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Baris A, Fraile-Bethencourt E, Eubanks J, Khou S, Anand S. Thymidine phosphorylase facilitates retinoic acid inducible gene-I induced endothelial dysfunction. Cell Death Dis 2023; 14:294. [PMID: 37100811 PMCID: PMC10131517 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-023-05821-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023]
Abstract
Activation of nucleic acid sensors in endothelial cells (ECs) has been shown to drive inflammation across pathologies including cancer, atherosclerosis and obesity. We previously showed that enhancing cytosolic DNA sensing by inhibiting three prime exonuclease 1 (TREX1) in ECs led to EC dysfunction and impaired angiogenesis. Here we show that activation of a cytosolic RNA sensor, Retinoic acid Induced Gene 1 (RIG-I) diminishes EC survival, angiogenesis and triggers tissue specific gene expression programs. We discovered a RIG-I dependent 7 gene signature that affects angiogenesis, inflammation and coagulation. Among these, we identified the thymidine phosphorylase TYMP as a key mediator of RIG-I induced EC dysfunction via its regulation of a subset of interferon stimulated genes. Our RIG-I induced gene signature was also conserved in the context of human diseases - in lung cancer vasculature and herpesvirus infection of lung endothelial cells. Pharmacological or genetic inhibition of TYMP rescues RIG-I induced EC death, migration arrest and restores sprouting angiogenesis. Interestingly, using RNAseq we identified a gene expression program that was RIG-I induced but TYMP dependent. Analysis of this dataset indicated that IRF1 and IRF8 dependent transcription is diminished in RIG-I activated cells when TYMP is inhibited. Functional RNAi screen of our TYMP dependent EC genes, we found that a group of 5 genes - Flot1, Ccl5, Vars2, Samd9l and Ube2l6 are critical for endothelial cell death mediated by RIG-I activation. Our observations identify mechanisms by which RIG-I drives EC dysfunction and define pathways that can be pharmacologically targeted to ameliorate RIG-I induced vascular inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Baris
- Department of Cell, Developmental & Cancer Biology, Knight Cancer Institute, 2720 S Moody Avenue, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97201, USA
| | - Eugenia Fraile-Bethencourt
- Department of Cell, Developmental & Cancer Biology, Knight Cancer Institute, 2720 S Moody Avenue, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97201, USA
| | - Jaiden Eubanks
- Department of Cell, Developmental & Cancer Biology, Knight Cancer Institute, 2720 S Moody Avenue, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97201, USA
| | - Sokchea Khou
- Department of Cell, Developmental & Cancer Biology, Knight Cancer Institute, 2720 S Moody Avenue, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97201, USA
| | - Sudarshan Anand
- Department of Cell, Developmental & Cancer Biology, Knight Cancer Institute, 2720 S Moody Avenue, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97201, USA.
- Department of Radiation Medicine, Knight Cancer Institute, 2720 S Moody Avenue, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97201, USA.
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2
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The Yin and Yang of toll-like receptors in endothelial dysfunction. Int Immunopharmacol 2022; 108:108768. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.108768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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3
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Zhang P, Yang CL, Liu RT, Li H, Zhang M, Zhang N, Yue LT, Wang CC, Dou YC, Duan RS. Toll-like receptor 9 antagonist suppresses humoral immunity in experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis. Mol Immunol 2018; 94:200-208. [PMID: 29331804 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2018.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Revised: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have demonstrated the important role of toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) signalling in autoimmune diseases, but its role in myasthenia gravis (MG) has not been fully established. We show herein that blocking TLR9 signalling via the suppressive oligodeoxynucleotide (ODN) H154 alleviated the symptoms of experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis (EAMG). With the downregulation of dendritic cells (DCs), TLR9 interruption reduced follicular helper T cells (Tfh) and germinal centre (GC) B cells, leading to decreased antibody production. In addition, TLR9+ B cells as well as total B cells in the spleen were inhibited by H154. These findings highlight the critical role of TLR9 in EAMG and suggest that the inhibition of the TLR9 pathway might be a potential pharmacological strategy for the treatment of myasthenia gravis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan 250014, PR China
| | - Chun-Lin Yang
- Department of Neurology, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan 250014, PR China
| | - Ru-Tao Liu
- Department of Neurology, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan 250014, PR China
| | - Heng Li
- Department of Neurology, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan 250014, PR China
| | - Min Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan 250014, PR China
| | - Na Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan 250014, PR China
| | - Long-Tao Yue
- Medical Research Center, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan 250014, PR China
| | - Cong-Cong Wang
- Department of Neurology, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan 250014, PR China
| | - Ying-Chun Dou
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, PR China
| | - Rui-Sheng Duan
- Department of Neurology, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan 250014, PR China.
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Yan H, Li H, Denney J, Daniels C, Singh K, Chua B, Stuart C, Caudle Y, Hamdy R, LeSage G, Yin D. β-arrestin 2 attenuates cardiac dysfunction in polymicrobial sepsis through gp130 and p38. Biochem Biophys Rep 2016; 7:130-137. [PMID: 27957549 PMCID: PMC5147748 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2016.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Sepsis is an exaggerated systemic inflammatory response to persistent bacteria infection with high morbidity and mortality rate clinically. β-arrestin 2 modulates cell survival and cell death in different systems. However, the effect of β-arrestin 2 on sepsis-induced cardiac dysfunction is not yet known. Here, we show that β-arrestin 2 overexpression significantly enhances animal survival following cecal ligation and puncture (CLP)-induced sepsis. Importantly, overexpression of β-arrestin 2 in mice prevents CLP-induced cardiac dysfunction. Also, β-arrestin 2 overexpression dramatically attenuates CLP-induced myocardial gp130 and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) phosphorylation levels following CLP. Therefore, β-arrestin 2 prevents CLP-induced cardiac dysfunction through gp130 and p38. These results suggest that modulation of β-arrestin 2 might provide a novel therapeutic approach to prevent cardiac dysfunction in patients with sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Yan
- Departments of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA
| | - Hui Li
- Departments of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA
| | - James Denney
- Departments of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA
| | - Christopher Daniels
- Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA
| | - Krishna Singh
- Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA
| | - Balvin Chua
- Cecile Cox Quillen Laboratory of Geriatrics, College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA
| | - Charles Stuart
- Departments of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA
| | - Yi Caudle
- Departments of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA
| | - Ronald Hamdy
- Cecile Cox Quillen Laboratory of Geriatrics, College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA
| | - Gene LeSage
- Departments of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA
| | - Deling Yin
- Departments of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA
- Corresponding author.
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5
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Bualeong T, Kebir S, Hof D, Goelz L, Graewe M, Ehrentraut SF, Knuefermann P, Baumgarten G, Meyer R, Ehrentraut H. Tlr2 deficiency does not limit the development of left ventricular hypertrophy in a model of transverse aortic constriction induced pressure overload. J Negat Results Biomed 2016; 15:9. [PMID: 27109115 PMCID: PMC4843197 DOI: 10.1186/s12952-016-0050-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are involved in a variety of cardiovascular disorders, including septic cardiomyopathy, ischemia/reperfusion, heart failure, and cardiac hypertrophy. Previous research revealed that TLR4 promotes cardiac hypertrophy in vivo. Therefore, we investigated whether TLR2 is also involved in the development of cardiac hypertrophy. Methods Tlr2 deficient and wild type mice were subjected to transverse aortic constriction (TAC) or sham operation procedure. Left ventricular, heart and lung weights as well as hemodynamic parameters were determined after 3, 14 or 28 days. Real-time RT PCR was used to evaluate left ventricular gene expression. Protein content was determined via ELISA. Results TAC increased systolic left ventricular pressure, contraction and relaxations velocities as well as the heart weight in both genotypes. Tlr2 deficiency significantly enhanced cardiac hypertrophy after 14 and 28 days of TAC. Left ventricular end-diastolic pressure and heart rate increased in Tlr2−/− TAC mice only. Fourteen days of TAC led to a significant elevation of ANP, BNP, TGFβ and TLR4 mRNA levels in Tlr2−/− left ventricular tissue. Conclusion These data suggest that Tlr2 deficiency may promote the development of cardiac hypertrophy and ventricular remodeling after transverse aortic constriction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tippaporn Bualeong
- Physiology Department, Medical Science Faculty, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, 65000, Thailand.,Institute of Physiology II, University Hospital Bonn, Nussallee 11, 53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Sied Kebir
- Institute of Physiology II, University Hospital Bonn, Nussallee 11, 53115, Bonn, Germany.,Department of Neurology, University Hospital Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Str. 25, 53127, Bonn, Germany
| | - Dorothea Hof
- Institute of Physiology II, University Hospital Bonn, Nussallee 11, 53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Lina Goelz
- Institute of Physiology II, University Hospital Bonn, Nussallee 11, 53115, Bonn, Germany.,Polyclinic of Orthodontics, University of Bonn, Welschnonnenstraße 17, 53111, Bonn, Germany
| | - Mathias Graewe
- Institute of Physiology II, University Hospital Bonn, Nussallee 11, 53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Stefan Felix Ehrentraut
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Straße 25, 53127, Bonn, Germany
| | - Pascal Knuefermann
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Straße 25, 53127, Bonn, Germany
| | - Georg Baumgarten
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Straße 25, 53127, Bonn, Germany
| | - Rainer Meyer
- Institute of Physiology II, University Hospital Bonn, Nussallee 11, 53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Heidi Ehrentraut
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Straße 25, 53127, Bonn, Germany.
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6
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Salvador B, Arranz A, Francisco S, Córdoba L, Punzón C, Llamas MÁ, Fresno M. Modulation of endothelial function by Toll like receptors. Pharmacol Res 2016; 108:46-56. [PMID: 27073018 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2016.03.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Revised: 03/30/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Endothelial cells (EC) are able to actively control vascular permeability, coagulation, blood pressure and angiogenesis. Most recently, a role for endothelial cells in the immune response has been described. Therefore, the endothelium has a dual role controlling homeostasis but also being the first line for host defence and tissue damage repair thanks to its ability to mount an inflammatory response. Endothelial cells have been shown to express pattern-recognition receptors (PRR) including Toll-like receptors (TLR) that are activated in response to stimuli within the bloodstream including pathogens and damage signals. TLRs are strategic mediators of the immune response in endothelial cells but they also regulate the angiogenic process critical for tissue repair. Nevertheless, endothelial activation and angiogenesis can contribute to some pathologies. Thus, inappropriate endothelial activation, also known as endothelial dysfunction, through TLRs contributes to tissue damage during autoimmune and inflammatory diseases such as atherosclerosis, hypertension, ischemia and diabetes associated cardiovascular diseases. Also TLR induced angiogenesis is required for the growth of some tumors, atherosclerosis and rheumatoid arthritis, among others. In this review we discuss the importance of various TLRs in modulating the activation of endothelial cells and their importance in immunity to infection and vascular disease as well as their potential as therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alicia Arranz
- Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa", Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Sara Francisco
- Diomune SL, Parque Científico de Madrid, Madrid, Spain; Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa", Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Laura Córdoba
- Diomune SL, Parque Científico de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Carmen Punzón
- Diomune SL, Parque Científico de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
| | | | - Manuel Fresno
- Diomune SL, Parque Científico de Madrid, Madrid, Spain; Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa", Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
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7
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Ehrentraut H, Felix Ehrentraut S, Boehm O, El Aissati S, Foltz F, Goelz L, Goertz D, Kebir S, Weisheit C, Wolf M, Meyer R, Baumgarten G. Tlr4 Deficiency Protects against Cardiac Pressure Overload Induced Hyperinflammation. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0142921. [PMID: 26588247 PMCID: PMC4654478 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0142921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2015] [Accepted: 10/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Transverse aortic constriction provokes a pro-inflammatory reaction and results in cardiac hypertrophy. Endogenous ligands contribute to cardiac hypertrophy via toll-like receptor (TLR)-4 binding. A lack of TLR4 signaling diminishes hypertrophy and inflammation. Wild type mice undergoing aortic constriction respond to a lipopolysaccharide second-hit stimulus with hyperinflammation. The objective of this study was to assess whether other second-hit challenges utilizing TLR ligands provoke a comparable inflammatory reaction, and to find out whether this response is absent in TLR4 deficient mice. Assuming that cardiac stress alters the expression of pattern recognition receptors we analyzed the effects of transverse aortic constriction and second-hit virulence factor treatment on TLR expression, as well as cytokine regulation. Wild type and Tlr4-/- mice were subjected to three days of TAC and subsequently confronted with gram-positive TLR2 ligand lipoteichoic acid (LTA, 15 mg/g bodyweight) or synthetic CpG-oligodesoxynucleotide 1668 thioate (20 nmol/kg bodyweight, 30 min after D-galactosamin desensitization) signaling via TLR9. Hemodynamic measurements and organ preservation were performed 6 h after stimulation. Indeed, the study revealed a robust enhancement of LTA induced pattern recognition receptor and cytokine mRNA expression and a LTA-dependent reduction of hemodynamic pressure in TAC wild type mice. Second-Hit treatment with CpG-ODNs led to similar results. However, second-hit effects were abolished in Tlr4-/- mice. In total, these data indicate for the first time that cardiac stress increases the inflammatory response towards both, gram-negative and gram-positive, TLR ligands as well as bacterial DNA. The decrease of the inflammatory response upon TLR2 and -9 ligand challenge in TAC Tlr4-/- mice demonstrates that a lack of TLR4 signaling does not only prevent left ventricular hypertrophy but also protects the mice from a cardiac stress induced hyperinflammatory reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi Ehrentraut
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Straße 25, 53105, Bonn, Germany
| | - Stefan Felix Ehrentraut
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Straße 25, 53105, Bonn, Germany
| | - Olaf Boehm
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Straße 25, 53105, Bonn, Germany
| | - Sakina El Aissati
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Straße 25, 53105, Bonn, Germany
- Marienhaus Klinikum, Bad Neuenahr-Ahrweiler, Germany
| | - Fabian Foltz
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Straße 25, 53105, Bonn, Germany
- Asklepios Klinik St. Augustin, Sankt Augustin, Germany
| | - Lina Goelz
- Polyclinic of Orthodontics, University of Bonn, Welschnonnenstraße 17, 53111, Bonn, Germany
- Institute of Physiology II, University Hospital Bonn, Nussallee 11, 53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - David Goertz
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Straße 25, 53105, Bonn, Germany
- Klinik für Orthopädie und Unfallchirurgie, HELIOS Medical Center Siegburg, Siegburg, Germany
| | - Sied Kebir
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Straße 25, 53105, Bonn, Germany
- Department of Neurology, University of Bonn Medical Center, Bonn, Germany
| | - Christina Weisheit
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Straße 25, 53105, Bonn, Germany
| | - Michael Wolf
- Polyclinic of Orthodontics, University of Bonn, Welschnonnenstraße 17, 53111, Bonn, Germany
- Institute of Physiology II, University Hospital Bonn, Nussallee 11, 53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Rainer Meyer
- Institute of Physiology II, University Hospital Bonn, Nussallee 11, 53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Georg Baumgarten
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Straße 25, 53105, Bonn, Germany
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Hu D, Yang X, Xiang Y, Li H, Yan H, Zhou J, Caudle Y, Zhang X, Yin D. Inhibition of Toll-like receptor 9 attenuates sepsis-induced mortality through suppressing excessive inflammatory response. Cell Immunol 2015; 295:92-8. [PMID: 25880099 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2015.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Revised: 03/12/2015] [Accepted: 03/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Sepsis, a major clinical problem with high morbidity and mortality, is caused by overwhelming systemic host-inflammatory response. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play a fundamental role in induction of hyperinflammation and tissue damage in sepsis. In this study, we demonstrate a protective role of TLR9 inhibition against the dysregulated inflammatory response and tissue injury in sepsis. TLR9 deficiency decreased the mortality of mice following cecal ligation and puncture (CLP)-induced sepsis. TLR9 knockout mice showed dampened p38 activation and augmented Akt phosphorylation in the spleen, lung and liver. In addition, TLR9 deficiency decreased the levels of inflammatory cytokines and attenuated splenic apoptosis after CLP. These results indicate that TLR9 inhibition might offer a novel therapeutic strategy for the management of sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Hu
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, USA; Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaohua Yang
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, USA
| | - Yanxiao Xiang
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, USA; Department of Pharmacology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, USA
| | - Hui Yan
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, USA
| | - Jun Zhou
- Department of Radiology,Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Caudle
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, USA
| | - Xiumei Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Deling Yin
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, USA.
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9
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Rodrigues FL, Silva LEV, Hott SC, Bomfim GF, da Silva CAA, Fazan R, Resstel LBM, Tostes RC, Carneiro FS. Toll-like receptor 9 plays a key role in the autonomic cardiac and baroreflex control of arterial pressure. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2015; 308:R714-23. [PMID: 25673780 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00150.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2014] [Accepted: 01/27/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The crosstalk between the immune and the autonomic nervous system may impact the cardiovascular function. Toll-like receptors are components of the innate immune system and play developmental and physiological roles. Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) is involved in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases, such as hypertension and heart failure. Since such diseases are commonly accompanied by autonomic imbalance and lower baroreflex sensitivity, we hypothesized that TLR9 modulates cardiac autonomic and baroreflex control of arterial pressure (AP). Toll-like receptor 9 knockout (TLR9 KO) and wild-type (WT) mice were implanted with catheters into carotid artery and jugular vein and allowed to recover for 3 days. After basal recording of AP, mice received methyl-atropine or propranolol. AP and pulse interval (PI) variability were evaluated in the time and frequency domain (spectral analysis), as well as by multiscale entropy. Spontaneous baroreflex was studied by sequence technique. Behavioral and cardiovascular responses to fear-conditioning stress were also evaluated. AP was similar between groups, but TLR9 KO mice exhibited lower basal heart rate (HR). AP variability was not different, but PI variability was increased in TLR9 KO mice. The total entropy was higher in TLR9 KO mice. Moreover, baroreflex function was found higher in TLR9 KO mice. Atropine-induced tachycardia was increased in TLR9 KO mice, whereas the propranolol-induced bradycardia was similar to WT mice. TLR9 KO mice exhibit increased behavioral and decreased tachycardia responses to fear-conditioning stress. In conclusion, our findings suggest that TLR9 may negatively modulate cardiac vagal tone and baroreflex in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Luciano Rodrigues
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luiz Eduardo V Silva
- Department of Physiology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, São Paulo, Brazil; and
| | - Sara Cristina Hott
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gisele F Bomfim
- Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Sinop, Mato Grosso, Brazil
| | - Carlos Alberto Aguiar da Silva
- Department of Physiology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, São Paulo, Brazil; and
| | - Rubens Fazan
- Department of Physiology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, São Paulo, Brazil; and
| | - Leonardo B M Resstel
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rita C Tostes
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fernando S Carneiro
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, São Paulo, Brazil;
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10
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Hydrocortisone reduces the beneficial effects of toll-like receptor 2 deficiency on survival in a mouse model of polymicrobial sepsis. Shock 2014; 40:414-9. [PMID: 24089003 DOI: 10.1097/shk.0000000000000029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play a crucial role in early host defense against microorganisms. Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) polymorphisms have a prevalence of 10%; functional defects of TLR2 are associated with higher susceptibility toward gram-positive bacteria, and TLR2 deficiency has been associated with an impaired adrenal stress response. In the present study, we compared endogenous corticosterone production of wild-type (WT) and TLR2-deficient (TLR2) mice and analyzed survival after hydrocortisone therapy during sepsis induced by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP). METHODS Male C57BL/6J (WT); and B6.129-Tlr2tm1Kir/J (TLR2) mice were subjected to CLP or sham operation and randomly assigned to postoperative treatment with either hydrocortisone (5 mg/kg) or vehicle (n = 10 mice/group). Survival was documented for an observation period of 48 h. Endogenous corticosterone production following hydrocortisone treatment and lipoteichoic acid (LTA) exposure, interleukin 6 (IL-6) and IL-1β plasma levels, and blood counts were determined following sham operation or CLP using another n = 5 mice/group. Statistical analysis was performed using analysis of variance/Bonferroni. RESULTS TLR2 mice exhibited a lack of suppression and an attenuated increase in endogenous corticosterone production following hydrocortisone or LTA treatment, respectively. After CLP, TLR2 mice exhibited an uncompromised adrenal stress response, higher IL-6 levels, and increased survival compared with WT controls (75 vs. 35%; P < 0.05). Hydrocortisone therapy of TLR2 mice completely abolished this advantage (decrease in survival to 45%, P < 0.05 vs. vehicle-treated TLR2 mice) and was associated with decreased IL-1β plasma concentrations. CONCLUSIONS Toll-like receptor 2 deficiency is associated with an uncompromised adrenal stress response and increased survival rates during polymicrobial sepsis. Hydrocortisone treatment increases mortality of septic TLR2 mice, suggesting that hydrocortisone therapy might be harmful for individuals with functional TLR2 polymorphisms.
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11
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Wagner NM, Bierhansl L, Butschkau² A, Noeldge-Schomburg G, Roesner JP, Vollmar B. TLR2-deficiency of cKit+ bone marrow cells is associated with augmented potency to stimulate angiogenic processes. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL PATHOLOGY 2013; 6:2813-2823. [PMID: 24294367 PMCID: PMC3843261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2013] [Accepted: 10/21/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2)-deficiency is associated with the preservation of vascular function and TLR2-deficient (TLR2(-/-)) mice exhibit increased neovascularization following induction of hindlimb ischemia. Hematopoietic stem cells play an important role in ischemia-induced angiogenesis and we now investigated whether the effects observed in TLR2(-/-) mice may be attributed to TLR2 deficiency on bone marrow-derived stem cells. APPROACH AND RESULTS cKit-positive (cKit(+)) bone marrow cells (BMC) were isolated from wild type (WT) and TLR2(-/-) mice employing MACS-bead technology. Co-incubation of TLR2(-/-)cKit(+) BMC with mature endothelial cells (ECs) resulted in increased tube formation of ECs on matrigel, augmented sprouting in a 3D-collagen matrix and increased migratory capacity compared to co-incubation with WT cKit(+) BMC. In an in vivo matrigel plug assay, TLR2(-/-)cKit(+) BMC exhibited enhanced formation of capillary-like networks. In a murine model of hindlimb ischemia, administration of TLR2(-/-) cKit(+) BMC to WT mice augmented capillary density and reperfusion of ischemic M. gastrocnemius muscle tissue to the level of TLR2(-/-) mice. Western Blot analysis revealed comparable expression of CXCR4 on TLR2(-/-)cKit(+) BMC but increased activation of the PI3K downstream signaling molecule protein kinase B (PKB/AKT) compared to WT cKit(+) cells. CONCLUSIONS The absence of TLR2 on cKit(+) BMC is associated with augmented potency to support angiogenic processes in vitro and in vivo. Functional inhibition of TLR2 may therefore provide a novel tool to enhance stem cell function for the treatment of vascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nana-Maria Wagner
- Clinic for Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, University Hospital RostockRostock, Germany
| | - Laura Bierhansl
- Clinic for Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, University Hospital RostockRostock, Germany
| | | | | | - Jan Patrick Roesner
- Clinic for Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, University Hospital RostockRostock, Germany
| | - Brigitte Vollmar
- Institute for Experimental Surgery, University Hospital RostockRostock, Germany
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TLR2 stimulation induces cardiac inflammation but not cardiac depression in vivo. JOURNAL OF INFLAMMATION-LONDON 2013; 10:33. [PMID: 24171786 PMCID: PMC4177531 DOI: 10.1186/1476-9255-10-33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2013] [Accepted: 10/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus induce myocardial dysfunction in vivo. To rectify conflicting evidence about the role of TLR2 signaling and cardiac dysfunction, we hypothesized that the specific TLR2 agonist purified lipoteichoic acid (LTA) from S. aureus contributes to cardiac dysfunction in vitro and in vivo. METHODS Wildtype (WT-) and TLR2-deficient (TLR2-D) mice were challenged with LTA and in comparison with equivalent doses of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and CpG-oligodeoxynucleotide (CpG-ODN). TLR2-expression, NFκB as well as cytokine response were determined. Sarcomere shortening of isolated cardiomyocytes was analyzed in vitro and cardiac function in vivo after stimulation with LTA. RESULTS LTA induced up-regulation of TLR2 mRNA, activation of NFκB and cytokine expression within 2-6 h in WT-, but not in TLR2-D hearts. Cytokines were also elevated in the serum. LPS and CpG-ODN induced a more severe cardiac inflammation. In vitro incubation of cardiomyocytes with LTA reduced sarcomere shortening via NO at stimulation frequencies ≤ 8 Hz only in WT cells. However, hemodynamic parameters in vivo were not affected by LTA challenge. CONCLUSIONS LTA induced cardiac inflammation was relatively weak and sarcomere shortening was reduced only below physiological heart rates. This may explain the apparent contradiction between the in vivo and in vitro LTA effects.
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Markowski P, Boehm O, Goelz L, Haesner AL, Ehrentraut H, Bauerfeld K, Tran N, Zacharowski K, Weisheit C, Langhoff P, Schwederski M, Hilbert T, Klaschik S, Hoeft A, Baumgarten G, Meyer R, Knuefermann P. Pre-conditioning with synthetic CpG-oligonucleotides attenuates myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury via IL-10 up-regulation. Basic Res Cardiol 2013; 108:376. [PMID: 23929312 PMCID: PMC3778842 DOI: 10.1007/s00395-013-0376-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2012] [Revised: 07/18/2013] [Accepted: 07/26/2013] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to investigate whether pre-conditioning with CpG-oligodeoxynucleotides (CpG-ODN) may change cardiac ischemia/reperfusion (I/R)-dependent inflammation and modulates infarct size and cardiac performance. WT and TLR9-deficient mice were pre-treated with 1668-, 1612- and H154-thioate or D-Gal as control. Priming with 1668-thioate significantly induced inflammatory mediators in the serum and a concomitant increase of immune cells in the blood and spleen of WT mice. Furthermore, it induced myocardial pattern recognition receptors and pro-inflammatory cytokines peaking 2 h after priming and a continuous increase of IL-10. 16 h after pre-conditioning, myocardial ischemia was induced for 1 h. Infarct size determined after 24 h of I/R was reduced by 75 % due to pre-conditioning with 1668-thioate but not in the other groups. During reperfusion, cytokine expression in 1668-thioate primed mice increased further with IL-10 exceeding the other mediators by far. These changes were observed neither in animals pre-treated with 1612- or H154-thioate nor in TLR9-deficient mice. The 1668-thioate-dependent increase of IL-10 was further supported by results of a micro-array analysis 3 h after begin of reperfusion. Block of IL-10 signaling increased I/R size and prevented influence of priming. In the group pre-treated with 1668-thioate, cardiac function was preserved 24 h, 14 days and 28 days after I/R, whereas animals without pre-conditioning exhibited impaired heart function 24 h and 14 days after I/R. The excessive 1668-thioate-dependent IL-10 up-regulation during pre-conditioning and after I/R seems to be the key factor for reducing infarct size and improving cardiac function. This is in agreement with the finding that IL-10 block prevents cardioprotection by pre-conditioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Markowski
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Straße 25, 53127, Bonn, Germany
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Toll-like receptor 9 promotes cardiac inflammation and heart failure during polymicrobial sepsis. Mediators Inflamm 2013; 2013:261049. [PMID: 23935245 PMCID: PMC3713595 DOI: 10.1155/2013/261049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2013] [Revised: 05/24/2013] [Accepted: 06/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background. Aim was to elucidate the role of toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) in cardiac inflammation and septic heart failure in a murine model of polymicrobial sepsis. Methods. Sepsis was induced via colon ascendens stent peritonitis (CASP) in C57BL/6 wild-type (WT) and TLR9-deficient (TLR9-D) mice. Bacterial load in the peritoneal cavity and cardiac expression of inflammatory mediators were determined at 6, 12, 18, 24, and 36 h. Eighteen hours after CASP cardiac function was monitored in vivo. Sarcomere length of isolated cardiomyocytes was measured at 0.5 to 10 Hz after incubation with heat-inactivated bacteria. Results. CASP led to continuous release of bacteria into the peritoneal cavity, an increase of cytokines, and differential regulation of receptors of innate immunity in the heart. Eighteen hours after CASP WT mice developed septic heart failure characterised by reduction of end-systolic pressure, stroke volume, cardiac output, and parameters of contractility. This coincided with reduced cardiomyocyte sarcomere shortening. TLR9 deficiency resulted in significant reduction of cardiac inflammation and a sustained heart function. This was consistent with reduced mortality in TLR9-D compared to WT mice. Conclusions. In polymicrobial sepsis TLR9 signalling is pivotal to cardiac inflammation and septic heart failure.
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In vivo TLR9 inhibition attenuates CpG-induced myocardial dysfunction. Mediators Inflamm 2013; 2013:217297. [PMID: 23690658 PMCID: PMC3649709 DOI: 10.1155/2013/217297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2012] [Accepted: 03/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The involvement of toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9), a receptor for bacterial DNA, in septic cardiac depression has not been clarified in vivo. Thus, the aim of the study was to test possible TLR9 inhibitors (H154-thioate, IRS954-thioate, and chloroquine) for their ability to protect the cardiovascular system in a murine model of CpG oligodeoxynucleotide- (ODN-) dependent systemic inflammation. Sepsis was induced by i.p. application of the TLR9 agonist 1668-thioate in C57BL/6 wild type (WT) and TLR9-deficient (TLR9-D) mice. Thirty minutes after stimulation TLR9 antagonists were applied i.v. Survival was monitored up to 18 h after stimulation. Cardiac mRNA expression of inflammatory mediators was analyzed 2 h and 6 h after stimulation with 1668-thioate and hemodynamic parameters were monitored at the later time point. Stimulation with 1668-thioate induced a severe sepsis-like state with significant drop of body temperature and significantly increased mortality in WT animals. Additionally, there was a time-dependent increase of inflammatory mediators in the heart accompanied by development of septic heart failure. These effects were not observed in TLR9-D mice. Inhibition of TLR9 by the suppressive ODN H154-thioate significantly ameliorated cardiac inflammation, preserved cardiac function, and improved survival. This suppressive ODN was the most efficient inhibitor of the tested substances.
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