evaluated for association with incident CHD in 944 participants (472 CHD cases) in the WHI-OS (Women's Health Initiative Observational Study), with replication in an independent cohort of 980 men and women at high risk for cardiovascular disease. RESULTS HT effects on the metabolome were profound; 62% of metabolites significantly changed with randomized CEE and 52% with CEE+MPA (false discovery rate-adjusted P value<0.05) in multivariable models. Concerted increases in abundance were seen within various metabolite classes including triacylglycerols, phosphatidylethanolamines, and phosphatidylcholines; decreases in abundance was observed for acylcarnitines, lysophosphatidylcholines, quaternary amines, and cholesteryl/cholesteryl esters. Twelve metabolites had discordant effects by HT type and were associated with incident CHD in the WHI-OS; a metabolite score estimated in a Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator regression was associated with CHD risk with an odds ratio of 1.47 per SD increase (95% CI, 1.27-1.70, P<10-6). All twelve metabolites were altered in the CHD protective direction by CEE treatment. One metabolite (lysine) was significantly altered in the direction of increased CHD risk by CEE+MPA; the remaining 11 metabolites were not significantly changed by CEE+MPA. The CHD associations of a subset of 4 metabolites including C58:11 triacylglycerol, C54:9 triacylglycerol, C36:1 phosphatidylcholine and sucrose replicated in an independent dataset of 980 participants in the PREDIMED trial (Prevención con Dieta Mediterránea). CONCLUSIONS Randomized treatment with oral HT resulted in large metabolome shifts that generally favored CEE alone over CEE+MPA in term of CHD risk. Discordant metabolite effects between HT regimens may partially mediate the differences in CHD risk between the 2 WHI-HT trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raji Balasubramanian
- Department of Biostatistics & Epidemiology, University of Massachusetts-Amherst (R.B., R.S.)
| | - Olga Demler
- Division of Preventive Medicine (O.D., J.P.P., J.E.M.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School
| | | | - Nina P Paynter
- Division of Preventive Medicine (O.D., J.P.P., J.E.M.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School
| | - Ryan Sheehan
- Department of Biostatistics & Epidemiology, University of Massachusetts-Amherst (R.B., R.S.)
| | - Simin Liu
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA (S.L., J.E.M., F.B.H.).,Departments of Epidemiology & Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI (S.L.)
| | - JoAnn E Manson
- Division of Preventive Medicine (O.D., J.P.P., J.E.M.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School.,Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA (S.L., J.E.M., F.B.H.)
| | - Jordi Salas-Salvadó
- Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Departament de Bioquímica i Biotecnologia, Unitat de Nutrició Humana, Hospital Universitari San Joan de Reus (J.S.-S.).,Institut d'Investigació Pere Virgili (IISPV), Reus (J.S.-S.).,Consorcio CIBER, M.P. Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid (J.S.-S., M.A.M.-G.)
| | - Miguel Á Martínez-Gonzalez
- Department of Nutrition (M.G.-F., M.A.M.-G., F.B.H.).,Consorcio CIBER, M.P. Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid (J.S.-S., M.A.M.-G.).,Department of Preventive Medicine & Public Health, University of Navarra (M.A.M.-G.).,IdiSNA (Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra), Pamplona, Spain (M.A.M.-G.)
| | - Frank B Hu
- Department of Nutrition (M.G.-F., M.A.M.-G., F.B.H.).,Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA (S.L., J.E.M., F.B.H.)
| | - Clary Clish
- Broad Institute of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology & Harvard University, Cambridge, MA (C.C.)
| | - Kathryn M Rexrode
- Division of Women's Health (K.M.R.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School
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12
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Ren JL, Dong H, Han Y, Yang L, Zhang AH, Sun H, Li Y, Yan G, Wang XJ. Network pharmacology combined with metabolomics approach to investigate the protective role and detoxification mechanism of Yunnan Baiyao formulation. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2020; 77:153266. [PMID: 32629383 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2020.153266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Yunnan Baiyao (YNBY) is a traditional Chinese medicine formulae, which has the functions of hemostasis, activating blood circulation and removing blood stasis, anti-inflammation, etc. Although the presence of Caowu (CW, Aconiti Kusnezoffii Radix), the detoxification mechanism of YNBY is still unclear. PURPOSE In current study, network pharmacology, toxicological methods and metabolomics technique were applied to explore YNBY in attenuating toxicity of CW. METHODS Prediction of targets and pathways of CW were carried out by commonly used network pharmacological method. Simultaneously, SD rats were orally administrated with CW, processed CW (ZCW), YNBY, and YNBY which lack of CW (QCW) for 15 days. Tissue samples were observed with histopathology. Urine samples were analyzed with ultra-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to screen differential metabolites and related metabolic pathways associated with toxicity of CW. Furthermore, by comparing the changes of the metabolite contents, focused the attenuated metabolic pathway. Finally, the network pharmacological and experimental data were integrated to investigate detoxification mechanism of YNBY. RESULTS A total of 44 potential toxicity biomarkers were identified and 14 related pathways were involved in the toxicity of CW. Furthermore, 5 core toxicity biomarkers (2-keto-6-acetamidocaproate, γ-glutamylleucine, prostaglandin E3, 4-hydroxy-5-(3'-hydroxyphenyl)-valeric acid-3'-O-sulphate, and 3,4-dihydroxy- phenylglycol O-sulfate) were regulated to normal condition in YNBY group. Lysine degradation was locked as the core metabolic pathway of detoxification of YNBY. Integrating the predicted results of network pharmacology, ACHE, SLC6A3, SLC6A4 might be the target of protective role of other herbs in YNBY. CONCLUSION Network pharmacology combined with metabolomics exhibited a powerful mean to investigate the herbal toxicity and probed into the detoxification mechanism of formulae, which contributes to its safety evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Ling Ren
- National Chinmedomics Research Center, Sino-America Chinmedomics Technology Collaboration Center, National TCM Key Laboratory of Serum Pharmacochemistry, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Heping Road 24, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Hui Dong
- National Chinmedomics Research Center, Sino-America Chinmedomics Technology Collaboration Center, National TCM Key Laboratory of Serum Pharmacochemistry, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Heping Road 24, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Ying Han
- National Chinmedomics Research Center, Sino-America Chinmedomics Technology Collaboration Center, National TCM Key Laboratory of Serum Pharmacochemistry, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Heping Road 24, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Le Yang
- National Chinmedomics Research Center, Sino-America Chinmedomics Technology Collaboration Center, National TCM Key Laboratory of Serum Pharmacochemistry, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Heping Road 24, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Ai-Hua Zhang
- National Chinmedomics Research Center, Sino-America Chinmedomics Technology Collaboration Center, National TCM Key Laboratory of Serum Pharmacochemistry, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Heping Road 24, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Hui Sun
- National Chinmedomics Research Center, Sino-America Chinmedomics Technology Collaboration Center, National TCM Key Laboratory of Serum Pharmacochemistry, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Heping Road 24, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Yue Li
- National Chinmedomics Research Center, Sino-America Chinmedomics Technology Collaboration Center, National TCM Key Laboratory of Serum Pharmacochemistry, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Heping Road 24, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Guangli Yan
- National Chinmedomics Research Center, Sino-America Chinmedomics Technology Collaboration Center, National TCM Key Laboratory of Serum Pharmacochemistry, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Heping Road 24, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Xi-Jun Wang
- National Chinmedomics Research Center, Sino-America Chinmedomics Technology Collaboration Center, National TCM Key Laboratory of Serum Pharmacochemistry, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Heping Road 24, Harbin 150040, China.
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13
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Klaebel JH, Rakipovski G, Andersen B, Lykkesfeldt J, Tveden-Nyborg P. Dietary Intervention Accelerates NASH Resolution Depending on Inflammatory Status with Minor Additive Effects on Hepatic Injury by Vitamin E Supplementation. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9090808. [PMID: 32882802 PMCID: PMC7555643 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9090808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the lack of effective pharmacotherapy against nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and liver fibrosis, vitamin E (vitE) supplementation and lifestyle modifications are recommended for the management of NASH due to promising clinical results. We recently reported a positive effect of supplementation with 800 IU vitE and atorvastatin on NASH resolution in guinea pigs. In the present study, we investigated the effect of high-dose vitE therapy combined with dietary intervention against progressive NASH and advanced fibrosis in the guinea pig model. Sixty-six guinea pigs received either high-fat (HF) or standard guinea pig chow diet (Control) for 25 weeks. Prior to eight weeks of intervention, HF animals were allocated into groups; dietary intervention (Chow) or dietary intervention with 2000 IU/d vitE supplementation (CvitE). Both Chow and CvitE reduced dyslipidemia, hepatic lipid accumulation and liver weight (p < 0.05), while CvitE further decreased hepatocellular ballooning (p < 0.05). Subanalyses of individual responses within intervention groups showed significant correlation between the hepatic hallmarks of NASH and lipid accumulation vs. inflammatory state (p < 0.05). Collectively, our results indicate that individual differences in sensitivity towards intervention and inflammatory status determine the potential beneficial effect of dietary intervention and high-dose vitE supplementation. Moreover, the study suggests that inflammation is a primary target in NASH treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Hviid Klaebel
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Ridebanevej 9, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark; (J.H.K.); (J.L.)
| | - Günaj Rakipovski
- CV Research, Global Research, Novo Nordisk A/S, Novo Nordisk Park 1, 2670 Måløv, Denmark;
| | - Birgitte Andersen
- Liver Disease Research, Global Research, Novo Nordisk A/S, Novo Nordisk Park 1, 2670 Måløv, Denmark;
| | - Jens Lykkesfeldt
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Ridebanevej 9, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark; (J.H.K.); (J.L.)
| | - Pernille Tveden-Nyborg
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Ridebanevej 9, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark; (J.H.K.); (J.L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +45-353-331-67
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14
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Wallert M, Börmel L, Lorkowski S. Inflammatory Diseases and Vitamin E-What Do We Know and Where Do We Go? Mol Nutr Food Res 2020; 65:e2000097. [PMID: 32692879 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.202000097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation-driven diseases and related comorbidities, such as the metabolic syndrome, obesity, fatty liver disease, and cardiovascular diseases cause significant global burden. There is a growing body of evidence that nutrients alter inflammatory responses and can therefore make a decisive contribution to the treatment of these diseases. Recently, the inflammasome, a cytosolic multiprotein complex, has been identified as a key player in inflammation and the development of various inflammation-mediated disorders, with nucleotide-binding domain and leucine-rich repeat pyrin domain (NLRP) 3 being the inflammasome of interest. Here an overview about the cellular signaling pathways underlying nuclear factor "kappa-light-chain-enhancer" of activated B-cells (NF-κB)- and NLRP3-mediated inflammatory processes, and the pathogenesis of the inflammatory diseases atherosclerosis and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is provided; next, the current state of knowledge for drug-based and dietary-based interventions for treating cardiovascular diseases and NAFLD is discussed. To date, one of the most important antioxidants in the human diet is vitamin E. Various in vitro and in vivo studies suggest that the different forms of vitamin E and also their derivatives have anti-inflammatory activity. Recent publications suggest that vitamin E-and possibly metabolites of vitamin E-are a promising therapeutic approach for treating inflammatory diseases such as NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Wallert
- Department of Nutritional Biochemistry and Physiology, Institute of Nutritional Science, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, 07743, Germany.,Competence Cluster for Nutrition and Cardiovascular Health (nutriCARD), Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Germany
| | - Lisa Börmel
- Department of Nutritional Biochemistry and Physiology, Institute of Nutritional Science, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, 07743, Germany.,Competence Cluster for Nutrition and Cardiovascular Health (nutriCARD), Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Germany
| | - Stefan Lorkowski
- Department of Nutritional Biochemistry and Physiology, Institute of Nutritional Science, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, 07743, Germany.,Competence Cluster for Nutrition and Cardiovascular Health (nutriCARD), Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Germany
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15
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Kim HK, Han SN. Vitamin E: Regulatory role on gene and protein expression and metabolomics profiles. IUBMB Life 2019; 71:442-455. [DOI: 10.1002/iub.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Revised: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hye-Kyeong Kim
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition; The Catholic University of Korea; Bucheon South Korea
| | - Sung Nim Han
- Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Human Ecology; Seoul National University; Seoul South Korea
- Research Institute of Human Ecology, Seoul National University; Seoul South Korea
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16
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The Role of Vitamin E in the Treatment of NAFLD. Diseases 2018; 6:diseases6040086. [PMID: 30249972 PMCID: PMC6313719 DOI: 10.3390/diseases6040086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Revised: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
There has been a growing interest in the role of vitamin E supplementation in the treatment and/or prevention of nonalcoholic fatty liver (NAFLD). We performed a systematic review of the medical literature from inception through 15 June 2018 by utilizing PubMed and searching for key terms such as NAFLD, vitamin E, alpha-tocopherol, and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Data from studies and medical literature focusing on the role of vitamin E therapy in patients with NAFLD and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) were reviewed. Most studies assessing the impact of vitamin E in NAFLD were designed to evaluate patients with NASH with documented biochemical and histological abnormalities. These studies demonstrated improvement in biochemical profiles, with a decline in or normalization of liver enzymes. Furthermore, histological assessment showed favorable outcomes in lobular inflammation and hepatic steatosis following treatment with vitamin E. Current guidelines regarding the use of vitamin E in the setting of NAFLD recommend that vitamin E-based treatment be restricted to biopsy-proven nondiabetic patients with NASH only. However, some concerns have been raised regarding the use of vitamin E in patients with NASH due to its adverse effects profile and lack of significant improvement in hepatic fibrosis. In conclusion, the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic properties of vitamin E accompanied by ease-of-use and exceptional tolerability have made vitamin E a pragmatic therapeutic choice in non-diabetic patients with histologic evidence of NASH. Future clinical trials with study design to assess vitamin E in combination with other anti-fibrotic agents may yield an additive or synergistic therapeutic effect.
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17
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION AND AIM Salidroside and curcumin (SC) formula could alleviate lipid deposition in high fat diet-induced nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). However, the mechanisms are still unknown, and the magnitude of potential therapeutic benefit remains understudied. MATERIAL AND METHODS The rats were treated with high fat diet for 14 weeks to induce NAFLD. The experiment was divided into control, model (NAFLD), SC formula and rosiglitazone groups (n = 7 in each group). Hematoxylin-eosin (H&E) staining was applied to detect liver morphological changes. Biochemical, metabolic indices and inflammation factors in liver tissue and serum were detected. Additionally, the activities of related enzymes were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS In the established rat model, typical lipid deposition and liver steatosis were observed. Liver triglyceride, free fatty acids, sera alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, gamma-glutamyl transferase, fasting insulin, fasting blood glucose and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance were elevated in model group. Liver malondialdehyde was significantly elevated, while superoxide dismutase was significantly decreased in model group, compared with control. Moreover, tumor necrosis factor-α and Interleukin-1 were significantly produced in model group, compared with control. As a mechanism, high fat diet decreased tissue AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), phosphorylated AMPK, carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 and increased inacetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACCase), phosphorylated ACCase. Importantly, these abnormal changes caused by high fat diet were reduced by SC formula administration. CONCLUSION SC formula could ameliorate the injury caused by high fat diet. The effect was likely mediated via its influence on insulin resistance, lipid peroxidation injury and AMPK signaling pathway.
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18
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Metrustry SJ, Karhunen V, Edwards MH, Menni C, Geisendorfer T, Huber A, Reichel C, Dennison EM, Cooper C, Spector T, Jarvelin MR, Valdes AM. Metabolomic signatures of low birthweight: Pathways to insulin resistance and oxidative stress. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0194316. [PMID: 29566009 PMCID: PMC5863971 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0194316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Several studies suggest that low birthweight resulting from restricted intrauterine growth can leave a metabolic footprint which may persist into adulthood. To investigate this, we performed metabolomic profiling on 5036 female twins, aged 18-80, with weight at birth information available from the TwinsUK cohort and performed independent replication in two additional cohorts. Out of 422 compounds tested, 25 metabolites associated with birthweight in these twins, replicated in 1951 men and women from the Hertfordshire Cohort Study (HCS, aged 66) and in 2391 men and women from the North Finland Birth 1986 cohort (NFBC, aged 16). We found distinct heterogeneity between sexes and, after adjusting for multiple tests and heterogeneity, two metabolites were reproducible overall (propionylcarnitine and 3-4-hydroxyphenyllactate). Testing women only, we found other metabolites associated with lower birthweight from the meta-analysis of the three cohorts (2-hydroxy-butyric acid and γ-glutamylleucine). Higher levels of all these metabolites can be linked to insulin resistance, oxidative stress or a dysfunction of energy metabolism, suggesting that low birthweight in both twins and singletons are having an impact on these pathways in adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Jane Metrustry
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, Kings College London, St Thomas' Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ville Karhunen
- Center for Life Course Health Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Oulu University Hospital, Unit of Primary Care, Oulu, Finland
| | - Mark H Edwards
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Cristina Menni
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, Kings College London, St Thomas' Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Anja Huber
- Seibersdorf Labor GmbH, Seibersdorf, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Elaine M Dennison
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom.,Victoria University, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Cyrus Cooper
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom.,NIHR Musculoskeletal Biomedical Research Unit, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.,NIHR Nutrition Biomedical Research Centre, University of Southampton and University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Tim Spector
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, Kings College London, St Thomas' Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Marjo-Riitta Jarvelin
- Center for Life Course Health Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Oulu University Hospital, Unit of Primary Care, Oulu, Finland.,Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment & Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.,Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Ana M Valdes
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, Kings College London, St Thomas' Hospital, London, United Kingdom.,University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
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Sorokin AV, Domenichiello AF, Dey AK, Yuan ZX, Goyal A, Rose SM, Playford MP, Ramsden CE, Mehta NN. Bioactive Lipid Mediator Profiles in Human Psoriasis Skin and Blood. J Invest Dermatol 2018; 138:1518-1528. [PMID: 29454560 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2018.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Revised: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 02/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Psoriasis is a chronic immune-mediated disease that represents a unique model for investigating inflammation at local and systemic levels. Bioactive lipid mediators (LMs) are potent compounds reported to play a role in the development and resolution of inflammation. Currently, it is not known to what extent these LMs are involved in psoriasis pathophysiology and related metabolic dysfunction. Here, we use targeted and untargeted liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry approaches to quantify LMs in skin and peripheral blood from psoriasis patients and compared them with those of healthy individuals. Lesional psoriasis skin was abundant in arachidonic acid metabolites, as 8-, 12- and 15-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid, compared with adjacent nonlesional and skin from healthy individuals. Additionally, a linoleic acid-derived LM, 13-hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid, was significantly increased compared with healthy skin (607.9 ng/g vs. 5.4 ng/g, P = 0.001). These psoriasis skin differences were accompanied by plasma decreases in antioxidant markers, including glutathione, and impaired lipolysis characterized by lower concentrations of primary and secondary bile acids. In conclusion, our study shows that psoriasis skin and blood have disease-specific phenotype profiles of bioactive LMs represented by omega-6 fatty acid-oxidized derivatives. These findings provide insights into psoriasis pathophysiology that could potentially contribute to new biomarkers and therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander V Sorokin
- Section of Inflammation and Cardiometabolic Diseases, Cardio-Pulmonary Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Anthony F Domenichiello
- Lipid Mediators, Inflammation, and Pain Unit, Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Amit K Dey
- Section of Inflammation and Cardiometabolic Diseases, Cardio-Pulmonary Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Zhi-Xin Yuan
- Lipid Mediators, Inflammation, and Pain Unit, Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Aditya Goyal
- Section of Inflammation and Cardiometabolic Diseases, Cardio-Pulmonary Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Shawn M Rose
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Clinical Development, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
| | - Martin P Playford
- Section of Inflammation and Cardiometabolic Diseases, Cardio-Pulmonary Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Christopher E Ramsden
- Lipid Mediators, Inflammation, and Pain Unit, Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA; Intramural Program of the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA; FOODplus Research Centre, School of Agriculture Food and Wine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Nehal N Mehta
- Section of Inflammation and Cardiometabolic Diseases, Cardio-Pulmonary Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
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20
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Suárez M, Boqué N, Del Bas JM, Mayneris-Perxachs J, Arola L, Caimari A. Mediterranean Diet and Multi-Ingredient-Based Interventions for the Management of Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Nutrients 2017; 9:E1052. [PMID: 28937599 PMCID: PMC5691669 DOI: 10.3390/nu9101052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Revised: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) comprises a wide spectrum of hepatic disorders, from simple steatosis to hepatic necro-inflammation leading to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Although the prevalence of these multifactorial pathologies is continuously increasing in the population, there is still not an established methodology for their treatment other than weight loss and a change in lifestyle habits, such as a hypocaloric diet and physical exercise. In this framework, there is increasing evidence that several food bioactives and dietary patterns are effective for reversing and preventing the onset of these pathologies. Some studies have claimed that better responses are obtained when treatments are performed under a multifaceted approach, using different bioactive compounds that act against complementary targets. Thus, in this work, current strategies for treating NAFLD and NASH based on multi-ingredient-based supplements or the Mediterranean diet, a dietary pattern rich in bioactive compounds, are reviewed. Furthermore, the usefulness of omics techniques to design effective multi-ingredient nutritional interventions and to predict and monitor their response against these disorders is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Suárez
- Nutrigenomics Research Group, Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Universitat Rovira i Virgili (URV), Campus Sescelades, Tarragona 43007, Spain.
| | - Noemí Boqué
- Technological Unit of Nutrition and Health, EURECAT-Technology Centre of Catalonia, Avinguda Universitat 1, Reus 43204, Spain.
| | - Josep M Del Bas
- Technological Unit of Nutrition and Health, EURECAT-Technology Centre of Catalonia, Avinguda Universitat 1, Reus 43204, Spain.
| | - Jordi Mayneris-Perxachs
- Technological Unit of Nutrition and Health, EURECAT-Technology Centre of Catalonia, Avinguda Universitat 1, Reus 43204, Spain.
| | - Lluís Arola
- Nutrigenomics Research Group, Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Universitat Rovira i Virgili (URV), Campus Sescelades, Tarragona 43007, Spain.
- Technological Unit of Nutrition and Health, EURECAT-Technology Centre of Catalonia, Avinguda Universitat 1, Reus 43204, Spain.
| | - Antoni Caimari
- Technological Unit of Nutrition and Health, EURECAT-Technology Centre of Catalonia, Avinguda Universitat 1, Reus 43204, Spain.
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Menni C, Migaud M, Kastenmüller G, Pallister T, Zierer J, Peters A, Mohney RP, Spector TD, Bagnardi V, Gieger C, Moore SC, Valdes AM. Metabolomic Profiling of Long-Term Weight Change: Role of Oxidative Stress and Urate Levels in Weight Gain. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2017; 25:1618-1624. [PMID: 28758372 PMCID: PMC5601206 DOI: 10.1002/oby.21922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Revised: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the association between long-term weight change and blood metabolites. METHODS Change in BMI over 8.6 ± 3.79 years was assessed in 3,176 females from the TwinsUK cohort (age range: 18.3-79.6, baseline BMI: 25.11 ± 4.35) measured for 280 metabolites at follow-up. Statistically significant metabolites (adjusting for covariates) were included in a multivariable least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) model. Findings were replicated in the Cooperative Health Research in the Region of Augsburg (KORA) study (n = 1,760; age range: 25-70, baseline BMI: 27.72 ± 4.53). The study examined whether the metabolites identified could prospectively predict weight change in KORA and in the Prostate, Lung, Colorectal, and Ovarian Cancer (PLCO) study (n = 471; age range: 55-74, baseline BMI: 27.24 ± 5.37). RESULTS Thirty metabolites were significantly associated with change in BMI per year in TwinsUK using Bonferroni correction. Four were independently associated with weight change in the multivariable LASSO model and replicated in KORA: namely, urate (meta-analysis β [95% CI] = 0.05 [0.040 to 0.063]; P = 1.37 × 10-19 ), gamma-glutamyl valine (β [95% CI] = 0.06 [0.046 to 0.070]; P = 1.23 × 10-20 ), butyrylcarnitine (β [95% CI] = 0.04 [0.028 to 0.051]; P = 6.72 × 10-12 ), and 3-phenylpropionate (β [95% CI] = -0.03 [-0.041 to -0.019]; P = 9.8 × 10-8 ), all involved in oxidative stress. Higher levels of urate at baseline were associated with weight gain in KORA and PLCO. CONCLUSIONS Metabolites linked to higher oxidative stress are associated with increased long-term weight gain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Menni
- Department of Twin Research & Genetic EpidemiologyKing's College LondonLondonUK
| | - Marie Migaud
- Mitchell Cancer InstituteUniversity of South AlabamaMobileAlabamaUSA
| | - Gabi Kastenmüller
- Department of Twin Research & Genetic EpidemiologyKing's College LondonLondonUK
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum MünchenNeuherbergGermany
- German Center for Diabetes ResearchNeuherbergGermany
| | - Tess Pallister
- Department of Twin Research & Genetic EpidemiologyKing's College LondonLondonUK
| | - Jonas Zierer
- Department of Twin Research & Genetic EpidemiologyKing's College LondonLondonUK
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum MünchenNeuherbergGermany
| | - Annette Peters
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum MünchenNeuherbergGermany
| | | | - Tim D. Spector
- Department of Twin Research & Genetic EpidemiologyKing's College LondonLondonUK
| | - Vincenzo Bagnardi
- Department of Statistics and Quantitative MethodsUniversity of Milano‐BicoccaMilanItaly
| | - Christian Gieger
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum MünchenNeuherbergGermany
| | - Steve C. Moore
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and GeneticsNational Cancer Institute, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaMarylandUSA
| | - Ana M. Valdes
- Department of Twin Research & Genetic EpidemiologyKing's College LondonLondonUK
- School of Medicine, University of NottinghamNottinghamUK
- National Institute for Health Research, Nottingham Biomedical Research CentreNottinghamUK
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22
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Dong S, Zhan ZY, Cao HY, Wu C, Bian YQ, Li JY, Cheng GH, Liu P, Sun MY. Urinary metabolomics analysis identifies key biomarkers of different stages of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. World J Gastroenterol 2017; 23:2771-2784. [PMID: 28487615 PMCID: PMC5403757 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v23.i15.2771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Revised: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 02/17/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To identify a panel of biomarkers that can distinguish between non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), and explore molecular mechanism involved in the process of developing NASH from NAFLD.
METHODS Biomarkers may differ during stages of NAFLD. Urine and blood were obtained from non-diabetic subjects with NAFLD and steatosis, with normal liver function (n = 33), from patients with NASH, with abnormal liver function (n = 45), and from healthy age and sex-matched controls (n = 30). Samples were subjected to metabolomic analysis to identify potential non-invasive biomarkers. Differences in urinary metabolic profiles were analyzed using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry with principal component analysis and partial least squares-discriminate analysis.
RESULTS Compared with NAFLD patients, patients with NASH had abnormal liver function and high serum lipid concentrations. Urinary metabonomics found differences in 31 metabolites between these two groups, including differences in nucleic acids and amino acids. Pathway analysis based on overlapping metabolites showed that pathways of energy and amino acid metabolism, as well as the pentose phosphate pathway, were closely associated with pathological processes in NAFLD and NASH.
CONCLUSION These findings suggested that a panel of biomarkers could distinguish between NAFLD and NASH, and could help to determine the molecular mechanism involved in the process of developing NASH from NAFLD. Urinary biomarkers may be diagnostic in these patients and could be used to assess responses to therapeutic interventions.
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23
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Bonnefond A, Yengo L, Dechaume A, Canouil M, Castelain M, Roger E, Allegaert F, Caiazzo R, Raverdy V, Pigeyre M, Arredouani A, Borys JM, Lévy-Marchal C, Weill J, Roussel R, Balkau B, Marre M, Pattou F, Brousseau T, Froguel P. Relationship between salivary/pancreatic amylase and body mass index: a systems biology approach. BMC Med 2017; 15:37. [PMID: 28228143 PMCID: PMC5322607 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-017-0784-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Salivary (AMY1) and pancreatic (AMY2) amylases hydrolyze starch. Copy number of AMY1A (encoding AMY1) was reported to be higher in populations with a high-starch diet and reduced in obese people. These results based on quantitative PCR have been challenged recently. We aimed to re-assess the relationship between amylase and adiposity using a systems biology approach. METHODS We assessed the association between plasma enzymatic activity of AMY1 or AMY2, and several metabolic traits in almost 4000 French individuals from D.E.S.I.R. longitudinal study. The effect of the number of copies of AMY1A (encoding AMY1) or AMY2A (encoding AMY2) measured through droplet digital PCR was then analyzed on the same parameters in the same study. A Mendelian randomization analysis was also performed. We subsequently assessed the association between AMY1A copy number and obesity risk in two case-control studies (5000 samples in total). Finally, we assessed the association between body mass index (BMI)-related plasma metabolites and AMY1 or AMY2 activity. RESULTS We evidenced strong associations between AMY1 or AMY2 activity and lower BMI. However, we found a modest contribution of AMY1A copy number to lower BMI. Mendelian randomization identified a causal negative effect of BMI on AMY1 and AMY2 activities. Yet, we also found a significant negative contribution of AMY1 activity at baseline to the change in BMI during the 9-year follow-up, and a significant contribution of AMY1A copy number to lower obesity risk in children, suggesting a bidirectional relationship between AMY1 activity and adiposity. Metabonomics identified a BMI-independent association between AMY1 activity and lactate, a product of complex carbohydrate fermentation. CONCLUSIONS These findings provide new insights into the involvement of amylase in adiposity and starch metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amélie Bonnefond
- University of Lille, CNRS, Institut Pasteur de Lille, UMR 8199 - EGID, Lille, 59000, France.
| | - Loïc Yengo
- University of Lille, CNRS, Institut Pasteur de Lille, UMR 8199 - EGID, Lille, 59000, France.,Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, 4067, Australia
| | - Aurélie Dechaume
- University of Lille, CNRS, Institut Pasteur de Lille, UMR 8199 - EGID, Lille, 59000, France
| | - Mickaël Canouil
- University of Lille, CNRS, Institut Pasteur de Lille, UMR 8199 - EGID, Lille, 59000, France
| | - Maxime Castelain
- University of Lille, CNRS, Institut Pasteur de Lille, UMR 8199 - EGID, Lille, 59000, France
| | - Estelle Roger
- University of Lille, CNRS, Institut Pasteur de Lille, UMR 8199 - EGID, Lille, 59000, France
| | - Frédéric Allegaert
- University of Lille, CNRS, Institut Pasteur de Lille, UMR 8199 - EGID, Lille, 59000, France
| | - Robert Caiazzo
- University of Lille, Inserm, U1190 - EGID, Lille, 59000, France.,Endocrine Surgery Department, CHU of Lille, Lille, 59000, France
| | - Violeta Raverdy
- University of Lille, Inserm, U1190 - EGID, Lille, 59000, France.,Endocrine Surgery Department, CHU of Lille, Lille, 59000, France
| | - Marie Pigeyre
- University of Lille, Inserm, U1190 - EGID, Lille, 59000, France.,Endocrine Surgery Department, CHU of Lille, Lille, 59000, France
| | | | | | - Claire Lévy-Marchal
- Inserm CIE 05 - Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Robert Debré Hospital, Paris, 75019, France
| | - Jacques Weill
- Pediatric Endocrine Department, CHU of Lille, Lille, 59000, France
| | - Ronan Roussel
- Inserm, U1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, 75006, France.,Paris-Diderot University, Sorbonne Paris-Cité, Paris, 75013, France.,Department of Endocrinology-Diabetology and Nutrition, DHU-FIRE, Bichat Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, 75018, France
| | - Beverley Balkau
- Inserm, U1018, CESP, Team 5 (EpReC, Renal and cardiovascular Epidemiology), UVSQ-UPS, Villejuif, 94807, France
| | - Michel Marre
- Inserm, U1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, 75006, France.,Paris-Diderot University, Sorbonne Paris-Cité, Paris, 75013, France.,Department of Endocrinology-Diabetology and Nutrition, DHU-FIRE, Bichat Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, 75018, France
| | - François Pattou
- University of Lille, Inserm, U1190 - EGID, Lille, 59000, France.,Endocrine Surgery Department, CHU of Lille, Lille, 59000, France
| | - Thierry Brousseau
- UF8832 - Biochimie Automatisée, Pôle de Biologie Pathologie Génétique, CHU of Lille, Lille, 59000, France
| | - Philippe Froguel
- University of Lille, CNRS, Institut Pasteur de Lille, UMR 8199 - EGID, Lille, 59000, France. .,Department of Genomics of Common Disease, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, W12 0NN, UK.
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24
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Banini BA, Sanyal AJ. Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, Natural History, Diagnosis, and Current Treatment Options. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 8:75-84. [PMID: 28670148 DOI: 10.4137/cmt.s18885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is on the rise and has become a major etiology for chronic liver disease. It is frequently associated with obesity, insulin resistance, hypertension, and dyslipidemia and is considered the hepatic manifestation of metabolic syndrome. In this review, we present a summary of the epidemiology and pathogenesis of NAFLD, and discuss the clinical evaluation and stratification of NAFLD patients into low, intermediate, and high risk with respect to liver-related outcomes. While diet and exercise are the cornerstone of treatment in all patients, the low rate of adherence and inadequacy of these recommendations necessitate pharmacologic intervention, especially in intermediate- and high-risk patients. We discuss vitamin E and pioglitazone which are often used as first-line therapy by many practitioners, with pentoxifylline and liraglutide as backup agents. Several drugs are in advanced-phase clinical trials and will likely change the landscape for management of NAFLD in the very near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bubu A Banini
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Virginia Commonwealth University Medical Center, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Arun J Sanyal
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Virginia Commonwealth University Medical Center, Richmond, VA, USA
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25
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Woo Baidal JA, Lavine JE. The intersection of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and obesity. Sci Transl Med 2016; 8:323rv1. [PMID: 26819197 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aad8390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common chronic liver disease worldwide and recently emerged as the most rapidly increasing indication for liver transplant. Although obesity is a risk factor for NAFLD, overlap between these two entities is incompletely understood. We highlight recent insights into the pathogenesis of human NAFLD in relation to obesity and discuss advances in the diagnosis and treatment of NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A Woo Baidal
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Joel E Lavine
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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26
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Serum Metabolomic Response to Long-Term Supplementation with all-rac- α-Tocopheryl Acetate in a Randomized Controlled Trial. J Nutr Metab 2016; 2016:6158436. [PMID: 27840740 PMCID: PMC5093288 DOI: 10.1155/2016/6158436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. The Alpha-Tocopherol, Beta-Carotene Cancer Prevention (ATBC) Study, a randomized controlled cancer prevention trial, showed a 32% reduction in prostate cancer incidence in response to vitamin E supplementation. Two other trials were not confirmatory, however. Objective. We compared the change in serum metabolome of the ATBC Study participants randomized to receive vitamin E to those who were not by randomly selecting 50 men from each of the intervention groups (50 mg/day all-rac-α-tocopheryl acetate (ATA), 20 mg/day β-carotene, both, placebo). Methods. Metabolomic profiling was conducted on baseline and follow-up fasting serum (Metabolon, Inc.). Results. After correction for multiple comparisons, five metabolites were statistically significantly altered (β is the change in metabolite level expressed as number of standard deviations on the log scale): α-CEHC sulfate (β = 1.51, p = 1.45 × 10−38), α-CEHC glucuronide (β = 1.41, p = 1.02 × 10−31), α-tocopherol (β = 0.97, p = 2.22 × 10−13), γ-tocopherol (β = −0.90, p = 1.76 × 10−11), and β-tocopherol (β = −0.73, p = 9.40 × 10−8). Glutarylcarnitine, beta-alanine, ornithine, and N6-acetyllysine were also decreased by ATA supplementation (β range 0.40 to −0.36), but not statistically significantly. Conclusions. Comparison of the observed metabolite alterations resulting from ATA supplementation to those in other vitamin E trials of different populations, dosages, or formulations may shed light on the apparently discordant vitamin E-prostate cancer risk findings.
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27
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Yengo L, Arredouani A, Marre M, Roussel R, Vaxillaire M, Falchi M, Haoudi A, Tichet J, Balkau B, Bonnefond A, Froguel P. Impact of statistical models on the prediction of type 2 diabetes using non-targeted metabolomics profiling. Mol Metab 2016; 5:918-925. [PMID: 27689004 PMCID: PMC5034686 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2016.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Revised: 08/12/2016] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Characterizing specific metabolites in sub-clinical phases preceding the onset of type 2 diabetes to enable efficient preventive and personalized interventions. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We developed predictive models of type 2 diabetes using two strategies. One strategy focused on the probability of incidence only and was based on logistic regression (MRS1); the other strategy accounted for the age at diagnosis of diabetes and was based on Cox regression (MRS2). We assessed 293 metabolites using non-targeted metabolomics in fasting plasma samples of 1,044 participants (including 231 incident cases over 9 years) used as training population; and fasting serum samples of 128 participants (64 incident cases versus 64 controls) used as validation population. We applied a LASSO-based variable selection aiming at maximizing the out-of-sample area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AROC) and integrated AROC. RESULTS Sixteen and 17 metabolites were selected for MRS1 and MRS2, respectively, with AROC = 90% and 73% in the training and validation populations, respectively for MRS1. MRS2 had a similar performance and was significantly associated with a younger age of onset of type 2 diabetes (β = -3.44 years per MRS2 SD in the training population, p = 1.56 × 10(-7); β = -4.73 years per MRS2 SD in the validation population, p = 4.04 × 10(-3)). CONCLUSIONS Overall, this study illustrates that metabolomics improves prediction of type 2 diabetes incidence of 4.5% on top of known clinical and biological markers, reaching 90% in total AROC, which is considered the threshold for clinical validity, suggesting it may be used in targeting interventions to prevent type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loic Yengo
- CNRS UMR8199, Pasteur Institute of Lille, Lille, France; European Genomic Institute for Diabetes (EGID), FR-3508, Lille, France; Lille University, France
| | | | - Michel Marre
- INSERM, U1138 (équipe 2: Pathophysiology and Therapeutics of Vascular and Renal Diseases Related to Diabetes, Centre de Recherches des Cordeliers), Paris, France; University Paris 7 Denis Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, France; AP-HP, DHU FIRE, Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology, Nutrition, and Metabolic Diseases, Bichat Claude Bernard Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Ronan Roussel
- INSERM, U1138 (équipe 2: Pathophysiology and Therapeutics of Vascular and Renal Diseases Related to Diabetes, Centre de Recherches des Cordeliers), Paris, France; University Paris 7 Denis Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, France; AP-HP, DHU FIRE, Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology, Nutrition, and Metabolic Diseases, Bichat Claude Bernard Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Martine Vaxillaire
- CNRS UMR8199, Pasteur Institute of Lille, Lille, France; European Genomic Institute for Diabetes (EGID), FR-3508, Lille, France; Lille University, France
| | - Mario Falchi
- Department of Genomics of Common Disease, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
| | - Abdelali Haoudi
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Beverley Balkau
- INSERM U-1018, CESP, Renal and Cardiovascular Epidemiology, UVSQ-UPS, Villejuif, France
| | - Amélie Bonnefond
- CNRS UMR8199, Pasteur Institute of Lille, Lille, France; European Genomic Institute for Diabetes (EGID), FR-3508, Lille, France; Lille University, France
| | - Philippe Froguel
- CNRS UMR8199, Pasteur Institute of Lille, Lille, France; European Genomic Institute for Diabetes (EGID), FR-3508, Lille, France; Lille University, France; Department of Genomics of Common Disease, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK.
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28
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Bajaj JS. The Relationship Between the Gut Microbiota and Liver Disease. Gastroenterol Hepatol (N Y) 2015; 11:626-628. [PMID: 27482186 PMCID: PMC4965624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jasmohan S Bajaj
- Associate Professor of Medicine Virginia Commonwealth University and McGuire VA Medical Center Richmond, Virginia
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29
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Abstract
Oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation have been implicated in the pathogenesis of various diseases, including atherosclerosis and fatty liver diseases, and consequently the role of antioxidants in the prevention and treatment of such diseases has received much attention. In particular, the effects of vitamin E, the most important lipophilic radical-scavenging antioxidant, have been investigated extensively. Many in vitro, animal, and epidemiological studies have reported positive results, but large-scale randomized controlled intervention studies and meta-analyses have produced inconsistent and often disappointing results. In the present review article, the role and action of vitamin E are discussed, with consideration of the factors that determine the outcome of vitamin E treatment. Vitamin E should benefit subjects experiencing oxidative stress due to free radicals when administered at the correct time and for an appropriate duration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Etsuo Niki
- Health Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science & Technology, Ikeda, Japan
- Department of Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
- Correspondence to Etsuo Niki, Ph.D. Health Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science & Technology, 1-8-31 Midorigaoka, Ikeda 563-8577, Japan Tel: +81-3-5313-2555 Fax: +81-3-5313-2555 E-mail:
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30
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Pacana T, Cazanave S, Verdianelli A, Patel V, Min HK, Mirshahi F, Quinlivan E, Sanyal AJ. Dysregulated Hepatic Methionine Metabolism Drives Homocysteine Elevation in Diet-Induced Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0136822. [PMID: 26322888 PMCID: PMC4556375 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0136822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2014] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Methionine metabolism plays a central role in methylation reactions, production of glutathione and methylarginines, and modulating homocysteine levels. The mechanisms by which these are affected in NAFLD are not fully understood. The aim is to perform a metabolomic, molecular and epigenetic analyses of hepatic methionine metabolism in diet-induced NAFLD. Female 129S1/SvlmJ;C57Bl/6J mice were fed a chow (n = 6) or high-fat high-cholesterol (HFHC) diet (n = 8) for 52 weeks. Metabolomic study, enzymatic expression and DNA methylation analyses were performed. HFHC diet led to weight gain, marked steatosis and extensive fibrosis. In the methionine cycle, hepatic methionine was depleted (30%, p< 0.01) while s-adenosylmethionine (SAM)/methionine ratio (p< 0.05), s-adenosylhomocysteine (SAH) (35%, p< 0.01) and homocysteine (25%, p< 0.01) were increased significantly. SAH hydrolase protein levels decreased significantly (p <0.01). Serine, a substrate for both homocysteine remethylation and transsulfuration, was depleted (45%, p< 0.01). In the transsulfuration pathway, cystathionine and cysteine trended upward while glutathione decreased significantly (p< 0.05). In the transmethylation pathway, levels of glycine N-methyltransferase (GNMT), the most abundant methyltransferase in the liver, decreased. The phosphatidylcholine (PC)/ phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) ratio increased significantly (p< 0.01), indicative of increased phosphatidylethanolamine methyltransferase (PEMT) activity. The protein levels of protein arginine methytransferase 1 (PRMT1) increased significantly, but its products, monomethylarginine (MMA) and asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA), decreased significantly. Circulating ADMA increased and approached significance (p< 0.06). Protein expression of methionine adenosyltransferase 1A, cystathionine β-synthase, γ-glutamylcysteine synthetase, betaine-homocysteine methyltransferase, and methionine synthase remained unchanged. Although gene expression of the DNA methyltransferase Dnmt3a decreased, the global DNA methylation was unaltered. Among individual genes, only HMG-CoA reductase (Hmgcr) was hypermethylated, and no methylation changes were observed in fatty acid synthase (Fasn), nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells 1 (Nfκb1), c-Jun, B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) and Caspase 3. NAFLD was associated with hepatic methionine deficiency and homocysteine elevation, resulting mainly from impaired homocysteine remethylation, and aberrancy in methyltransferase reactions. Despite increased PRMT1 expression, hepatic ADMA was depleted while circulating ADMA was increased, suggesting increased export to circulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tommy Pacana
- Div. of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Dept. of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, 23298, United States of America
- * E-mail: (AJS); (TP)
| | - Sophie Cazanave
- Div. of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Dept. of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, 23298, United States of America
| | - Aurora Verdianelli
- Div. of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Dept. of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, 23298, United States of America
| | - Vaishali Patel
- Div. of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Dept. of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, 23298, United States of America
| | - Hae-Ki Min
- Div. of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Dept. of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, 23298, United States of America
| | - Faridoddin Mirshahi
- Div. of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Dept. of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, 23298, United States of America
| | - Eoin Quinlivan
- Biomedical Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, General Clinical Research Center, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States of America
| | - Arun J. Sanyal
- Div. of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Dept. of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, 23298, United States of America
- * E-mail: (AJS); (TP)
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Exploratory Metabolomic Analyses Reveal Compounds Correlated with Lutein Concentration in Frontal Cortex, Hippocampus, and Occipital Cortex of Human Infant Brain. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0136904. [PMID: 26317757 PMCID: PMC4552625 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0136904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 08/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Lutein is a dietary carotenoid well known for its role as an antioxidant in the macula, and recent reports implicate a role for lutein in cognitive function. Lutein is the dominant carotenoid in both pediatric and geriatric brain tissue. In addition, cognitive function in older adults correlated with macular and postmortem brain lutein concentrations. Furthermore, lutein was found to preferentially accumulate in the infant brain in comparison to other carotenoids that are predominant in diet. While lutein is consistently related to cognitive function, the mechanisms by which lutein may influence cognition are not clear. In an effort to identify potential mechanisms through which lutein might influence neurodevelopment, an exploratory study relating metabolite signatures and lutein was completed. Post-mortem metabolomic analyses were performed on human infant brain tissues in three regions important for learning and memory: the frontal cortex, hippocampus, and occipital cortex. Metabolomic profiles were compared to lutein concentration, and correlations were identified and reported here. A total of 1276 correlations were carried out across all brain regions. Of 427 metabolites analyzed, 257 were metabolites of known identity. Unidentified metabolite correlations (510) were excluded. In addition, moderate correlations with xenobiotic relationships (2) or those driven by single outliers (3) were excluded from further study. Lutein concentrations correlated with lipid pathway metabolites, energy pathway metabolites, brain osmolytes, amino acid neurotransmitters, and the antioxidant homocarnosine. These correlations were often brain region—specific. Revealing relationships between lutein and metabolic pathways may help identify potential candidates on which to complete further analyses and may shed light on important roles of lutein in the human brain during development.
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Sookoian S, Pirola CJ. Personalizing care for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease patients: what are the research priorities? Per Med 2014; 11:735-743. [PMID: 29764046 DOI: 10.2217/pme.14.44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a common chronic liver disease whose prevalence has reached global epidemic proportions, not only in adults but also in children. From a clinical point of view, NAFLD stems a myriad of challenges to physicians, researchers and patients. In this study, we revise the current knowledge and recent insights on NAFLD pathogenesis and diagnosis in the context of a personalized perspective with special focus on the following issues: noninvasive biomarkers for the evaluation of disease severity and progression, lifestyle-related patients' recommendations, risk prediction of disease by genetic testing, management of NAFLD-associated comorbidities and patient-oriented therapeutic intervention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Sookoian
- Department of Clinical & Molecular Hepatology, Institute of Medical Research A Lanari-IDIM, University of Buenos Aires - National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Carlos J Pirola
- Department of Molecular Genetics & Biology of Complex Diseases, Institute of Medical Research A Lanari-IDIM, University of Buenos Aires - National Scientific & Technical Research Council (CONICET), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Rahimi Naini S, Fuchs M. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in patients with diabetes mellitus. Expert Rev Endocrinol Metab 2014; 9:503-514. [PMID: 30736212 DOI: 10.1586/17446651.2014.938053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), including the disease stages steatosis and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, is the most common cause of chronic liver disease worldwide and linked to the epidemic of diabetes mellitus and obesity. It is characterized by a high cardiovascular and liver-related mortality and expected to be the leading cause for liver transplantation in the near future. This review summarizes recent progress made in our understanding of the disease pathogenesis and the clinical management of patients with NAFLD. Strategies to manage diabetes mellitus will be evaluated in terms of their effectiveness in treating patients with NAFLD and novel pharmacological targets capable to treat diabetes mellitus and NAFLD will be highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sohrab Rahimi Naini
- a Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Virginia Commonwealth University Medical Center, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Michael Fuchs
- a Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Virginia Commonwealth University Medical Center, Richmond, VA, USA
- b Hunter Holmes McGuire Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Gastrointestinal and Hepatology Service, (111-N) McGuire DVAMC, 1201 Broad Rock Boulevard, Richmond, VA, USA
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Mao XW, Pecaut MJ, Stodieck LS, Ferguson VL, Bateman TA, Bouxsein ML, Gridley DS. Biological and metabolic response in STS-135 space-flown mouse skin. Free Radic Res 2014; 48:890-7. [PMID: 24796731 DOI: 10.3109/10715762.2014.920086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
There is evidence that space flight condition-induced biological damage is associated with increased oxidative stress and extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling. To explore possible mechanisms, changes in gene expression profiles implicated in oxidative stress and in ECM remodeling in mouse skin were examined after space flight. The metabolic effects of space flight in skin tissues were also characterized. Space Shuttle Atlantis (STS-135) was launched at the Kennedy Space Center on a 13-day mission. Female C57BL/6 mice were flown in the STS-135 using animal enclosure modules (AEMs). Within 3-5 h after landing, the mice were euthanized and skin samples were harvested for gene array analysis and metabolic biochemical assays. Many genes responsible for regulating production and metabolism of reactive oxygen species (ROS) were significantly (p < 0.05) altered in the flight group, with fold changes >1.5 compared to AEM control. For ECM profile, several genes encoding matrix and metalloproteinases involved in ECM remodeling were significantly up-/down-regulated following space flight. To characterize the metabolic effects of space flight, global biochemical profiles were evaluated. Of 332 named biochemicals, 19 differed significantly (p < 0.05) between space flight skin samples and AEM ground controls, with 12 up-regulated and 7 down-regulated including altered amino acid, carbohydrate metabolism, cell signaling, and transmethylation pathways. Collectively, the data demonstrated that space flight condition leads to a shift in biological and metabolic homeostasis as the consequence of increased regulation in cellular antioxidants, ROS production, and tissue remodeling. This indicates that astronauts may be at increased risk for pathophysiologic damage or carcinogenesis in cutaneous tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- X W Mao
- Division of Radiation Research, Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University and Medical Center , Loma Linda, CA , USA
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease is the most common cause of chronic liver disease in Western countries, and consists of a spectrum of histopathological changes that range in severity from simple steatosis to steatohepatitis to cirrhosis. The use of pharmacological agents as adjunctive therapy to lifestyle modification is crucial, because weight loss is often difficult to achieve and maintain. The purpose of this review is to analyze the most recent literature pertaining to current therapies for nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), as there are currently no Food and Drug Administration-approved medications. RECENT FINDINGS Recent studies suggest that vitamin E may improve liver histology in NASH without affecting insulin resistance; however, long-term risks remain to be studied. Pioglitazone is beneficial in improving liver histology and insulin resistance, but is associated with weight gain. Emerging data suggest that pentoxifylline may also be beneficial in improving serum aminotransferase and liver histology in patients with biopsy-proven NASH. SUMMARY Ongoing research evaluating potential pharmacological agents for NASH is critical, because these patients are at an increased risk for cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. The current therapies being used for the treatment of NASH include the use of vitamin E and pioglitazone, in addition to dietary counseling and regular exercise.
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Sumida Y, Niki E, Naito Y, Yoshikawa T. Involvement of free radicals and oxidative stress in NAFLD/NASH. Free Radic Res 2013; 47:869-80. [PMID: 24004441 DOI: 10.3109/10715762.2013.837577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is now the most common liver disease affecting high proportion of the population worldwide. NAFLD encompasses a large spectrum of conditions ranging from fatty liver to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), which can progress to cirrhosis and cancer. NAFLD is considered as a multifactorial disease in relation to the pathogenic mechanisms. Oxidative stress has been implicated in the pathogenesis of NAFLD and NASH and the involvement of reactive oxygen species (ROS) has been suggested. Many studies show the association between the levels of lipid oxidation products and disease state. However, often neither oxidative stress nor ROS has been characterized, despite oxidative stress is mediated by multiple active species by different mechanisms and the same lipid oxidation products are produced by different active species. Further, the effects of various antioxidants have been assessed in human and animal studies, but the effects of drugs are determined by the type of active species, suggesting the importance of characterizing the active species involved. This review article is focused on the role of free radicals and free radical-mediated lipid peroxidation in the pathogenesis of NAFLD and NASH, taking characteristic features of free radical-mediated oxidation into consideration. The detailed analysis of lipid oxidation products shows the involvement of free radicals in the pathogenesis of NAFLD and NASH. Potential beneficial effects of antioxidants such as vitamin E are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Sumida
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine , Kyoto , Japan
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Wong M, Lodge JK. A metabolomic investigation of the effects of vitamin E supplementation in humans. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2012; 9:110. [PMID: 23253157 PMCID: PMC3541165 DOI: 10.1186/1743-7075-9-110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2012] [Accepted: 12/15/2012] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Vitamin E is a nutrient with both antioxidant and non-antioxidant activities and has been shown to modulate the function of a number of cell types in vitro and in human studies. However studies have also shown vitamin E to have detrimental interactions and therefore it is important to establish the extent to which this nutrient influences metabolism. Metabolomics can potentially identify nutrient-metabolism interactions and therefore the aim of this study was to use a non-targeted metabolomic approach to identify changes to the plasma metabolome following vitamin E supplementation in humans. Methods A relatively homogenous healthy adult male population (n = 10) provided a fasting blood sample immediately before and after a 4-week vitamin E supplementation regime (400 mg/d of RRR-α-tocopheryl acetate)) on top of their habitual diet. Plasma samples were analysed for vitamin E and clinical markers. Plasma underwent non-targeted metabolite profiling using liquid chromatography/mass spectroscopy and data was processed using multivariate statistical analysis. Results Plasma vitamin E concentrations were significantly increased following supplementation (p < 0.001). A partial least squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) model was able to discriminate between samples taken pre and post vitamin E supplementation (goodness of fit R2Y = 0.82, predictive ability Q2 = 0.50). Variable influence on projection and PLS-DA loadings highlighted a number of discriminating ions that were confirmed as discriminatory through pairwise analysis. From database searches and comparison with standards these metabolites included a number of lysophosphatidylcholine species (16:0, 18:0, 18:1, 18:2, 20:3 and 22:6) that were increased in intensity post supplementation by varying degrees from 4% to 29% with the greatest changes found for lysoPC 22:6 and 20:3. Conclusions Although a small scale study, these results potentially indicate that vitamin E supplementation influences phospholipid metabolism and induces lysoPC generation; a general pro-inflammatory response. Moreover the study identifies novel areas of vitamin E interactions and highlights the potential of metabolomics for elucidating interactions between nutrients and metabolic pathways in nutritional research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max Wong
- School of Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Ellison Building, Newcastle-Upon-Tyne, Tyne & Wear, NE1 8ST, UK.
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