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Urbanska M, Guck J. Single-Cell Mechanics: Structural Determinants and Functional Relevance. Annu Rev Biophys 2024; 53:367-395. [PMID: 38382116 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-biophys-030822-030629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
The mechanical phenotype of a cell determines its ability to deform under force and is therefore relevant to cellular functions that require changes in cell shape, such as migration or circulation through the microvasculature. On the practical level, the mechanical phenotype can be used as a global readout of the cell's functional state, a marker for disease diagnostics, or an input for tissue modeling. We focus our review on the current knowledge of structural components that contribute to the determination of the cellular mechanical properties and highlight the physiological processes in which the mechanical phenotype of the cells is of critical relevance. The ongoing efforts to understand how to efficiently measure and control the mechanical properties of cells will define the progress in the field and drive mechanical phenotyping toward clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Urbanska
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light, Erlangen, Germany; ,
- Max-Planck-Zentrum für Physik und Medizin, Erlangen, Germany
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jochen Guck
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light, Erlangen, Germany; ,
- Max-Planck-Zentrum für Physik und Medizin, Erlangen, Germany
- Department of Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
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2
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Pouraria H, Houston JP. Elasticity of Carrier Fluid: A Key Factor Affecting Mechanical Phenotyping in Deformability Cytometry. MICROMACHINES 2024; 15:822. [PMID: 39064333 PMCID: PMC11278870 DOI: 10.3390/mi15070822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2024] [Revised: 06/12/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
Recently, microfluidics deformability cytometry has emerged as a powerful tool for high-throughput mechanical phenotyping of large populations of cells. These methods characterize cells by their mechanical fingerprints by exerting hydrodynamic forces and monitoring the resulting deformation. These devices have shown great promise for label-free cytometry, yet there is a critical need to improve their accuracy and reconcile any discrepancies with other methods, such as atomic force microscopy. In this study, we employ computational fluid dynamics simulations and uncover how the elasticity of frequently used carrier fluids, such as methylcellulose dissolved in phosphate-buffered saline, is significantly influential to the resulting cellular deformation. We conducted CFD simulations conventionally used within the deformability cytometry field, which neglect fluid elasticity. Subsequently, we incorporated a more comprehensive model that simulates the viscoelastic nature of the carrier fluid. A comparison of the predicted stresses between these two approaches underscores the significance of the emerging elastic stresses in addition to the well-recognized viscous stresses along the channel. Furthermore, we utilize a two-phase flow model to predict the deformation of a promyelocyte (i.e., HL-60 cell type) within a hydrodynamic constriction channel. The obtained results highlight a substantial impact of the elasticity of carrier fluid on cellular deformation and raise questions about the accuracy of mechanical property estimates derived by neglecting elastic stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jessica P. Houston
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM 88003, USA;
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3
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Sani A, Idrees Khan M, Shah S, Tian Y, Zha G, Fan L, Zhang Q, Cao C. Diagnosis and screening of abnormal hemoglobins. Clin Chim Acta 2024; 552:117685. [PMID: 38030031 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2023.117685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Hemoglobin (Hb) abnormalities, such as thalassemia and structural Hb variants, are among the most prevalent inherited diseases and are associated with significant mortality and morbidity worldwide. However, there were not comprehensive reviews focusing on different clinical analytical techniques, research methods and artificial intelligence (AI) used in clinical screening and research on hemoglobinopathies. Hence the review offers a comprehensive summary of recent advancements and breakthroughs in the detection of aberrant Hbs, research methods and AI uses as well as the present restrictions anddifficulties in hemoglobinopathies. Recent advances in cation exchange high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE), isoelectric focusing (IEF), flow cytometry, mass spectrometry (MS) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) etc have allowed for the definitive detection by using advanced AIand portable point of care tests (POCT) integrating with smartphone microscopic classification, machine learning (ML) model, complete blood counts (CBC), imaging-based method, speedy immunoassay, and electrochemical-, microfluidic- and sensing-related platforms. In addition, to confirm and validate unidentified and novel Hbs, highly specialized genetic based techniques like PCR, reverse transcribed (RT)-PCR, DNA microarray, sequencing of genomic DNA, and sequencing of RT-PCR amplified globin cDNA of the gene of interest have been used. Hence, adequate utilization and improvement of available diagnostic and screening technologies are important for the control and management of hemoglobinopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Sani
- School of Sensing Science and Engineering, School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Muhammad Idrees Khan
- School of Sensing Science and Engineering, School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Saud Shah
- School of Sensing Science and Engineering, School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Youli Tian
- School of Sensing Science and Engineering, School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China; School of Life Science and Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Genhan Zha
- School of Sensing Science and Engineering, School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Liuyin Fan
- Student Innovation Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
| | - Qiang Zhang
- School of Sensing Science and Engineering, School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China.
| | - Chengxi Cao
- School of Sensing Science and Engineering, School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China; School of Life Science and Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China.
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Abraham A, Virdi S, Herrero N, Bryant I, Nwakama C, Jacob M, Khaparde G, Jordan D, McCuddin M, McKinley S, Taylor A, Peeples C, Ekpenyong A. Microfluidic Microcirculation Mimetic for Exploring Biophysical Mechanisms of Chemotherapy-Induced Metastasis. MICROMACHINES 2023; 14:1653. [PMID: 37763816 PMCID: PMC10536821 DOI: 10.3390/mi14091653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
There is rapidly emerging evidence from pre-clinical studies, patient samples and patient subpopulations that certain chemotherapeutics inadvertently produce prometastatic effects. Prior to this, we showed that doxorubicin and daunorubicin stiffen cells before causing cell death, predisposing the cells to clogging and extravasation, the latter being a step in metastasis. Here, we investigate which other anti-cancer drugs might have similar prometastatic effects by altering the biophysical properties of cells. We treated myelogenous (K562) leukemic cancer cells with the drugs nocodazole and hydroxyurea and then measured their mechanical properties using a microfluidic microcirculation mimetic (MMM) device, which mimics aspects of blood circulation and enables the measurement of cell mechanical properties via transit times through the device. We also quantified the morphological properties of cells to explore biophysical mechanisms underlying the MMM results. Results from MMM measurements show that nocodazole- and hydroxyurea-treated K562 cells exhibit significantly altered transit times. Nocodazole caused a significant (p < 0.01) increase in transit times, implying a stiffening of cells. This work shows the feasibility of using an MMM to explore possible biophysical mechanisms that might contribute to chemotherapy-induced metastasis. Our work also suggests cell mechanics as a therapeutic target for much needed antimetastatic strategies in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley Abraham
- Biology Department, Creighton University, Omaha, NE 68178, USA; (A.A.); (N.H.); (M.J.); (G.K.); (D.J.); (M.M.); (S.M.); (A.T.)
| | - Sukhman Virdi
- Physics Department, Creighton University, Omaha, NE 68178, USA; (S.V.); (I.B.); (C.P.)
| | - Nick Herrero
- Biology Department, Creighton University, Omaha, NE 68178, USA; (A.A.); (N.H.); (M.J.); (G.K.); (D.J.); (M.M.); (S.M.); (A.T.)
| | - Israel Bryant
- Physics Department, Creighton University, Omaha, NE 68178, USA; (S.V.); (I.B.); (C.P.)
| | - Chisom Nwakama
- Chemistry Department, Creighton University, Omaha, NE 68178, USA;
| | - Megha Jacob
- Biology Department, Creighton University, Omaha, NE 68178, USA; (A.A.); (N.H.); (M.J.); (G.K.); (D.J.); (M.M.); (S.M.); (A.T.)
| | - Gargee Khaparde
- Biology Department, Creighton University, Omaha, NE 68178, USA; (A.A.); (N.H.); (M.J.); (G.K.); (D.J.); (M.M.); (S.M.); (A.T.)
| | - Destiny Jordan
- Biology Department, Creighton University, Omaha, NE 68178, USA; (A.A.); (N.H.); (M.J.); (G.K.); (D.J.); (M.M.); (S.M.); (A.T.)
| | - Mackenzie McCuddin
- Biology Department, Creighton University, Omaha, NE 68178, USA; (A.A.); (N.H.); (M.J.); (G.K.); (D.J.); (M.M.); (S.M.); (A.T.)
| | - Spencer McKinley
- Biology Department, Creighton University, Omaha, NE 68178, USA; (A.A.); (N.H.); (M.J.); (G.K.); (D.J.); (M.M.); (S.M.); (A.T.)
| | - Adam Taylor
- Biology Department, Creighton University, Omaha, NE 68178, USA; (A.A.); (N.H.); (M.J.); (G.K.); (D.J.); (M.M.); (S.M.); (A.T.)
| | - Conner Peeples
- Physics Department, Creighton University, Omaha, NE 68178, USA; (S.V.); (I.B.); (C.P.)
| | - Andrew Ekpenyong
- Physics Department, Creighton University, Omaha, NE 68178, USA; (S.V.); (I.B.); (C.P.)
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5
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Oh M, Batty S, Banerjee N, Kim TH. High extracellular glucose promotes cell motility by modulating cell deformability and contractility via the cAMP-RhoA-ROCK axis in human breast cancer cells. Mol Biol Cell 2023; 34:ar79. [PMID: 37195739 PMCID: PMC10398875 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e22-12-0560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The mechanical properties, or mechanotypes, of cells are largely determined by their deformability and contractility. The ability of cancer cells to deform and generate contractile force is critical in multiple steps of metastasis. Identifying soluble cues that regulate cancer cell mechanotypes and understanding the underlying molecular mechanisms regulating these cellular mechanotypes could provide novel therapeutic targets to prevent metastasis. Although a strong correlation between high glucose level and cancer metastasis has been demonstrated, the causality has not been elucidated, and the underlying molecular mechanisms remain largely unknown. In this study, using novel high-throughput mechanotyping assays, we show that human breast cancer cells become less deformable and more contractile with increased extracellular glucose levels (>5 mM). These altered cell mechanotypes are due to increased F-actin rearrangement and nonmuscle myosin II (NMII) activity. We identify the cAMP-RhoA-ROCK-NMII axis as playing a major role in regulating cell mechanotypes at high extracellular glucose levels, whereas calcium and myosin light-chain kinase (MLCK) are not required. The altered mechanotypes are also associated with increased cell migration and invasion. Our study identifies key components in breast cancer cells that convert high extracellular glucose levels into changes in cellular mechanotype and behavior relevant in cancer metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mijung Oh
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131
| | - Skylar Batty
- Undergraduate Pipeline Network Summer Research Program, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721
| | - Nayan Banerjee
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, West Bengal, India
| | - Tae-Hyung Kim
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131
- University of New Mexico Comprehensive Cancer Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131
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Eroles M, Lopez-Alonso J, Ortega A, Boudier T, Gharzeddine K, Lafont F, Franz CM, Millet A, Valotteau C, Rico F. Coupled mechanical mapping and interference contrast microscopy reveal viscoelastic and adhesion hallmarks of monocyte differentiation into macrophages. NANOSCALE 2023. [PMID: 37378568 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr00757j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
Monocytes activated by pro-inflammatory signals adhere to the vascular endothelium and migrate from the bloodstream to the tissue ultimately differentiating into macrophages. Cell mechanics and adhesion play a crucial role in macrophage functions during this inflammatory process. However, how monocytes change their adhesion and mechanical properties upon differentiation into macrophages is still not well understood. In this work, we used various tools to quantify the morphology, adhesion, and viscoelasticity of monocytes and differentiatted macrophages. Combination of atomic force microscopy (AFM) high resolution viscoelastic mapping with interference contrast microscopy (ICM) at the single-cell level revealed viscoelasticity and adhesion hallmarks during monocyte differentiation into macrophages. Quantitative holographic tomography imaging revealed a dramatic increase in cell volume and surface area during monocyte differentiation and the emergence of round and spread macrophage subpopulations. AFM viscoelastic mapping showed important stiffening (increase of the apparent Young's modulus, E0) and solidification (decrease of cell fluidity, β) on differentiated cells that correlated with increased adhesion area. These changes were enhanced in macrophages with a spread phenotype. Remarkably, when adhesion was perturbed, differentiated macrophages remained stiffer and more solid-like than monocytes, suggesting a permanent reorganization of the cytoskeleton. We speculate that the stiffer and more solid-like microvilli and lamellipodia might help macrophages to minimize energy dissipation during mechanosensitive activities. Thus, our results revealed viscoelastic and adhesion hallmarks of monocyte differentiation that may be important for biological function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mar Eroles
- Aix-Marseille University, INSERM, CNRS, LAI, Turing Centre for Living Systems, Marseille, France.
| | - Javier Lopez-Alonso
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur Lille, U1019 - UMR 9017 - CIIL - Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Lille, France
| | - Alexandre Ortega
- Aix-Marseille University, INSERM, CNRS, LAI, Turing Centre for Living Systems, Marseille, France.
| | | | - Khaldoun Gharzeddine
- Univ.Grenoble Alpes, Inserm U1209, CNRS UMR5309, Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Team Mechanobiology, Immunity and Cancer, La Tronche, France
- Department of Hepatogastroenterology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Grenoble Alpes, La Tronche, France
| | - Frank Lafont
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur Lille, U1019 - UMR 9017 - CIIL - Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Lille, France
| | - Clemens M Franz
- WPI Nano Life Science Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Arnaud Millet
- Univ.Grenoble Alpes, Inserm U1209, CNRS UMR5309, Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Team Mechanobiology, Immunity and Cancer, La Tronche, France
- Department of Hepatogastroenterology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Grenoble Alpes, La Tronche, France
| | - Claire Valotteau
- Aix-Marseille University, INSERM, CNRS, LAI, Turing Centre for Living Systems, Marseille, France.
| | - Felix Rico
- Aix-Marseille University, INSERM, CNRS, LAI, Turing Centre for Living Systems, Marseille, France.
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Scott S, Weiss M, Selhuber-Unkel C, Barooji YF, Sabri A, Erler JT, Metzler R, Oddershede LB. Extracting, quantifying, and comparing dynamical and biomechanical properties of living matter through single particle tracking. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:1513-1537. [PMID: 36546878 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp01384c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
A panoply of new tools for tracking single particles and molecules has led to an explosion of experimental data, leading to novel insights into physical properties of living matter governing cellular development and function, health and disease. In this Perspective, we present tools to investigate the dynamics and mechanics of living systems from the molecular to cellular scale via single-particle techniques. In particular, we focus on methods to measure, interpret, and analyse complex data sets that are associated with forces, materials properties, transport, and emergent organisation phenomena within biological and soft-matter systems. Current approaches, challenges, and existing solutions in the associated fields are outlined in order to support the growing community of researchers at the interface of physics and the life sciences. Each section focuses not only on the general physical principles and the potential for understanding living matter, but also on details of practical data extraction and analysis, discussing limitations, interpretation, and comparison across different experimental realisations and theoretical frameworks. Particularly relevant results are introduced as examples. While this Perspective describes living matter from a physical perspective, highlighting experimental and theoretical physics techniques relevant for such systems, it is also meant to serve as a solid starting point for researchers in the life sciences interested in the implementation of biophysical methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shane Scott
- Institute of Physiology, Kiel University, Hermann-Rodewald-Straße 5, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Matthias Weiss
- Experimental Physics I, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstr. 30, D-95447 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Christine Selhuber-Unkel
- Institute for Molecular Systems Engineering, Heidelberg University, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany.,Max Planck School Matter to Life, Jahnstraße 29, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Younes F Barooji
- Niels Bohr Institute, Blegdamsvej 17, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Adal Sabri
- Experimental Physics I, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstr. 30, D-95447 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Janine T Erler
- BRIC, University of Copenhagen, Ole Maaløes Vej 5, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Ralf Metzler
- Institute of Physics and Astronomy, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht Str. 24/25, D-14476 Potsdam, Germany.,Asia Pacific Center for Theoretical Physics, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
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8
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Alatoom A, ElGindi M, Sapudom J, Teo JCM. The T Cell Journey: A Tour de Force. Adv Biol (Weinh) 2023; 7:e2200173. [PMID: 36190140 DOI: 10.1002/adbi.202200173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
T cells act as the puppeteers in the adaptive immune response, and their dysfunction leads to the initiation and progression of pathological conditions. During their lifetime, T cells experience myriad forces that modulate their effector functions. These forces are imposed by interacting cells, surrounding tissues, and shear forces from fluid movement. In this review, a journey with T cells is made, from their development to their unique characteristics, including the early studies that uncovered their mechanosensitivity. Then the studies pertaining to the responses of T cell activation to changes in antigen-presenting cells' physical properties, to their immediate surrounding extracellular matrix microenvironment, and flow conditions are highlighted. In addition, it is explored how pathological conditions like the tumor microenvironment can hinder T cells and allow cancer cells to escape elimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aseel Alatoom
- Laboratory for Immuno Bioengineering Research and Applications Division of Engineering, New York University Abu Dhabi, Saadiyat Campus, P.O. Box 127788, Abu Dhabi, UAE.,Department of Mechanical Engineering Tandon School of Engineering, New York University, 6 MetroTech Center, Brooklyn, NY, 11201, USA
| | - Mei ElGindi
- Laboratory for Immuno Bioengineering Research and Applications Division of Engineering, New York University Abu Dhabi, Saadiyat Campus, P.O. Box 127788, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | - Jiranuwat Sapudom
- Laboratory for Immuno Bioengineering Research and Applications Division of Engineering, New York University Abu Dhabi, Saadiyat Campus, P.O. Box 127788, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | - Jeremy C M Teo
- Laboratory for Immuno Bioengineering Research and Applications Division of Engineering, New York University Abu Dhabi, Saadiyat Campus, P.O. Box 127788, Abu Dhabi, UAE.,Department of Mechanical Engineering Tandon School of Engineering, New York University, 6 MetroTech Center, Brooklyn, NY, 11201, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering Tandon School of Engineering, New York University, 6 MetroTech Center, Brooklyn, NY, 11201, USA
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Hu S, Liu T, Xue C, Li Y, Yang Y, Xu X, Liu B, Chen X, Zhao Y, Qin K. A high-throughput microfluidic device inspired by the Wheatstone bridge principle for characterizing the mechanical properties of single cells. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2022; 14:4813-4821. [PMID: 36382629 DOI: 10.1039/d2ay01416e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The mechanical properties of single cells have been recognized as biomarkers for identifying individual cells and diagnosing human diseases. Microfluidic devices based on the flow cytometry principle, which are not limited by the vision field of a microscope and can achieve a very high throughput, have been extensively adopted to measure the mechanical properties of single cells. However, these kinds of microfluidic devices usually required pressure-driven pumps with a very low flow rate and high precision. In this study, we developed a high-throughput microfluidic device inspired by the Wheatstone bridge principle for characterizing the mechanical properties of single cells. The microfluidic analogue of the Wheatstone bridge not only took advantage of flow cytometry, but also allowed precise control of a very low flow rate through the constricted channel with a higher input flow rate generated by a commercially available pressure-driven pump. Under different input flow rates of the pump, the apparent elastic moduli and the fluidity of osteosarcoma (U-2OS) cells and cervical carcinoma (HeLa) cells were measured by monitoring their dynamic deformations passing through the bridge-channel with different sizes of rectangular constrictions. The results showed that the input flow rate had little effect on measuring the mechanical properties of the cells, while the ratio of cell radius to effective constriction radius was different, i.e., for U-2OS cells it was 1.20 and for HeLa cells it was 1.09. Under this condition compared with predecessors, our statistic results of cell mechanical properties exhibited minimal errors. Furthermore, the cell viability after measurements was kept above 90% that demonstrated the non-destructive property of our proposed method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyu Hu
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Tianmian Liu
- DUT-BSU Joint Institute, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Chundong Xue
- School of Optoelectronic Engineering and Instrumentation Science, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, Liaoning Province, China.
| | - Yongjiang Li
- School of Optoelectronic Engineering and Instrumentation Science, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, Liaoning Province, China.
| | - Yunong Yang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Xing Xu
- Department of Endoscopy, Liaoning Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shenyang, 110042, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Bo Liu
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Xiaoming Chen
- School of Optoelectronic Engineering and Instrumentation Science, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, Liaoning Province, China.
| | - Yan Zhao
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, Liaoning Province, China
- Department of Gastric Cancer, Liaoning Cancer Hospital and Institute, Cancer Hospital of Dalian University of Technology, Shenyang, 110042, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Kairong Qin
- School of Optoelectronic Engineering and Instrumentation Science, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, Liaoning Province, China.
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, Liaoning Province, China
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10
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Matei AE, Kubánková M, Xu L, Györfi AH, Boxberger E, Soteriou D, Papava M, Prater J, Hong X, Bergmann C, Kräter M, Schett G, Guck J, Distler JHW. Identification of a Distinct Monocyte-Driven Signature in Systemic Sclerosis Using Biophysical Phenotyping of Circulating Immune Cells. Arthritis Rheumatol 2022; 75:768-781. [PMID: 36281753 DOI: 10.1002/art.42394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Pathologically activated circulating immune cells, including monocytes, play major roles in systemic sclerosis (SSc). Their functional characterization can provide crucial information with direct clinical relevance. However, tools for the evaluation of pathologic immune cell activation and, in general, of clinical outcomes in SSc are scarce. Biophysical phenotyping (including characterization of cell mechanics and morphology) provides access to a novel, mostly unexplored layer of information regarding pathophysiologic immune cell activation. We hypothesized that the biophysical phenotyping of circulating immune cells, reflecting their pathologic activation, can be used as a clinical tool for the evaluation and risk stratification of patients with SSc. METHODS We performed biophysical phenotyping of circulating immune cells by real-time fluorescence and deformability cytometry (RT-FDC) in 63 SSc patients, 59 rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients, 28 antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis (AAV) patients, and 22 age- and sex-matched healthy donors. RESULTS We identified a specific signature of biophysical properties of circulating immune cells in SSc patients that was mainly driven by monocytes. Since it is absent in RA and AAV, this signature reflects an SSc-specific monocyte activation rather than general inflammation. The biophysical properties of monocytes indicate current disease activity, the extent of skin or lung fibrosis, and the severity of manifestations of microvascular damage, as well as the risk of disease progression in SSc patients. CONCLUSION Changes in the biophysical properties of circulating immune cells reflect their pathologic activation in SSc patients and are associated with clinical outcomes. As a high-throughput approach that requires minimal preparations, RT-FDC-based biophysical phenotyping of monocytes can serve as a tool for the evaluation and risk stratification of patients with SSc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandru-Emil Matei
- Department of Rheumatology and Hiller Research Unit, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty of Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany, and Department of Internal Medicine 3-Rheumatology and Immunology and Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie (DZI), Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Markéta Kubánková
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light & Max-Planck-Center für Physik und Medizin, Erlangen, Germany, and Biotechnology Center, Center for Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Liyan Xu
- Department of Rheumatology and Hiller Research Unit, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty of Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany, and Department of Internal Medicine 3-Rheumatology and Immunology and Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie (DZI), Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Andrea-Hermina Györfi
- Department of Rheumatology and Hiller Research Unit, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty of Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany, and Department of Internal Medicine 3-Rheumatology and Immunology and Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie (DZI), Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Evgenia Boxberger
- Department of Internal Medicine 3-Rheumatology and Immunology and Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie (DZI), Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Despina Soteriou
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light & Max-Planck-Center für Physik und Medizin, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Maria Papava
- Department of Internal Medicine 3-Rheumatology and Immunology and Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie (DZI), Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Julia Prater
- Department of Internal Medicine 3-Rheumatology and Immunology and Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie (DZI), Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Xuezhi Hong
- Department of Rheumatology and Hiller Research Unit, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty of Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany, and Department of Internal Medicine 3-Rheumatology and Immunology and Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie (DZI), Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Christina Bergmann
- Department of Internal Medicine 3-Rheumatology and Immunology and Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie (DZI), Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Martin Kräter
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light & Max-Planck-Center für Physik und Medizin, Erlangen, Germany, and Biotechnology Center, Center for Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Georg Schett
- Department of Internal Medicine 3-Rheumatology and Immunology and Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie (DZI), Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jochen Guck
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light & Max-Planck-Center für Physik und Medizin, Erlangen, Germany, and Biotechnology Center, Center for Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Jörg H W Distler
- Department of Rheumatology and Hiller Research Unit, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty of Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany, and Department of Internal Medicine 3-Rheumatology and Immunology and Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie (DZI), Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
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11
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Abuhattum S, Kuan HS, Müller P, Guck J, Zaburdaev V. Unbiased retrieval of frequency-dependent mechanical properties from noisy time-dependent signals. BIOPHYSICAL REPORTS 2022; 2:100054. [PMID: 36425327 PMCID: PMC9680806 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpr.2022.100054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The mechanical response of materials to dynamic loading is often quantified by the frequency-dependent complex modulus. Probing materials directly in the frequency domain faces technical challenges such as a limited range of frequencies, long measurement times, or small sample sizes. Furthermore, many biological samples, such as cells or tissues, can change their properties upon repetitive probing at different frequencies. Therefore, it is common practice to extract the material properties by fitting predefined mechanical models to measurements performed in the time domain. This practice, however, precludes the probing of unique and yet unexplored material properties. In this report, we demonstrate that the frequency-dependent complex modulus can be robustly retrieved in a model-independent manner directly from time-dependent stress-strain measurements. While applying a rolling average eliminates random noise and leads to a reliable complex modulus in the lower frequency range, a Fourier transform with a complex frequency helps to recover the material properties at high frequencies. Finally, by properly designing the probing procedure, the recovery of reliable mechanical properties can be extended to an even wider frequency range. Our approach can be used with many state-of-the-art experimental methods to interrogate the mechanical properties of biological and other complex materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shada Abuhattum
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light, Erlangen, Germany
- Max-Planck-Zentrum für Physik und Medizin, Erlangen, Germany
- Biotechnology Center, Center for Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Hui-Shun Kuan
- Max-Planck-Zentrum für Physik und Medizin, Erlangen, Germany
- Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, Dresden, Germany
| | - Paul Müller
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light, Erlangen, Germany
- Max-Planck-Zentrum für Physik und Medizin, Erlangen, Germany
- Biotechnology Center, Center for Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Jochen Guck
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light, Erlangen, Germany
- Max-Planck-Zentrum für Physik und Medizin, Erlangen, Germany
- Biotechnology Center, Center for Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Department of Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Vasily Zaburdaev
- Max-Planck-Zentrum für Physik und Medizin, Erlangen, Germany
- Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, Dresden, Germany
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12
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Kalashnikov N, Moraes C. Engineering physical microenvironments to study innate immune cell biophysics. APL Bioeng 2022; 6:031504. [PMID: 36156981 PMCID: PMC9492295 DOI: 10.1063/5.0098578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Innate immunity forms the core of the human body's defense system against infection, injury, and foreign objects. It aims to maintain homeostasis by promoting inflammation and then initiating tissue repair, but it can also lead to disease when dysregulated. Although innate immune cells respond to their physical microenvironment and carry out intrinsically mechanical actions such as migration and phagocytosis, we still do not have a complete biophysical description of innate immunity. Here, we review how engineering tools can be used to study innate immune cell biophysics. We first provide an overview of innate immunity from a biophysical perspective, review the biophysical factors that affect the innate immune system, and then explore innate immune cell biophysics in the context of migration, phagocytosis, and phenotype polarization. Throughout the review, we highlight how physical microenvironments can be designed to probe the innate immune system, discuss how biophysical insight gained from these studies can be used to generate a more comprehensive description of innate immunity, and briefly comment on how this insight could be used to develop mechanical immune biomarkers and immunomodulatory therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikita Kalashnikov
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0G4, Canada
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13
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Català-Castro F, Schäffer E, Krieg M. Exploring cell and tissue mechanics with optical tweezers. J Cell Sci 2022; 135:jcs259355. [PMID: 35942913 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.259355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular and tissue biosystems emerge from the assembly of their constituent molecules and obtain a set of specific material properties. To measure these properties and understand how they influence cellular function is a central goal of mechanobiology. From a bottoms-up, physics or engineering point-of-view, such systems are a composition of basic mechanical elements. However, the sheer number and dynamic complexity of them, including active molecular machines and their emergent properties, makes it currently intractable to calculate how biosystems respond to forces. Because many diseases result from an aberrant mechanotransduction, it is thus essential to measure this response. Recent advances in the technology of optical tweezers have broadened their scope from single-molecule applications to measurements inside complex cellular environments, even within tissues and animals. Here, we summarize the basic optical trapping principles, implementations and calibration procedures that enable force measurements using optical tweezers directly inside cells of living animals, in combination with complementary techniques. We review their versatility to manipulate subcellular organelles and measure cellular frequency-dependent mechanics in the piconewton force range from microseconds to hours. As an outlook, we address future challenges to fully unlock the potential of optical tweezers for mechanobiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederic Català-Castro
- Neurophotonics and Mechanical Systems Biology, ICFO, Institut de Ciències Fotòniques, 08860 Castelldefels, Spain
| | - Erik Schäffer
- Cellular Nanoscience, ZMBP, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Michael Krieg
- Neurophotonics and Mechanical Systems Biology, ICFO, Institut de Ciències Fotòniques, 08860 Castelldefels, Spain
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14
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Petchakup C, Yang H, Gong L, He L, Tay HM, Dalan R, Chung AJ, Li KHH, Hou HW. Microfluidic Impedance-Deformability Cytometry for Label-Free Single Neutrophil Mechanophenotyping. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 18:e2104822. [PMID: 35253966 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202104822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The intrinsic biophysical states of neutrophils are associated with immune dysfunctions in diseases. While advanced image-based biophysical flow cytometers can probe cell deformability at high throughput, it is nontrivial to couple different sensing modalities (e.g., electrical) to measure other critical cell attributes including cell viability and membrane integrity. Herein, an "optics-free" impedance-deformability cytometer for multiparametric single cell mechanophenotyping is reported. The microfluidic platform integrates hydrodynamic cell pinching, and multifrequency impedance quantification of cell size, deformability, and membrane impedance (indicative of cell viability and activation). A newly-defined "electrical deformability index" is validated by numerical simulations, and shows strong correlations with the optical cell deformability index of HL-60 experimentally. Human neutrophils treated with various biochemical stimul are further profiled, and distinct differences in multimodal impedance signatures and UMAP analysis are observed. Overall, the integrated cytometer enables label-free cell profiling at throughput of >1000 cells min-1 without any antibodies labeling to facilitate clinical diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chayakorn Petchakup
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Haoning Yang
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Lingyan Gong
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Linwei He
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Hui Min Tay
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Rinkoo Dalan
- Endocrinology Department, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, 11 Jln Tan Tock Seng Road, Singapore, 308433, Singapore
| | - Aram J Chung
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
- Interdisciplinary Program in Precision Public Health, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - King Ho Holden Li
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Han Wei Hou
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, 11 Mandalay Road, Clinical Sciences Building Level 11, Singapore, 308232, Singapore
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15
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Dzementsei A, Barooji YF, Ober EA, Oddershede LB. Foregut organ progenitors and their niche display distinct viscoelastic properties in vivo during early morphogenesis stages. Commun Biol 2022; 5:402. [PMID: 35488088 PMCID: PMC9054744 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-03349-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Material properties of living matter play an important role for biological function and development. Yet, quantification of material properties of internal organs in vivo, without causing physiological damage, remains challenging. Here, we present a non-invasive approach based on modified optical tweezers for quantifying sub-cellular material properties deep inside living zebrafish embryos. Material properties of cells within the foregut region are quantified as deep as 150 µm into the biological tissue through measurements of the positions of an inert tracer. This yields an exponent, α, which characterizes the scaling behavior of the positional power spectra and the complex shear moduli. The measurements demonstrate differential mechanical properties: at the time when the developing organs undergo substantial displacements during morphogenesis, gut progenitors are more elastic (α = 0.57 ± 0.07) than the neighboring yolk (α = 0.73 ± 0.08), liver (α = 0.66 ± 0.06) and two mesodermal (α = 0.68 ± 0.06, α = 0.64 ± 0.06) progenitor cell populations. The higher elasticity of gut progenitors correlates with an increased cellular concentration of microtubules. The results infer a role of material properties during morphogenesis and the approach paves the way for quantitative material investigations in vivo of embryos, explants, or organoids. Here, the authors present a method based on optical tweezers to measure mechanical properties of cells inside living zebrafish embryos. The measurement reveals spatiotemporally distinct mechanical properties, linking cell mechanics and morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aliaksandr Dzementsei
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Stem Cell Biology, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3b, 2200, Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Younes F Barooji
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 17, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Elke A Ober
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Stem Cell Biology, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3b, 2200, Copenhagen N, Denmark.
| | - Lene B Oddershede
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 17, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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16
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Evers TMJ, Sheikhhassani V, Tang H, Haks MC, Ottenhoff THM, Mashaghi A. Single‐Cell Mechanical Characterization of Human Macrophages. ADVANCED NANOBIOMED RESEARCH 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/anbr.202100133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Tom M. J. Evers
- Medical Systems Biophysics and Bioengineering Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences Leiden University Einsteinweg 55 2333 CC Leiden The Netherlands
| | - Vahid Sheikhhassani
- Medical Systems Biophysics and Bioengineering Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences Leiden University Einsteinweg 55 2333 CC Leiden The Netherlands
| | - Huaqi Tang
- Medical Systems Biophysics and Bioengineering Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences Leiden University Einsteinweg 55 2333 CC Leiden The Netherlands
| | - Mariëlle C. Haks
- Department of Infectious Diseases Leiden University Medical Center Albinusdreef 2 2333 ZA Leiden The Netherlands
| | - Tom H. M. Ottenhoff
- Department of Infectious Diseases Leiden University Medical Center Albinusdreef 2 2333 ZA Leiden The Netherlands
| | - Alireza Mashaghi
- Medical Systems Biophysics and Bioengineering Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences Leiden University Einsteinweg 55 2333 CC Leiden The Netherlands
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17
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Microfluidic Microcirculation Mimetic as a Tool for the Study of Rheological Characteristics of Red Blood Cells in Patients with Sickle Cell Anemia. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/app12094394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Sickle cell disorder (SCD) is a multisystem disease with heterogeneous phenotypes. Although all patients have the mutated hemoglobin (Hb) in the SS phenotype, the severity and frequency of complications are variable. When exposed to low oxygen tension, the Hb molecule becomes dense and forms tactoids, which lead to the peculiar sickled shapes of the affected red blood cells, giving the disorder its name. This sickle cell morphology is responsible for the profound and widespread pathologies associated with this disorder, such as vaso-occlusive crisis (VOC). How much of the clinical manifestation is due to sickled erythrocytes and what is due to the relative contributions of other elements in the blood, especially in the microcapillary circulation, is usually not visualized and quantified for each patient during clinical management. Here, we used a microfluidic microcirculation mimetic (MMM), which has 187 capillary-like constrictions, to impose deformations on erythrocytes of 25 SCD patients, visualizing and characterizing the morpho-rheological properties of the cells in normoxic, hypoxic (using sodium meta-bisulfite) and treatment conditions (using hydroxyurea). The MMM enabled a patient-specific quantification of shape descriptors (circularity and roundness) and transit time through the capillary constrictions, which are readouts for morpho-rheological properties implicated in VOC. Transit times varied significantly (p < 0.001) between patients. Our results demonstrate the feasibility of microfluidics-based monitoring of individual patients for personalized care in the context of SCD complications such as VOC, even in resource-constrained settings.
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18
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Abstract
Much of the current research into immune escape from cancer is focused on molecular and cellular biology, an area of biophysics that is easily overlooked. A large number of immune drugs entering the clinic are not effective for all patients. Apart from the molecular heterogeneity of tumors, the biggest reason for this may be that knowledge of biophysics has not been considered, and therefore an exploration of biophysics may help to address this challenge. To help researchers better investigate the relationship between tumor immune escape and biophysics, this paper provides a brief overview on recent advances and challenges of the biophysical factors and strategies by which tumors acquire immune escape and a comprehensive analysis of the relevant forces acting on tumor cells during immune escape. These include tumor and stromal stiffness, fluid interstitial pressure, shear stress, and viscoelasticity. In addition, advances in biophysics cannot be made without the development of detection tools, and this paper also provides a comprehensive summary of the important detection tools available at this stage in the field of biophysics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maonan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics (Chien-Shiung Wu Lab), School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Hui Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics (Chien-Shiung Wu Lab), School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Xiaohui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics (Chien-Shiung Wu Lab), School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Xuemei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics (Chien-Shiung Wu Lab), School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
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19
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Walther A, Mackens-Kiani A, Eder J, Herbig M, Herold C, Kirschbaum C, Guck J, Wittwer LD, Beesdo-Baum K, Kräter M. Depressive disorders are associated with increased peripheral blood cell deformability: a cross-sectional case-control study (Mood-Morph). Transl Psychiatry 2022; 12:150. [PMID: 35396373 PMCID: PMC8990596 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-022-01911-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathophysiological landmarks of depressive disorders are chronic low-grade inflammation and elevated glucocorticoid output. Both can potentially interfere with cytoskeleton organization, cell membrane bending and cell function, suggesting altered cell morpho-rheological properties like cell deformability and other cell mechanical features in depressive disorders. We performed a cross-sectional case-control study using the image-based morpho-rheological characterization of unmanipulated blood samples facilitating real-time deformability cytometry (RT-DC). Sixty-nine pre-screened individuals at high risk for depressive disorders and 70 matched healthy controls were included and clinically evaluated by Composite International Diagnostic Interview leading to lifetime and 12-month diagnoses. Facilitating deep learning on blood cell images, major blood cell types were classified and morpho-rheological parameters such as cell size and cell deformability of every individual cell was quantified. We found peripheral blood cells to be more deformable in patients with depressive disorders compared to controls, while cell size was not affected. Lifetime persistent depressive disorder was associated with increased cell deformability in monocytes and neutrophils, while in 12-month persistent depressive disorder erythrocytes deformed more. Lymphocytes were more deformable in 12-month major depressive disorder, while for lifetime major depressive disorder no differences could be identified. After correction for multiple testing, only associations for lifetime persistent depressive disorder remained significant. This is the first study analyzing morpho-rheological properties of entire blood cells and highlighting depressive disorders and in particular persistent depressive disorders to be associated with increased blood cell deformability. While all major blood cells tend to be more deformable, lymphocytes, monocytes, and neutrophils are mostly affected. This indicates that immune cell mechanical changes occur in depressive disorders, which might be predictive of persistent immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Walther
- Biopsychology, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany. .,Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Anne Mackens-Kiani
- grid.4488.00000 0001 2111 7257Biopsychology, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Julian Eder
- grid.4488.00000 0001 2111 7257Biopsychology, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Maik Herbig
- grid.4488.00000 0001 2111 7257Center for Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering, Biotechnology Center, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany ,grid.419562.d0000 0004 0374 4283Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light & Max-Planck-Zentrum für Physik und Medizin, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Christoph Herold
- grid.4488.00000 0001 2111 7257Center for Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering, Biotechnology Center, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany ,Zellmechanik Dresden GmbH, Dresden, Germany
| | - Clemens Kirschbaum
- grid.4488.00000 0001 2111 7257Biopsychology, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Jochen Guck
- grid.4488.00000 0001 2111 7257Center for Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering, Biotechnology Center, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany ,grid.419562.d0000 0004 0374 4283Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light & Max-Planck-Zentrum für Physik und Medizin, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Lucas Daniel Wittwer
- grid.419562.d0000 0004 0374 4283Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light & Max-Planck-Zentrum für Physik und Medizin, Erlangen, Germany ,grid.434947.90000 0004 0643 2840Faculty of Informatics/Mathematics, HTW Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Katja Beesdo-Baum
- grid.4488.00000 0001 2111 7257Behavioral Epidemiology, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Martin Kräter
- grid.4488.00000 0001 2111 7257Center for Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering, Biotechnology Center, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany ,grid.419562.d0000 0004 0374 4283Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light & Max-Planck-Zentrum für Physik und Medizin, Erlangen, Germany
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20
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Patra A, Phuleria HC. Inequalities in occupational exposures among people using popular commute modes. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 298:118797. [PMID: 35016987 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.118797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Several recent studies have looked into the differences in air qualities inside popular commute modes. The impact of daily commuting patterns and work-related trips on inhalation doses, however, are not investigated. The purpose of this study is to quantify the variation in air pollutants within popular commute modes in Mumbai, India, and to estimate the variation in exposure as a result of occupational or work-related trips across different sub-groups. Real-time pollutants, both gaseous and particulate matters (PM), were measured on a pre-defined route during rush and non-rush hours on buses, cars, auto-rickshaws, sub-urban trains, and motorbikes through several trips (N = 98). Household surveys were conducted to estimate the exposures of different occupational subgroups (cab-driver, auto-rickshaw drivers, delivery persons) and people commuting to their offices daily. Participants (N = 800) from various socioeconomic backgrounds in the city were asked about their job categories, work-activity patterns, and work-related commute trips. Mass concentrations of particles in different size ranges (PM1, PM2.5, and PM10) were substantially higher (p < 0.05) inside auto-rickshaws (44.6 μg/m3, 84.7 μg/m3, and 138.3 μg/m3) compared to other modes. Inside cars, gaseous pollutants such as carbon monoxide (CO) and total volatile organic compounds (TVOC) were significantly higher (p < 0.05). Although both gaseous and particulate concentrations were lower (p < 0.05) inside buses, bus-commuters were found to be highly exposed to the pollutants due to the extended trip time (∼1.2 times longer than other modes) and driving conditions. Office commuters inhale a large fraction of their daily doses (25-30%) during their work-related travel. Occupational sub-groups, on the other hand, inhale ∼90% of the pollutants during their work. In a day, an auto-rickshaw driver inhales 10-15% more (p < 0.05) pollutants than cab driver or delivery personnel. Therefore, this study highlights the inequalities in occupational exposure as a combined effect of in-cabin air qualities and commute patterns due to occupational obligations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arpan Patra
- Environmental Science and Engineering Department, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, 400076, India
| | - Harish C Phuleria
- Environmental Science and Engineering Department, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, 400076, India; Interdisciplinary Programme (IDP) in Climate Studies, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, 400076, India.
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21
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Fregin B, Biedenweg D, Otto O. Interpretation of cell mechanical experiments in microfluidic systems depend on the choice of cellular shape descriptors. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2022; 16:024109. [PMID: 35541026 PMCID: PMC9054269 DOI: 10.1063/5.0084673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The capability to parameterize shapes is of essential importance in biomechanics to identify cells, to track their motion, and to quantify deformation. While various shape descriptors have already been investigated to study the morphology and migration of adherent cells, little is known of how the mathematical definition of a contour impacts the outcome of rheological experiments on cells in suspension. In microfluidic systems, hydrodynamic stress distributions induce time-dependent cell deformation that needs to be quantified to determine viscoelastic properties. Here, we compared nine different shape descriptors to characterize the deformation of suspended cells in an extensional as well as shear flow using dynamic real-time deformability cytometry. While stress relaxation depends on the amplitude and duration of stress, our results demonstrate that steady-state deformation can be predicted from single cell traces even for translocation times shorter than their characteristic time. Implementing an analytical simulation, performing experiments, and testing various data analysis strategies, we compared single cell and ensemble studies to address the question of computational costs vs experimental accuracy. Results indicate that high-throughput viscoelastic measurements of cells in suspension can be performed on an ensemble scale as long as the characteristic time matches the dimensions of the microfluidic system. Finally, we introduced a score to evaluate the shape descriptor-dependent effect size for cell deformation after cytoskeletal modifications. We provide evidence that single cell analysis in an extensional flow provides the highest sensitivity independent of shape parametrization, while inverse Haralick's circularity is mostly applicable to study cells in shear flow.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Oliver Otto
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed:
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22
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LIM Tracker: a software package for cell tracking and analysis with advanced interactivity. Sci Rep 2022; 12:2702. [PMID: 35177675 PMCID: PMC8854686 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-06269-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell tracking is one of the most critical tools for time-lapse image analysis to observe cell behavior and cell lineages over a long period of time. However, the accompanying graphical user interfaces are often difficult to use and do not incorporate seamless manual correction, data analysis tools, or simple training set design tools if it is machine learning based. In this paper, we introduce our cell tracking software “LIM Tracker”. This software has a conventional tracking function consisting of recognition processing and link processing, a sequential search-type tracking function based on pattern matching, and a manual tracking function. LIM Tracker enables the seamless use of these functions. In addition, the system incorporates a highly interactive and interlocking data visualization method, which displays analysis result in real time, making it possible to flexibly correct the data and reduce the burden of tracking work. Moreover, recognition functions with deep learning (DL) are also available, which can be used for a wide range of targets including stain-free images. LIM Tracker allows researchers to track living objects with good usability and high versatility for various targets. We present a tracking case study based on fluorescence microscopy images (NRK-52E/EKAREV-NLS cells or MCF-10A/H2B-iRFP-P2A-mScarlet-I-hGem-P2A-PIP-NLS-mNeonGreen cells) and phase contrast microscopy images (Glioblastoma-astrocytoma U373 cells). LIM Tracker is implemented as a plugin for ImageJ/Fiji. The software can be downloaded from https://github.com/LIMT34/LIM-Tracker.
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23
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Mierke CT. Viscoelasticity, Like Forces, Plays a Role in Mechanotransduction. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:789841. [PMID: 35223831 PMCID: PMC8864183 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.789841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Viscoelasticity and its alteration in time and space has turned out to act as a key element in fundamental biological processes in living systems, such as morphogenesis and motility. Based on experimental and theoretical findings it can be proposed that viscoelasticity of cells, spheroids and tissues seems to be a collective characteristic that demands macromolecular, intracellular component and intercellular interactions. A major challenge is to couple the alterations in the macroscopic structural or material characteristics of cells, spheroids and tissues, such as cell and tissue phase transitions, to the microscopic interferences of their elements. Therefore, the biophysical technologies need to be improved, advanced and connected to classical biological assays. In this review, the viscoelastic nature of cytoskeletal, extracellular and cellular networks is presented and discussed. Viscoelasticity is conceptualized as a major contributor to cell migration and invasion and it is discussed whether it can serve as a biomarker for the cells’ migratory capacity in several biological contexts. It can be hypothesized that the statistical mechanics of intra- and extracellular networks may be applied in the future as a powerful tool to explore quantitatively the biomechanical foundation of viscoelasticity over a broad range of time and length scales. Finally, the importance of the cellular viscoelasticity is illustrated in identifying and characterizing multiple disorders, such as cancer, tissue injuries, acute or chronic inflammations or fibrotic diseases.
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24
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Single-cell analysis reveals chemokine-mediated differential regulation of monocyte mechanics. iScience 2022; 25:103555. [PMID: 34988399 PMCID: PMC8693412 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.103555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Monocytes continuously adapt their shapes for proper circulation and elicitation of effective immune responses. Although these functions depend on the cell mechanical properties, the mechanical behavior of monocytes is still poorly understood and accurate physiologically relevant data on basic mechanical properties are lacking almost entirely. By combining several complementary single-cell force spectroscopy techniques, we report that the mechanical properties of human monocyte are strain-rate dependent, and that chemokines can induce alterations in viscoelastic behavior. In addition, our findings indicate that human monocytes are heterogeneous mechanically and this heterogeneity is regulated by chemokine CCL2. The technology presented here can be readily used to reveal mechanical complexity of the blood cell population in disease conditions, where viscoelastic properties may serve as physical biomarkers for disease progression and response to therapy. Mechanical properties of monocytes are affected by temperature changes Mechanical properties of monocytes are strain-rate dependent CCL2 affects both the viscous and elastic properties of monocytes CCL2 potentially modulates monocytes mechanically to transit to a primed state
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25
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Herbig M, Jacobi A, Wobus M, Weidner H, Mies A, Kräter M, Otto O, Thiede C, Weickert MT, Götze KS, Rauner M, Hofbauer LC, Bornhäuser M, Guck J, Ader M, Platzbecker U, Balaian E. Machine learning assisted real-time deformability cytometry of CD34+ cells allows to identify patients with myelodysplastic syndromes. Sci Rep 2022; 12:870. [PMID: 35042906 PMCID: PMC8766444 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-04939-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Diagnosis of myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) mainly relies on a manual assessment of the peripheral blood and bone marrow cell morphology. The WHO guidelines suggest a visual screening of 200 to 500 cells which inevitably turns the assessor blind to rare cell populations and leads to low reproducibility. Moreover, the human eye is not suited to detect shifts of cellular properties of entire populations. Hence, quantitative image analysis could improve the accuracy and reproducibility of MDS diagnosis. We used real-time deformability cytometry (RT-DC) to measure bone marrow biopsy samples of MDS patients and age-matched healthy individuals. RT-DC is a high-throughput (1000 cells/s) imaging flow cytometer capable of recording morphological and mechanical properties of single cells. Properties of single cells were quantified using automated image analysis, and machine learning was employed to discover morpho-mechanical patterns in thousands of individual cells that allow to distinguish healthy vs. MDS samples. We found that distribution properties of cell sizes differ between healthy and MDS, with MDS showing a narrower distribution of cell sizes. Furthermore, we found a strong correlation between the mechanical properties of cells and the number of disease-determining mutations, inaccessible with current diagnostic approaches. Hence, machine-learning assisted RT-DC could be a promising tool to automate sample analysis to assist experts during diagnosis or provide a scalable solution for MDS diagnosis to regions lacking sufficient medical experts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maik Herbig
- Biotechnology Center, Center for Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden (CRTD), Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Angela Jacobi
- Biotechnology Center, Center for Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light & Max-Planck-Zentrum für Physik und Medizin, Erlangen, Germany
- Medical Department I, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Manja Wobus
- Medical Department I, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Heike Weidner
- Medical Department III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Center for Healthy Aging, Dresden, Germany
| | - Anna Mies
- Medical Department I, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Martin Kräter
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light & Max-Planck-Zentrum für Physik und Medizin, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Oliver Otto
- Zentrum für Innovationskompetenz: Humorale Immunreaktionen in Kardiovaskulären Erkrankungen, Universität Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Christian Thiede
- Medical Department I, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Marie-Theresa Weickert
- Department of Medicine III: Hematology and Oncology, School of Medicine, Klinikum Rechts Der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Katharina S Götze
- Department of Medicine III: Hematology and Oncology, School of Medicine, Klinikum Rechts Der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Martina Rauner
- Medical Department III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Center for Healthy Aging, Dresden, Germany
| | - Lorenz C Hofbauer
- Medical Department III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Dresden and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Center for Healthy Aging, Dresden, Germany
| | - Martin Bornhäuser
- Medical Department I, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Dresden and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jochen Guck
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light & Max-Planck-Zentrum für Physik und Medizin, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Marius Ader
- Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden (CRTD), Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Uwe Platzbecker
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Dresden and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Hematology, Cellular Therapy and Hemostaseology, Leipzig University Hospital, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ekaterina Balaian
- Medical Department I, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Dresden and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.
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26
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Choi G, Tang Z, Guan W. Microfluidic high-throughput single-cell mechanotyping: Devices and
applications. NANOTECHNOLOGY AND PRECISION ENGINEERING 2021. [DOI: 10.1063/10.0006042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Gihoon Choi
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802,
USA
| | - Zifan Tang
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802,
USA
| | - Weihua Guan
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802,
USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802,
USA
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27
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Li B, Cotner KL, Liu NK, Hinz S, LaBarge MA, Sohn LL. Evaluating sources of technical variability in the mechano-node-pore sensing pipeline and their effect on the reproducibility of single-cell mechanical phenotyping. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0258982. [PMID: 34695165 PMCID: PMC8544830 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0258982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular mechanical properties can reveal physiologically relevant characteristics in many cell types, and several groups have developed microfluidics-based platforms to perform high-throughput single-cell mechanical testing. However, prior work has performed only limited characterization of these platforms' technical variability and reproducibility. Here, we evaluate the repeatability performance of mechano-node-pore sensing, a single-cell mechanical phenotyping platform developed by our research group. We measured the degree to which device-to-device variability and semi-manual data processing affected this platform's measurements of single-cell mechanical properties. We demonstrated high repeatability across the entire technology pipeline even for novice users. We then compared results from identical mechano-node-pore sensing experiments performed by researchers in two different laboratories with different analytical instruments, demonstrating that the mechanical testing results from these two locations are in agreement. Our findings quantify the expectation of technical variability in mechano-node-pore sensing even in minimally experienced hands. Most importantly, we find that the repeatability performance we measured is fully sufficient for interpreting biologically relevant single-cell mechanical measurements with high confidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Li
- UC Berkeley–UCSF Graduate Program in Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley and San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Kristen L. Cotner
- UC Berkeley–UCSF Graduate Program in Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley and San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Nathaniel K. Liu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Stefan Hinz
- Department of Population Sciences, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, California, United States of America
| | - Mark A. LaBarge
- Department of Population Sciences, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, California, United States of America
| | - Lydia L. Sohn
- UC Berkeley–UCSF Graduate Program in Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley and San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
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28
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Ghorbani M, Soleymani H, Hashemzadeh H, Mortezazadeh S, Sedghi M, Shojaeilangari S, Allahverdi A, Naderi-Manesh H. Microfluidic investigation of the effect of graphene oxide on mechanical properties of cell and actin cytoskeleton networks: experimental and theoretical approaches. Sci Rep 2021; 11:16216. [PMID: 34376720 PMCID: PMC8355332 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-95624-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Biomechanical and morphological analysis of the cells is a novel approach for monitoring the environmental features, drugs, and toxic compounds’ effects on cells. Graphene oxide (GO) has a broad range of medical applications such as tissue engineering and drug delivery. However, the effects of GO nanosheets on biological systems have not been completely understood. In this study, we focused on the biophysical characteristics of cells and their changes resulting from the effect of GO nanosheets. The biophysical properties of the cell population were characterized as follows: cell stiffness was calculated by atomic force microscopy, cell motility and invasive properties were characterized in the microfluidic chip in which the cells are able to visualize cell migration at a single-cell level. Intracellular actin was stained to establish a quantitative picture of the intracellular cytoskeleton. In addition, to understand the molecular interaction of GO nanosheets and actin filaments, coarse-grained (CG) molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were carried out. Our results showed that GO nanosheets can reduce cell stiffness in MCF7 cells and MDA-MB-231 cell lines and highly inhibited cell migration (39.2%) in MCF-7 and (38.6%) in MDA-MB-231 cell lines through the GO nanosheets-mediated disruption of the intracellular cytoskeleton. In the presence of GO nanosheets, the cell migration of both cell lines, as well as the cell stiffness, significantly decreased. Moreover, after GO nanosheets treatment, the cell actin network dramatically changed. The experimental and theoretical approaches established a quantitative picture of changes in these networks. Our results showed the reduction of the order parameter in actin filaments was 23% in the MCF7 cell line and 20.4% in the MDA-MB-231 cell line. The theoretical studies also showed that the GO nanosheet–actin filaments have stable interaction during MD simulation. Moreover, the 2D free energy plot indicated the GO nanosheet can induce conformational changes in actin filaments. Our findings showed that the GO nanosheets can increase the distance of actin-actin subunits from 3.22 to 3.5 nm and in addition disrupt native contacts between two subunits which lead to separate actin subunits from each other in actin filaments. In this study, the biomechanical characteristics were used to explain the effect of GO nanosheets on cells which presents a novel view of how GO nanosheets can affect the biological properties of cells without cell death. These findings have the potential to be applied in different biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Ghorbani
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biological Science, Tarbiat Modares University, 14115-154, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Soleymani
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biological Science, Tarbiat Modares University, 14115-154, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hadi Hashemzadeh
- Department of Nanobiotechnology, Faculty of Biological Science, Tarbiat Modares University, 14115-154, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saeed Mortezazadeh
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biological Science, Tarbiat Modares University, 14115-154, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mosslim Sedghi
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biological Science, Tarbiat Modares University, 14115-154, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyedehsamaneh Shojaeilangari
- Biomedical Engineering Group, Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, Iranian Research Organization for Science and Technology (IROST), P.O. Box 33535111, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abdollah Allahverdi
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biological Science, Tarbiat Modares University, 14115-154, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Naderi-Manesh
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biological Science, Tarbiat Modares University, 14115-154, Tehran, Iran. .,Department of Nanobiotechnology, Faculty of Biological Science, Tarbiat Modares University, 14115-154, Tehran, Iran.
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29
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Wang H, Enders A, Preuss JA, Bahnemann J, Heisterkamp A, Torres-Mapa ML. 3D printed microfluidic lab-on-a-chip device for fiber-based dual beam optical manipulation. Sci Rep 2021; 11:14584. [PMID: 34272408 PMCID: PMC8285473 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-93205-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
3D printing of microfluidic lab-on-a-chip devices enables rapid prototyping of robust and complex structures. In this work, we designed and fabricated a 3D printed lab-on-a-chip device for fiber-based dual beam optical manipulation. The final 3D printed chip offers three key features, such as (1) an optimized fiber channel design for precise alignment of optical fibers, (2) an optically clear window to visualize the trapping region, and (3) a sample channel which facilitates hydrodynamic focusing of samples. A square zig–zag structure incorporated in the sample channel increases the number of particles at the trapping site and focuses the cells and particles during experiments when operating the chip at low Reynolds number. To evaluate the performance of the device for optical manipulation, we implemented on-chip, fiber-based optical trapping of different-sized microscopic particles and performed trap stiffness measurements. In addition, optical stretching of MCF-7 cells was successfully accomplished for the purpose of studying the effects of a cytochalasin metabolite, pyrichalasin H, on cell elasticity. We observed distinct changes in the deformability of single cells treated with pyrichalasin H compared to untreated cells. These results demonstrate that 3D printed microfluidic lab-on-a-chip devices offer a cost-effective and customizable platform for applications in optical manipulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoran Wang
- Institute of Quantum Optics, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz University Hannover, Welfengarten 1, 30167, Hannover, Germany.,Lower Saxony Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Implant Research and Development (NIFE), Stadtfelddamm 34, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Anton Enders
- Institute of Technical Chemistry, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz University Hannover, Callinstrasse 5, 30167, Hannover, Germany
| | - John-Alexander Preuss
- Institute of Technical Chemistry, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz University Hannover, Callinstrasse 5, 30167, Hannover, Germany
| | - Janina Bahnemann
- Institute of Technical Chemistry, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz University Hannover, Callinstrasse 5, 30167, Hannover, Germany
| | - Alexander Heisterkamp
- Institute of Quantum Optics, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz University Hannover, Welfengarten 1, 30167, Hannover, Germany.,Lower Saxony Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Implant Research and Development (NIFE), Stadtfelddamm 34, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Maria Leilani Torres-Mapa
- Institute of Quantum Optics, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz University Hannover, Welfengarten 1, 30167, Hannover, Germany. .,Lower Saxony Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Implant Research and Development (NIFE), Stadtfelddamm 34, 30625, Hannover, Germany.
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30
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Merrick M, Mimlitz MJ, Weeder C, Akhter H, Bray A, Walther A, Nwakama C, Bamesberger J, Djam H, Abid K, Ekpenyong A. In vitro radiotherapy and chemotherapy alter migration of brain cancer cells before cell death. Biochem Biophys Rep 2021; 27:101071. [PMID: 34286111 PMCID: PMC8280507 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2021.101071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Although radiotherapy and most cancer drugs target the proliferation of cancer cells, it is metastasis, the complex process by which cancer cells spread from the primary tumor to other tissues and organs of the body where they form new tumors, that leads to over 90% of all cancer deaths. Thus, there is an urgent need for anti-metastasis strategies alongside chemotherapy and radiotherapy. An important step in the metastatic cascade is migration. It is the first step in metastasis via local invasion. Here we address the question whether ionizing radiation and/or chemotherapy might inadvertently promote metastasis and/or invasiveness by enhancing cell migration. We used a standard laboratory irradiator, Faxitron CellRad, to irradiate both non-cancer (HCN2 neurons) and cancer cells (T98G glioblastoma) with 2 Gy, 10 Gy and 20 Gy of X-rays. Paclitaxel (5 μM) was used for chemotherapy. We then measured the attachment and migration of the cells using an electric cell substrate impedance sensing device. Both the irradiated HCN2 cells and T98G cells showed significantly (p < 0.01) enhanced migration compared to non-irradiated cells, within the first 20–40 h following irradiation with 20 Gy. Our results suggest that cell migration should be a therapeutic target in anti-metastasis/anti-invasion strategies for improved radiotherapy and chemotherapy outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Merrick
- Department of Physics, Creighton University, Omaha, NE, 68178, USA
| | | | - Catherine Weeder
- Department of Biology, Creighton University, Omaha, NE, 68178, USA
| | - Haris Akhter
- Department of Biology, Creighton University, Omaha, NE, 68178, USA
| | - Allie Bray
- Department of Mathematics, Creighton University, Omaha, NE, 68178, USA
| | - Andrew Walther
- Department of Physics, Creighton University, Omaha, NE, 68178, USA
| | - Chisom Nwakama
- Department of Chemistry, Creighton University, Omaha, NE, 68178, USA
| | - Joe Bamesberger
- HCB Pre-health Science, Creighton University, Omaha, NE, 68178, USA
| | - Honour Djam
- Department of Physics, Creighton University, Omaha, NE, 68178, USA
| | - Kaamil Abid
- Department of Biology, Creighton University, Omaha, NE, 68178, USA
| | - Andrew Ekpenyong
- Department of Physics, Creighton University, Omaha, NE, 68178, USA
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31
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Multi-frequency passive and active microrheology with optical tweezers. Sci Rep 2021; 11:13917. [PMID: 34230533 PMCID: PMC8260820 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-93130-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Optical tweezers have attracted significant attention for microrheological applications, due to the possibility of investigating viscoelastic properties in vivo which are strongly related to the health status and development of biological specimens. In order to use optical tweezers as a microrheological tool, an exact force calibration in the complex system under investigation is required. One of the most promising techniques for optical tweezers calibration in a viscoelastic medium is the so-called active–passive calibration, which allows determining both the trap stiffness and microrheological properties of the medium with the least a-priori knowledge in comparison to the other methods. In this manuscript, we develop an optimization of the active–passive calibration technique performed with a sample stage driving, whose implementation is more straightforward with respect to standard laser driving where two different laser beams are required. We performed microrheological measurements over a broad frequency range in a few seconds implementing an accurate multi-frequency driving of the sample stage. The optical tweezers-based microrheometer was first validated by measuring water, and then exemplarily applied to more viscous medium and subsequently to a viscoelastic solution of methylcellulose in water. The described method paves the way to microrheological precision metrology in biological samples with high temporal- and spatial-resolution allowing for investigation of even short time-scale phenomena.
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32
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Bakhshandeh S, Taïeb HM, Schlüßler R, Kim K, Beck T, Taubenberger A, Guck J, Cipitria A. Optical quantification of intracellular mass density and cell mechanics in 3D mechanical confinement. SOFT MATTER 2021; 17:853-862. [PMID: 33232425 DOI: 10.1039/d0sm01556c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Biophysical properties of cells such as intracellular mass density and cell mechanics are known to be involved in a wide range of homeostatic functions and pathological alterations. An optical readout that can be used to quantify such properties is the refractive index (RI) distribution. It has been recently reported that the nucleus, initially presumed to be the organelle with the highest dry mass density (ρ) within the cell, has in fact a lower RI and ρ than its surrounding cytoplasm. These studies have either been conducted in suspended cells, or cells adhered on 2D substrates, neither of which reflects the situation in vivo where cells are surrounded by the extracellular matrix (ECM). To better approximate the 3D situation, we encapsulated cells in 3D covalently-crosslinked alginate hydrogels with varying stiffness, and imaged the 3D RI distribution of cells, using a combined optical diffraction tomography (ODT)-epifluorescence microscope. Unexpectedly, the nuclei of cells in 3D displayed a higher ρ than the cytoplasm, in contrast to 2D cultures. Using a Brillouin-epifluorescence microscope we subsequently showed that in addition to higher ρ, the nuclei also had a higher longitudinal modulus (M) and viscosity (η) compared to the cytoplasm. Furthermore, increasing the stiffness of the hydrogel resulted in higher M for both the nuclei and cytoplasm of cells in stiff 3D alginate compared to cells in compliant 3D alginate. The ability to quantify intracellular biophysical properties with non-invasive techniques will improve our understanding of biological processes such as dormancy, apoptosis, cell growth or stem cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadra Bakhshandeh
- Department of Biomaterials, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Potsdam, Germany.
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33
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Gensbittel V, Kräter M, Harlepp S, Busnelli I, Guck J, Goetz JG. Mechanical Adaptability of Tumor Cells in Metastasis. Dev Cell 2020; 56:164-179. [PMID: 33238151 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2020.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The most dangerous aspect of cancer lies in metastatic progression. Tumor cells will successfully form life-threatening metastases when they undergo sequential steps along a journey from the primary tumor to distant organs. From a biomechanics standpoint, growth, invasion, intravasation, circulation, arrest/adhesion, and extravasation of tumor cells demand particular cell-mechanical properties in order to survive and complete the metastatic cascade. With metastatic cells usually being softer than their non-malignant counterparts, high deformability for both the cell and its nucleus is thought to offer a significant advantage for metastatic potential. However, it is still unclear whether there is a finely tuned but fixed mechanical state that accommodates all mechanical features required for survival throughout the cascade or whether tumor cells need to dynamically refine their properties and intracellular components at each new step encountered. Here, we review the various mechanical requirements successful cancer cells might need to fulfill along their journey and speculate on the possibility that they dynamically adapt their properties accordingly. The mechanical signature of a successful cancer cell might actually be its ability to adapt to the successive microenvironmental constraints along the different steps of the journey.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentin Gensbittel
- INSERM UMR_S1109, Tumor Biomechanics, Strasbourg, France; Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France; Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Strasbourg, France
| | - Martin Kräter
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light & Max-Planck-Zentrum für Physik und Medizin, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Sébastien Harlepp
- INSERM UMR_S1109, Tumor Biomechanics, Strasbourg, France; Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France; Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Strasbourg, France
| | - Ignacio Busnelli
- INSERM UMR_S1109, Tumor Biomechanics, Strasbourg, France; Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France; Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Strasbourg, France
| | - Jochen Guck
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light & Max-Planck-Zentrum für Physik und Medizin, Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Jacky G Goetz
- INSERM UMR_S1109, Tumor Biomechanics, Strasbourg, France; Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France; Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Strasbourg, France.
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Liebman C, McColloch A, Rabiei M, Bowling A, Cho M. Mechanics of the cell: Interaction mechanisms and mechanobiological models. CURRENT TOPICS IN MEMBRANES 2020; 86:143-184. [PMID: 33837692 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctm.2020.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The importance of cell mechanics has long been recognized for the cell development and function. Biomechanics plays an important role in cell metabolism, regulation of mechanotransduction pathways and also modulation of nuclear response. The mechanical properties of the cell are likely determined by, among many others, the cytoskeleton elasticity, membrane tension and cell-substrate adhesion. This coordinated but complex mechanical interplay is required however, for the cell to respond to and influence in a reciprocal manner the chemical and mechanical signals from the extracellular matrix (ECM). In an effort to better and more fully understand the cell mechanics, the role of nuclear mechanics has emerged as an important contributor to the overall cellular mechanics. It is not too difficult to appreciate the physical connection between the nucleus and the cytoskeleton network that may be connected to the ECM through the cell membrane. Transmission of forces from ECM through this connection is essential for a wide range of cellular behaviors and functions such as cytoskeletal reorganization, nuclear movement, cell migration and differentiation. Unlike the cellular mechanics that can be measured using a number of biophysical techniques that were developed in the past few decades, it still remains a daunting challenge to probe the nuclear mechanics directly. In this paper, we therefore aim to provide informative description of the cell membrane and cytoskeleton mechanics, followed by unique computational modeling efforts to elucidate the nucleus-cytoskeleton coupling. Advances in our knowledge of complete cellular biomechanics and mechanotransduction may lead to clinical relevance and applications in mechano-diseases such as atherosclerosis, stem cell-based therapies, and the development of tissue engineered products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caleb Liebman
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, United States
| | - Andrew McColloch
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, United States
| | - Manoochehr Rabiei
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, United States
| | - Alan Bowling
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, United States.
| | - Michael Cho
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, United States.
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Sobahi N, Han A. High-throughput and label-free multi-outlet cell counting using a single pair of impedance electrodes. Biosens Bioelectron 2020; 166:112458. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2020.112458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Prasanth D, Suresh S, Prathivadhi-Bhayankaram S, Mimlitz M, Zetocha N, Lee B, Ekpenyong A. Microgravity Modulates Effects of Chemotherapeutic Drugs on Cancer Cell Migration. Life (Basel) 2020; 10:E162. [PMID: 32846924 PMCID: PMC7555236 DOI: 10.3390/life10090162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 08/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Microgravity or the condition of apparent weightlessness causes bone, muscular and immune system dysfunctions in astronauts following spaceflights. These organ and system-level dysfunctions correlate with changes induced at the single cell level both by simulated microgravity on earth as well as microgravity conditions in outer space (as in the international space station). Reported changes in single bone cells, muscle cells and white blood cells include structural/morphological abnormalities, changes in gene expression, protein expression, metabolic pathways and signaling pathways, suggesting that cells mount some response or adjustment to microgravity. However, the implications of such adjustments on many cellular functions and responses are not clear largely because the primary mechanism of gravity sensing in animal cells is unknown. Here, we used a rotary cell culture system developed by NASA to subject leukemic and erythroleukemic cancer cells to microgravity for 48 h and then quantified their innate immune response to common anti-cancer drugs using biophysical parameters and our recently developed quantum-dot-based fluorescence spectroscopy. We found that leukemic cancer cells treated with daunorubicin show increased chemotactic migration (p < 0.01) following simulated microgravity (µg) compared to normal gravity on earth (1 g). However, cells treated with doxorubicin showed enhanced migration both in 1 g and following µg. Our results show that microgravity modulates cancer cell response to chemotherapy in a drug-dependent manner. These results suggest using simulated microgravity as an immunomodulatory tool for the development of new immunotherapies for both space and terrestrial medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devika Prasanth
- Biology Department, Creighton University, Omaha, NE 68178, USA;
| | - Sindhuja Suresh
- Computer Science Department, Creighton University, Omaha, NE 68187, USA;
| | | | - Michael Mimlitz
- Physics Department, Creighton University, Omaha, NE 68178, USA; (S.P.-B.); (M.M.); (N.Z.); (B.L.)
| | - Noah Zetocha
- Physics Department, Creighton University, Omaha, NE 68178, USA; (S.P.-B.); (M.M.); (N.Z.); (B.L.)
| | - Bong Lee
- Physics Department, Creighton University, Omaha, NE 68178, USA; (S.P.-B.); (M.M.); (N.Z.); (B.L.)
| | - Andrew Ekpenyong
- Physics Department, Creighton University, Omaha, NE 68178, USA; (S.P.-B.); (M.M.); (N.Z.); (B.L.)
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Taubenberger AV, Baum B, Matthews HK. The Mechanics of Mitotic Cell Rounding. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:687. [PMID: 32850812 PMCID: PMC7423972 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
When animal cells enter mitosis, they round up to become spherical. This shape change is accompanied by changes in mechanical properties. Multiple studies using different measurement methods have revealed that cell surface tension, intracellular pressure and cortical stiffness increase upon entry into mitosis. These cell-scale, biophysical changes are driven by alterations in the composition and architecture of the contractile acto-myosin cortex together with osmotic swelling and enable a mitotic cell to exert force against the environment. When the ability of cells to round is limited, for example by physical confinement, cells suffer severe defects in spindle assembly and cell division. The requirement to push against the environment to create space for spindle formation is especially important for cells dividing in tissues. Here we summarize the evidence and the tools used to show that cells exert rounding forces in mitosis in vitro and in vivo, review the molecular basis for this force generation and discuss its function for ensuring successful cell division in single cells and for cells dividing in normal or diseased tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna V. Taubenberger
- Biotechnology Center, Center for Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Buzz Baum
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Helen K. Matthews
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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38
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Piergiovanni M, Galli V, Holzner G, Stavrakis S, DeMello A, Dubini G. Deformation of leukaemia cell lines in hyperbolic microchannels: investigating the role of shear and extensional components. LAB ON A CHIP 2020; 20:2539-2548. [PMID: 32567621 DOI: 10.1039/d0lc00166j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The mechanical properties of cells are of enormous interest in a diverse range of physio and pathological situations of clinical relevance. Unsurprisingly, a variety of microfluidic platforms have been developed in recent years to study the deformability of cells, most commonly employing pure shear or extensional flows, with and without direct contact of the cells with channel walls. Herein, we investigate the effects of shear and extensional flow components on fluid-induced cell deformation by means of three microchannel geometries. In the case of hyperbolic microchannels, cell deformation takes place in a flow with constant extensional rate, under non-zero shear conditions. A sudden expansion at the microchannel terminus allows one to evaluate shape recovery subsequent to deformation. Comparison with other microchannel shapes, that induce either pure shear (straight channel) or pure extensional (cross channel) flows, reveals different deformation modes. Such an analysis is used to confirm the softening and stiffening effects of common treatments, such as cytochalasin D and formalin on cell deformability. In addition to an experimental analysis of leukaemia cell deformability, computational fluid dynamic simulations are used to deconvolve the role of the aforementioned flow components in the cell deformation dynamics. In general terms, the current study can be used as a guide for extracting deformation/recovery dynamics of leukaemia cell lines when exposed to various fluid dynamic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Piergiovanni
- Laboratory of Biological Structure Mechanics (LaBS), Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering "Giulio Natta", Politecnico di Milano, piazza Leonardo da Vinci, 32 - 20133 Milan, Italy.
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Bonfanti A, Kaplan JL, Charras G, Kabla A. Fractional viscoelastic models for power-law materials. SOFT MATTER 2020; 16:6002-6020. [PMID: 32638812 DOI: 10.1039/d0sm00354a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Soft materials often exhibit a distinctive power-law viscoelastic response arising from broad distribution of time-scales present in their complex internal structure. A promising tool to accurately describe the rheological behaviour of soft materials is fractional calculus. However, its use in the scientific community remains limited due to the unusual notation and non-trivial properties of fractional operators. This review aims to provide a clear and accessible description of fractional viscoelastic models for a broad audience and to demonstrate the ability of these models to deliver a unified approach for the characterisation of power-law materials. The use of a consistent framework for the analysis of rheological data would help classify the empirical behaviours of soft and biological materials, and better understand their response.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Bonfanti
- Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, UK.
| | - J L Kaplan
- Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, UK.
| | - G Charras
- London Centre for Nanotechnology, University College London, UK and Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, UK
| | - A Kabla
- Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, UK.
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40
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Nasiri R, Shamloo A, Ahadian S, Amirifar L, Akbari J, Goudie MJ, Lee K, Ashammakhi N, Dokmeci MR, Di Carlo D, Khademhosseini A. Microfluidic-Based Approaches in Targeted Cell/Particle Separation Based on Physical Properties: Fundamentals and Applications. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2020; 16:e2000171. [PMID: 32529791 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202000171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Revised: 03/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Cell separation is a key step in many biomedical research areas including biotechnology, cancer research, regenerative medicine, and drug discovery. While conventional cell sorting approaches have led to high-efficiency sorting by exploiting the cell's specific properties, microfluidics has shown great promise in cell separation by exploiting different physical principles and using different properties of the cells. In particular, label-free cell separation techniques are highly recommended to minimize cell damage and avoid costly and labor-intensive steps of labeling molecular signatures of cells. In general, microfluidic-based cell sorting approaches can separate cells using "intrinsic" (e.g., fluid dynamic forces) versus "extrinsic" external forces (e.g., magnetic, electric field, etc.) and by using different properties of cells including size, density, deformability, shape, as well as electrical, magnetic, and compressibility/acoustic properties to select target cells from a heterogeneous cell population. In this work, principles and applications of the most commonly used label-free microfluidic-based cell separation methods are described. In particular, applications of microfluidic methods for the separation of circulating tumor cells, blood cells, immune cells, stem cells, and other biological cells are summarized. Computational approaches complementing such microfluidic methods are also explained. Finally, challenges and perspectives to further develop microfluidic-based cell separation methods are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohollah Nasiri
- Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT), University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, 11365-11155, Iran
| | - Amir Shamloo
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, 11365-11155, Iran
| | - Samad Ahadian
- Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT), University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation (TIBI), Los Angeles, CA, 90024, USA
| | - Leyla Amirifar
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, 11365-11155, Iran
| | - Javad Akbari
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, 11365-11155, Iran
| | - Marcus J Goudie
- Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT), University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - KangJu Lee
- Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT), University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Nureddin Ashammakhi
- Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT), University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Department of Radiological Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Mehmet R Dokmeci
- Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT), University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation (TIBI), Los Angeles, CA, 90024, USA
- Department of Radiological Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Dino Di Carlo
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Ali Khademhosseini
- Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT), University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation (TIBI), Los Angeles, CA, 90024, USA
- Department of Radiological Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
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41
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Urbanska M, Muñoz HE, Shaw Bagnall J, Otto O, Manalis SR, Di Carlo D, Guck J. A comparison of microfluidic methods for high-throughput cell deformability measurements. Nat Methods 2020; 17:587-593. [PMID: 32341544 PMCID: PMC7275893 DOI: 10.1038/s41592-020-0818-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The mechanical phenotype of a cell is an inherent biophysical marker of its state and function, with many applications in basic and applied biological research. Microfluidics-based methods have enabled single-cell mechanophenotyping at throughputs comparable to those of flow cytometry. Here, we present a standardized cross-laboratory study comparing three microfluidics-based approaches for measuring cell mechanical phenotype: constriction-based deformability cytometry (cDC), shear flow deformability cytometry (sDC) and extensional flow deformability cytometry (xDC). All three methods detect cell deformability changes induced by exposure to altered osmolarity. However, a dose-dependent deformability increase upon latrunculin B-induced actin disassembly was detected only with cDC and sDC, which suggests that when exposing cells to the higher strain rate imposed by xDC, cellular components other than the actin cytoskeleton dominate the response. The direct comparison presented here furthers our understanding of the applicability of the different deformability cytometry methods and provides context for the interpretation of deformability measurements performed using different platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Urbanska
- Biotechnology Center, Center for Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Hector E Muñoz
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Josephine Shaw Bagnall
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Oliver Otto
- Biotechnology Center, Center for Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Zentrum für Innovationskompetenz: Humorale Immunreaktionen in kardiovaskulären Erkrankungen, Universität Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Scott R Manalis
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | - Dino Di Carlo
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Jochen Guck
- Biotechnology Center, Center for Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light and Max-Planck-Zentrum für Physik und Medizin, Erlangen, Germany.
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42
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Bashant KR, Toepfner N, Day CJ, Mehta NN, Kaplan MJ, Summers C, Guck J, Chilvers ER. The mechanics of myeloid cells. Biol Cell 2020; 112:103-112. [DOI: 10.1111/boc.201900084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen R Bashant
- Department of MedicineUniversity of Cambridge Cambridge UK
- Systemic Autoimmunity BranchNational Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin DiseasesNational Institutes of Health Bethesda Maryland USA
| | - Nicole Toepfner
- Center for Molecular and Cellular BioengineeringBiotechnology Center, Technische Universität Dresden Dresden Germany
- Department of PediatricsUniversity Clinic Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden Dresden Germany
| | | | - Nehal N Mehta
- National Heart Lung and Blood InstituteNational Institutes of Health Bethesda MD USA
| | - Mariana J Kaplan
- Systemic Autoimmunity BranchNational Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin DiseasesNational Institutes of Health Bethesda Maryland USA
| | | | - Jochen Guck
- Max‐Planck‐Institut für die Physik des Lichts & Max‐Planck‐Zentrum für Physik und Medizin Erlangen Germany
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43
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Abstract
Connective tissues within the synovial joints are characterized by their dense extracellular matrix and sparse cellularity. With injury or disease, however, tissues commonly experience an influx of cells owing to proliferation and migration of endogenous mesenchymal cell populations, as well as invasion of the tissue by other cell types, including immune cells. Although this process is critical for successful wound healing, aberrant immune-mediated cell infiltration can lead to pathological inflammation of the joint. Importantly, cells of mesenchymal or haematopoietic origin use distinct modes of migration and thus might respond differently to similar biological cues and microenvironments. Furthermore, cell migration in the physiological microenvironment of musculoskeletal tissues differs considerably from migration in vitro. This Review addresses the complexities of cell migration in fibrous connective tissues from three separate but interdependent perspectives: physiology (including the cellular and extracellular factors affecting 3D cell migration), pathophysiology (cell migration in the context of synovial joint autoimmune disease and injury) and tissue engineering (cell migration in engineered biomaterials). Improved understanding of the fundamental mechanisms governing interstitial cell migration might lead to interventions that stop invasion processes that culminate in deleterious outcomes and/or that expedite migration to direct endogenous cell-mediated repair and regeneration of joint tissues.
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44
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Santos‐Ferreira T, Herbig M, Otto O, Carido M, Karl MO, Michalakis S, Guck J, Ader M. Morpho-Rheological Fingerprinting of Rod Photoreceptors Using Real-Time Deformability Cytometry. Cytometry A 2019; 95:1145-1157. [PMID: 31107590 PMCID: PMC6900160 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.23798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Revised: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Distinct cell-types within the retina are mainly specified by morphological and molecular parameters, however, physical properties are increasingly recognized as a valuable tool to characterize and distinguish cells in diverse tissues. High-throughput analysis of morpho-rheological features has recently been introduced using real-time deformability cytometry (RT-DC) providing new insights into the properties of different cell-types. Rod photoreceptors represent the main light sensing cells in the mouse retina that during development forms apically the densely packed outer nuclear layer. Currently, enrichment and isolation of photoreceptors from retinal primary tissue or pluripotent stem cell-derived organoids for analysis, molecular profiling, or transplantation is achieved using flow cytometry or magnetic activated cell sorting approaches. However, such purification methods require genetic modification or identification of cell surface binding antibody panels. Using primary retina and embryonic stem cell-derived retinal organoids, we characterized the inherent morpho-mechanical properties of mouse rod photoreceptors during development based on RT-DC. We demonstrate that rods become smaller and more compliant throughout development and that these features are suitable to distinguish rods within heterogenous retinal tissues. Hence, physical properties should be considered as additional factors that might affect photoreceptor differentiation and retinal development besides representing potential parameters for label-free sorting of photoreceptors. © 2019 The Authors. Cytometry Part A published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of International Society for Advancement of Cytometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiago Santos‐Ferreira
- CRTD/Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, Center for Molecular and Cellular BioengineeringTechnische Universität DresdenDresdenGermany
| | - Maik Herbig
- Biotechnology Center, Center for Molecular and Cellular BioengineeringTechnische Universität DresdenDresdenGermany
| | - Oliver Otto
- Biotechnology Center, Center for Molecular and Cellular BioengineeringTechnische Universität DresdenDresdenGermany
- Centre for Innovation Competence: Humoral Immune Reactions in Cardiovascular Diseases (HIKE)University of GreifswaldGreifswaldGermany
| | - Madalena Carido
- CRTD/Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, Center for Molecular and Cellular BioengineeringTechnische Universität DresdenDresdenGermany
| | - Mike O. Karl
- CRTD/Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, Center for Molecular and Cellular BioengineeringTechnische Universität DresdenDresdenGermany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE)DresdenGermany
| | - Stylianos Michalakis
- Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich (CiPSM), Department of Pharmacy—Center for Drug ResearchLudwig‐Maximilians‐Universität MünchenMunichGermany
| | - Jochen Guck
- Biotechnology Center, Center for Molecular and Cellular BioengineeringTechnische Universität DresdenDresdenGermany
| | - Marius Ader
- CRTD/Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, Center for Molecular and Cellular BioengineeringTechnische Universität DresdenDresdenGermany
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45
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Abstract
Cells are the building blocks of life, from single-celled microbes through to multi-cellular organisms. To understand a multitude of biological processes we need to understand how cells behave, how they interact with each other and how they respond to their environment. The use of new methodologies is changing the way we study cells allowing us to study them on minute scales and in unprecedented detail. These same methods are allowing researchers to begin to sample the vast diversity of microbes that dominate natural environments. The aim of this special issue is to bring together research and perspectives on the application of new approaches to understand the biological properties of cells, including how they interact with other biological entities. This article is part of a discussion meeting issue 'Single cell ecology'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas A Richards
- Biosciences and Living Systems Institute, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK
| | - Ramon Massana
- Department of Marine Biology and Oceanography, Institut de Ciències del Mar (CSIC), 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Stefano Pagliara
- Biosciences and Living Systems Institute, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK
| | - Neil Hall
- Earlham Institute, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UZ, UK.,School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR4 7TU, UK
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46
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Gladilin E, Ohse S, Boerries M, Busch H, Xu C, Schneider M, Meister M, Eils R. TGFβ-induced cytoskeletal remodeling mediates elevation of cell stiffness and invasiveness in NSCLC. Sci Rep 2019; 9:7667. [PMID: 31113982 PMCID: PMC6529472 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-43409-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Importance of growth factor (GF) signaling in cancer progression is widely acknowledged. Transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ) is known to play a key role in epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and metastatic cell transformation that are characterized by alterations in cell mechanical architecture and behavior towards a more robust and motile single cell phenotype. However, mechanisms mediating cancer type specific enhancement of cell mechanical phenotype in response to TGFβ remain poorly understood. Here, we combine high-throughput mechanical cell phenotyping, microarray analysis and gene-silencing to dissect cytoskeletal mediators of TGFβ-induced changes in mechanical properties of on-small-cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) cells. Our experimental results show that elevation of rigidity and invasiveness of TGFβ-stimulated NSCLC cells correlates with upregulation of several cytoskeletal and motor proteins including vimentin, a canonical marker of EMT, and less-known unconventional myosins. Selective probing of gene-silenced cells lead to identification of unconventional myosin MYH15 as a novel mediator of elevated cell rigidity and invasiveness in TGFβ-stimulated NSCLC cells. Our experimental results provide insights into TGFβ-induced cytoskeletal remodeling of NSCLC cells and suggest that mediators of elevated cell stiffness and migratory activity such as unconventional cytoskeletal and motor proteins may represent promising pharmaceutical targets for restraining invasive spread of lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Gladilin
- German Cancer Research Center, Div. Bioinformatics and Omics Data Analytics, Mathematikon - Berliner Str. 41, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany. .,University Heidelberg, BioQuant, Im Neuenheimer Feld 267, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany. .,Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, OT Gatersleben Corrensstrasse 3, 06466, Seeland, Germany.
| | - S Ohse
- University of Freiburg, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research (IMMZ), Stefan-Meier-Str. 17, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - M Boerries
- University of Freiburg, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research (IMMZ), Stefan-Meier-Str. 17, 79104, Freiburg, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Department for Biometry, Epidemiology and Medical Bioinformatics and Comprehensive Cancer Center Freiburg (CCCF), University Medical Center Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Breisacherstrasse 153, 79110, Freiburg, Germany
| | - H Busch
- University of Freiburg, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research (IMMZ), Stefan-Meier-Str. 17, 79104, Freiburg, Germany.,University of Lübeck, Institute of Experimental Dermatology, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23538, Lübeck, Germany
| | - C Xu
- Thoraxklinik at Heidelberg University Hospital, Amalienstr. 5, 69126, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - M Schneider
- Thoraxklinik at Heidelberg University Hospital, Amalienstr. 5, 69126, Heidelberg, Germany.,Translational Lung Research Center Heidelberg (TLRC-H), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - M Meister
- Thoraxklinik at Heidelberg University Hospital, Amalienstr. 5, 69126, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - R Eils
- Center for Digital Health, Berlin Institute of Health, and Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Kapelle-Ufer 2, 10117, Berlin, Germany.,Health Data Science Unit, Heidelberg University Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 267, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
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47
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Tietze S, Kräter M, Jacobi A, Taubenberger A, Herbig M, Wehner R, Schmitz M, Otto O, List C, Kaya B, Wobus M, Bornhäuser M, Guck J. Spheroid Culture of Mesenchymal Stromal Cells Results in Morphorheological Properties Appropriate for Improved Microcirculation. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2019; 6:1802104. [PMID: 31016116 PMCID: PMC6469243 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201802104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Revised: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Human bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) are used in clinical trials for the treatment of systemic inflammatory diseases due to their regenerative and immunomodulatory properties. However, intravenous administration of MSCs is hampered by cell trapping within the pulmonary capillary networks. Here, it is hypothesized that traditional 2D plastic-adherent cell expansion fails to result in appropriate morphorheological properties required for successful cell circulation. To address this issue, a method to culture MSCs in nonadherent 3D spheroids (mesenspheres) is adapted. The biological properties of mesensphere-cultured MSCs remain identical to conventional 2D cultures. However, morphorheological analyses reveal a smaller size and lower stiffness of mesensphere-derived MSCs compared to plastic-adherent MSCs, measured using real-time deformability cytometry and atomic force microscopy. These properties result in an increased ability to pass through microconstrictions in an ex vivo microcirculation assay. This ability is confirmed in vivo by comparison of cell accumulation in various organ capillary networks after intravenous injection of both types of MSCs in mouse. The findings generally identify cellular morphorheological properties as attractive targets for improving microcirculation and specifically suggest mesensphere culture as a promising approach for optimized MSC-based therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Tietze
- Biotechnology CenterCenter for Molecular and Cellular BioengineeringTU DresdenTatzberg 47‐4901307DresdenGermany
| | - Martin Kräter
- Biotechnology CenterCenter for Molecular and Cellular BioengineeringTU DresdenTatzberg 47‐4901307DresdenGermany
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light & Max‐Planck‐Zentrum für Physik und MedizinStaudtstraße 291058ErlangenGermany
| | - Angela Jacobi
- Biotechnology CenterCenter for Molecular and Cellular BioengineeringTU DresdenTatzberg 47‐4901307DresdenGermany
| | - Anna Taubenberger
- Biotechnology CenterCenter for Molecular and Cellular BioengineeringTU DresdenTatzberg 47‐4901307DresdenGermany
| | - Maik Herbig
- Biotechnology CenterCenter for Molecular and Cellular BioengineeringTU DresdenTatzberg 47‐4901307DresdenGermany
| | - Rebekka Wehner
- Institute of ImmunologyMedical Faculty Carl Gustav CarusTU DresdenFetscherstraße 7401307DresdenGermany
| | - Marc Schmitz
- Institute of ImmunologyMedical Faculty Carl Gustav CarusTU DresdenFetscherstraße 7401307DresdenGermany
| | - Oliver Otto
- Biotechnology CenterCenter for Molecular and Cellular BioengineeringTU DresdenTatzberg 47‐4901307DresdenGermany
| | - Catrin List
- Medical Clinic IUniversity Hospital Carl Gustav CarusTU DresdenFetscherstraße 7401307DresdenGermany
| | - Berna Kaya
- Medical Clinic IUniversity Hospital Carl Gustav CarusTU DresdenFetscherstraße 7401307DresdenGermany
| | - Manja Wobus
- Medical Clinic IUniversity Hospital Carl Gustav CarusTU DresdenFetscherstraße 7401307DresdenGermany
| | - Martin Bornhäuser
- Medical Clinic IUniversity Hospital Carl Gustav CarusTU DresdenFetscherstraße 7401307DresdenGermany
| | - Jochen Guck
- Biotechnology CenterCenter for Molecular and Cellular BioengineeringTU DresdenTatzberg 47‐4901307DresdenGermany
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light & Max‐Planck‐Zentrum für Physik und MedizinStaudtstraße 291058ErlangenGermany
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48
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High-Throughput, Time-Resolved Mechanical Phenotyping of Prostate Cancer Cells. Sci Rep 2019; 9:5742. [PMID: 30952895 PMCID: PMC6450875 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-42008-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Worldwide, prostate cancer sits only behind lung cancer as the most commonly diagnosed form of the disease in men. Even the best diagnostic standards lack precision, presenting issues with false positives and unneeded surgical intervention for patients. This lack of clear cut early diagnostic tools is a significant problem. We present a microfluidic platform, the Time-Resolved Hydrodynamic Stretcher (TR-HS), which allows the investigation of the dynamic mechanical response of thousands of cells per second to a non-destructive stress. The TR-HS integrates high-speed imaging and computer vision to automatically detect and track single cells suspended in a fluid and enables cell classification based on their mechanical properties. We demonstrate the discrimination of healthy and cancerous prostate cell lines based on the whole-cell, time-resolved mechanical response to a hydrodynamic load. Additionally, we implement a finite element method (FEM) model to characterise the forces responsible for the cell deformation in our device. Finally, we report the classification of the two different cell groups based on their time-resolved roundness using a decision tree classifier. This approach introduces a modality for high-throughput assessments of cellular suspensions and may represent a viable application for the development of innovative diagnostic devices.
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49
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Nyberg KD, Bruce SL, Nguyen AV, Chan CK, Gill NK, Kim TH, Sloan EK, Rowat AC. Predicting cancer cell invasion by single-cell physical phenotyping. Integr Biol (Camb) 2019; 10:218-231. [PMID: 29589844 DOI: 10.1039/c7ib00222j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The physical properties of cells are promising biomarkers for cancer diagnosis and prognosis. Here we determine the physical phenotypes that best distinguish human cancer cell lines, and their relationship to cell invasion. We use the high throughput, single-cell microfluidic method, quantitative deformability cytometry (q-DC), to measure six physical phenotypes including elastic modulus, cell fluidity, transit time, entry time, cell size, and maximum strain at rates of 102 cells per second. By training a k-nearest neighbor machine learning algorithm, we demonstrate that multiparameter analysis of physical phenotypes enhances the accuracy of classifying cancer cell lines compared to single parameters alone. We also discover a set of four physical phenotypes that predict invasion; using these four parameters, we generate the physical phenotype model of invasion by training a multiple linear regression model with experimental data from a set of human ovarian cancer cells that overexpress a panel of tumor suppressor microRNAs. We validate the model by predicting invasion based on measured physical phenotypes of breast and ovarian human cancer cell lines that are subject to genetic or pharmacologic perturbations. Taken together, our results highlight how physical phenotypes of single cells provide a biomarker to predict the invasion of cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kendra D Nyberg
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, 610 Charles E. Young Dr East, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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50
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Kim TH, Ly C, Christodoulides A, Nowell CJ, Gunning PW, Sloan EK, Rowat AC. Stress hormone signaling through β-adrenergic receptors regulates macrophage mechanotype and function. FASEB J 2019; 33:3997-4006. [PMID: 30509116 PMCID: PMC6404566 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201801429rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Critical functions of immune cells require them to rapidly change their shape and generate forces in response to cues from their surrounding environment. However, little is known about how soluble factors that may be present in the microenvironment modulate key aspects of cellular mechanobiology-such as immune cell deformability and force generation-to impact functions such as phagocytosis and migration. Here we show that signaling by soluble stress hormones through β-adrenoceptors (β-AR) reduces the deformability of macrophages; this is dependent on changes in the organization of the actin cytoskeleton and is associated with functional changes in phagocytosis and migration. Pharmacologic interventions reveal that the impact of β-AR signaling on macrophage deformability is dependent on actin-related proteins 2/3, indicating that stress hormone signaling through β-AR shifts actin organization to favor branched structures rather than linear unbranched actin filaments. These findings show that through remodeling of the actin cytoskeleton, β-AR-mediated stress hormone signaling modulates macrophage mechanotype to impact functions that play a critical role in immune response.-Kim, T.-H., Ly, C., Christodoulides, A., Nowell, C. J., Gunning, P. W., Sloan, E. K., Rowat, A. C. Stress hormone signaling through β-adrenergic receptors regulates macrophage mechanotype and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae-Hyung Kim
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Cousins Center for Psychoneuroimmunology, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Chau Ly
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Alexei Christodoulides
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Cameron J. Nowell
- Drug Discovery Biology Theme, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Peter W. Gunning
- School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales Sydney, Kensington, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Erica K. Sloan
- Cousins Center for Psychoneuroimmunology, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
- UCLA Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Drug Discovery Biology Theme, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Division of Cancer Surgery, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; and
- UCLA AIDS Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Amy C. Rowat
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
- UCLA Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
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