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Kump DS. Mechanisms Underlying the Rarity of Skeletal Muscle Cancers. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:6480. [PMID: 38928185 PMCID: PMC11204341 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25126480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2024] [Revised: 06/04/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle (SKM), despite comprising ~40% of body mass, rarely manifests cancer. This review explores the mechanisms that help to explain this rarity, including unique SKM architecture and function, which prohibits the development of new cancer as well as negates potential metastasis to SKM. SKM also presents a unique immune environment that may magnify the anti-tumorigenic effect. Moreover, the SKM microenvironment manifests characteristics such as decreased extracellular matrix stiffness and altered lactic acid, pH, and oxygen levels that may interfere with tumor development. SKM also secretes anti-tumorigenic myokines and other molecules. Collectively, these mechanisms help account for the rarity of SKM cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- David S Kump
- Department of Biological Sciences, Winston-Salem State University, 601 Martin Luther King Jr. Dr., Winston-Salem, NC 27110, USA
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2
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Goktas Aydin S, Bilici A, Calis E, Kutlu Y, Hamdard J, Muglu H, Fatih Olmez O, Karci E, Acikgoz O. Impact of SPARC expression on treatment response of pembrolizumab and brain metastasis in patients with metastatic non-small cell lung cancer. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 124:110947. [PMID: 37742369 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.110947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) often exhibits elevated Secreted Protein Acidic and Cysteine-Rich (SPARC) expression. In this study, we investigated the impact of SPARC expression on clinicopathologic features, pembrolizumab response, and prognosis in metastatic NSCLC patients. METHODS Thirty-six patients diagnosed with metastatic NSCLC without actionable driver mutation and who received pembrolizumab with or without chemotherapy were included in this study. PD-L1 and SPARC expression were evaluated, with PD-L1 expression categorized based on tumor proportion score and SPARC staining intensity graded as 1+, 2+, and 3 +. Patients' characteristics were compared across groups, and possible predictive markers were determined by binary logistic regression analysis. RESULTS No significant associations were found between SPARC expression and smoking status, histopathological tumor type, T and N status, and liver and bone metastasis. Higher SPARC expression was significantly linked to lower brain metastasis rates but higher CNS progression rates (p = 0.022 and p = 0.011, respectively. The objective response rate (ORR) showed a trend of being higher in the SPARC 1 + group (85.7% vs. 43.8% and 50.0% in 2 + and 3 + groups, respectively, p = 0.052. Univariate analysis did not find SPARC expression to be a significant prognostic factor for progression-free survival (PFS) (p = 0.7) and overall survival (OS) (p = 0.07).SPARC 1 + expression negatively affected the pembrolizumab response(p = 0.04,OR:0.11, 95%CI 0.01-0.92). CONCLUSIONS Our study sheds light on a novel aspect of SPARC expression as a potential predictor of pembrolizumab response and a marker for CNS progression in metastatic NSCLC patients treated in the first-line setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabin Goktas Aydin
- Medipol University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Oncology, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Ahmet Bilici
- Medipol University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Oncology, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Elif Calis
- Medipol University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Yasin Kutlu
- Medipol University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Oncology, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Jamshid Hamdard
- Medipol University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Oncology, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Harun Muglu
- Medipol University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Oncology, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Omer Fatih Olmez
- Medipol University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Oncology, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ebru Karci
- Medipol University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Oncology, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Ozgur Acikgoz
- Medipol University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Oncology, Istanbul, Turkey.
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3
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Jiang S, Sun HF, Li S, Zhang N, Chen JS, Liu JX. SPARC: a potential target for functional nanomaterials and drugs. Front Mol Biosci 2023; 10:1235428. [PMID: 37577749 PMCID: PMC10419254 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2023.1235428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine (SPARC), also termed osteonectin or BM-40, is a matricellular protein which regulates cell adhesion, extracellular matrix production, growth factor activity, and cell cycle. Although SPARC does not perform a structural function, it, however, modulates interactions between cells and the surrounding extracellular matrix due to its anti-proliferative and anti-adhesion properties. The overexpression of SPARC at sites, including injury, regeneration, obesity, cancer, and inflammation, reveals its application as a prospective target and therapeutic indicator in the treatment and assessment of disease. This article comprehensively summarizes the mechanism of SPARC overexpression in inflammation and tumors as well as the latest research progress of functional nanomaterials in the therapy of rheumatoid arthritis and tumors by manipulating SPARC as a new target. This article provides ideas for using functional nanomaterials to treat inflammatory diseases through the SPARC target. The purpose of this article is to provide a reference for ongoing disease research based on SPARC-targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Jiang
- School of Pharmacy, Heilongjiang University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Rehabilitation and Healthcare, Hunan University of Medicine, Huaihua, China
| | - Hui-Feng Sun
- School of Pharmacy, Heilongjiang University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Shuang Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Rehabilitation and Healthcare, Hunan University of Medicine, Huaihua, China
- College Pharmacy, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, China
| | - Ning Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Heilongjiang University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Rehabilitation and Healthcare, Hunan University of Medicine, Huaihua, China
| | - Ji-Song Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Rehabilitation and Healthcare, Hunan University of Medicine, Huaihua, China
| | - Jian-Xin Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Rehabilitation and Healthcare, Hunan University of Medicine, Huaihua, China
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of South China, Hengyang, China
- Institute of Innovation and Applied Research in Chinese Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
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4
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Park SY, Hwang BO, Song NY. The role of myokines in cancer: crosstalk between skeletal muscle and tumor. BMB Rep 2023; 56:365-373. [PMID: 37291054 PMCID: PMC10390289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2023] [Revised: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Loss of skeletal muscle mass is a primary feature of sarcopenia and cancer cachexia. In cancer patients, tumor-derived inflammatory factors promote muscle atrophy via tumor-to-muscle effects, which is closely associated with poor prognosis. During the past decade, skeletal muscle has been considered to function as an autocrine, paracrine, and endocrine organ by releasing numerous myokines. The circulating myokines can modulate pathophysiology in the other organs, as well as in the tumor microenvironment, suggesting myokines function as muscleto-tumor signaling molecules. Here, we highlight the roles of myokines in tumorigenesis, particularly in terms of crosstalk between skeletal muscle and tumor. Better understanding of tumor-to-muscle and muscle-to-tumor effects will shed light on novel strategies for the diagnosis and treatment of cancer. [BMB Reports 2023; 56(7): 365-373].
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Affiliation(s)
- Se-Young Park
- Department of Applied Life Science, The Graduate School, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea
- BK21 Four Project, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul 03722, Korea
- Department of Oral Biology, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Byeong-Oh Hwang
- Department of Applied Life Science, The Graduate School, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea
- BK21 Four Project, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul 03722, Korea
- Department of Oral Biology, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Na-Young Song
- Department of Applied Life Science, The Graduate School, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea
- BK21 Four Project, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul 03722, Korea
- Department of Oral Biology, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul 03722, Korea
- Oral Cancer Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul 03722, Korea
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5
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Park SY, Hwang BO, Song NY. The role of myokines in cancer: crosstalk between skeletal muscle and tumor. BMB Rep 2023; 56:365-373. [PMID: 37291054 PMCID: PMC10390289 DOI: 10.5483/bmbrep.2023-0064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2023] [Revised: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Loss of skeletal muscle mass is a primary feature of sarcopenia and cancer cachexia. In cancer patients, tumor-derived inflammatory factors promote muscle atrophy via tumor-to-muscle effects, which is closely associated with poor prognosis. During the past decade, skeletal muscle has been considered to function as an autocrine, paracrine, and endocrine organ by releasing numerous myokines. The circulating myokines can modulate pathophysiology in the other organs, as well as in the tumor microenvironment, suggesting myokines function as muscleto-tumor signaling molecules. Here, we highlight the roles of myokines in tumorigenesis, particularly in terms of crosstalk between skeletal muscle and tumor. Better understanding of tumor-to-muscle and muscle-to-tumor effects will shed light on novel strategies for the diagnosis and treatment of cancer. [BMB Reports 2023; 56(7): 365-373].
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Affiliation(s)
- Se-Young Park
- Department of Applied Life Science, The Graduate School, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea
- BK21 Four Project, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul 03722, Korea
- Department of Oral Biology, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Byeong-Oh Hwang
- Department of Applied Life Science, The Graduate School, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea
- BK21 Four Project, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul 03722, Korea
- Department of Oral Biology, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Na-Young Song
- Department of Applied Life Science, The Graduate School, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea
- BK21 Four Project, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul 03722, Korea
- Department of Oral Biology, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul 03722, Korea
- Oral Cancer Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul 03722, Korea
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Aberrant expression of miR-133a in endothelial cells inhibits angiogenesis by reducing pro-angiogenic but increasing anti-angiogenic gene expression. Sci Rep 2022; 12:14730. [PMID: 36042288 PMCID: PMC9427859 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-19172-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Angiogenesis is a multi-factorial physiological process deregulated in human diseases characterised by excessive or insufficient blood vessel formation. Emerging evidence highlights a novel role for microRNAs as regulators of angiogenesis. Previous studies addressing the effect of miR-133a expression in endothelial cells during blood vessel formation have reported conflicting results. Here, we have assessed the specific effect of mature miR-133a strands in angiogenesis and the expression of endothelial angiogenic genes. Transfection of miR-133a-3p or -5p mimics in primary human endothelial cells significantly inhibited proliferation, migration, and tubular morphogenesis of transfected cells. Screening of gene arrays related to angiogenic processes, and further validation by TaqMan qPCR, revealed that aberrant expression of miR-133a-3p led to a decrease in the expression of genes encoding pro-angiogenic molecules, whilst increasing those with anti-angiogenic functions. Ingenuity Pathway Analysis of a collection of genes differentially expressed in cells harbouring miR-133a-3p, predicted decreased cellular functions related to vasculature branching and cell cycle progression, underlining the inhibitory role of miR-133a-3p in angiogenic cellular processes. Our results suggest that controlled delivery of miR-133a-3p mimics, or antagomirs in diseased endothelial cells, might open new therapeutic interventions to treat patients suffering from cardiovascular pathologies that occur with excessive or insufficient angiogenesis.
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Zhang J, Pang X, Lei L, Zhang J, Zhang X, Chen Z, Zhu J, Jiang Y, Chen G, Wu Y, Wu T, Pan Y, Liu Y, Cui Y, Wang X. LncRNA CRART16/miR-122-5p/FOS axis promotes angiogenesis of gastric cancer by upregulating VEGFD expression. Aging (Albany NY) 2022; 14:4137-4157. [PMID: 35537818 PMCID: PMC9134963 DOI: 10.18632/aging.204078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Background: We previously identified a novel lncRNA, CRART16, that could induce cetuximab resistance in colorectal cancer cells. This study explored the relationship of CRART16 expression to gastric cancer progression and the molecular mechanisms involved. Methods: We evaluated CRART16 expression in gastric cancer tissues and adjacent normal tissues from the TCGA database and our hospital. Besides, we assessed its relationship with the overall survival (OS) of patients with gastric cancer. The effects of CRART16 on gastric cancer angiogenesis were determined by endothelial tube formation assay, spheroid sprouting assay, HUVEC invasion assay, and chick embryo chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) assay. The involvement of the lncRNA CRART16/miR-122-5p/FOS axis was analyzed by western blotting and dual-luciferase reporter assay. The functions of CRART16 were confirmed in xenograft mouse models. Results: We found that CRART16 was substantially overexpressed in gastric cancer tissues compared with normal tissues, based on the TCGA database and our clinical samples. High expression of CRART16 correlated with more advanced tumor stages and poor prognosis. Overexpression of CRART16 in gastric cancer cells promoted proliferation, colony formation, angiogenesis, and bevacizumab resistance in vitro, and it promoted tumor growth and angiogenesis in vivo, and vice versa. CRART16 was found to downregulate miR-122-5p by acting as a sponge, upregulating the target oncogene FOS. Afterward, the increased FOS expression led to the upregulation of VEGFD. Conclusion: Our findings demonstrate that CRART16 promotes angiogenesis in vitro and in vivo, and CRART16 is a prognostic marker and therapeutic target in gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junling Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, China
| | - Xiaocong Pang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Peking University, Beijing 100034, China.,Department of Pharmacy, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, China
| | - Lili Lei
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Peking University, Beijing 100034, China.,Department of Pharmacy, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, China
| | - Jixin Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, China
| | - Xiaoqian Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, The Cancer Hospital of the Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and China National Cancer Center, Beijing 100034, China
| | - Ziyi Chen
- Liver Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Jing Zhu
- Department of General Surgery, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, China
| | - Yong Jiang
- Department of General Surgery, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, China
| | - Guowei Chen
- Department of General Surgery, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, China
| | - Yingchao Wu
- Department of General Surgery, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, China
| | - Tao Wu
- Department of General Surgery, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, China
| | - Yisheng Pan
- Department of General Surgery, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, China
| | - Yucun Liu
- Department of General Surgery, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, China
| | - Yimin Cui
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Peking University, Beijing 100034, China.,Department of Pharmacy, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, China
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Fu Z, Yan W, Chen CT, Nilsson AK, Bull E, Allen W, Yang J, Ko M, SanGiovanni JP, Akula JD, Talukdar S, Hellström A, Smith LEH. Omega-3/Omega-6 Long-Chain Fatty Acid Imbalance in Phase I Retinopathy of Prematurity. Nutrients 2022; 14:1333. [PMID: 35405946 PMCID: PMC9002570 DOI: 10.3390/nu14071333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a gap in understanding the effect of the essential ω-3 and ω-6 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFA) on Phase I retinopathy of prematurity (ROP), which precipitates proliferative ROP. Postnatal hyperglycemia contributes to Phase I ROP by delaying retinal vascularization. In mouse neonates with hyperglycemia-associated Phase I retinopathy, dietary ω-3 (vs. ω-6 LCPUFA) supplementation promoted retinal vessel development. However, ω-6 (vs. ω-3 LCPUFA) was also developmentally essential, promoting neuronal growth and metabolism as suggested by a strong metabolic shift in almost all types of retinal neuronal and glial cells identified with single-cell transcriptomics. Loss of adiponectin (APN) in mice (mimicking the low APN levels in Phase I ROP) decreased LCPUFA levels (including ω-3 and ω-6) in retinas under normoglycemic and hyperglycemic conditions. ω-3 (vs. ω-6) LCPUFA activated the APN pathway by increasing the circulating APN levels and inducing expression of the retinal APN receptor. Our findings suggested that both ω-3 and ω-6 LCPUFA are crucial in protecting against retinal neurovascular dysfunction in a Phase I ROP model; adequate ω-6 LCPUFA levels must be maintained in addition to ω-3 supplementation to prevent retinopathy. Activation of the APN pathway may further enhance the ω-3 and ω-6 LCPUFA's protection against ROP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongjie Fu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (Z.F.); (E.B.); (W.A.); (J.Y.); (M.K.); (J.D.A.)
| | - Wenjun Yan
- Center for Brain Science, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA;
| | - Chuck T. Chen
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA;
| | - Anders K. Nilsson
- Section for Ophthalmology, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden; (A.K.N.); (A.H.)
| | - Edward Bull
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (Z.F.); (E.B.); (W.A.); (J.Y.); (M.K.); (J.D.A.)
| | - William Allen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (Z.F.); (E.B.); (W.A.); (J.Y.); (M.K.); (J.D.A.)
| | - Jay Yang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (Z.F.); (E.B.); (W.A.); (J.Y.); (M.K.); (J.D.A.)
| | - Minji Ko
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (Z.F.); (E.B.); (W.A.); (J.Y.); (M.K.); (J.D.A.)
| | - John Paul SanGiovanni
- BIO5 Institute, Department of Nutritional Sciences, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA;
| | - James D. Akula
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (Z.F.); (E.B.); (W.A.); (J.Y.); (M.K.); (J.D.A.)
| | - Saswata Talukdar
- Cardiometabolic Diseases, Merck Research Laboratories, Boston, MA 02115, USA;
| | - Ann Hellström
- Section for Ophthalmology, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden; (A.K.N.); (A.H.)
| | - Lois E. H. Smith
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (Z.F.); (E.B.); (W.A.); (J.Y.); (M.K.); (J.D.A.)
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Niu X, Ren L, Hu A, Zhang S, Qi H. Identification of Potential Diagnostic and Prognostic Biomarkers for Gastric Cancer Based on Bioinformatic Analysis. Front Genet 2022; 13:862105. [PMID: 35368700 PMCID: PMC8966486 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.862105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Gastric cancer (GC) is one of the most prevalent cancers all over the world. The molecular mechanisms of GC remain unclear and not well understood. GC cases are majorly diagnosed at the late stage, resulting in a poor prognosis. Advances in molecular biology techniques allow us to get a better understanding of precise molecular mechanisms and enable us to identify the key genes in the carcinogenesis and progression of GC. Methods: The present study used datasets from the GEO database to screen differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between GC and normal gastric tissues. GO and KEGG enrichments were utilized to analyze the function of DEGs. The STRING database and Cytoscape software were applied to generate protein–protein network and find hub genes. The expression levels of hub genes were evaluated using data from the TCGA database. Survival analysis was conducted to evaluate the prognostic value of hub genes. The GEPIA database was involved to correlate key gene expressions with the pathological stage. Also, ROC curves were constructed to assess the diagnostic value of key genes. Results: A total of 607 DEGs were identified using three GEO datasets. GO analysis showed that the DEGs were mainly enriched in extracellular structure and matrix organization, collagen fibril organization, extracellular matrix (ECM), and integrin binding. KEGG enrichment was mainly enriched in protein digestion and absorption, ECM-receptor interaction, and focal adhesion. Fifteen genes were identified as hub genes, one of which was excluded for no significant expression between tumor and normal tissues. COL1A1, COL5A2, P4HA3, and SPARC showed high values in prognosis and diagnosis of GC. Conclusion: We suggest COL1A1, COL5A2, P4HA3, and SPARC as biomarkers for the diagnosis and prognosis of GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoji Niu
- Department of Gastroenterology of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Qinghai Province Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xining, China
- Department of Pathology, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Liman Ren
- Department of Endocrinology, Qinghai Province Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xining, China
| | - Aiyan Hu
- Department of Pathology, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuhui Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Shuhui Zhang, ; Hongjun Qi,
| | - Hongjun Qi
- Department of Gastroenterology of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Qinghai Province Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xining, China
- *Correspondence: Shuhui Zhang, ; Hongjun Qi,
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Gao ZW, Liu C, Yang L, He T, Wu XN, Zhang HZ, Dong K. SPARC Overexpression Promotes Liver Cancer Cell Proliferation and Tumor Growth. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:775743. [PMID: 34912848 PMCID: PMC8668270 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.775743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine (SPARC) plays an important role in cancer development. The roles of SPARC in the liver hepatocellular carcinoma (LIHC) are unclear. Methods: GEPIA2 and UALCAN were used to analyze the SPARC mRNA expression levels in LIHC based on the TCGA database. The GEO database was used to verify the analysis results. Immunohistochemical (IHC) analysis was used to investigate the SPARC protein levels in LIHC tissues. The Kaplan-Meier (KM) plotter was used to analyze the correlation between SPARC and prognosis. The serum SPARC levels were measured by ELISA. CCK8 and murine xenograft models were used to investigate the effect of SPARC on the liver cancer growth in vitro and in vivo. SPARC-correlated genes were screened by LinkedOmics. Results: Based on the TCGA and GEO databases, the analysis showed that the SPARC mRNA expression levels were increased in tumor tissues and peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) from LIHC compared to normal controls. The IHC analysis showed an increased level of SPARC in LIHC tissues compared to adjacent non-tumor tissues. However, we found that the serum SPARC levels were lower in LIHC than those in healthy controls. The KM plotter showed that there was no significant correlation between the SPARC mRNA levels and overall survival. However, in sorafenib-treated LIHC patients, the high SPARC expression predicts favorable prognosis. Furthermore, the endogenous SPARC overexpression promotes liver cancer cell proliferation in vitro and tumor growth in vivo, while there was no significant effect of exogenous SPARC treatment on liver cancer cell proliferation. Function enrichment analysis of SPARC-correlated genes indicated a critical role of interaction with an extracellular matrix in SPARC-promoting cancer cell proliferation. Conclusion: SPARC mRNAs were increased in LIHC tumor tissues, and SPARC overexpression may promote the liver cancer growth. Further studies are needed to clarify the potential prognostic value of SPARC, both in tissues and in circulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao-Wei Gao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Tangdu Hospital, Air Force Medical University, xi'an, China
| | - Chong Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Tangdu Hospital, Air Force Medical University, xi'an, China
| | - Lan Yang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Tangdu Hospital, Air Force Medical University, xi'an, China
| | - Ting He
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Tangdu Hospital, Air Force Medical University, xi'an, China
| | - Xia-Nan Wu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Tangdu Hospital, Air Force Medical University, xi'an, China
| | - Hui-Zhong Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Tangdu Hospital, Air Force Medical University, xi'an, China
| | - Ke Dong
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Tangdu Hospital, Air Force Medical University, xi'an, China
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Dik B, Coskun D, Er A. Protective Effect of Nerium Oleander Distillate and Tarantula Cubensis Alcoholic Extract on Cancer Biomarkers on Colon and Liver Tissues of Rats with Experimental Colon Cancer. Anticancer Agents Med Chem 2021; 22:1962-1969. [PMID: 34477527 DOI: 10.2174/1871520621666210903120253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Colon cancers are among the three major cancer types that result in death. The research for effective treatment continues. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study is to determine the effects of Tarantula cubensis alcoholic extract (TCAE) and Nerium oleander (NO) distillate on the levels of midkine, TGF-β, VEGF, AFP, COX-2, IGF and caspase 3 in liver and colon tissues of experimentally induced colon cancer in rats. METHOD The liver and colon tissues of the rats were divided into Control, Colon Cancer (AZM), AZM+TCAE and AZM+NO groups and they were homogenized. The levels of midkine, TGF-β, VEGF, AFP, COX-2, IGF and caspase 3 in the colon and liver tissues were measured by ELISA kits. RESULTS All parameters levels of colon and liver tissues in the AZM group were generally higher (p<0.05) than the Control group. TCAE and NO prevented (p<0.05) the increases in midkine, TGF-β, VEGF, AFP, COX-2, IGF and caspase-3 levels in the colon. NO prevented increase of all parameters except for IGF level, while TCAE prevented (p<0.05) the increase of all values apart from COX-2 and IGF levels in the liver. CONCLUSION NO and TCAE may prevented at the specified marker levels of colon in the AZM induced colon cancer. The increases the level of parameters in the liver are not as severe as in the colon, due to the 18-week study period may not be sufficient for liver metastasis formationIn the future molecular studies should be done to determine the mechanisms and pathways of them more clearly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Burak Dik
- Selcuk University, Veterinary Faculty, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Konya, Turkey
| | - Devran Coskun
- Siirt University, Veterinary Faculty, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Siirt, Turkey
| | - Ayşe Er
- Selcuk University, Veterinary Faculty, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Konya, Turkey
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12
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Larionova I, Kazakova E, Gerashchenko T, Kzhyshkowska J. New Angiogenic Regulators Produced by TAMs: Perspective for Targeting Tumor Angiogenesis. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13133253. [PMID: 34209679 PMCID: PMC8268686 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13133253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Since the targeting of a single pro-angiogenic factor fails to improve oncological disease outcome, significant efforts have been made to identify new pro-angiogenic factors that could compensate for the deficiency of current therapy or act independently as single drugs. Our review aims to present the state-of-the art for well-known and recently described factors produced by macrophages that induce and regulate angiogenesis. A number of positive and negative regulators of angiogenesis in the tumor microenvironment are produced by tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs). Accumulating evidence has indicated that, apart from the well-known angiogenic factors, there are plenty of novel angiogenesis-regulating proteins that belong to different classes. We summarize the data regarding the direct or indirect mechanisms of the interaction of these factors with endothelial cells during angiogenesis. We highlight the recent findings that explain the limitations in the efficiency of current anti-angiogenic therapy approaches. Abstract Angiogenesis is crucial to the supply of a growing tumor with nutrition and oxygen. Inhibition of angiogenesis is one of the main treatment strategies for colorectal, lung, breast, renal, and other solid cancers. However, currently applied drugs that target VEGF or receptor tyrosine kinases have limited efficiency, which raises a question concerning the mechanism of patient resistance to the already developed drugs. Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) were identified in the animal tumor models as a key inducer of the angiogenic switch. TAMs represent a potent source not only for VEGF, but also for a number of other pro-angiogenic factors. Our review provides information about the activity of secreted regulators of angiogenesis produced by TAMs. They include members of SEMA and S100A families, chitinase-like proteins, osteopontin, and SPARC. The COX-2, Tie2, and other factors that control the pro-angiogenic activity of TAMs are also discussed. We highlight how these recent findings explain the limitations in the efficiency of current anti-angiogenic therapy. Additionally, we describe genetic and posttranscriptional mechanisms that control the expression of factors regulating angiogenesis. Finally, we present prospects for the complex targeting of the pro-angiogenic activity of TAMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Larionova
- Laboratory of Translational Cellular and Molecular Biomedicine, National Research Tomsk State University, 634050 Tomsk, Russia;
- Laboratory of Cancer Progression Biology, Cancer Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, 634009 Tomsk, Russia;
- Correspondence: (I.L.); (J.K.)
| | - Elena Kazakova
- Laboratory of Translational Cellular and Molecular Biomedicine, National Research Tomsk State University, 634050 Tomsk, Russia;
| | - Tatiana Gerashchenko
- Laboratory of Cancer Progression Biology, Cancer Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, 634009 Tomsk, Russia;
| | - Julia Kzhyshkowska
- Laboratory of Translational Cellular and Molecular Biomedicine, National Research Tomsk State University, 634050 Tomsk, Russia;
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Immunology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
- German Red Cross Blood Service Baden-Württemberg—Hessen, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
- Correspondence: (I.L.); (J.K.)
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13
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Wang L, Wang W, Xu Y, Wang Q. Low Levels of SPARC are Associated with Tumor Progression and Poor Prognosis in Human Endometrial Carcinoma. Onco Targets Ther 2020; 13:11549-11569. [PMID: 33204109 PMCID: PMC7667597 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s277795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background SPARC (secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine), also known as osteonectin, BM-40, and 43 K protein, is a matricellular protein associated with various tumor progressions. The aim of this research was to investigate the prognostic value of SPARC in endometrial carcinoma (EC) and its function in cancer cell invasion and metastasis. Methods From both mRNA and protein levels, SPARC expression in normal endometrial tissue and EC tissue, normal endometrial cells and 4 EC cell lines (KLE, HEC-1A, HEC-1B, Ishikawa) were evaluated by immunohistochemistry (IHC) or immunocytochemistry (ICC), quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) and Western blotting. RNA interference mediated by lentivirus was performed to get the stable SPARC down-expressing cells. The functional analysis techniques in vitro and in vivo were used to detect the effects of SPARC knockdown on EC cell proliferation, apoptosis, invasion and metastasis. Results The expressions of SPARC in EC tissues and cells were much lower than those in normal endometrial cells and tissues; meanwhile, its low expression was closely related to the malignant clinicopathological characteristics of EC. SPARC knockdown could inhibit apoptosis, promote the process of EMT and improve the proliferation and invasion capacities of EC cells in vitro and in vivo. Conclusion The low expression of SPARC was detected in EC tissues and cells, which was positively correlated with the poor prognosis of EC patients. SPARC acted as a tumor suppressor gene that hindered EC progression, which proposed a new therapeutic strategy for EC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Wang
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Radiology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, People's Republic of China
| | - Yangchun Xu
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiang Wang
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, People's Republic of China
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Lyu Z, Jin H, Yan Z, Hu K, Jiang H, Peng H, Zhuo H. Effects of NRP1 on angiogenesis and vascular maturity in endothelial cells are dependent on the expression of SEMA4D. Int J Mol Med 2020; 46:1321-1334. [PMID: 32945351 PMCID: PMC7447310 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2020.4692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiogenesis and vascular maturation play important roles in tumorigenesis and tumor development. The expression of neuropilin 1 (NRP1) is closely associated with angiogenesis in tumors; however, the molecular mechanisms of action in angiogenesis and tumor maturation, as well as the potential clinical value of NRP1 remain unclear. The importance of NRP1 expression in tumor progression was determined using The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database analysis. Gain- and loss-of-function experiments of NRP1 were performed in vascular endothelial cells (ECs) to investigate the functions in angiogenesis. CCK-8, flow cytometry, Transwell experiments and a series of in vitro experiments were used to detect cell functions. A combination of angiogenesis antibody arrays and RNA-Seq analyses were performed to reveal the proangiogenic mechanisms of action. The function of semaphorin 4D (SEMA4D) was also investigated separately. NRP1 mRNA levels were significantly increased in primary tumors compared with normal tissues based on TCGA data (P<0.01) and were associated with tumor development in patients. Gain- and loss-of-function experiments highlighted the function of NRP1 in promoting EC proliferation, motility and capillary-like tube formation and in reducing apoptosis. NRP1 overexpression led to significantly decreased EC markers (PECAM-1, angiogenin, PIGF and MMP-9) expression levels and reduced the vascular maturity. MAPK7, TPM1, RRBP1, PTPRK, HSP90A, PRKD2, PFKFB3, RGS4 and SPARC were revealed to play important roles in this process. SEMA4D was revealed to be a key protein associated with NRP1 in ECs. These data indicated that NRP1-promoted angiogenesis may be induced at the cost of reducing maturity of the ECs. NRP1 may also be a therapeutic target for antiangiogenic strategies and a candidate prognostic marker for tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Lyu
- Respiratory Department, The Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361004, P.R. China
| | - Hongwei Jin
- Medical Laboratory Center, The Affiliated Xiamen Humanity Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Xiamen, Fujian 361000, P.R. China
| | - Zhijian Yan
- Department of Urology, The Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361004, P.R. China
| | - Keyan Hu
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital and College of Clinical Medicine of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, Henan 471000, P.R. China
| | - Hongwei Jiang
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital and College of Clinical Medicine of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, Henan 471000, P.R. China
| | - Huifang Peng
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital and College of Clinical Medicine of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, Henan 471000, P.R. China
| | - Huiqin Zhuo
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361004, P.R. China
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15
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Mukherjee S, Choi MJ, Kim SW, Yun JW. Secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine (SPARC) regulates thermogenesis in white and brown adipocytes. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2020; 506:110757. [PMID: 32057945 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2020.110757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2019] [Revised: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
SPARC, also known as osteonectin, is well known for its physiological roles in bone formation and tissue remodeling, as well as in cancer pathology; however, evidence regarding its function in adipocytes is lacking. The present study explored the physiological role of SPARC in cultured 3T3-L1 white and HIB1B brown adipocytes of murine cell lines. Treatment of recombinant SPARC upregulated the fat browning marker proteins and genes in white adipocytes and activated brown adipocytes. Conversely, knockdown of Sparc markedly reduced these genes and proteins in both cell lines. In addition, recombinant SPARC inhibited expression of adipogenic and lipogenic proteins but elevated lipolytic and fatty acid oxidation proteins. Furthermore, in silico analysis revealed that SPARC directly interacted and regulated VEGF in adipocytes. In conclusion, SPARC acts as a regulatory protein in both white and brown adipocytes by controlling thermogenesis and is thus regarded as a possible therapeutic target for treatment of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sulagna Mukherjee
- Department of Biotechnology, Daegu University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk, 38453, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Ji Choi
- Department of Biotechnology, Daegu University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk, 38453, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Woo Kim
- Institute for Bio-Medical Convergence, College of Medicine, Catholic Kwandong University, Gangneung-si, Gangwon-do, 25601, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Won Yun
- Department of Biotechnology, Daegu University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk, 38453, Republic of Korea.
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16
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Secreted modular calcium-binding proteins in pathophysiological processes and embryonic development. Chin Med J (Engl) 2020; 132:2476-2484. [PMID: 31613820 PMCID: PMC6831058 DOI: 10.1097/cm9.0000000000000472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: Secreted modular calcium-binding proteins (SMOCs) are extracellular glycoproteins of the secreted protein, acidic, and rich in cysteine-related modular calcium-binding protein family and include two isoforms, SMOC1 and SMOC2, in humans. Functionally, SMOCs bind to calcium for various cell functions. In this review, we provided a summary of the most recent advancements in and findings of SMOC1 and SMOC2 in development, homeostasis, and disease states. Data sources: All publications in the PubMed database were searched and retrieved (up to July 24, 2019) using various combinations of keywords searching, including SMOC1, SMOC2, and diseases. Study selection: All original studies and review articles of SMOCs in human diseases and embryo development written in English were retrieved and included. Results: SMOC1 and SMOC2 regulate embryonic development, cell homeostasis, and disease pathophysiology. They play an important role in the regulation of cell cycle progression, cell attachment to the extracellular matrix, tissue fibrosis, calcification, angiogenesis, birth defects, and cancer development. Conclusions: SMOC1 and SMOC2 are critical regulators of many cell biological processes and potential therapeutic targets for the control of human cancers and birth defects.
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Hu J, Ma Y, Ma J, Chen S, Zhang X, Guo S, Huang Z, Yue T, Yang Y, Ning Y, Zhu J, Wang P, Wang X, Chen G, Liu Y. Macrophage-derived SPARC Attenuates M2-mediated Pro-tumour Phenotypes. J Cancer 2020; 11:2981-2992. [PMID: 32226513 PMCID: PMC7086259 DOI: 10.7150/jca.39651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 02/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the theory of seed and soil was put forward, people have increasingly recognized that the tumour microenvironment is an important regulator of tumour progression and therapeutic response. Among them, M2-type macrophages (M2, as the major macrophage subtype in the tumour foci) have important promoting effects on various biological behaviours. Secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine (SPARC) is an important anti-tumour component in the microenvironment of gastric cancer. This study shows that macrophages are an important source of the SPARC and that SPARC overexpression in M2 can reduce M2-mediated promoting proliferation, migration and anti-apoptotic effects in gastric cancer. Additionally, the AKT/mTOR signalling pathways may participate in the malignant process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianwen Hu
- Department of General Surgery, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, 100034, PR China
| | - Yongchen Ma
- Endoscopy Center, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, 100034, PR China
| | - Ju Ma
- Department of General Surgery, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, 100034, PR China
| | - Shanwen Chen
- Department of General Surgery, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, 100034, PR China
| | - Xiaoqian Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, 100034, PR China
| | - Shihao Guo
- Department of General Surgery, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, 100034, PR China
| | - Zhihao Huang
- Department of General Surgery, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, 100034, PR China
| | - Taohua Yue
- Department of General Surgery, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, 100034, PR China
| | - Yanpeng Yang
- Department of General Surgery, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, 100034, PR China
| | - Yingze Ning
- Department of General Surgery, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, 100034, PR China
| | - Jing Zhu
- Department of General Surgery, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, 100034, PR China
| | - Pengyuan Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, 100034, PR China
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, 100034, PR China
| | - Guowei Chen
- Department of General Surgery, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, 100034, PR China.,Endoscopy Center, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, 100034, PR China
| | - Yucun Liu
- Department of General Surgery, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, 100034, PR China.,Endoscopy Center, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, 100034, PR China
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18
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Shao S, Zhou NM, Dai DQ. Aberrant methylation of secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine gene and its significance in gastric cancer. World J Gastroenterol 2019; 25:6713-6727. [PMID: 31857774 PMCID: PMC6920660 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v25.i46.6713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Revised: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aberrant methylation in DNA regulatory regions could downregulate tumor suppressor genes without changing the sequences. However, our knowledge of secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine (SPARC) and its aberrant methylation in gastric cancer (GC) is still inadequate. In the present research, we performed fundamental research to clarify the precise function of methylation on SPARC and its significance in GC.
AIM To investigate promoter methylation and the effects of the SPARC gene in GC cells and tissues and to evaluate its clinical significance.
METHODS Plasmids that overexpressed the SPARC gene were transfected into human GC BGC-823 cells; non-transfected cells were used as a control group (NC group). Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and western blotting (WB) were then used to detect the expression of SPARC. Methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction was executed to analyze the gene promoter methylation status. Cell viability was measured by the cell counting kit-8 assay. The migration and invasion ability of cells were detected by scratch assays and transwell chamber assays, respectively. Cell cycle events and apoptosis were observed with a flow cytometer.
RESULTS The expression of SPARC mRNA in GC tissues and cells was significantly lower and showed differing degrees of hypermethylation, respectively, than that in normal adjacent tissues and control cells. Treatment with 5-Aza-2’-deoxycytidine (5-Aza-Cdr) was able to restore the expression of SPARC and reverse promoter hypermethylation. Overexpression of the SPARC gene significantly inhibited proliferation, migration, and invasion of GC cells, while also causing cell cycle arrest and apoptosis; the NC group exhibited the opposite effects.
CONCLUSION This study demonstrated that SPARC could function as a tumor suppressor and might be silenced by promoter hypermethylation. Furthermore, in GC cells, SPARC inhibited migration, invasion, and proliferation, caused cell cycle arrest at the G0/G1 phase, and promoted apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Shao
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110032, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Nuo-Ming Zhou
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110032, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Dong-Qiu Dai
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110032, Liaoning Province, China
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Fu Y, Tang M, Xiang X, Liu K, Xu X. Glucose affects cell viability, migration, angiogenesis and cellular adhesion of human retinal capillary endothelial cells via SPARC. Exp Ther Med 2018; 17:273-283. [PMID: 30651792 PMCID: PMC6307404 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2018.6970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The expression of secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine (SPARC) has been recently identified to be associated with the pathology of diabetic retinopathy. Therefore, the present study aimed to evaluate the regulatory role of SPARC in human retinal capillary endothelial cells (HRCECs), following exposure to a high glucose environment in vitro. The cell viability, migration, angiogenesis, permeability and SPARC expression levels of HRCECs were measured following treatment with different concentrations of glucose (25, 50 or 100 mM). Lentiviral vectors (LV185-pL_shRNA_mKate2-SPARC-543; target sequence, GGATGAGGACAACAACCTTCT) that inhibit the expression of SPARC were constructed, and HRCECs were evaluated when infected by viruses carrying the lentiviral vectors. Cell viability was examined using the Cell Counting Kit-8 assay. The expression of SPARC in HRCECs increased as the concentration of glucose in the culture medium increased. Relatively high concentrations of glucose significantly inhibited cell proliferation (P<0.05), migration (P<0.05), angiogenesis (P<0.01), and the expression of ZO, occludin, claudin and JAM1 in tight junctions (P<0.01), gap junctions (Cx37 and Cx43; P<0.01) and adherens junctions (VE-cadherin, CTNNA1 and CTNNB1; P<0.05). However, when SPARC was downregulated by lentiviral vectors, the inhibitions induced by high concentrations of glucose were partially reversed. To conclude, the inhibitory effects on cell viability, migration, angiogenesis and cellular adhesion of HRCECs induced by high concentrations of glucose were reversed once the expression of SPARC was inhibited. These findings suggest that SPARC may serve an important role in pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Fu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Shanghai 200080, P.R. China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Fundus Disease, Shanghai 200080, P.R. China
| | - Min Tang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Shanghai 200080, P.R. China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Fundus Disease, Shanghai 200080, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoqiong Xiang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200080, P.R. China
| | - Kun Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200080, P.R. China
| | - Xun Xu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Shanghai 200080, P.R. China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Fundus Disease, Shanghai 200080, P.R. China
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20
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Ding Y, Zhou J, Wang S, Li Y, Mi Y, Gao S, Xu Y, Chen Y, Yan J. Anti-neuropilin-1 monoclonal antibody suppresses the migration and invasion of human gastric cancer cells via Akt dephosphorylation. Exp Ther Med 2018; 16:537-546. [PMID: 30116312 PMCID: PMC6090285 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2018.6234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2016] [Accepted: 02/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuropilin-1 (NRP-1) is involved in a range of physiological and pathological processes, including neuronal cell guidance, cardiovascular development, immunity, angiogenesis and the pathogenesis of cancer. Targeting of NRP-1 is considered to be a potential cancer therapy and a number of approaches have been investigated, including the use of small interfering RNA, peptides, soluble NRP antagonists and monoclonal antibodies. The present study used a novel anti-neuropilin-1 monoclonal antibody (anti-NRP-1 mAb) to investigate its potential anti-tumor effects on human gastric cancer cells in vitro and in vivo, as well as its underlying mechanisms of action. Using an MTT assay, it was observed that anti-NRP-1 mAb (<150 µg/ml) had no effects on the viability of gastric cancer cell line BGC-823, while a Boyden chamber assay indicated that treatment with anti-NRP-1 mAb suppressed the migration and invasion of BGC-823 cells. Western blot analysis also demonstrated that phosphorylation of Akt was reduced in BGC-823 cells treated with anti-NRP-1 mAb. Furthermore, anti-NRP-1 mAb suppressed the growth of gastric cancer xenograft tumors and downregulated the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor proteins within tumors in nude mice. These data indicate the potential effects of anti-NRP-1 mAb on malignant tumors and suggest that inhibition of NRP-1 function with anti-NRP-1 mAb may be a novel therapeutic approach in the treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Ding
- Department of Oncology, The 174th Hospital of the Chinese People's Liberation Army, The Affiliated Chenggong Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361003, P.R. China
| | - Juan Zhou
- Department of Oncology, The 174th Hospital of the Chinese People's Liberation Army, The Affiliated Chenggong Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361003, P.R. China
| | - Shengyu Wang
- Cancer Research Center, Medical College of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, P.R. China
| | - Yue Li
- Department of Oncology, The 174th Hospital of the Chinese People's Liberation Army, The Affiliated Chenggong Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361003, P.R. China
| | - Yanjun Mi
- Department of Oncology, The 174th Hospital of the Chinese People's Liberation Army, The Affiliated Chenggong Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361003, P.R. China
| | - Shihua Gao
- Department of Oncology, The 174th Hospital of the Chinese People's Liberation Army, The Affiliated Chenggong Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361003, P.R. China
| | - Yun Xu
- Department of Oncology, The 174th Hospital of the Chinese People's Liberation Army, The Affiliated Chenggong Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361003, P.R. China
| | - Yuqiang Chen
- Department of Oncology, The 174th Hospital of the Chinese People's Liberation Army, The Affiliated Chenggong Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361003, P.R. China
| | - Jianghua Yan
- Cancer Research Center, Medical College of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, P.R. China
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Barillari G, Monini P, Sgadari C, Ensoli B. The Impact of Human Papilloma Viruses, Matrix Metallo-Proteinases and HIV Protease Inhibitors on the Onset and Progression of Uterine Cervix Epithelial Tumors: A Review of Preclinical and Clinical Studies. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E1418. [PMID: 29747434 PMCID: PMC5983696 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19051418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2018] [Revised: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection of uterine cervix epithelial cells by the Human Papilloma Viruses (HPV) is associated with the development of dysplastic/hyperplastic lesions, termed cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN). CIN lesions may regress, persist or progress to invasive cervical carcinoma (CC), a leading cause of death worldwide. CIN is particularly frequent and aggressive in women infected by both HPV and the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), as compared to the general female population. In these individuals, however, therapeutic regimens employing HIV protease inhibitors (HIV-PI) have reduced CIN incidence and/or clinical progression, shedding light on the mechanism(s) of its development. This article reviews published work concerning: (i) the role of HPV proteins (including HPV-E5, E6 and E7) and of matrix-metalloproteinases (MMPs) in CIN evolution into invasive CC; and (ii) the effect of HIV-PI on events leading to CIN progression such as basement membrane and extracellular matrix invasion by HPV-positive CIN cells and the formation of new blood vessels. Results from the reviewed literature indicate that CIN clinical progression can be monitored by evaluating the expression of MMPs and HPV proteins and they suggest the use of HIV-PI or their derivatives for the block of CIN evolution into CC in both HIV-infected and uninfected women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Barillari
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 1 via Montpellier, 00133 Rome, Italy.
| | - Paolo Monini
- National HIV/AIDS Research Center, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 299 viale Regina Elena, 00161 Rome, Italy.
| | - Cecilia Sgadari
- National HIV/AIDS Research Center, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 299 viale Regina Elena, 00161 Rome, Italy.
| | - Barbara Ensoli
- National HIV/AIDS Research Center, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 299 viale Regina Elena, 00161 Rome, Italy.
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22
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Li Z, Li AD, Xu L, Bai DW, Hou KZ, Zheng HC, Qu XJ, Liu YP. SPARC expression in gastric cancer predicts poor prognosis: Results from a clinical cohort, pooled analysis and GSEA assay. Oncotarget 2018; 7:70211-70222. [PMID: 28053291 PMCID: PMC5342547 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.12191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2016] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The prognostic role of Secreted Protein Acidic and Rich in Cysteine (SPARC) in gastric cancer (GC) remains controversial. We investigated the clinical significance, the survival relevance, and potential function of SPARC in GC with resected samples, online gene set GSE62254, and cell line SGC7901. Results High immunostaining of SPARC significantly correlated with tumor differentiation (P = 0.004), and independently predicted shorter overall survival (OS) (HR = 1.446, P = 0.022), based on the current IHC evaluation. The accuracy of the results was further validated with 1000 times bootstrapping and the time-dependent receiver-operating characteristics (ROC) curves. The meta-analysis (pooled HR = 1.60, 95% CI: 1.01−2.53) confirmed SPARC as the predictor for reduced OS in GC. Moreover, the association between enhanced SPARC expression and Adriamycin (Adr) sensitivity was revealed by GSEA, and then confirmed by comparative cellular experiments, such as the protein level analysis of SGC7901and SGC7901/Adr cell line. Materials and Methods Immunohistochemistry (IHC) method was used to detect SPARC expression in 137 GC cases. Meta-analysis was performed based on 5 studies published in English on PubMed up to March 2016. GSEA was performed using online data set GSE62254 and GC-related functional gene sets derived from molecular signatures database (MSigDB). Western Blot was carried out to compare protein-level differences between gastric carcinoma SGC7901 cell line and Adr resistant SGC7901/Adr cell line. MTT assay was done to confirm the induction of SPARC on Adr sensitivity Conclusions Increased SPARC expression in GC led to a worse clinical outcome of patients and might induce Adr sensitivity of GC cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Li
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China.,Key Laboratory of Anticancer Drugs and Biotherapy of Liaoning Province
| | - Ao-Di Li
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China.,Key Laboratory of Anticancer Drugs and Biotherapy of Liaoning Province
| | - Lu Xu
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China.,Key Laboratory of Anticancer Drugs and Biotherapy of Liaoning Province
| | - De-Wei Bai
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China.,Department of Cell Biological Treatment Ward, Dalian Centre Hospital, Dalian, Liaoning Province, China.,Key Laboratory of Anticancer Drugs and Biotherapy of Liaoning Province
| | - Ke-Zuo Hou
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China.,Key Laboratory of Anticancer Drugs and Biotherapy of Liaoning Province
| | - Hua-Chuan Zheng
- Life Science Institute of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Xiu-Juan Qu
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China.,Key Laboratory of Anticancer Drugs and Biotherapy of Liaoning Province
| | - Yun-Peng Liu
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China.,Key Laboratory of Anticancer Drugs and Biotherapy of Liaoning Province
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23
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Nakajima M, Yoshino S, Kanekiyo S, Maeda N, Sakamoto K, Tsunedomi R, Suzuki N, Takeda S, Yamamoto S, Hazama S, Hoshii Y, Oga A, Itoh H, Ueno T, Nagano H. High secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine expression in peritumoral fibroblasts predicts better prognosis in patients with resectable gastric cancer. Oncol Lett 2017; 15:803-812. [PMID: 29403557 PMCID: PMC5780739 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2017.7418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Accepted: 09/22/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine (SPARC) is an extracellular matrix glycoprotein that may serve an important role in epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Recent studies have demonstrated that SPARC status is a prognostic indicator in various cancer types; however, its value remains unclear in gastric cancer (GC). In the present study, the localization and prognostic impact of SPARC expression were evaluated in patients with GC. Immunohistochemical analysis of SPARC expression was performed in 117 surgically resected GC specimens, and the localization of SPARC positive cells, as well as the rassociation between SPARC expression and clinicopathological characteristics were evaluated. High SPARC expression was observed in 47 cases; the glycoprotein was localized in the peritumoral fibroblasts, but was rarely observed in the cytoplasm of cancer cells. Heterogeneity of SPARC expression was observed in 52 cases. High stromal SPARC expression was identified to be an independent predictor of more favorable prognosis (overall survival and recurrence free survival) in all patients (P<0.001). On subgroup analysis, this association remained significant in patients who received adjuvant chemotherapy, but not in patients who did not (P<0.001). Stromal SPARC expression predicts better prognosis in GC patients who underwent curative resection; this appears to be associated with improved response to chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masao Nakajima
- Department of Gastroenterological, Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Yamaguchi 755-8505, Japan
| | - Shigefumi Yoshino
- Oncology Center, Yamaguchi University Hospital, Yamaguchi 755-8505, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Kanekiyo
- Department of Gastroenterological, Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Yamaguchi 755-8505, Japan
| | - Noriko Maeda
- Department of Gastroenterological, Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Yamaguchi 755-8505, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Sakamoto
- Department of Gastroenterological, Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Yamaguchi 755-8505, Japan
| | - Ryoichi Tsunedomi
- Department of Gastroenterological, Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Yamaguchi 755-8505, Japan
| | - Nobuaki Suzuki
- Department of Gastroenterological, Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Yamaguchi 755-8505, Japan
| | - Shigeru Takeda
- Department of Gastroenterological, Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Yamaguchi 755-8505, Japan
| | - Shigeru Yamamoto
- Department of Gastroenterological, Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Yamaguchi 755-8505, Japan
| | - Shoichi Hazama
- Department of Translational Research and Developmental Therapeutics against Cancer, Yamaguchi University School of Medicine, Yamaguchi 755-8505, Japan
| | - Yoshinobu Hoshii
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Yamaguchi University Hospital, Yamaguchi 755-8505, Japan
| | - Atsunori Oga
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Yamaguchi 755-8505, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Itoh
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Yamaguchi 755-8505, Japan
| | - Tomio Ueno
- Department of Surgery, Kawasaki Medical School, Okayama 701-0192, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Nagano
- Department of Gastroenterological, Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Yamaguchi 755-8505, Japan
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24
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hsa-miR-29c-3p regulates biological function of colorectal cancer by targeting SPARC. Oncotarget 2017; 8:104508-104524. [PMID: 29262657 PMCID: PMC5732823 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.22356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2017] [Accepted: 06/30/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the most common type of behavioral cancers, miRNAs play a critical role in cancer development and progression. In the present study, we downloaded the original data from Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) and conduct data analysis. has-mir-29c-3p mimic, inhibitor, negative control or si-SPARC (secreted protein acidic, rich in cysteine) were transfected into HCT116 cells, respectively. Quantitative real time PCR (qRT-PCR) was used to measure has-mir-29c-3p and SPARC mRNA expressions, western blot was used to detect ACAA1 (acetyl-CoA acyltransferase 1), ACOX1 (acyl-CoA oxidase 1), COL1A1(collagen, type I, alpha-1), COL1A2 (collagen, type I, alpha-2), COL4A1 (collagen, type IV, alpha-1), COL5A2 (collagen, type V, alpha-2), COL12A1 (collagen, type XII, alpha-1), CPT2 (carnitine palmitoyltransferase 2), ETHE1 (persulfide dioxygenase), HMGCS2 (3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA synthase 2), SPARC, SQRDL (sulfide quinone oxidoreductase), and TST (thiosulfate sulfurtransferase) protein expression. CCK-8 and wound healing assay were employed to verify cell proliferation and migration. The luciferase reporter assay data made sure the target correlation of has-mir-29c-3p and SPARC. Firstly, we found that the expression of has-mir-29c-3p was lower in CRC tissues than in their paired corresponding non-cancerous tissues and there was significant inversed correlation between has-mir-29c-3p and SPARC. Overexpression of has-mir-29c-3p reduced cell proliferation and migration. SPARC was identified as a direct target of has-mir-29c-3p, whose silencing reduced cell proliferation and migration. These data showed that has-mir-29c-3p regulates CRC cell functions through regulating SPARC expression. Taken together, has-mir-29c-3p may function as an oncogenic miRNA targeting SPARC, targeted modulation of has-mir-29c-3p expression may became a potential strategy for the treatment.
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25
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Peng F, Zhong Y, Liu Y, Zhang Y, Xie Y, Lu Y, Zhang X, Li D. SPARC suppresses lymph node metastasis by regulating the expression of VEGFs in ovarian carcinoma. Int J Oncol 2017; 51:1920-1928. [PMID: 29075785 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2017.4168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2017] [Accepted: 10/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Lymph node metastasis is one of the most valuable determinants for the prognosis of ovarian cancer. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying lymphangiogenesis in ovarian cancer is still poorly understood. Secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine (SPARC), a Ca2+-binding matricellular glycoprotein that modulates cell adhesion, migration and differentiation, is thought to play a decisive role in tumor metastasis. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-C and VEGF-D contributes to tumor-associated lymphatic vessel growth, enhancing the metastatic spread of tumor cells to lymph nodes. The aim of the present study was to investigate the relationship among SPARC, VEGFs and lymph node metastasis in ovarian cancer. We found that SKOV3 cells expressed high-level SPARC, much more than SKOV3-PM4 cells (a subline with high directional lymphatic metastatic potentials established from the metastatic lymph node generated by human ovarian carcinoma cell line SKOV3 in nude mice) did at both mRNA and protein levels. A SPARC-overexpressed SKOV3-PM4 cell line was constructed and it was found that upregulation of SPARC expression suppressed the growth, migration and invasion of SKOV3-PM4 cells as well as markedly reduced the expression of VEGF-D at both mRNA and protein level by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and western blot assay. In 47 of ovarian malignant tissues, the expression of SPARC, VEGF-C and VEGF-D were determined by immunohistochemistry. Lymphatic microvessel density (LVD) and microvessel density (MVD) were evaluated by immunostaining with CD34 and D2-40 antibodies, respectively. We found that SPARC expression was significantly lower in tissues with lymph node metastasis as compared to tissues without lymph node metastasis. SPARC expression was inversely associated with the degree of malignancy and it had a negative correlation with VEGF-C expression, VEGF-D expression, LVD and MVD which were actually higher for advanced tumors than for non-advanced tumors. These results suggest SPARC might function as a tumor suppressor inhibiting angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis in ovarian cancer by reducing the expression of VEGF-C and VEGF-D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fenghui Peng
- Affliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 530021, P.R. China
| | - Yanping Zhong
- Medical Scientific Research Center, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 530021, P.R. China
| | - Yunfeng Liu
- Affliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 530021, P.R. China
| | - Yueming Zhang
- Medical Scientific Research Center, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 530021, P.R. China
| | - Yihong Xie
- Affliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 530021, P.R. China
| | - Yingxin Lu
- Affliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 530021, P.R. China
| | - Xinyin Zhang
- Affliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 530021, P.R. China
| | - Danrong Li
- Affliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 530021, P.R. China
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26
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S1P Provokes Tumor Lymphangiogenesis via Macrophage-Derived Mediators Such as IL-1 β or Lipocalin-2. Mediators Inflamm 2017; 2017:7510496. [PMID: 28804221 PMCID: PMC5539930 DOI: 10.1155/2017/7510496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 06/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A pleiotropic signaling lipid, sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P), has been implicated in various pathophysiological processes supporting tumor growth and metastasis. However, there are only a few descriptive studies suggesting a role of S1P in tumor lymphangiogenesis, which is critical for tumor growth and dissemination. Corroborating own data, the literature suggests that apoptotic tumor cell-derived S1P alters the phenotype of tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) to gain protumor functions. However, mechanistically, the role of TAM-induced lymphangiogenesis has only been poorly described, mostly linked to the production of lymphangiogenic factors such as vascular endothelial growth factor C (VEGF-C) and VEGF-D, or transdifferentiation into lymphatic endothelial cells. Recent findings highlight a rather underappreciated role of S1P in tumor lymphangiogenesis, referring to the production of interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and lipocalin-2 (LCN2) by a tumor-promoting macrophage phenotype. In this review, we aim to provide to the readers with the current understanding of the molecular mechanism how apoptotic cell-derived S1P triggers TAMs to promote lymphangiogenesis.
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27
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Moh MC, Sum CF, Tavintharan S, Pek SLT, Yeoh LY, Ng X, Lee SBM, Tang WE, Lim SC. Association of the anti-angiogenic factor secreted protein and rich in cysteine (SPARC) with vascular complications among Chinese type 2 diabetic patients in Singapore. J Diabetes Complications 2017; 31:1222-1227. [PMID: 28479157 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2016.03.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Revised: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
AIMS This study evaluated the association of the anti-angiogenic SPARC with known angiogenesis-associated factors and diabetes-related micro- and macro-vascular complications in a Singapore Chinese cohort with type 2 diabetes (T2DM). METHODS Plasma SPARC was measured by immunoassay in 438 T2DM adults (mean age:58±11years). RESULTS Higher SPARC levels in subjects stratified by SPARC tertiles displayed decreased pro-angiogenic adiponectin, osteopontin, vascular cell adhesion molecule (VCAM)-1 and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 concentrations (all p<0.05). The anti-angiogenic pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) level was not statistically different among the SPARC tertiles. Age-adjusted partial correlation revealed significant associations of SPARC with adiponectin, osteopontin, VCAM-1, MMP-2, and PEDF (all p<0.05). Lower SPARC was accompanied by less favorable estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (PWV) readings (all p<0.05). Conversely, ankle-brachial index (ABI) reduced with increasing SPARC (p=0.048). The eGFR (B=0.834, p=0.019), PWV (B=-7.925, p=0.009), and ABI (B=-142.160, p=0.010) remained as determinants of SPARC after confounder adjustment. Moreover, individuals in the lowest SPARC tertile had increased odds of aortic stiffness (OR=1.900, 95% CI=1.103-3.274) but reduced odds of peripheral arterial disease (OR=0.400, 95% CI=0.175-0.919). However, SPARC was not independently associated with chronic kidney disease. CONCLUSIONS The anti-angiogenic SPARC may be associated with the pathophysiology of diabetes-related macrovascular complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Chung Moh
- Clinical Research Unit, Khoo Teck Puat Hospital, Singapore
| | | | | | | | - Lee Ying Yeoh
- Department of Medicine, Khoo Teck Puat Hospital, Singapore
| | - Xiaowei Ng
- Clinical Research Unit, Khoo Teck Puat Hospital, Singapore
| | | | - Wern Ee Tang
- National Healthcare Group Polyclinics, Singapore
| | - Su Chi Lim
- Diabetes Centre, Khoo Teck Puat Hospital, Singapore.
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28
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Wong SLI, Sukkar MB. The SPARC protein: an overview of its role in lung cancer and pulmonary fibrosis and its potential role in chronic airways disease. Br J Pharmacol 2016; 174:3-14. [PMID: 27759879 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2015] [Revised: 10/05/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The SPARC (secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine) protein is matricellular molecule regulating interactions between cells and their surrounding extracellular matrix (ECM). This protein thus governs fundamental cellular functions such as cell adhesion, proliferation and differentiation. SPARC also regulates the expression and activity of numerous growth factors and matrix metalloproteinases essential for ECM degradation and turnover. Studies in SPARC-null mice have revealed a critical role for SPARC in tissue development, injury and repair and in the regulation of the immune response. In the lung, SPARC drives pathological responses in non-small cell lung cancer and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis by promoting microvascular remodelling and excessive deposition of ECM proteins. Remarkably, although chronic airway conditions such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) involve significant remodelling in both the airway and vascular compartments, the role of SPARC in these conditions has thus far been overlooked. In this review, we discuss the role of SPARC in lung cancer and pulmonary fibrosis, as well as potential mechanisms by which it may contribute to the disease process in asthma and COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon L I Wong
- Discipline of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Health, The University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, Australia
| | - Maria B Sukkar
- Discipline of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Health, The University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, Australia
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29
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Komiya K, Nakamura T, Nakashima C, Takahashi K, Umeguchi H, Watanabe N, Sato A, Takeda Y, Kimura S, Sueoka-Aragane N. SPARC is a possible predictive marker for albumin-bound paclitaxel in non-small-cell lung cancer. Onco Targets Ther 2016; 9:6663-6668. [PMID: 27822069 PMCID: PMC5089830 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s114492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives Nanoparticle albumin-bound paclitaxel (nab-paclitaxel) produced good tumor response in cases with lung squamous cell carcinoma, one of the most difficult cancers to treat. Secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine (SPARC) binds to albumin, suggesting that SPARC plays an important role in tumor uptake of nab-paclitaxel. There is as yet no predictive marker for cytotoxic agents against non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC), and hence we believed that SPARC expression might be associated with tumor response to nab-paclitaxel. Patients and methods We studied stromal SPARC reactivity and its association with clinicopathological characteristics in 200 cases of NSCLC using a custom tissue microarray fabricated in our laboratory by immunohistochemical staining. We also investigated the relationship between stromal SPARC reactivity and tumor response to nab-paclitaxel using biopsy or surgical specimens obtained from advanced or recurrent lung cancer patients. Results High SPARC stromal reactivity (>50% of optical fields examined) was detected in 16.5% of cases and intermediate SPARC reactivity (10%–50%) in 56% of cases. High expression in cancer cells was rare (five cases). Stromal SPARC level was correlated with smoking index, squamous cell carcinoma, and vessel invasion. Furthermore, patients with high stromal SPARC reactivity in biopsy specimens such as transbronchial lung biopsy or surgical specimens tended to respond better to nab-paclitaxel. Conclusion Stromal SPARC was detected by immunohistochemical staining in ∼70% of NSCLC cases, and good tumor response to nab-paclitaxel was correlated with high stromal SPARC reactivity. SPARC may be a useful predictive marker for selecting patients likely to respond favorably to nab-paclitaxel treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazutoshi Komiya
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology, Respiratory Medicine and Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University
| | - Tomomi Nakamura
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology, Respiratory Medicine and Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University
| | - Chiho Nakashima
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology, Respiratory Medicine and Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University
| | - Koichiro Takahashi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology, Respiratory Medicine and Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University
| | - Hitomi Umeguchi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology, Respiratory Medicine and Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University; Japanese Red Cross Karatsu Hospital
| | - Naomi Watanabe
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology, Respiratory Medicine and Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University
| | - Akemi Sato
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology, Respiratory Medicine and Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University
| | - Yuji Takeda
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology, Respiratory Medicine and Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University; Department of Thoracic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Saga, Japan
| | - Shinya Kimura
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology, Respiratory Medicine and Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University
| | - Naoko Sueoka-Aragane
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology, Respiratory Medicine and Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University
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Boyineni J, Tanpure S, Gnanamony M, Antony R, Fernández KS, Lin J, Pinson D, Gondi CS. SPARC overexpression combined with radiation retards angiogenesis by suppressing VEGF-A via miR‑410 in human neuroblastoma cells. Int J Oncol 2016; 49:1394-406. [PMID: 27498840 PMCID: PMC5021251 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2016.3646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroblastoma (NB) is the most common extracranial solid tumor in children and despite aggressive therapy survival rates remain low. One of the contributing factors for low survival rates is aggressive tumor angiogenesis, which is known to increase due to radiation, one of the standard therapies for neuroblastoma. Therefore, targeting tumor angiogenesis can be a viable add-on therapy for the treatment of neuroblastomas. In the present study, we demonstrate that overexpression of secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine (SPARC) suppresses radiation induced angiogenesis in SK-N-BE(2) and NB1691 neuroblastoma cells. We observed that overexpression of SPARC in SK-N-BE(2) and NB1691 cells reduced radiation induced angiogenesis in an in vivo mouse dorsal skin model and an ex vivo chicken CAM (chorioallantoic-membrane) model and also reduced tumor size in subcutaneous mouse tumor models of NB. We also observed that SPARC overexpression reduces VEGF-A expression, in SK-N-BE(2) and NB1691 NB cells via miR-410, a VEGF-A targeting microRNA. SPARC overexpression alone or in combination with miR-410 and radiation was shown to be effective at reducing angiogenesis. Moreover, addition of miR-410 inhibitors reversed SPARC mediated inhibition of VEGF-A in NB1691 cells but not in SK-N-BE(2) NB cells. In conclusion, the present study demonstrates that the over-expression of SPARC in combination with radiation reduced tumor angiogenesis by downregulating VEGF-A via miR-410.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerusha Boyineni
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Peoria, IL 61605, USA
| | - Smita Tanpure
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Peoria, IL 61605, USA
| | - Manu Gnanamony
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Peoria, IL 61605, USA
| | - Reuben Antony
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Peoria, IL 61605, USA
| | - Karen S Fernández
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Peoria, IL 61605, USA
| | - Julian Lin
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Peoria, IL 61605, USA
| | - David Pinson
- Department of Pathology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Peoria, IL 61605, USA
| | - Christopher S Gondi
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Peoria, IL 61605, USA
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Targeting HCCR expression resensitizes gastric cancer cells to chemotherapy via down-regulating the activation of STAT3. Sci Rep 2016; 6:24196. [PMID: 27052330 PMCID: PMC4823702 DOI: 10.1038/srep24196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Accepted: 03/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The human cervical cancer oncogene (HCCR) has been found to be overexpressed in a variety of human cancers. However, the level of expression of HCCR and its biological function in gastric cancer are largely unknown. In this study, we evaluated HCCR expression in several gastric cancer cell lines and in one normal gastric mucosal cell line. We established a 5-FU-resistant gastric cancer cell subline, and we evaluated its HCCR expression. HCCR expression levels were high in gastric cancer lines, and expression was significantly increased in the 5-FU-resistant cancer cell subline. HCCR expression affected cell growth by regulating apoptosis in the cancer cells, and it had a positive correlation with p-STAT3 expression. Western blot and luciferase reporter assays showed that the activation of STAT3 upregulated HCCR expression in a positive feedback loop model. In vivo and in vitro studies showed that HCCR plays an important role in the apoptosis induced by 5-FU. Our data demonstrate that HCCR is probably involved in apoptosis and cancer growth and that it functions as a p-STAT3 stimulator in a positive feedback loop model. In gastric cancer cells, HCCR confers a more aggressive phenotype and resistance to 5-FU-based chemotherapy.
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The secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine is a critical mediator of cell death program induced by WIN/TRAIL combined treatment in osteosarcoma cells. Int J Oncol 2015; 48:1039-44. [PMID: 26698404 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2015.3307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 11/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine (SPARC) is a multi-functional protein which modulates cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions. In cancer cells, SPARC behaves as a tumor promoter in a number of tumors, but it can also act as a tumor suppressor factor. Our previous results showed that the synthetic cannabinoid WIN55,212-2 (WIN), a potent cannabinoid receptor agonist, is able to sensitize osteosarcoma MG63 cells to TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL)-induced apoptosis which is accompanied with endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-stress induction and the increase in autophagic markers. In the present investigation, we studied the role of SPARC in WIN/TRAIL-induced apoptosis demonstrating that WIN increased the level of SPARC protein and mRNA in a time-dependent manner. This event was functional to WIN/TRAIL-dependent apoptosis as demonstrated by RNA interfering analysis which indicated that SPARC-silenced cells were less sensitive to cytotoxic effects induced by the combined treatment. Our experiments also demonstrate that SPARC interacts with caspase-8 thus probably favoring its translocation to plasma membrane and the activation of extrinsic apoptotic pathway. In conclusion, to the best of our knowledge, our results are the first to show that WIN-dependent increase in the level of SPARC plays a critical role in sensitizing osteosarcoma cells to TRAIL action.
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Ahmadzadeh V, Tofigh R, Farajnia S, Pouladi N. The Central Role for Microenvironment in B-Cell Malignancies: Recent Insights into Synergistic Effects of its Therapeutic Targeting and Anti-CD20 Antibodies. Int Rev Immunol 2015; 35:136-55. [DOI: 10.3109/08830185.2015.1077830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Li L, Song HY, Liu K, An MM. Correlation of secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine with diabetic nephropathy. Int J Clin Exp Med 2015; 8:12746-12755. [PMID: 26550188 PMCID: PMC4612873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
To detect the serum concentrations of secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine (SPARC) in patients with diabetic nephropathy and SPARC mRNA and protein expressions in renal tissue of db/db mice (C57BL/KsJ, diabetic nephropathy mice), thus preliminary exploration on the role of secreted protein acidic riches in cysteine in the development of diabetic nephropathy were carried out. Serum SPARC levels in normal subjects, patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (without diabetic nephropathy), chronic renal failure (without diabetes mellitus), and diabetic nephropathy were determined with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. 12-week-old db/db mice (db/db group) and its littermate wild-type control mice (NC group) were selected with 6 from each group, and the kidney tissue were taken. RT-PCR, Western blot, and immunofluorescence were used to detect the mRNA, targeted protein expressions of SPARC and the staining of renal tissue. The serum level of SPARC in diabetic nephropathy group was significantly higher than those in normal group, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and chronic renal failure group (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01). The SPARC level in the type 2 diabetes mellitus group was higher than that in normal group (P < 0.05), but there was no difference between normal group and chronic renal failure. SPARC mRNA and protein levels in renal tissue of db/db mice were higher compared with the normal control group (P < 0.05). The long term hyperglycemic state in patients with diabetic nephropathy causes pathological change of renal tissue. Simultaneously, increased secretion of SPARC from renal tissue results in elevation of serum SPARC level. SPARC correlates with the occurrence and progression of diabetes, and it may play a role in pathological change of diabetic nephropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Li
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Hormone and Endocrinology Key Laboratory of Harbin Medical University Xuefu Road 246, Harbin 150080, China
| | - Hai-Yan Song
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Hormone and Endocrinology Key Laboratory of Harbin Medical University Xuefu Road 246, Harbin 150080, China
| | - Kai Liu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Hormone and Endocrinology Key Laboratory of Harbin Medical University Xuefu Road 246, Harbin 150080, China
| | - Meng-Meng An
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Hormone and Endocrinology Key Laboratory of Harbin Medical University Xuefu Road 246, Harbin 150080, China
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Liu HL, Liu D, Ding GR, Liao PF, Zhang JW. Hypoxia-inducible factor-1α and Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathways promote the invasion of hypoxic gastric cancer cells. Mol Med Rep 2015; 12:3365-3373. [PMID: 25997455 PMCID: PMC4526080 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2015.3812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2014] [Accepted: 02/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to examine the association between hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1α and the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway in a hypoxic environment. The study also aimed to explore the possible mechanisms underlying the invasion of hypoxic gastric cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. The pcDNA™ 6.2‑GW/EmGFP‑miR‑β‑catenin plasmid was transfected into SGC‑7901 gastric cancer cells, resulting in cells with stable suppression of β‑catenin expression. The biological characteristics of the control, liposome, negative control, β‑catenin knockdown, hypoxia and hypoxia β‑catenin knockdown groups were tested using an invasion assay. The differences in the invasive capacity of the control, negative control and liposome groups were not statistically significant. However, the hypoxia group demonstrated a significantly enhanced invasive capacity, as compared with that in the control group (P<0.05). In the hypoxia β‑catenin knockdown group, reduced cell penetration and diminished invasive behavior was observed (P<0.05). In the hypoxia and double (chemical + physical) hypoxia groups, HIF‑1α, β‑catenin, urokinase‑type plasminogen activator (uPA) and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP‑7) protein and mRNA expression levels were elevated. In response to knockdown of β‑catenin expression, HIF‑1α, β‑catenin, uPA and MMP‑7 protein as well as mRNA expression levels were significantly reduced in the hypoxia β‑catenin knockdown and the double hypoxia β‑catenin knockdown groups. In an in vivo experiment, the growth rate of xenograft tumors of hypoxic and control cells was high alongside increased HIF‑1α, β‑catenin, uPA and MMP‑7 levels according to western blot and immunohistochemical analyses, while growth and protein levels of tumors from hypoxic β‑catenin knockdown cells were significantly lower and those of β‑catenin knockdown cells were lowest. In conclusion, these results suggested that HIF‑1α activation was able to regulate the Wnt/β‑catenin pathway, and that HIF‑1α may be controlled by the Wnt/β‑catenin pathway. A potential mechanism underlying SGC‑7901 tumorigenicity is the activation of the Wnt/β‑catenin signaling pathway, which activates uPA and MMP‑7 expression and contributes to the enhanced invasion of hypoxic cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Lan Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Dang Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Guang-Rong Ding
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Peng-Fei Liao
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Jun-Wen Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
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Al-Husseini A, Kraskauskas D, Mezzaroma E, Nordio A, Farkas D, Drake JI, Abbate A, Felty Q, Voelkel NF. Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 3 signaling contributes to angioobliterative pulmonary hypertension. Pulm Circ 2015; 5:101-16. [PMID: 25992275 DOI: 10.1086/679704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2014] [Accepted: 10/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms involved in the development of severe angioobliterative pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) are multicellular and complex. Many of the features of human severe PAH, including angioobliteration, lung perivascular inflammation, and right heart failure, are reproduced in the Sugen 5416/chronic hypoxia (SuHx) rat model. Here we address, at first glance, the confusing and paradoxical aspect of the model, namely, that treatment of rats with the antiangiogenic vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) receptor 1 and 2 kinase inhibitor, Sugen 5416, when combined with chronic hypoxia, causes angioproliferative pulmonary vascular disease. We postulated that signaling through the unblocked VEGF receptor VEGFR3 (or flt4) could account for some of the pulmonary arteriolar lumen-occluding cell growth. We also considered that Sugen 5416-induced VEGFR1 and VEGFR2 blockade could alter the expression pattern of VEGF isoform proteins. Indeed, in the lungs of SuHx rats we found increased expression of the ligand proteins VEGF-C and VEGF-D as well as enhanced expression of the VEGFR3 protein. In contrast, in the failing right ventricle of SuHx rats there was a profound decrease in the expression of VEGF-B and VEGF-D in addition to the previously described reduction in VEGF-A expression. MAZ51, an inhibitor of VEGFR3 phosphorylation and VEGFR3 signaling, largely prevented the development of angioobliteration in the SuHx model; however, obliterated vessels did not reopen when animals with established PAH were treated with the VEGFR3 inhibitor. Part of the mechanism of vasoobliteration in the SuHx model occurs via VEGFR3. VEGFR1/VEGFR2 inhibition can be initially antiangiogenic by inducing lung vessel endothelial cell apoptosis; however, it can be subsequently angiogenic via VEGF-C and VEGF-D signaling through VEGFR3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayser Al-Husseini
- Victoria Johnson Laboratory for Lung Research, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Donatas Kraskauskas
- Victoria Johnson Laboratory for Lung Research, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Eleanora Mezzaroma
- VCU Pauley Heart Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Andrea Nordio
- VCU Pauley Heart Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Daniela Farkas
- Victoria Johnson Laboratory for Lung Research, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Jennifer I Drake
- Victoria Johnson Laboratory for Lung Research, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Antonio Abbate
- VCU Pauley Heart Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Quentin Felty
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Florida International University, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Norbert F Voelkel
- Victoria Johnson Laboratory for Lung Research, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
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Deryugina EI, Quigley JP. Tumor angiogenesis: MMP-mediated induction of intravasation- and metastasis-sustaining neovasculature. Matrix Biol 2015; 44-46:94-112. [PMID: 25912949 PMCID: PMC5079283 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2015.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 294] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2014] [Revised: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 04/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Metastasis is a distinct stage of cancer progression that requires the development of angiogenic blood vessels serving as conduits for tumor cell dissemination. An accumulated body of evidence indicates that metastasis-supporting neovasculature should possess certain structural characteristics allowing for the process of tumor cell intravasation, an active entry of cancer cells into the vessel interior. It appears that the development of tumor vessels with lumens of a distinctive size and support of these vessels by a discontinuous pericyte coverage constitute critical microarchitectural requirements to: (a) provide accessible points for vessel wall penetration by primary tumor cells; (b) provide enough lumen space for a tumor cell or cell aggregate upon intravasation; and (c) allow for sufficient rate of blood flow to carry away intravasated cells from the primary tumor to the next, proximal or distal site. This review will primarily focus on the functional roles of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), which catalytically trigger the development of an intravasation-sustaining neovasculature at the early stages of tumor growth and are also required for the maintenance of a metastasis-supporting state of blood vessels at later stages of cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena I Deryugina
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States.
| | - James P Quigley
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States.
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Cydzik M, Abdul-Wahid A, Park S, Bourdeau A, Bowden K, Prodeus A, Kollara A, Brown TJ, Ringuette MJ, Gariépy J. Slow binding kinetics of secreted protein, acidic, rich in cysteine-VEGF interaction limit VEGF activation of VEGF receptor 2 and attenuate angiogenesis. FASEB J 2015; 29:3493-505. [PMID: 25921830 DOI: 10.1096/fj.15-271775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2015] [Accepted: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
VEGF-A (VEGF) drives angiogenesis through activation of downstream effectors to promote endothelial cell proliferation and migration. Although VEGF binds both VEGF receptor 1 (R1) and receptor 2 (R2), its proangiogenic effects are attributed to R2. Secreted protein, acidic, rich in cysteine (SPARC) is a matricellular glycoprotein thought to inhibit angiogenesis by preventing VEGF from activating R1, but not R2. Because R2 rather than R1 mediates proangiogenic activities of VEGF, the role of human SPARC in angiogenesis was reevaluated. We confirm that association of SPARC with VEGF inhibits VEGF-induced HUVEC adherence, motility, and proliferation in vitro and blocks VEGF-induced blood vessel formation ex vivo. SPARC decreases VEGF-induced phosphorylation of R2 and downstream effectors ERK, Akt, and p38 MAPK as shown by Western blot and/or phosphoflow analysis. Surface plasmon resonance indicates that SPARC binds slowly to VEGF (0.865 ± 0.02 × 10(4) M(-1) s(-1)) with a Kd of 150 nM, forming a stable complex that dissociates slowly (1.26 ± 0.003 × 10(-3) s(-1)). Only domain III of SPARC binds VEGF, exhibiting a 15-fold higher affinity than full-length SPARC. These findings support a model whereby SPARC regulates angiogenesis by sequestering VEGF, thus restricting the activation of R2 and the subsequent activation of downstream targets critical for endothelial cell functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marzena Cydzik
- *Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Medical Biophysics and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Cell & Systems Biology, Department of Immunology, and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; and Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Aws Abdul-Wahid
- *Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Medical Biophysics and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Cell & Systems Biology, Department of Immunology, and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; and Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Soyeon Park
- *Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Medical Biophysics and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Cell & Systems Biology, Department of Immunology, and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; and Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Annie Bourdeau
- *Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Medical Biophysics and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Cell & Systems Biology, Department of Immunology, and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; and Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Katherine Bowden
- *Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Medical Biophysics and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Cell & Systems Biology, Department of Immunology, and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; and Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Aaron Prodeus
- *Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Medical Biophysics and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Cell & Systems Biology, Department of Immunology, and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; and Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alexandra Kollara
- *Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Medical Biophysics and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Cell & Systems Biology, Department of Immunology, and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; and Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Theodore J Brown
- *Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Medical Biophysics and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Cell & Systems Biology, Department of Immunology, and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; and Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Maurice J Ringuette
- *Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Medical Biophysics and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Cell & Systems Biology, Department of Immunology, and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; and Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jean Gariépy
- *Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Medical Biophysics and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Cell & Systems Biology, Department of Immunology, and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; and Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Awwad K, Hu J, Shi L, Mangels N, Abdel Malik R, Zippel N, Fisslthaler B, Eble JA, Pfeilschifter J, Popp R, Fleming I. Role of secreted modular calcium-binding protein 1 (SMOC1) in transforming growth factor β signalling and angiogenesis. Cardiovasc Res 2015; 106:284-94. [PMID: 25750188 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvv098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2014] [Accepted: 01/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Secreted modular calcium-binding protein 1 (SMOC1) is a matricellular protein that potentially interferes with growth factor receptor signalling. The aim of this study was to determine how its expression is regulated in endothelial cells and its role in the regulation of endothelial cell function. METHODS AND RESULTS SMOC1 was expressed by native murine endothelial cells as well as by cultured human, porcine, and murine endothelial cells. SMOC1 expression in cultured cells was increased by hypoxia via the down-regulation of miR-223, and SMOC1 expression was increased in lungs from miR-223-deficient mice. Silencing SMOC1 (small interfering RNA) attenuated endothelial cell proliferation, migration, and sprouting in in vitro angiogenesis assays. Similarly endothelial cell sprouting from aortic rings ex vivo as well as postnatal retinal angiogenesis in vivo was attenuated in SMOC1(+/-) mice. In endothelial cells, transforming growth factor (TGF)-β signalling via activin-like kinase (ALK) 5 leads to quiescence, whereas TGF-β signalling via ALK1 results in endothelial cell activation. SMOC1 acted as a negative regulator of ALK5/SMAD2 signalling, resulting in altered α2 integrin levels. Mechanistically, SMOC1 associated (immunohistochemistry, proximity ligation assay, and co-immunoprecipitation) with endoglin; an endothelium-specific type III auxiliary receptor for the TGF-β super family and the effects of SMOC1 down-regulation on SMAD2 phosphorylation were abolished by the down-regulation of endoglin. CONCLUSION These results indicate that SMOC1 is an ALK5 antagonist produced by endothelial cells that tips TGF-β signalling towards ALK1 activation, thus promoting endothelial cell proliferation and angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khader Awwad
- Institute for Vascular Signalling, Centre for Molecular Medicine, Goethe-University, Theodor Stern Kai 7, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Jiong Hu
- Institute for Vascular Signalling, Centre for Molecular Medicine, Goethe-University, Theodor Stern Kai 7, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Lei Shi
- Institute for Vascular Signalling, Centre for Molecular Medicine, Goethe-University, Theodor Stern Kai 7, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Nicole Mangels
- Institute for Vascular Signalling, Centre for Molecular Medicine, Goethe-University, Theodor Stern Kai 7, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Randa Abdel Malik
- Institute for Vascular Signalling, Centre for Molecular Medicine, Goethe-University, Theodor Stern Kai 7, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Nina Zippel
- Institute for Vascular Signalling, Centre for Molecular Medicine, Goethe-University, Theodor Stern Kai 7, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Beate Fisslthaler
- Institute for Vascular Signalling, Centre for Molecular Medicine, Goethe-University, Theodor Stern Kai 7, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Johannes A Eble
- Institute for Physiological Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Excellence Cluster Cell-in-Motion, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Josef Pfeilschifter
- Pharmacenter Frankfurt/ZAFES, Goethe-University Hospital, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Rüdiger Popp
- Institute for Vascular Signalling, Centre for Molecular Medicine, Goethe-University, Theodor Stern Kai 7, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Ingrid Fleming
- Institute for Vascular Signalling, Centre for Molecular Medicine, Goethe-University, Theodor Stern Kai 7, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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Aberrant methylation of the SPARC gene promoter and its clinical implication in gastric cancer. Sci Rep 2014; 4:7035. [PMID: 25516351 PMCID: PMC4268651 DOI: 10.1038/srep07035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2014] [Accepted: 10/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine (SPARC) gene has been shown to be epigenetically silenced in several cancers. We investigated the loss of expression and promoter methylation of this tumor suppressor gene in gastric cancers and correlated the data with clinicopathological features. We observed the loss of SPARC mRNA and SPARC protein expression in 7 of 10 (70%) gastric cancer cell lines. Upon treatment of expression-negative cell lines with a demethylating agent, expression of mRNA and protein was restored in all cells. Methylation rate of SPARC gene was 80% in ten gastric cancer cell lines and 74% (163 of 220) in primary tumors, while it was 5% in normal gastric mucosa (n = 40). In intestinal gastric cancer, SPARC methylation correlated with a negative prognosis (P < 0.001; relative risk 2.754, 95% confidence interval 1.780–4.261). Immunostaining revealed that SPARC protein was overexpressed in stromal fibroblasts adjacent to neoplastic epithelium but rarely expressed in the primary gastric cancer cells. These results implicate SPARC promoter methylation as an important factor in the tumorigenesis of gastric carcinomas and provide new insights into the potential use of SPARC as a novel biomarker and the potential clinical importance in human gastric cancers.
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Ojima K, Oe M, Nakajima I, Shibata M, Chikuni K, Muroya S, Nishimura T. Proteomic analysis of secreted proteins from skeletal muscle cells during differentiation. EUPA OPEN PROTEOMICS 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.euprot.2014.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Sobeih D, Hussein KA, Said N, Motamed K, Al-Shabrawey M. Deletion of SPARC Enhances Retinal Vaso-Obliteration in Mouse Model of Oxygen-Induced Retinopathy. HSOA JOURNAL OF OPHTHALMOLOGY & CLINICAL RESEARCH 2014; 1:002. [PMID: 26636134 PMCID: PMC4665627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Secreted Protein Acidic and Rich in Cysteine (SPARC) is a matricellular protein which is implicated in regulation of angiogenesis. PURPOSE To characterize the changes in SPARC expression and effect of its deletion in a mouse model Oxygen Induced Retinopathy (OIR). MATERIALS AND METHODS Wild type (wt) and SPARC-deficient mice were subjected to high oxygen (75%) for 5 days (p7-p12) before room air for additional 5 days (p12-p17). Retinas from both groups were flat mounted and retinal vessels were labeled with Isolectin-B4. Areas of Retinal Neovascularization (RNV) and vaso-obliteration were measured by Image-J and normalized to total retinal areas. SPARC expression was analyzed in both groups at p14 and p17 in retinal homogenates and sections by Western Blotting (WB) and immunofluorescence respectively. Human Retinal Endothelial Cells (HRECs) were exposed to hypoxia (1% O2) for 6 hours then SPARC was measured in cell lysate and condition medium by WB and ELISA. Moreover, HRECs were treated with VEGF or SPARC to study their mutual regulatory effect. RESULTS SPARC-deficient mice demonstrated significant increase in the vaso-obliteration (p=0.03) and modest increase in RNV compared to the wt control. Retinal levels of SPARC was significantly decreased during OIR at p14 (p=0.01) and partially restored to normal level by p17. Moreover, hypoxia significantly reduced SPARC expression and secretion in HRECs (p=0.001). We noticed a mutual positive regulatory feedback between SPARC and VEGF. CONCLUSION SPARC deletion enhances ischemic retinopathy, thus modulation of SPARC expression could be a novel therapeutic approach to prevent pathological RNV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doaa Sobeih
- Oral Biology/Anatomy, College of Dental Medicine, Georgia Regents University (GRU), Augusta, GA, USA ; James & Jean Culver Vision Discovery Institute, GRU, USA ; Ophthalmology, Medical College of Georgia (MCG), GRU, USA
| | - Khaled A Hussein
- Oral Biology/Anatomy, College of Dental Medicine, Georgia Regents University (GRU), Augusta, GA, USA ; James & Jean Culver Vision Discovery Institute, GRU, USA ; Ophthalmology, Medical College of Georgia (MCG), GRU, USA
| | - Neveen Said
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, USA
| | | | - Mohamed Al-Shabrawey
- Oral Biology/Anatomy, College of Dental Medicine, Georgia Regents University (GRU), Augusta, GA, USA ; James & Jean Culver Vision Discovery Institute, GRU, USA ; Ophthalmology, Medical College of Georgia (MCG), GRU, USA ; Cellular Biology and Anatomy, MCG, GRU, USA
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Ye Y, Zhou X, Li X, Tang Y, Sun Y, Fang J. Inhibition of epidermal growth factor receptor signaling prohibits metastasis of gastric cancer via downregulation of MMP7 and MMP13. Tumour Biol 2014; 35:10891-6. [PMID: 25085584 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-014-2383-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2014] [Accepted: 07/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The molecular pathway regulating gastric carcinoma (GC) invasiveness and metastasis remains elusive. Here, we detected significant increase in the phosphorylated epidermal growth factor receptor (pEGFR), MMP7, and MMP13 in the resected GC, compared with the adjacent normal tissue, in patients. Moreover, strong positive correlation was detected between pEGFR and MMP7, and between pEGFR and MMP13 in GC. To examine whether a causal link exists, we used two human GC lines, SNU-5 and AGS, to study the cross talk between EGFR signaling activation, and expression of MMP7 and MMP13. We found that EGF-induced EGFR phosphorylation activated both MMP7 and MMP13, and consequently cancer invasiveness. EGF-induced activation of MMP7 and MMP13 can be both inhibited by use of an inhibitor for EGFR. EGF-induced activation of MMP7 can be also significantly inhibited by use of an inhibitor for Akt, but not an inhibitor for ERK1/2, while EGF-induced activation of MMP13 can be significantly inhibited by use of an inhibitor for ERK1/2, but not by an inhibitor for Akt. These data suggest that EGF-induced activation of MMP7 and MMP13 in GC is through phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) and extracellular-related kinase/mitogen-activated protein kinase (ERK/MAPK) signaling pathway, respectively. Our study thus highlights EGFR signaling regulated MMP7 and MMP13 activation as molecular basis for metastasis of GC, and further demonstrate that different signaling pathway cascades are involved in the downstream signaling transduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinghai Ye
- Department of Surgery, Wenzhou Central Hospital, Wenzhou, China
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Wang B, Chen K, Xu W, Chen D, Tang W, Xia TS. Integrative genomic analyses of secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine and its role in cancer prediction. Mol Med Rep 2014; 10:1461-8. [PMID: 24938427 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2014.2339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2013] [Accepted: 01/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine (SPARC), also termed osteonectin or basement‑membrane‑40 (BM‑40), is a matrix‑associated protein that elicits changes in cell shape, inhibits cell‑cycle progression and affects the synthesis of extracellular matrix (ECM). The final mature SPARC protein has 286 amino acids with three distinct domains, including an NH2‑terminal acidic domain (NT), follistatin‑like domain (FS) and C terminus domain (EC). The present study identified SPARC genes from 14 vertebrate genomes and revealed that SPARC existed in all types of vertebrates, including fish, amphibians, birds and mammals. In total, 21 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) causing missense mutations were identified, which may affect the formation of the truncated form of the SPARC protein. The human SPARC gene was found to be expressed in numerous tissues or organs, including in the bone marrow, whole blood, lymph node, thymus, brain, cerebellum, retina, heart, smooth muscle, skeletal muscle, spinal cord, intestine, colon, adipocyte, kidney, liver, pancreas, thyroid, salivary gland, skin, ovary, uterus, placenta, cervix and prostate. When searched in the PrognoScan database, the human SPARC gene was also found to be expressed in bladder, blood, breast, glioma, esophagus, colorectal, head and neck, ovarian, lung and skin cancer tissues. It was revealed that the association between the expression of SPARC and prognosis varied in different types of cancer, and even in the same cancer from different databases. It implied that the function of SPARC in these tumors may be multidimensional, functioning not just as a tumor suppressor or oncogene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Wang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Huangpu Division of the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat‑sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510700, P.R. China
| | - Kai Chen
- Department of Medical Oncology, Huangpu Division of the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat‑sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510700, P.R. China
| | - Wenming Xu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Huangpu Division of the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat‑sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510700, P.R. China
| | - Di Chen
- Department of Medical Oncology, Huangpu Division of the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat‑sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510700, P.R. China
| | - Wei Tang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Huangpu Division of the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat‑sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510700, P.R. China
| | - Tian-Song Xia
- Department of Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, P.R. China
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Zhang J, Wang P, Zhu J, Wang W, Yin J, Zhang C, Chen Z, Sun L, Wan Y, Wang X, Chen G, Liu Y. SPARC expression is negatively correlated with clinicopathological factors of gastric cancer and inhibits malignancy of gastric cancer cells. Oncol Rep 2014; 31:2312-20. [PMID: 24676680 DOI: 10.3892/or.2014.3118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2014] [Accepted: 03/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine (SPARC) is a glycoprotein which plays multiple roles in different types of cancer. Our previous study showed that SPARC overexpression inhibited the growth and angiogenesis of tumors, and reduced expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). However, the relationship between SPARC expression and clinicopathological factors of gastric cancer (GC) is controversial, and the role of SPARC in GC remains unclear. We evaluated expression of SPARC in 65 human GC tissues using immunohistochemistry (IHC). The results indicated that SPARC expression was negatively correlated with clinicopathological factors of GC. In vitro assay showed that SPARC overexpression decreased proliferation and clonogenicity by suppressing CD44 expression. In addition, SPARC overexpression inhibited VEGF induced proliferation and arrested cell cycle of GC cells by reducing the activation of VEGFR2, ERK1/2 and AKT signaling pathways. SPARC suppressed the invasion and migration of GC by reducing MMP-7, MMP-9, N-cadherin, Sp1 and p-ERK1/2 expression. In the in vivo assay, cancer metastasis mouse models were established by tail vein injection. The results revealed that the lung metastases of SPARC-overexpressing GC cells in the mice were much fewer than those of control cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junling Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, P.R. China
| | - Pengyuan Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, P.R. China
| | - Jing Zhu
- Department of General Surgery, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, P.R. China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, P.R. China
| | - Jie Yin
- Department of General Surgery, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, P.R. China
| | - Chi Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, P.R. China
| | - Ziyi Chen
- Department of General Surgery, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, P.R. China
| | - Lie Sun
- Department of General Surgery, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, P.R. China
| | - Yuanlian Wan
- Department of General Surgery, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, P.R. China
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, P.R. China
| | - Guowei Chen
- Department of General Surgery, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, P.R. China
| | - Yucun Liu
- Department of General Surgery, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, P.R. China
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Riabov V, Gudima A, Wang N, Mickley A, Orekhov A, Kzhyshkowska J. Role of tumor associated macrophages in tumor angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis. Front Physiol 2014; 5:75. [PMID: 24634660 PMCID: PMC3942647 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2014.00075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 408] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2013] [Accepted: 02/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor angiogenesis is an essential process for supplying rapidly growing malignant tissues with essential nutrients and oxygen. An angiogenic switch allows tumor cells to survive and grow, and provides them access to vasculature resulting in metastatic disease. Monocyte-derived macrophages recruited and reprogrammed by tumor cells serve as a major source of angiogenic factors boosting the angiogenic switch. Tumor endothelium releases angiopoietin-2 and further facilitates recruitment of TIE2 receptor expressing monocytes (TEM) into tumor sites. Tumor-associated macrophages (TAM) sense hypoxia in avascular areas of tumors, and react by production of angiogenic factors such as VEGFA. VEGFA stimulates chemotaxis of endothelial cells (EC) and macrophages. In some tumors, TAM appeared to be a major source of MMP9. Elevated expression of MMP9 by TAM mediates extracellular matrix (ECM) degradation and the release of bioactive VEGFA. Other angiogenic factors released by TAM include basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), thymidine phosphorylase (TP), urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA), and adrenomedullin (ADM). The same factors used by macrophages for the induction of angiogenesis [like vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A) and MMP9] support lymphangiogenesis. TAM can express LYVE-1, one of the established markers of lymphatic endothelium. TAM support tumor lymphangiogenesis not only by secretion of pro-lymphangiogenic factors but also by trans-differentiation into lymphatic EC. New pro-angiogenic factor YKL-40 belongs to a family of mammalian chitinase-like proteins (CLP) that act as cytokines or growth factors. Human CLP family comprises YKL-40, YKL-39, and SI-CLP. Production of all three CLP in macrophages is antagonistically regulated by cytokines. It was recently established that YKL-40 induces angiogenesis in vitro and in animal tumor models. YKL-40-neutralizing monoclonal antibody blocks tumor angiogenesis and progression. The role of YKL-39 and SI-CLP in tumor angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis remains to be investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Riabov
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center and Medical Faculty Mannheim, Ruprecht-Karls University of Heidelberg Mannheim, Germany ; Department of Nanopathology, Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexandru Gudima
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center and Medical Faculty Mannheim, Ruprecht-Karls University of Heidelberg Mannheim, Germany ; Department of Innate Immunity and Tolerance, University Medical Center and Medical Faculty Mannheim, Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Immunology, Ruprecht-Karls University of Heidelberg Mannheim, Germany
| | - Nan Wang
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center and Medical Faculty Mannheim, Ruprecht-Karls University of Heidelberg Mannheim, Germany
| | - Amanda Mickley
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center and Medical Faculty Mannheim, Ruprecht-Karls University of Heidelberg Mannheim, Germany ; Department of Innate Immunity and Tolerance, University Medical Center and Medical Faculty Mannheim, Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Immunology, Ruprecht-Karls University of Heidelberg Mannheim, Germany
| | - Alexander Orekhov
- Department of Nanopathology, Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences Moscow, Russia
| | - Julia Kzhyshkowska
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center and Medical Faculty Mannheim, Ruprecht-Karls University of Heidelberg Mannheim, Germany ; Department of Nanopathology, Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences Moscow, Russia ; Department of Innate Immunity and Tolerance, University Medical Center and Medical Faculty Mannheim, Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Immunology, Ruprecht-Karls University of Heidelberg Mannheim, Germany
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Lin MC, Tsai SY, Wang FY, Liu FH, Syu JN, Tang FY. Leptin induces cell invasion and the upregulation of matrilysin in human colon cancer cells. Biomedicine (Taipei) 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomed.2013.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
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Wang XX, Yang M, Zhang YQ. Progress in understanding role of SPARC protein in gastric cancer. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2013; 21:409-414. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v21.i5.409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
SPARC is a cysteine-rich secretory protein that is highly conservative and shares >70% amino acid sequence homology across all kinds of living organisms. The single-copy gene encoding the SPARC protein is located on human chromosome 5q31.3-q32, consists of 10 exons, and has a full length of 25 900 bp. SPARC protein is mainly expressed in tissue repair-related fibroblasts and endothelial cells, and high expression of SPARC protein has been noted in some aggressive malignant tumors. The incidence and mortality of gastric cancer are high in China, and the high mortality is closely related with tumor invasion and metastasis. SPARC protein is abnormally expressed in gastric carcinoma, and there is still controversy over the role of SPARC in gastric carcinoma. In this paper we review recent progress in understanding the role of SPARC protein in gastric cancer.
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